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Malik Da Silva A, Afonso E, Raoul F, Giraudoux P, Mergey M, Umhang G, Courquet S, Rieffel D, Millon L, Knapp J. Assessing the role of individual foxes in environmental contamination with Echinococcus multilocularis through faecal samples. Int J Parasitol 2024:S0020-7519(24)00053-5. [PMID: 38460722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Key parasite transmission parameters are difficult to obtain from elusive wild animals. For Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), the red fox is responsible for most of the environmental contamination in Europe. The identification of individual spreaders of E. multilocularis environmental contamination is crucial to improving our understanding of the ecology of parasite transmission in areas of high endemicity and optimising the effectiveness of prevention and control measures in the field. Genetic faecal sampling appears to be a feasible method to gain information about the faecal deposition of individual animals. We conducted a 4 year faecal sampling study in a village that is highly endemic for E. multilocularis, to assess the feasibility of individual identification and sexing of foxes to describe individual infection patterns. Individual fox identification from faecal samples was performed by obtaining reliable genotypes from 14 microsatellites and one sex locus, coupled with the detection of E. multilocularis DNA, first using captive foxes and then by environmental sampling. From a collection of 386 fox stools collected between 2017 and 2020, tested for the presence of E. multilocularis DNA, 180 were selected and 124 samples were successfully genotyped (68.9%). In total, 45 unique individual foxes were identified and 26 associated with at least one sample which tested positive for E. multilocularis (Em(+)). Estimation of the population size showed the fox population to be between 29 and 34 individuals for a given year and 67 individuals over 4 years. One-third of infected individuals (9/26 Em(+) foxes) deposited 2/3 of the faeces which tested positive for E. multilocularis (36/60 Em(+) stools). Genetic investigation showed a significantly higher average number of multiple stools for females than males, suggesting that the two sexes potentially defecated unequally in the studied area. Three partially overlapping clusters of fox faeces were found, with one cluster concentrating 2/3 of the total E. multilocularis-positive faeces. Based on these findings, we estimated that 12.5 million E. multilocularis eggs were produced during the study period, emphasizing the high contamination level of the environment and the risk of exposure faced by the parasite hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Malik Da Silva
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Eve Afonso
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Francis Raoul
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Marina Mergey
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CERFE, 08240 Boult-aux-Bois, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp. Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Agricultural and Veterinary Technopole, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Sandra Courquet
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Dominique Rieffel
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Jenny Knapp
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement Laboratory, University of Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France; Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France.
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Simoncini A, Massolo A. Multiscale ecological drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis spatial distribution in wild hosts: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2024; 34:e00216. [PMID: 38152424 PMCID: PMC10749871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological factors that drive the spatial patterns of parasites transmission is essential to predict their distribution under global change and to direct proactive surveillance efforts. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to assess the main ecological drivers responsible for the spatial distribution and transmission of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, the aetiological agent of alveolar echinococcosis, focusing on wild hosts. The 23 retrieved studies suggested that the dispersal of definitive hosts, climatic and biotic factors (distribution of intermediate hosts, composition of host communities) shape continental-scale distribution patterns of E. multilocularis, whereas the relative importance of climate and land cover in driving E. multilocularis distribution at a smaller (country/regional) scale varies with the geographic area considered. At a local scale, two additional factors contribute to determine the distribution of micro-foci of transmission: the trophic relationships between carnivores definitive hosts and small mammals intermediate hosts, and the defecation and marking behaviour of definitive hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Simoncini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56121, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Franche-Comté, Besançon 25030, France
