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Carter LE, Bugiel S, Nunnikhoven A, Verster AJ, Petronella N, Gill S, Curran IHA. Comparative genomic analysis of Fischer F344 rat livers exposed for 90 days to 3-methylfuran or its parental compound furan. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114426. [PMID: 38160780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Furan is a naturally forming compound found in heat-processed foods such as coffee, canned meats, and jarred baby food. It is concurrently found with analogues including 2-methylfuran (2-MF) and 3-methylfuran (3-MF), and toxicity studies demonstrate all are potent liver toxins. Toxicity studies found 3-MF is more toxic than either furan, or 2-MF. The present analysis assesses the transcriptional response in liver samples taken from male Fischer (F344) rats exposed to furan or 3-MF from 0 to 2.0 and 0-1.0 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for 90 days. Transcriptional analyses found decreased liver function and fatty acid metabolism are common responses to both furan and 3-MF exposure. Furan liver injury promotes a ductular reaction through Hippo and TGFB signalling, which combined with increased immune response results in ameliorating perturbed bile acid homeostasis in treated rats. Failure to activate these pathways in 3-MF exposed rats and decreased p53 activity leads to cholestasis, and increased toxicity. Finally, BMD analysis indicate many of the most sensitive pathways affected by furan and 3-MF exposure relate to metabolism - malate dehydrogenase and glucose metabolism with BMDLs of 0.03 and 0.01 mg/kg bw/day for furan and 3-MF exposure, respectively, which agrees with BMDLs previously reported for apical and microarray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Carter
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - S Bugiel
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A Nunnikhoven
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - A J Verster
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - N Petronella
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - S Gill
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - I H A Curran
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
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Tsao WX, Chen BH, Lin P, You SH, Kao TH. Analysis of Furan and Its Derivatives in Food Matrices Using Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36838626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a simultaneous analysis method of furan and its 10 derivatives in different food commodities. The results indicated that furan and its 10 derivatives could be separated within 9.5 min by using a HP-5MS column and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring mode for detection. Furthermore, this method could resolve several furan isomers, such as 2-methyl furan and 3-methyl furan, as well as 2,3-dimethyl furan and 2,5-dimethyl furan. The most optimal extraction conditions were: 5 g of the fruit or juice sample mixed with 5 mL of the saturated NaCl solution, separately, or 1 g of the canned oily fish sample mixed with 9 mL of the saturated NaCl solution, followed by the equilibration of each sample at 35 °C for 15 min, using a carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane SPME arrow to adsorb the analytes for 15 min at 35 °C for subsequent analysis by GC-MS/MS. For method validation of all the analytes in the different food matrices, the recovery was 76-117% and the limit of the quantitation was 0.003-0.675 ng/g, while the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the intra-day variability range from 1-16%, and that of the inter-day variability was from 4-20%. The method validation data further demonstrated that a reliable method was established for the analysis of furan and its 10 derivatives in commercial foods.
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Takasu S, Ishii Y, Namiki M, Nakamura K, Mitsumoto T, Takimoto N, Nohmi T, Ogawa K. Comprehensive analysis of the general toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran in male gpt delta rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113544. [PMID: 36464108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The safety of flavoring agents has been evaluated according to classification by chemical structure and using a decision tree approach. The genotoxic potential found in some flavoring agents has highlighted the importance of efficient toxicity studies. We performed a comprehensive toxicity analysis using reporter gene transgenic rats to assess the safety of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran (ADF), a flavoring agent exhibiting genotoxic potential in silico and in vitro assays. Male F344 gpt delta rats were given 0, 30, or 300 mg/kg body weight/day ADF by gavage for 13 weeks. In serum biochemistry analyses, triglyceride, total cholesterol, phospholipid, and total protein levels and albumin/globulin ratios were significantly altered in the 30 and 300 mg/kg groups. Histopathologically, nasal cavity toxicity and hepatocellular hypertrophy were observed in the 300 mg/kg group. In the livers of 300 mg/kg group, a significant increase in gpt mutant frequencies were observed along with ADF-specific DNA adduct formation. The number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci were significantly increased in the same group. Thus, ADF affected nasal cavity, liver, and lipid metabolism and showed genotoxicity and possible carcinogenicity in the liver. Overall, our comprehensive toxicity study using gpt delta rats provided insights into the safety evaluation of ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Moeka Namiki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Norifumi Takimoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Alsafra Z, Renault V, Parisi G, Scholl G, Meulenaer BD, Eppe G, Saegerman C. Consumption Habits and Brand Loyalty of Belgian Coffee Consumers. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070969. [PMID: 35407056 PMCID: PMC8997902 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is usually subjected to a roasting process which is responsible for the formation of aroma and flavours but also of some undesirable compounds such as furan and alkyl furans. These compounds are known as process contaminants of the roasting process and exhibit some harmful effects. In order to evaluate the exposure to these compounds in coffee, it is necessary to know the levels of contamination as well as consumption habits. The degree of consumers’ loyalty to specific coffee brands could also be an important driver affecting the level of exposure. This research aimed to evaluate the levels of consumption and the degree of loyalty to coffee brands available in Belgian markets, as well as the factors affecting the choice and the consumption of coffee products and coffee brands. Data were collected in Belgium through an online survey. The results show that for the 1930 participants, 87% reported daily coffee consumption and 13% never or occasionally consumed coffee. The global median coffee consumption was 3 cups per day, and the median for individual daily consumers only was 4 cups per day. The level of consumption of ground coffee was about twice higher than coffee beans, followed by instant coffee and relatively very low consumption of coffee substitutes. In total, 78% of participants reported brand loyalty but to different degrees. Two coffee brands sold in Belgian regions were listed together by more than 20% of the survey participants. The most frequent criteria for selecting a specific coffee brand were taste and price, followed by tradition and habit. The age of coffee consumers and several sociodemographic characteristics have significant effects on coffee consumption. The type of coffee product, the degree of loyalty, and also the type of packaging should be further considered (when available) in the exposure assessment to furan compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouheir Alsafra
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; (Z.A.); (G.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Véronique Renault
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B-42 Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; (V.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianni Parisi
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B-42 Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; (V.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Georges Scholl
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; (Z.A.); (G.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, nutriFOODchem Unit, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liege, Allée de la Chimie 3, B-6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; (Z.A.); (G.S.); (G.E.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B-42 Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium; (V.R.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Zheng J, Tian L, Bayen S. Chemical contaminants in canned food and can-packaged food: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2687-2718. [PMID: 34583591 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1980369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Canning, as a preservation technique, is widely used to extend the shelf life as well as to maintain the quality of perishable foods. During the canning process, most of the microorganisms are killed, reducing their impact on food quality and safety. However, the presence of a range of undesirable chemical contaminants has been reported in canned foods and in relation to the canning process. The present review provides an overview of these chemical contaminants, including metals, polymeric contaminants and biogenic amine contaminants. They have various origins, including migration from the can materials, formation during the canning process, or contamination during steps required prior to canning (e.g. the disinfection step). Some other can-packaged foods (e.g. beverages or milk powder), which are not canned foods by definition, were also discussed in this review, as they have been frequently studied simultaneously with canned foods in terms of contamination. The occurrence of these contaminants, the analytical techniques involved, and the factors influencing the presence of these contaminants in canned food and can-packaged food are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Huo J, Liu Y, Zhu X, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Li R, Zhang L, Chen J. 2-Methylfuran: Toxicity and genotoxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2020; 854-855:503209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li C, Wang Z, Wang T, Wang G, Li G, Sun C, Lin J, Sun L, Sun X, Cho S, Wang H, Gao Y, Tian J. Repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study of ginsenoside compound K in Beagle dogs. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 248:112323. [PMID: 31639487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a product produced by the intestinal bacteria-mediated breakdown of ginsenoside, exhibits a wide array of pharmacological activities against diverse targets. However, few of preclinical safety evaluation of CK is reported. AIMS OF THE STUDY The present study therefore sought to assess the toxicity of oral CK in Beagle dogs over a 26-week period. MATERIAL AND METHODS All dogs received 4, 12, or 36 mg/kg oral CK doses for 26 weeks with regular monitoring, followed by a 4-week recovery period. Animals were monitored through measurements of temperature, weight, food intake, blood chemistry and hematological findings, electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements, urinalysis, gross necropsy and organ weight and tissue histopathology. RESULTS Animals in the 36 mg/kg group exhibited an apparent reduction in body weight over the study period, in addition to the presence of focal liver necrosis and increased plasma enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, ALT; alkaline phosphatase, ALP) consistent with hepatotoxicity, although there was some evidence suggesting this toxicity was reversible. Animals in the 4 and 12 mg/kg groups did not exhibit any apparent toxicity for any measured parameters. CONCLUSION These results thus indicate that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in dogs is 12 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Zhezhe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Guangfei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Guisheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Chengfeng Sun
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Liqin Sun
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Xilin Sun
- Yantai Laishan Changen Hospital, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Susan Cho
- NutraSource, Inc., Clarksville, MD, 21029, USA
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
