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Akinboye AJ, Kim K, Choi S, Yang I, Lee JG. Alkaloids in food: a review of toxicity, analytical methods, occurrence and risk assessments. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1133-1158. [PMID: 37362815 PMCID: PMC10290023 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids have been utilized by humans for years. They have diverse applications in pharmaceuticals. They have been proven to be effective in treating a number of diseases. They also form an important part of regular human diets, as they are present in food items, food supplements, diet ingredients and food contaminants. Despite their obvious importance, these alkaloids are toxic to humans. Their toxicity is dependent on a range of factors, such as specific dosage, exposure time and individual properties. Mild toxic effects include nausea, itching and vomiting while chronic effects include paralysis, teratogenicity and death. This review summarizes the published studies on the toxicity, analytical methods, occurrence and risk assessments of six major alkaloid groups that are present in food, namely, ergot, glycoalkaloids, purine, pyrrolizidine, quinolizidine and tropane alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J. Akinboye
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
| | - Kiyun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
| | - Seyun Choi
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
| | - Inho Yang
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112 Korea
| | - Joon-Goo Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
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Eltayeb HA, Stewart L, Morgem M, Johnson T, Nguyen M, Earl K, Sodipe A, Jackson D, Olufemi SE. Antioxidants Amelioration Is Insufficient to Prevent Acrylamide and Alpha-Solanine Synergistic Toxicity in BEAS-2B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11956. [PMID: 37569330 PMCID: PMC10418752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells produce free radicals and antioxidants when exposed to toxic compounds during cellular metabolism. However, free radicals are deleterious to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Antioxidants neutralize and eliminate free radicals from cells, preventing cell damage. Therefore, the study aims to determine whether the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) will ameliorate the maximum dose of acrylamide and alpha (α)-solanine synergistic toxic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. These toxic compounds are consumed worldwide by eating potato products. BEAS-2B cells were simultaneously treated with BHA 10 μM and BHT 20 μM and incubated in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator for 24 h, followed by individual or combined treatment with acrylamide (3.5 mM) and α-solanine (44 mM) for 48 h, including the controls. Cell morphology, DNA, RNA, and protein were analyzed. The antioxidants did not prevent acrylamide and α-solanine synergistic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. However, cell morphology was altered; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed reduced RNA constituents but not DNA. In addition, the toxic compounds synergistically inhibited AKT/PKB expression and its downstream genes. The study showed BHA and BHT are not protective against the synergetic toxic effects of acrylamide and α-solanine in exposed BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Awad Eltayeb
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Leandra Stewart
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Mounira Morgem
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Tommie Johnson
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Michael Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Kadeshia Earl
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Ayodotun Sodipe
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Desirée Jackson
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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Song F, Li C, Zhang N, He X, Yang H, Yan Z, Tian H, Huang K. Alkalihalobacillus clausii PA21 transcriptome profiling and functional analysis revealed the metabolic pathway involved in glycoalkaloids degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124682. [PMID: 37164133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids (GAs), including α-solanine and α-chaconine, are secondary metabolites found in potato, which are toxic to higher animals. In a previous study, Alkalihalobacillus clausii PA21 showed the capacity to degrade GAs. Herein, the transcriptome response of PA21 to α-solanine or α-chaconine was evaluated. In total, 3170 and 2783 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were found in α-solanine- and α-chaconine-treated groups, respectively, with most DEGs upregulated. Moreover, GAs activated transmembrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, transcription, quorum sensing, and bacterial chemotaxis in PA21 to withstand GA-induced stress and promote GAs degradation. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the upregulation of degrading enzymes and components involved in GA degradation in PA21. In addition, the GAs-degrading enzymes were heterologous expressed, purified, and incubated with GAs to analyze the degradation products. The results showed that α-solanine was degraded to β1-solanine, β2-solanine, γ-solanine, and solanidine by β-glucosidase, α-rhamnosidase, and β-galactosidase. Meanwhile, α-chaconine was degraded to β1-chaconine, β2-chaconine, γ-chaconine, and solanidine by β-glucosidase and α-rhamnosidase. Overall, the molecular mechanism underlying GAs degradation by PA21 was revealed by RNAseq combined with protein expression and function studies, thus providing the basis for the development of engineered bacteria that can efficiently degrade GAs to promote their application in the control of GAs in potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Probiotic Functional Dairy Product, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Probiotic Functional Dairy Product, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; College of Biochemistry and Environmental Engineering, Baoding University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongru Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; College of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Ziru Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Probiotic Functional Dairy Product, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China.