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Cenni L, Simoncini A, Massetti L, Rizzoli A, Hauffe HC, Massolo A. Current and future distribution of a parasite with complex life cycle under global change scenarios: Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2436-2449. [PMID: 36815401 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Global change is expected to have complex effects on the distribution and transmission patterns of zoonotic parasites. Modelling habitat suitability for parasites with complex life cycles is essential to further our understanding of how disease systems respond to environmental changes, and to make spatial predictions of their future distributions. However, the limited availability of high quality occurrence data with high spatial resolution often constrains these investigations. Using 449 reliable occurrence records for Echinococcus multilocularis from across Europe published over the last 35 years, we modelled habitat suitability for this parasite, the aetiological agent of alveolar echinococcosis, in order to describe its environmental niche, predict its current and future distribution under three global change scenarios, and quantify the probability of occurrence for each European country. Using a machine learning approach, we developed large-scale (25 × 25 km) species distribution models based on seven sets of predictors, each set representing a distinct biological hypothesis supported by current knowledge of the autecology of the parasite. The best-supported hypothesis included climatic, orographic and land-use/land-cover variables such as the temperature of the coldest quarter, forest cover, urban cover and the precipitation seasonality. Future projections suggested the appearance of highly suitable areas for E. multilocularis towards northern latitudes and in the whole Alpine region under all scenarios, while decreases in habitat suitability were predicted for central Europe. Our spatially explicit predictions of habitat suitability shed light on the complex responses of parasites to ongoing global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cenni
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Applied Ecology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Simoncini
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Massetti
- Institute of Bioeconomy of the National Research Council, Firenze, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Applied Ecology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Khan S, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Past and Present of Diagnosis of Echinococcosis: A Review (1999-2021). Acta Trop 2023; 243:106925. [PMID: 37080264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s) respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N= 3), camel (N= 2), pigs (N=2) and small mammals (N= 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not refected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthe implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Mori K, Rock M, McCormack G, Liccioli S, Giunchi D, Marceau D, Stefanakis E, Massolo A. Fecal contamination of urban parks by domestic dogs and tragedy of the commons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3462. [PMID: 36859468 PMCID: PMC9977951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination of public parks by dogs is a potential source of conflict among park users, causing "tragedy of the commons" problems. Besides the social conflict, feces can pose serious health risks to both dogs and humans. In this study we analyzed the extent and patterns of the distribution of dog feces in the urban parks of the City of Calgary. We collected dog feces from randomly selected locations in the urban parks. The average density of dog feces by the different dog leash policies of the parks and the distribution pattern of the fecal density within the parks were assessed, and the total contamination of the public parks for the entire city was estimated. We found off-leash parks to be significantly more contaminated than other types of parks. We estimated 127.23 g/ha of dog feces are left unpicked in city parks in total every week. Dog feces were found more often and in greater amount in off-leash parks, and near park entrances and parking lots, than in on-leash parks and away from the park entrances. These results suggest that public park visitors, especially those visiting off-leash parks, are likely to be exposed to large amounts of dog feces. Designation of parks as on-leash and educating dog-owners may be an effective approach for reducing the fecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Mori
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Graduate School of Human Development and Environment/Department of Human Environmental Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo Japan
| | - Melanie Rock
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Gavin McCormack
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Stefano Liccioli
- grid.451141.4Grasslands National Park, Parks Canada Agency, Val Marie, SK Canada
| | - Dimitri Giunchi
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danielle Marceau
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Emmanuel Stefanakis
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besancon, France.
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6
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Schmidberger J, Uhlenbruck J, Schlingeloff P, Maksimov P, Conraths FJ, Mayer B, Kratzer W. Dog Ownership and Risk for Alveolar Echinococcosis, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1597-1605. [PMID: 35850154 PMCID: PMC9328925 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.212514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis is caused by the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis, and dog ownership has been identified as a risk factor. We sought to specify the factors of dog ownership underlying this risk by conducting a case–control study among dog owners in Germany. The analysis revealed an increased odds ratio of ≈7-fold for dog owners whose dogs roam unattended in fields, 13-fold for dog owners who feed their dogs organic waste daily, 4-fold for dog owners who take their dog to a veterinarian only in case of illness, and 10-fold for dog owners who have never been informed by a veterinarian about the risk for infection. The results highlight the risk for infection associated with various factors of dog ownership and the value of veterinarians informing owners about prevention.