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Sirot V, Rivière G, Leconte S, Vin K, Traore T, Jean J, Carne G, Gorecki S, Veyrand B, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Jean-Pierre C, Feidt C, Vasseur P, Lambert M, Inthavong C, Guérin T, Hulin M. French infant total diet study: Dietary exposure to heat-induced compounds (acrylamide, furan and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and associated health risks. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:308-316. [PMID: 31102675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A total diet study (TDS) was conducted between 2010 and 2016 to assess the risk associated with chemicals in food of non-breast-fed children from 1 to 36 months living in France. Food samples were collected, prepared "as consumed", and analyzed for chemicals of public health interest. Acrylamide, furan and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed as heat-induced compounds produced mainly during thermal processing of foods. Dietary exposure was assessed for 705 representative children using food consumptions recorded through a 3-consecutive-days record. As all calculated margins of exposure (MOE) for PAHs exceeded 10 000, dietary exposure of the infant and toddler population was deemed tolerable with regard to the carcinogenic risk. Conversely, the exposure levels to acrylamide and furan were considered as of concern, requiring management measures to reduce the exposure essentially by reducing the formation of heat-induced compounds during food production or preparation processes. Efforts should mainly focus on major contributors to the exposure, i.e. sweet and savoury biscuits and bars, and potatoes and potato products for acrylamide, baby jars of vegetables, with or without meat or fish for acrylamide and furan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Sirot
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Gilles Rivière
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Leconte
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Karine Vin
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thiema Traore
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julien Jean
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Géraldine Carne
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sébastien Gorecki
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Cravedi Jean-Pierre
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, INRA, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, F-54500, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Paule Vasseur
- University of Lorraine, CNRS UMR, 7360, Metz, France
| | - Marine Lambert
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Chanthadary Inthavong
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Université Paris-Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Hulin
- Risk Assessment Department (DER), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kettlitz B, Scholz G, Theurillat V, Cselovszky J, Buck NR, O’ Hagan S, Mavromichali E, Ahrens K, Kraehenbuehl K, Scozzi G, Weck M, Vinci C, Sobieraj M, Stadler RH. Furan and Methylfurans in Foods: An Update on Occurrence, Mitigation, and Risk Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:738-752. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Kettlitz
- FoodDrinkEurope (FDE) Ave. des Nerviens 9–31 1040 Brussels Belgium
| | - Gabriele Scholz
- Nestlé ResearchVers‐chez‐les‐Blanc 1000 Lausanne 26 Switzerland
| | - Viviane Theurillat
- Nestlé Research & Development Rte de Chavornay 3 CH‐1350 Orbe Switzerland
| | - Jörg Cselovszky
- Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A. Rte de Chavornay 7 CH‐1350 Orbe Switzerland
| | - Neil R. Buck
- General Mills Inc. Ave. Reverdil 12–14 CH‐1260 Nyon Switzerland
| | - Sue O’ Hagan
- Pepsico Beaumont Park, 4 Leycroft Rd., Leiecster LE4 1ET United Kingdom
| | - Eva Mavromichali
- Specialised Nutrition Europe (SNE) Ave. des Nerviens 9–31 1040 Brussels Belgium
| | - Katja Ahrens
- German Federation for Food Law and Food Science Claire‐Waldoff‐Str. 7 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Karin Kraehenbuehl
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. Entre‐deux‐Villes 10–12 1814 La Tour‐de‐Peilz Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Scozzi
- European Breakfast Cereal Assn. Ave. des Nerviens 9–31 B‐1040 Brussels Belgium
| | - Markus Weck
- CULINARIA Europe Reuterstraße 151 D‐53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Claudia Vinci
- European Assn. of Fruit and Vegetable Processors (Profel) Av. De Tervueren 188A B‐1150 Brussels Belgium
| | - Marta Sobieraj
- European Fruit Juice Assn. (AIJN) Rue de la Loi 221 box 5 B‐1040 Brussels Belgium
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Chipman K, De Meulenaer B, Dinovi M, Mennes W, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Baert K, Dujardin B, Wallace H. Risks for public health related to the presence of furan and methylfurans in food. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05005. [PMID: 32625300 PMCID: PMC7009982 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risk to human health of the presence of furan and methylfurans (2-methylfuran, 3-methylfuran and 2,5-dimethylfuran) in food. They are formed in foods during thermal processing and can co-occur. Furans are produced from several precursors such as ascorbic acid, amino acids, carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, and are found in a variety of foods including coffee and canned and jarred foods. Regarding furan occurrence, 17,056 analytical results were used in the evaluation. No occurrence data were received on methylfurans. The highest exposures to furan were estimated for infants, mainly from ready-to-eat meals. Grains and grain-based products contribute most for toddlers, other children and adolescents. In adults, elderly and very elderly, coffee is the main contributor to dietary exposure. Furan is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is found in highest amounts in the liver. It has a short half-life and is metabolised by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to the reactive metabolite, cis-but-2-ene-1,4-dialdehyde (BDA). BDA can bind covalently to amino acids, proteins and DNA. Furan is hepatotoxic in rats and mice with cholangiofibrosis in rats and hepatocellular adenomas/carcinomas in mice being the most prominent effects. There is limited evidence of chromosomal damage in vivo and a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanism. Clear evidence for indirect mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis include oxidative stress, gene expression alterations, epigenetic changes, inflammation and increased cell proliferation. The CONTAM Panel used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the risk characterisation using as a reference point a benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10% of 0.064 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for the incidence of cholangiofibrosis in the rat. The calculated MOEs indicate a health concern. This conclusion was supported by the calculated MOEs for the neoplastic effects.
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