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Urugo MM, Tringo TT. Naturally Occurring Plant Food Toxicants and the Role of Food Processing Methods in Their Detoxification. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:9947841. [PMID: 37153649 PMCID: PMC10159748 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9947841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Some plant foods evolve defense mechanisms to protect themselves from predators by producing inherent chemicals as secondary metabolites such as cyanogenic glycosides, glycoalkaloids, glucosinolates, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and lectins. These metabolites are beneficial for the plant itself but toxic to other organisms, including human beings. Some of these toxic chemicals are believed to have therapeutic benefits and are therefore used to protect against chronic health complications such as cancer. Inversely, short- and long-term exposure to significant amounts of these phytotoxins may end up with chronic irreversible negative health problems in important organ systems, and in severe cases, they can be carcinogenic and fatal. A systematic literature search of relevant published articles indexed in Google Scholar®, PubMed®, Scopus®, Springer Link®, Web of Science®, MDPI®, and ScienceDirect databases was used to obtain the necessary information. Various traditional and emerging food-processing techniques have been found to considerably reduce most of the toxicants in the food to their safest level. Despite their ability to preserve the nutritional value of processed foods, emerging food processing methods have limited application and accessibility in middle- and low-income countries. As a consequence, much more work is recommended on the implementation of emerging technologies, with additional scientific work on food processing methods that are effective against these naturally occurring plant food toxicants, particularly pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Makiso Urugo
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Tuba Tringo
- College of Engineering and Agro-Processing Technology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Zhang Z, Fu F, Bian Y, Zhang H, Yao S, Zhou C, Ge Y, Luo H, Chen Y, Ji W, Tian K, Yue M, Du W, Jin H, Tong P, Wu C, Ruan H. α-Chaconine Facilitates Chondrocyte Pyroptosis and Nerve Ingrowth to Aggravate Osteoarthritis Progression by Activating NF-κB Signaling. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5873-5888. [PMID: 36263144 PMCID: PMC9574566 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s382675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapid growth of the elderly population, the incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases annually, which has attracted extensive attention in public health. The roles of dietary intake in controlling joint disorders are perhaps one of the most frequently posed questions by OA patients, while the information about the interaction between dietary intake and OA based on scientific research is limited. α-Chaconine is the richest glycoalkaloid in eggplants such as potatoes. Previous evidence suggests that α-Chaconine is a toxic compound to nervous and digestive systems with potentially severe and fatal consequences for humans and farm animals, but its effect on OA development remains obscure. OBJECTIVE To determine whether α-Chaconine deteriorates OA progression through sensory innervation and chondrocyte pyroptosis via regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, providing evidence for a possible linkage between α-Chaconine and OA progression. METHODS We established a mouse OA model by destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) surgery and then intra-articular injection of 20 or 100 μM α-Chaconine into the OA mice for 8 and 12 weeks. The severity of OA progression was evaluated by histological staining and radiographic analyses. The expressions of matrix metabolic indicators, Col2, Mmp3, and Mmp13, as well as pyroptosis-related proteins, Nlrp3, Caspase-1, Gsdmd, IL-1β, IL-18, were determined by immunohistochemistry. And the changes in sensory nerve ingrowth and activity of NF-κB signaling were determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that α-Chaconine could exacerbate mouse OA progression, resulting in subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and higher OARSI scores. Specifically, α-Chaconine could augment cartilage matrix degradation and induce chondrocyte pyroptosis and nerve ingrowth. Mechanistical analysis revealed that α-Chaconine stimulated NF-κB signaling by promoting I-κB α phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings raise the possibility that α-Chaconine intake can boost chondrocyte pyroptosis and nerve ingrowth to potentiate OA progression by activating NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangda Fu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yishan Bian
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihao Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Yao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcong Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Ge
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Chen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Ji
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Tian
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yue
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibin Du
- Research Institute of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Wu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfeng Ruan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hongfeng Ruan; Chengliang Wu, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86 571 86613684, Email ;