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Umhang G, Bastien M, Bastid V, Poulle ML, Boué F. High variability in the number of E. multilocularis eggs in cat feces collected in the field. Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tull A, Valdmann H, Rannap R, Kaasiku T, Tammeleht E, Saarma U. Free-ranging rural dogs are highly infected with helminths, contaminating environment nine times more than urban dogs. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e19. [PMID: 35257647 DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X22000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of the highly efficient anthelmintics available and the control measures taken by dog owners and veterinarians, gastrointestinal parasites, especially zoonotic helminths, are still abundant in dogs and pose a health risk to humans. Free-ranging dogs in rural areas can be an important source of helminth infection. The aims of the present work were to collect scats of rural dogs, determine the environmental contamination caused by helminth infections among rural dogs of Western Estonia, analyse how diet affects helminth infection rate and compare the findings to a previous study focusing on dog helminths in urban areas of Estonia. To differentiate the scats of dogs from other sympatric canids, a genetic method was applied. Of 328 samples, genetic analysis identified 84 scats belonging to dogs, of which 87.0% were infected with helminths. A high proportion of rural dog scats harboured eggs of Taeniidae (65.5%), followed by Trichuris spp./Eucoleus spp. (15.5%), Uncinaria stenocephala (14.7%) and Toxocara canis (4.3%). Coinfections occurred in 34.5% of the samples, being the most common between Taeniidae and U. stenocephala (41.4%). The intensity model indicated higher helminth infection rate in rural dogs preying on rodents and game. In comparison to urban dogs, rural dogs were nine times more likely to be infected with intestinal parasites. These results emphasize the need to implement measures to reduce helminth infections in dogs living in rural areas of Western Estonia. Among a complex of measures to be taken, we suggest that it is also important to diagnose which gastrointestinal parasite species infect dogs to determine specific anthelmintic treatment against these parasites.
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Shamaev ND, Shuralev EA, Nikitin OV, Mukminov MN, Davidyuk YN, Belyaev AN, Isaeva GS, Ziatdinov VB, Khammadov NI, Safina RF, Salmanova GR, Akhmedova GM, Khaertynov KS, Saito T, Kitoh K, Takashima Y. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among small mammals in Tatarstan, Russian Federation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22184. [PMID: 34772977 PMCID: PMC8589860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite with a wide host range that includes humans, domestic animals and wild animals. Small mammals serve as intermediate hosts for T. gondii and may contribute to the persistence of this parasite in the environment. Mass mortality in wild animals and deaths in rare endemic species make the study of this parasite of growing importance. In this study, T. gondii infection prevalence was evaluated in brain tissues from 474 small mammals captured at 26 trapping points in urban and rural areas of Tatarstan, Russian Federation. Nested PCR was used to detect the T. gondii B1 gene in the samples. Overall, 40/474 samples (8.44%) showed B1 gene positivity. T. gondii infection among the wild small mammals trapped in the rural area was significantly higher as a whole than that of the urban area as a whole. Multivariate logistical regression analysis also showed that the trapping area (rural or urban) significantly contributed to T. gondii positivity. Vegetation in the trapping points, small mammal species, sex, age or distance from the trapping points to the nearest human settlements did not significantly affect T. gondii positivity in the sampled small mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai D Shamaev
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420008
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Eduard A Shuralev
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420008
- Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 36 Butlerova St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420012
- Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine by N.E. Bauman, 35 Sibirskiy Trakt St., Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420029
| | - Oleg V Nikitin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420008
| | - Malik N Mukminov
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420008
- Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 36 Butlerova St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420012
| | - Yuriy N Davidyuk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420008
| | - Alexander N Belyaev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420008
| | - Guzel Sh Isaeva
- Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Rospotrebnadzor, 67 Bolshaya Krasnaya, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420015
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420012
| | - Vasil B Ziatdinov
- Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Rospotrebnadzor, 67 Bolshaya Krasnaya, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420015
| | - Nail I Khammadov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420075
- Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine by N.E. Bauman, 35 Sibirskiy Trakt St., Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420029
| | - Regina F Safina
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420075
| | - Gaysha R Salmanova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420075
| | - Guzel M Akhmedova
- Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 36 Butlerova St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420012
| | - Kamil S Khaertynov
- Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 36 Butlerova St, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420012
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russian Federation, 420075
| | - Taizo Saito
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kitoh
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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Da Silva AM, Bastien M, Umhang G, Boué F, Bastid V, Boucher JM, Caillot C, de Garam CP, Renault C, Faisse M, Courquet S, Scalabrino V, Millon L, Knapp J, Poulle ML. Soil contamination by Echinococcus multilocularis in rural and urban vegetable gardens in relation to fox, cat and dog faecal deposits. Parasite 2021; 28:74. [PMID: 34723788 PMCID: PMC8559720 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis eggs are deposited on the ground with the faeces of the carnivore definitive hosts. A reliable assessment of the spatial distribution of E. multilocularis eggs in environments used by humans is crucial for the prevention of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). This study was conducted in 192 rural and 71 urban vegetable gardens in AE endemic areas of north-eastern France. Its objective was to explore the relationship between the spatial distribution of E. multilocularis estimated from the collection and molecular analysis of two types of samples: faeces and soil. A total of 1024 carnivore faeces and 463 soil samples were collected and analysed by real-time PCR. No fox droppings and no positive soil samples were collected from the urban gardens. Positive soil samples, positive carnivore faeces, or both, were found in 42%, 24% and 6% of the sampled rural gardens, respectively. No significant association was found between the detection of E. multilocularis in soil samples collected from 50 gardens during a single sampling session and the extent and frequency of deposits of fox and cat faeces collected during repeated sampling sessions conducted in the previous months. In 19/50 gardens, E. multilocularis was detected in the soil while no positive faeces had been collected in the previous 12 months. Conversely, in 8/50 gardens, no soil samples were positive although positive faeces had been collected in the previous months. Collecting and analysing faeces provide information on soil contamination at a given time, while analysing soil samples provides an overview of long-term contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Malik Da Silva
- Chrono-Environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 Aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France - Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- Entente for the Control of Zoonoses, Malzéville, 54220 Nancy, France - Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Vanessa Bastid
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Jean-Marc Boucher
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Christophe Caillot
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Carine Peytavin de Garam
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Camille Renault
- ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Marine Faisse
- Entente for the Control of Zoonoses, Malzéville, 54220 Nancy, France - ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Sandra Courquet
- Chrono-Environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 Aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France - Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Scalabrino
- Chrono-Environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 Aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Chrono-Environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 Aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France - Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Jenny Knapp
- Chrono-Environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 Aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France - Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Marie-Lazarine Poulle
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51095 Reims Cedex, France - CERFE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 08240 Boult-aux-Bois, France
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11
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Abstract
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a rare but severe zoonosis caused by the pseudotumoral intrahepatic development of the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. HAE is present only in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in China. Currently, there is a significant resurgence of cases in historically endemic areas associated with emergence of HAE in countries not previously concerned. Today, in European countries, HAE is often discovered by chance; however, clinicians should be made aware of opportunistic infections that progressively emerged recently as a result of therapeutic or pathological immunosuppression. Ultrasonography is the key first-line diagnostic procedure, with specific serology providing confirmation in 95% of the cases. Albendazole, only parasitostatic, is the mainstay for treatment. Surgical resection, if feasible, is the gold standard for treatment, and more patients are currently eligible for this option because of an earlier diagnosis. The prognosis has considerably improved but remains poor in countries where access to care is less favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Bresson-Hadni