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Duggan T, Dawid C, Baur S, Hofmann T. Characterization of Bitter and Astringent Off-Taste Compounds in Potato Fibers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11524-11534. [PMID: 32930579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Applying the sensomics approach, a combination of activity-guided fractionation and taste dilution analysis (TDA) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS), and one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D/2D NMR) allowed the elucidation of key off-taste compounds in potato dietary fiber isolates. Previously already having been described as off-taste compounds in potato tubers, saponins α-chaconine and α-solanine were shown to be also major contributors to overall off-taste in potato fiber isolates. Moreover, fatty acids as well as fatty acid oxidation products, namely, E-9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadec-11-enoic acid as well as newly identified compounds hexadecyl(E/Z)-ferulate and octadecyl(E/Z)-ferulate, were shown to be key inducers to off-taste in the isolates, exhibiting taste recognition thresholds between 18 and 981 μmol/L. This paper demonstrates the isolation, structure determination, quantitation as well as sensory attributes of these key off-taste compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Duggan
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Baur
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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Velasco-Chong JR, Herrera-Calderón O, Rojas-Armas JP, Hañari-Quispe RD, Figueroa-Salvador L, Peña-Rojas G, Andía-Ayme V, Yuli-Posadas RÁ, Yepes-Perez AF, Aguilar C. TOCOSH FLOUR ( Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes. Foods 2020; 9:E719. [PMID: 32498434 PMCID: PMC7353511 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato tocosh is a naturally processed potato for nutritional and curative purposes from traditional Peruvian medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of tocosh flour (TF). For sub-acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to rats daily once a day for 28 days at doses of 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were observed for general behaviors, mortality, body weight variations, and histological analysis. At the end of treatment, relative organ weights, histopathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. For acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to mice at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW at a single dose in both sexes. Body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were observed for 14 days after treatment. The results of acute toxicity showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) value of TF is higher than 2000 g/kg BW but less than 5000 mg/Kg BW in mice. Death and toxicological symptoms were not found during the treatment. For sub-acute toxicity, we found that no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of TF in rats up to 1000 g/kg BW. There were statistically significant differences in body weight, and relative organ weight in the stomach and brain. No differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed when compared with the control group. For sub-acute toxicity, histopathological studies revealed minor abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues at doses of 5000 mg/Kg. Based on these results, TF is a traditional Peruvian medicine with high safety at up to 1000 mg/kg BW for 28 days in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Roberto Velasco-Chong
- Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr Puno 1002, Lima 15001, Peru;
| | - Oscar Herrera-Calderón
- Academic Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Jr Puno 1002, Lima 15001, Peru;
| | - Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas
- Department of Dynamic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Miguel Grau 755, Cercado de Lima 15001, Peru;
| | - Renán Dilton Hañari-Quispe
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Av Floral 1153, Puno 21001, Peru;
| | - Linder Figueroa-Salvador
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Prolongación Primavera 2390, Lima 15023, Peru;
| | - Gilmar Peña-Rojas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Portal Independencia 57, Ayacucho 05003, Peru;
| | - Vidalina Andía-Ayme
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Portal Independencia 57, Ayacucho 05003, Peru;
| | | | - Andres F. Yepes-Perez
- Chemistry of Colombian Plants, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia-UdeA, Calle 70 52–21, A.A 1226, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Cristian Aguilar
- Laboratory of Pathology, Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular, Jirón Coronel Zegarra 417, Jesús María 15072, Peru;
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Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Quantification of α-solanine, α-chaconine, and Solanidine in Potato Protein Isolates. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040416. [PMID: 32252270 PMCID: PMC7230682 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For potato proteins to be used as a food ingredient, the level of natural potato defense substances, the glycoalkaloids (GAs), should be limited. In this work, a method is developed for quantification of the two major potato GAs, α-solanine and α-chaconine, as well as for their aglycon form, solanidine, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry single quadrupole in single ion monitoring mode. Standard solutions of GA and a food-grade potato protein powder was used to validate the method. A linear correlation between GA concentration and the ion intensity of >0.995 was obtained for all standard solutions. Recovery of GA in spiked samples was within the range 82%–106%. The method for GA quantification was applied to a variety of potato protein isolates. The results showed that total GA increased during the storage of the potatoes. Washing the potato protein isolates using water at a sufficient level was shown to be able to reduce the amount of GA below the threshold of 150 µg g−1, as needed for human consumption.