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Spahr
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Switzerland
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12
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Tull A, Moks E, Saarma U. Endoparasite prevalence and infection risk factors among cats in an animal shelter in Estonia. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 33938815 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cats are important hosts for different zoonotic parasites that can be hazardous to human health. To date, few studies have attempted to identify the factors affecting parasitic infections in shelter animals. This study aims to analyse the presence of endoparasites in shelter cats in Tartu, Estonia, and identify factors affecting endoparasite prevalence and intensity. The risk factors considered were age, location (urban vs rural cats) and time spent in shelter. In total, 290 faecal samples were collected from cats at an animal shelter in 2015-2016 and investigated for endoparasites using the concentration flotation technique. In total, 138 shelter cats (47.6%) were infected with endoparasites and their overall prevalence was: Toxocara cati (36.6%), Cystoisospora spp. (12.4%), Taeniidae gen. sp. (4.1%), Toxoplasma gondii/Hammondia hammondi (3.4%), Eucoleus aerophilus (2.1%), Cryptosporidium spp. (2.1%), Ancylostoma sp. (0.7%) and Giardia sp. (0.7%). Coinfections occurred in 38 cats (13.1%) most frequently of T. cati and Cystoisospora spp. (4.5%), Cystoisospora spp. and T. gondii/H. hammondi (2.1%). Where species identification of cestode and nematode samples was not possible according to morphology, genetic analysis of the mitochondrial cox1 gene was carried out. DNA was successfully analysed for 6 out of 13 samples that required genetic identification, revealing Ancylostoma tubaeforme in one nematode sample and Hydatigera taeniaeformis in five cestode samples. Cats from rural areas had significantly higher endoparasite prevalence than cats from urban areas. Helminth prevalence decreased to some extent due to anthelmintic treatment in cats available for adoption (held ≥15 days in the shelter), whereas the prevalence of infection with protists increased significantly in these animals. It is important to note that the analysis revealed lower infection intensity for quarantine cats (held 1-14 days in the shelter) compared with cats available for adoption. The relatively high prevalence of endoparasites (including zoonotic) in shelter cats ready for adoption suggests that current anthelminthic procedures require improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ants Tull
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Epp Moks
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.,Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Department of bacteriology-pathology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
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13
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Toews E, Musiani M, Checkley S, Visscher D, Massolo A. A global assessment of Echinococcus multilocularis infections in domestic dogs: proposing a framework to overcome past methodological heterogeneity. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:379-392. [PMID: 33482171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis, the aetiological agent of human Alveolar Echinococcosis, is transmitted between small mammals and wild or domestic canids. Dogs infected with E. multilocularis as dead-end hosts. Whereas E. multilocularis infections in wild hosts and humans have been well-studied in recent decades, infections in domestic dogs are sparsely reported. This literature review and meta-analysis highlighted gaps in the available data and provided a re-assessment of the global distribution of domestic dog E. multilocularis infections. We found 46 published articles documenting the prevalence of E. multilocularis in domestic dogs from 21 countries across Europe, Asia and North America. Apparent prevalence estimates ranged from 0.00% (0.00-0.33%) in Germany to 55.50% (26.67-81.12%) in China. Most studies were conducted in areas of high human Alveolar Echinococcosis. By accounting for reassessed diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, we estimated true prevalence in a subset of studies, which varied between 0.00% (0.00-12.42%) and 41.09% (21.12-65.81%), as these true prevalence estimates were seldom reported in the articles themselves. Articles also showed a heavy emphasis on rural dogs, dismissing urban ones, which is concerning due to the role urbanisation plays in the transmission of zoonotic diseases, especially those utilising pets as definitive hosts. Lastly, population studies on canine Alveolar Echinococcosis were absent, highlighting the relative focus on human rather than animal health. We thus developed a framework for investigating domestic dog E. multilocularis infections and performing risk assessment of dog-associated transmission to fill the gaps found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Toews
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Precision Laboratories, Alberta Health Services, 3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K8, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Darcy Visscher
- Department of Biology, The King's University, 9125 - 50 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6B 2H3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Volta 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France.