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Elkahoui S, Bartley GE, Yokoyama WH, Friedman M. Dietary Supplementation of Potato Peel Powders Prepared from Conventional and Organic Russet and Non-organic Gold and Red Potatoes Reduces Weight Gain in Mice on a High-Fat Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6064-6072. [PMID: 29877090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of potato peel powders, high in bioactive phenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids, to reduce weight gain in mice consuming a high-fat diet. Potato peel powders were prepared from the following fresh commercial potato varieties by hand-peeling and then freeze-drying and grinding the peels into powder: non-organic (conventionally grown) gold, red, and Russet and organically grown Russet. Mice diets (25% fat by weight) were supplemented with either 10 or 20% potato peel powders for 3 weeks. In comparison to the control diet, the isocaloric and isonitrogenous peel-containing diets induced a reduction in weight gain that ranged from 17-45% (10% peel diets) to 46-73% (20% peel diets), suggesting that differences in weight gain are associated with the potato peel source and peel concentration of the diet. Weight reductions were accompanied by reduced epididymal white adipose tissue ranging from 22 to 80% as well as changes in the microbiota analyzed using next-generation sequencing and in obesity-associated genetic biomarkers determined by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Safety aspects and possible mechanisms of the antiobesity effects are discussed in terms of the composition of the bioactive potato peel compounds, which were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results suggest that potato peels, a major peeling byproduct of potato processing used to prepare fries, chips, and potato flour, that showed exceptionally high antiobesity properties in fat mice, have the potential to serve as an antiobesity functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Elkahoui
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances , Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cédria , BP 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif , Tunisia
| | - Glenn E Bartley
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
| | - Wallace H Yokoyama
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Albany , California 94710 , United States
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Jin CY, Liu H, Xu D, Zeng FK, Zhao YC, Zhang H, Liu G. Glycoalkaloids and phenolic compounds in three commercial potato cultivars grown in Hebei, China. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Karaboğa Arslan AK, Yerer MB. α-Chaconine and α-Solanine Inhibit RL95-2 Endometrium Cancer Cell Proliferation by Reducing Expression of Akt (Ser473) and ERα (Ser167). Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060672. [PMID: 29799481 PMCID: PMC6024735 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the potential inhibitory effect of α-chaconine and α-solanine on RL95-2 estrogen receptor (ER) positive human endometrial cancer cell line and to identify the effect of these glycoalkaloids on the Akt signaling and ERα. The cell proliferation profiles and the cytotoxicity studies were performed by Real-Time Cell Analyzer (xCELLigence) and compared with Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The effects of α-chaconine (2.5, 5, 10 µM), α-solanine (20, 30, 50 µM), API-1 (25 µM) and MPP (20 µM) effects on Akt (Ser473) and ERα (Ser167) expressions evaluated by Western blot and qPCR method. Their IC50 values were as α-chaconine (4.72 µM) < MPP (20.01 µM) < α-solanine (26.27 µM) < API-1 (56.67 µM). 10 μM α-chaconine and 20, 30 and 50 μM α-solanine were effective in decreasing p-Akt(Ser473)/Akt ratio compared to positive control API-1. When the p-ERα/ERα ratios were evaluated, it was observed that α-chaconine (2.5, 5, 10 μM) and α-solanine (50 μM) were as effective as the specific ERα inhibitor MPP in reducing the ratio of p-ERα/ERα compared to the control group. In conclusion, it has been shown that the proliferation of α-chaconine and α-solanine in human endometrial carcinoma cells reduces the expression and activity of the Akt and ERα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
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13
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Abstract
More understanding of the risk-benefit effect of the glycoalkaloid tomatine is required to be able to estimate the role it might play in our diet. In this work, we focused on effects towards intestinal epithelial cells based on a Caco-2 model in order to analyze the influence on the cell monolayer integrity and on the expression levels of genes involved in cholesterol/sterol biosynthesis (LDLR), lipid metabolism (NR2F2), glucose and amino acid uptake (SGLT1, PAT1), cell cycle (PCNA, CDKN1A), apoptosis (CASP-3, BMF, KLF6), tight junctions (CLDN4, OCLN2) and cytokine-mediated signaling (IL-8, IL1β, TSLP, TNF-α). Furthermore, since the bioactivity of the compound might vary in the presence of a food matrix and following digestion, the influence of both pure tomatine and in vitro digested tomatine with and without tomato fruit matrix was studied. The obtained results suggested that concentrations <20 µg/mL of tomatine, either undigested or in vitro digested, do not compromise the viability of Caco-2 cells and stimulate cytokine expression. This effect of tomatine, in vitro digested tomatine or in vitro digested tomatine with tomato matrix differs slightly, probably due to variations of bioactivity or bioavailability of the tomatine. The results lead to the hypothesis that tomatine acts as hormetic compound that can induce beneficial or risk toxic effects whether used in low or high dose.