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14
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Capon M, Lysaniuk B, Godard V, Clauzel C, Simon L. Characterizing the landscape compositions of urban wildlife encounters: the case of the stone marten (Martes foina), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in the Greater Paris area. Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-020-01071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Da Silva AM, Courquet S, Raoul F, Rieffel D, Giraudoux P, Millon L, Knapp J. Assessment of the exposure to Echinococcus multilocularis associated with carnivore faeces using real-time quantitative PCR and flotation technique assays. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1195-204. [PMID: 32896570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis, the infectious stage, are spread into the environment through wild and domestic carnivore faeces. The spatial location of the faeces containing infective E. multilocularis eggs is a key parameter for studying areas of exposure and understanding the transmission processes to the intermediate hosts and humans. Echinococcus multilocularis faecal prevalence is often assessed by detecting E. multilocularis DNA, not necessarily eggs. This work aimed to determine the percentage of faeces containing E. multilocularis eggs in a rural town and its surroundings and whether this level of precision is relevant in assessing exposure to E. multilocularis. For this purpose, we developed a combined molecular and microscopic approach to investigate the E. multilocularis exposure of potential hosts in the environment from field-collected carnivore faeces. Carnivore defecation patterns were then spatialized to study the spatial distribution of E. multilocularis. Faeces were screened for E. multilocularis DNA using a specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Echinococcus multilocularis eggs were morphologically identified from E. multilocularis-specific qPCR-positive faeces after sucrose flotation and individually confirmed through specific PCR and sequencing. The spatial distribution of E. multilocularis was studied using Kulldorff statistics. Echinococcus multilocularis eggs were identified mostly in fox faeces positive for E. multilocularis DNA by qPCR (n = 27/70) and only from 1 of 15 copro-samples from dogs and 1 of 5 from cats. The faecal prevalence of E. multilocularis DNA and eggs was overdispersed, with the same geographical patterns. These data suggest that E. multilocularis DNA and/or egg detection in carnivore faeces, mainly that of foxes, is appropriate in ecological studies of E. multilocularis transmission.
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Simon JA, Chancel E, Hubert P, Aubert D, Villena I, Gilot-Fromont E, Poulle ML. Pattern of latrine use by domestic cats on dairy farms and the implications for Toxoplasma gondii transmission. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:112-121. [PMID: 31476666 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a highly prevalent zoonosis that affects humans and warm-blooded animals. Faeces of infected cats can contain millions of T. gondii oocysts, which remain infectious in the environment for months. Sites repeatedly used by cats for defecation ('latrines') are recognised as hotspots of T. gondii soil contamination, but this contamination varies from one latrine to another. To understand this spatial heterogeneity, camera traps were deployed in 39 cat latrines on three dairy farms with high-density cat populations and programmed to record visits during sixteen 10-day sessions, rotating between three farms over a period of a year. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to test the effects of cat sexual maturity, latrine location and season on the number of cat faeces deposited and on the number of cats defecating per latrine, as determined from the analysis of 41,282 video recordings. Sexually immature cats defecated 6.60-fold (95% CI = [2.87-15.25]) more often in latrines located close to a feeding site than in other latrines. This pattern was also observed for mature males (odds ratio [OR] = 9.42, 95% CI = [3.29-26.91]), especially during winter, but not for mature females (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = [0.80-3.94]). The number of defecating cats was also 2.67-fold (95% CI = [1.66-4.30], P < 0.001) higher in latrines located close to a feeding point than in those located far from it, regardless of cat category and season. Visits by intermediate T. gondii hosts (micromammals, birds and others) were also recorded. Out of the 39 latrines, 30 (76.92%) were visited by at least one intermediate host during the study period, and some latrines were highly frequented (up to 8.74 visits/day on average). These results provide evidence that the location of food resources in dairy farms influences the latrine use pattern by cats. Highly frequented latrines can be of high risk of T. gondii infection for definitive and intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Alice Simon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Médecine, SFR Cap Santé, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay 51095, Reims cedex, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CERFE, 5 rue de La Héronnière, 08240, Boult-aux-Bois, France.
| | - Eva Chancel
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Pauline Hubert
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CERFE, 5 rue de La Héronnière, 08240, Boult-aux-Bois, France; Faune Action, 6 rue du jardin gascon, 08240, Boult aux Bois, France.
| | - Dominique Aubert
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Médecine, SFR Cap Santé, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay 51095, Reims cedex, France.
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Médecine, SFR Cap Santé, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay 51095, Reims cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France; UMR CNRS 5558 Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Marie-Lazarine Poulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Médecine, SFR Cap Santé, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie EA 7510 ESCAPE, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay 51095, Reims cedex, France; Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CERFE, 5 rue de La Héronnière, 08240, Boult-aux-Bois, France.