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Kumar D, Sharma U. High-performance thin-layer chromatography: An economical alternative for the quality control of medicinal plants and derived products. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division; CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology; Palampur Himachal Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-IHBT; Palampur Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division; CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology; Palampur Himachal Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-IHBT; Palampur Himachal Pradesh India
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A Reliable and Reproducible Model for Assessing the Effect of Different Concentrations of α-Solanine on Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2017; 2017:2170306. [PMID: 29201465 PMCID: PMC5671669 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2170306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Αlpha-solanine (α-solanine) is a glycoalkaloid present in potato (Solanum tuberosum). It has been of particular interest because of its toxicity and potential teratogenic effects that include abnormalities of the central nervous system, such as exencephaly, encephalocele, and anophthalmia. Various types of cell culture have been used as experimental models to determine the effect of α-solanine on cell physiology. The morphological changes in the mesenchymal stem cell upon exposure to α-solanine have not been established. This study aimed to describe a reliable and reproducible model for assessing the structural changes induced by exposure of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to different concentrations of α-solanine for 24 h. The results demonstrate that nonlethal concentrations of α-solanine (2-6 μM) changed the morphology of the cells, including an increase in the number of nucleoli, suggesting elevated protein synthesis, and the formation of spicules. In addition, treatment with α-solanine reduced the number of adherent cells and the formation of colonies in culture. Immunophenotypic characterization and staining of MSCs are proposed as a reproducible method that allows description of cells exposed to the glycoalkaloid, α-solanine.
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Hameed A, Ijaz S, Mohammad IS, Muhammad KS, Akhtar N, Khan HMS. Aglycone solanidine and solasodine derivatives: A natural approach towards cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:446-457. [PMID: 28779706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, it was suggested that a rational approach to treat cancer in clinical settings requires a multipronged approach that augments improvement in systemic efficiency along with modification in cellular phenotype leads to more efficient cell death response. Recently, the combinatory delivery of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs with natural compounds proved to be astonishing to deal with a variety of cancers, especially that are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. The natural compounds not only synergize the effects of chemotherapeutics but also minimize drug associated systemic toxicity. In this review, our primary focus was on antitumor effects of natural compounds. Previously, the drugs from natural sources are highly precise and safer than drugs of synthetic origins. Many natural compounds exhibit anti-cancer potentials by inducing apoptosis in different tumor models, in-vitro and in-vivo. Furthermore, natural compounds are also found equally useful in chemotherapeutic drug resistant tumors. Moreover, these Phyto-compounds also possess numerous other pharmacological properties such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, and hepatoprotection. Aglycone solasodine and solanidine derivatives are the utmost important steroidal glycoalkaloids that are present in various Solanum species, are discussed here. These natural compounds are highly cytotoxic against different tumor cell lines. As the molecular weight is concerned; these are smaller molecular weight chemotherapeutic agents that induce cell death response by initiating apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hameed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ijaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Imran Shair Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | | | - Naveed Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Haji Muhammad Shoaib Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
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Omayio D, Abong G, Okoth M. A review of Occurrence of Glycoalkaloids in Potato and potato products. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.4.3.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing consumption of potato products such as French fries and crisps in most countries as a result of lifestyle change in both developed and developing countries. Due to their generally pleasurable taste and texture, they are appreciated by a high number of consumers across the world, with the younger members of the population mostly those in the urban areas having a higher preference. The hard economic situations have also driven many people to their consumption as they are affordable. Moreover, these products are convenient for the younger generation who do not prepare their own food. However, there have been food safety concerns that have been linked in the past to glycoalkaloids in the raw potatoes that are used for processing. Potatoes are known to accumulate glycoalkaloids (GAs) during growth and postharvest storage. Some potato varieties have been shown to have high glycoalkaloids. These toxicants have been found to bioaccumulate in the body especially if daily consumption of foods containing the glycoalkaloids are consumed. Glycoalkaloids lead to intestinal discomfort, vomiting, fever, diarrhea and neurological problems and can lead to human or animal deaths in cases of acute toxicity. Transportation, handling, poor storage and exposure to sunlight during marketing of potatoes exposes consumers to potential risk of glycoalkaloids due to injury and greening which lead to increased levels of glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids are quite stable and therefore, freeze-drying, boiling, dehydration or microwaving have got limited effect and thus persist through the processing conditions into the final products with the levels being proportional to the concentrations in the raw materials used. This current review focuses on the occurrence of glycoalkakloids in potato and potato products that are commonly consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duke Omayio
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Abong
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Okoth
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
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Lohne JJ, Turnipseed SB, Andersen WC, Storey J, Madson MR. Application of single-stage Orbitrap mass spectrometry and differential analysis software to nontargeted analysis of contaminants in dog food: detection, identification, and quantification of glycoalkaloids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4790-4798. [PMID: 25912523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary investigation of the nontargeted search and quantitative capabilities of a single-stage Exactive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (HRMS). To do this, the instrument and its associated software performed a non-targeted search for deleterious substances in a dog food sample suspected of causing gastrointestinal problems in dogs. A single-stage Orbitrap/high-performance liquid chromatography method and differential expression analysis software (Sieve) was used to detect and identify, and subsequently quantify, nontargeted compounds occurring only in the suspect dog food sample. When combined with an online database (ChemSpider), a preliminary identification of one of the nontargeted compounds was determined to be potato glycoalkaloids. The diagnostic product ion ratios and quantitative data accuracy generated by the single-stage Orbitrap MS were shown to be similar to results obtained using a triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS. Additionally, the ability of the single-stage Orbitrap instrument to provide precursor and product ion accurate masses and isotope patterns was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Lohne
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Sherri B Turnipseed
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Wendy C Andersen
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Joseph Storey
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
| | - Mark R Madson
- †Animal Drugs Research Center and ‡Denver Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver Federal Center Building 20, West Sixth Avenue and Kipling Street, Denver, Colorado 80225-0087, United States
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Valcarcel J, Reilly K, Gaffney M, O'Brien N. Effect of Genotype and Environment on the Glycoalkaloid Content of Rare, Heritage, and Commercial Potato Varieties. J Food Sci 2014; 79:T1039-48. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valcarcel
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre; Dublin 15 Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Kim Reilly
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre; Dublin 15 Ireland
- Agrifood Scientific; 219 Tonlegee Rd., Dublin 5 Ireland
| | | | - Nora O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. College Cork; Cork Ireland