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Yang C, He J, Yang X, Wang W. Surgical approaches for definitive treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: results of a survey in 178 patients. Parasitology 2019; 146:1414-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a potentially fatal disease caused by the larval growth of Echinococcus multilocularis. We analysed the clinical data of 178 consecutive HAE patients treated with definitive radical surgery at our institution. According to the surgical approach: group A patients underwent direct radical hepatic resection; group B patients first underwent percutaneous puncture external drainage, followed by radical hepatic resection 2 months later; group C patients underwent a two-step hepatic resection; and group D patients underwent liver transplantation. The baseline characteristics, mortality, postoperative complications and recurrence rates were evaluated. Symptoms were present in 79.8% (142/178) patients. Bi-lobar lesion was found in 34 (19.1%, 34/178) patients, 47.2% (84/178) of whom had ⩾2 lesions each. There were no intraoperative deaths. The postoperative mortality was 2.29% in group A, 8.62% in group D and 0% in groups B and C. The main cause of death was a serious postoperative complication (Clavien–Dindo grades III–V). Patients were followed-up systematically for a median of 35.8 months (8–72) without recurrence. Active HAE should be treated by radical liver resection, and the complicated alveolar echinococcosis of the liver has been managed whenever possible using principles of radical liver resection by experienced hepatic surgeons.
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Karamon J, Sroka J, Dąbrowska J, Bilska-Zając E, Zdybel J, Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Cencek T. First report of Echinococcus multilocularis in cats in Poland: a monitoring study in cats and dogs from a rural area and animal shelter in a highly endemic region. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:313. [PMID: 31234884 PMCID: PMC6591820 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis is a dangerous zoonotic disease caused by larval forms of Echinococcus multilocularis. In its life-cycle, the principal definitive host is the red fox; however, domesticated carnivorous animals (dogs and cats) can also act as definitive hosts. Until now, there were no data concerning this infection in cats in Poland. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of E. multilocularis in cats and dogs originating from rural areas and animal shelters in a region characterised by a high prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes. METHODS Samples of faeces were collected from 67 cats and 268 dogs from a rural area (villages and animal shelters) of a highly endemic region in southeastern Poland. Samples were examined using nested PCR (E. multilocularis), multiplex PCR (E. multilocularis, Taenia spp.) and PCR [E. granulosus (s.l.)]. Additionally, faeces were examined microscopically (flotation). Moreover, intestines from 110 red foxes shot in the investigated area were examined (sedimentation and counting technique). RESULTS Positive PCR results for E. multilocularis were obtained in 4 cats (6.0%) and 4 dogs (1.5%). There were no significant differences between groups of animals (from a shelter and with an owner) concerning the prevalence of E. multilocularis in both cats and dogs. Taenia spp. were found in 10 cats (14.9%) (Taenia taeniaeformis and T. hydatigena) and 26 dogs (9.7%) (T. hydatigena, T. serialis, T. taeniaeformis, T. crassiceps, T. pisiformis and T. ovis) and Mesocestoides litteratus was found in 4 cats (6.0%) and 3 dogs (1.1%). All samples were negative for E. granulosus by PCR. Taking into consideration PCR and flotation results, 29 cats (43.3%) and 73 dogs (27.2%) were infected with helminths (26.9 and 11.9%, respectively, were infected with tapeworms). The highly endemic status of the investigated area was confirmed by examination of red foxes: 48.2% of examined red foxes were infected with E. multilocularis. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the presence of E. multilocularis in cats for the first time in Poland and confirms the role of dogs in this infection in highly endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karamon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Schurer JM, Nishimwe A, Hakizimana D, Li H, Huang Y, Musabyimana JP, Tuyishime E, MacDonald LE. A One Health systematic review of diagnostic tools for Echinococcus multilocularis surveillance: Towards equity in global detection. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00048. [PMID: 32095619 PMCID: PMC7034026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic cestode of canid definitive hosts that is emerging as a parasite of medical and veterinary concern in regions of North America, Europe and Asia. Infection with the metacestode stage (alveolar echinococcosis - AE) is life-threatening, especially for patients who reside in low resource countries and lack access to modern diagnostic tests and treatments. The overall objectives of this One Health review were to systematically describe the diagnostic tests currently employed in endemic countries to detect E. multilocularis in people, canids and the environment, and to report the test characteristics of new diagnostic techniques for population surveillance. In this systematic review of English and Chinese language databases, we identified 92 primary records of E. multilocularis surveillance in canids (N = 75), humans (N = 20) and/or the environment (food, soil; N = 3) and 12 grey literature records that reported E. multilocularis surveillance or health systems protocols between 2008 and 2018. Surveillance for E. multilocularis was conducted using a broad range of combined morphological, molecular, immunological and imaging techniques. Nine studies reporting diagnostic evaluations for cestode or metacestode detection were identified, including studies on copro-antigen ELISA, copro-PCR, intestinal examination, Western Blot, magnetic capture RT-PCR and immunochromatography. Our dataset includes prevalence estimates for E. multilocularis in canids, people, or environment in 27 of the 43 endemic countries and reports data gaps in surveillance, laboratory methods, and diagnostic sensitivity. International consensus on gold standard diagnostic techniques and harmonization of human, canid and environmental surveillance data across political boundaries are needed to comprehensively assess the global burden and distribution of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna M. Schurer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton 01536, USA
- University of Global Health Equity, KG 7 Ave, 5th Floor, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Arlene Nishimwe
- University of Global Health Equity, KG 7 Ave, 5th Floor, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Dieudonne Hakizimana
- University of Global Health Equity, KG 7 Ave, 5th Floor, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Huan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Eugene Tuyishime
- University of Global Health Equity, KG 7 Ave, 5th Floor, PO Box 6955, Kigali, Rwanda
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Abstract
Since the mid-1990s detailed studies and field investigations on the Tibetan Plateau have revealed human echinococcosis to be an under-reported major public health problem, particularly in the dominant pastoral communities in the eastern and central regions. Human prevalence surveys showed that cystic echinococcosis (CE, caused by Echinococcus granulosus) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis) are co-endemic with higher burdens of each disease than other endemic world regions. Epidemiological investigations identified some major risk factors for human CE and AE including dog ownership, husbandry practices and landscape features. Dogs appear to be the major zoonotic reservoir for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, but the latter is also transmitted in complex wildlife cycles. Small mammal assemblages especially of vole and pika species thrive on the Plateau and contribute to patterns of E. multilocularis transmission which are influenced by landscape characteristics and anthropogenic factors. Tibetan foxes are a principal definitive host for both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. In 2006 a national echinococcosis control programme was initiated in Tibetan communities in northwest Sichuan Province and rolled out to all of western China by 2010, and included improved surveillance (and treatment access) of human disease and regular deworming of dogs with annual copro-testing. Control of echinococcosis in Tibetan pastoral communities poses a difficult challenge for delivery and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Department of Chrono-Environment, UMR UFC/CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon, France; Laboratory of Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China.
| | - Zheng Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by cestodes of the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniidae). This serious and near-cosmopolitan disease continues to be a significant public health issue, with western China being the area of highest endemicity for both the cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) forms of echinococcosis. Considerable advances have been made in the 21st century on the genetics, genomics, and molecular epidemiology of the causative parasites, on diagnostic tools, and on treatment techniques and control strategies, including the development and deployment of vaccines. In terms of surgery, new procedures have superseded traditional techniques, and total cystectomy in CE, ex vivo resection with autotransplantation in AE, and percutaneous and perendoscopic procedures in both diseases have improved treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, control, and prevention of CE and AE. Currently there is no alternative drug to albendazole to treat echinococcosis, and new compounds are required urgently. Recently acquired genomic and proteomic information can provide a platform for improving diagnosis and for finding new drug and vaccine targets, with direct impact in the future on the control of echinococcosis, which continues to be a global challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
| | - Lucine Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comte and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis and French National Centre for Echinococcosis, University Bourgogne Franche-Comte and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia and WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Urumqi, China
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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