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Mohsenikia M, Alizadeh AM, Khodayari S, Khodayari H, Kouhpayeh SA, Karimi A, Zamani M, Azizian S, Mohagheghi MA. The protective and therapeutic effects of alpha-solanine on mice breast cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:1-9. [PMID: 24051269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-solanine, a naturally steroidal glycoalkaloid, is found in leaves and fruits of plants as a defensive agent against fungi, bacteria and insects. Herein, we investigated solanine toxicity in vitro and in vivo, and assessed its protective and the therapeutic effects on a typical animal model of breast cancer. The study conducted in three series of experiments to obtain (i) solanine effects on cell viability of mammary carcinoma cells, (ii) in vivo toxicity of solanine, and (iv) the protective and therapeutic effects of solanine on animal model of breast cancer. Alpha-solanine significantly suppressed proliferation of mouse mammary carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo (P<0.05). Under the dosing procedure, 5 mg/kg solanine has been chosen for assessing its protective and therapeutic effects in mice breast cancer. Tumor take rate in the solanine-treated group was zero compared with a 75% rate in its respective control group (P<0.05). The average tumor size and weight were significantly lower in solanine-treated animals than its respective control ones (P<0.05). Proapoptotic Bax protein expression increased in breast tumor by solanine compared with its respective control group (P<0.05). Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression found to be lower in solanine-treated animals (P<0.05). Proliferative and angiogenic parameters greatly decreased in solanine-treated mice (P<0.05). Data provide evidence that solanine exerts a significant chemoprotective and chemotherapeutic effects on an animal model of breast cancer through apoptosis induction, cell proliferation and angiogenesis inhibition. These findings reveal a new therapeutic potential for solanine in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohsenikia
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Park JY, Choi HW, Choi DL, Jang SJ, Kim JH, Lee JH, Choo DJ, Kim J, Lee KT, Lee JY. Evaluation of T-Type Calcium Channel Blockers against Human Pancreatic MIA PaCa-2 Carcinoma Xenografts. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.2.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Langkilde S, Schrøder M, Frank T, Shepherd LVT, Conner S, Davies HV, Meyer O, Danier J, Rychlik M, Belknap WR, McCue KF, Engel KH, Stewart D, Knudsen I, Poulsen M. Compositional and toxicological analysis of a GM potato line with reduced α-solanine content--a 90-day feeding study in the Syrian Golden hamster. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:177-85. [PMID: 22796474 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (GAs) are toxins, produced by plants of the Solanaceae family. The potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) and its tubers predominantly contain the two GAs α-chaconine and α-solanine. These compounds are believed to act in synergy, and the degree of toxicity may therefore depend on their ratio in the potato. To determine the influence of α-solanine: α-chaconine ratio in potatoes on toxicity, a GM potato line (SGT 9-2) with reduced α-solanine content, and the parental control line (Desirée wild-type) having a traditional α-solanine: α-chaconine ratio were (1) studied for compositional similarity by analysing for a range of potato constituents, and (2) used in a 90-day feeding trial with the Syrian Golden hamster to study differential toxicity. The animal feeding study used diets with up to 60% freeze-dried potato powder from either line. Whilst data indicated some compositional differences between the GM line and its wildtype control these did not raise concerns related to nutritional value or safety. Results of the feeding trials showed a low number of significant differences between potato lines with different α-solanine: α-chaconine ratio but none were considered to raise safety concerns with regard to human (or animal) consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Langkilde
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2860 Soeborg, Denmark
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Aziz A, Randhawa MA, Butt MS, Asghar A, Yasin M, Shibamoto T. Glycoalkaloids (α-Chaconine and α-Solanine) Contents of Selected Pakistani Potato Cultivars and Their Dietary Intake Assessment. J Food Sci 2012; 77:T58-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shanker K, Gupta S, Srivastava P, Srivastava SK, Singh SC, Gupta MM. Simultaneous determination of three steroidal glycoalkaloids in Solanum xanthocarpum by high performance thin layer chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:497-502. [PMID: 20965683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of three bioactive steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) markers, solasonine (SN), solamargine (SM) and khasianine (KN) in the plant Solanum xanthocarpum. Extraction efficiency of targeted SGAs from plant matrix using methanol and acidified methanol were studied using percolation, ultrasonication and microwave techniques. The separation was achieved on silica gel 60F(254) TLC plates using chloroform-methanol-water as mobile phase. The quantitation of SGAs was carried out using the densitometric reflection/absorption mode at 520 nm after post chromatographic derivatization using Dragendorff's reagent. The method was validated for peak purity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ). Method specificity was confirmed using retention factor (R(f)), Vis spectral correlation and electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS) of marker compounds in the sample track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226015, India
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