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Santos AF, Azevedo MI, Amaral CI, Grom NA, Marinho F, de Oliveira CSF, de M Soares DF, Morais MHF, Brandão ST, Menezes RC, Ecco R. Feline sporotrichosis: Characterization of cutaneous and extracutaneous lesions using different diagnostic methods. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:221-231. [PMID: 37515437 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231189448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a mycotic infection of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues caused by Sporothrix spp. that can also cause extracutaneous manifestations. This study aimed to characterize cutaneous and extracutaneous sporotrichosis lesions in cats. Over 1 year, 102 cats rescued by the Zoonoses Control Center of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, euthanized with clinical suspicion of feline sporotrichosis were evaluated. After euthanasia, the animals were evaluated by macroscopic, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) examinations; fungal culture; and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sporothrix infection was identified by at least one diagnostic technique in all cats (n = 102) evaluated by postmortem examination, including 26/28 cases (93%) evaluated by IHC, 66/90 cases (73%) evaluated by cytology, 70/102 cases (68.6%) evaluated by histopathology, and 62/74 cases (84%) evaluated by fungal culture. Two cats had positive results only by fungal culture. Cytology and histopathology examinations were effective in diagnosing sporotrichosis, although IHC was needed to confirm the diagnosis in cats with low fungal loads. Sporothrix brasiliensis was confirmed by the sequencing of 3 samples. Skin lesions were characterized mainly by pyogranulomatous to granulomatous dermatitis (frequently with subcutaneous inflammation) with different intensities of Sporothrix spp. yeast. Extracutaneous findings associated with sporotrichosis included rhinitis or rhinosinusitis, lymphadenitis, pneumonia, meningitis, periorchitis, conjunctivitis, and glossitis. Extracutaneous infections were observed in 74/102 cases, and a possible association between the chronicity of the disease and the higher pathogenicity of this fungal species in cats requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agna F Santos
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria I Azevedo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila I Amaral
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nikollye A Grom
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Marinho
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila S F de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danielle F de M Soares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria H F Morais
- Diretoria de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvana T Brandão
- Diretoria de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Pathology Sector and MULTILAB, Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Barrs VR, Beczkowski PM, Talbot JJ, Hobi S, Teoh SN, Hernandez Muguiro D, Shubitz LF, Sandy J. Invasive Fungal Infections and Oomycoses in Cats: 1. Diagnostic approach. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231219696. [PMID: 38189288 PMCID: PMC10949879 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231219696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE In contrast to superficial fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are characterised by penetration of tissues by fungal elements. Disease can spread locally within a region or can disseminate haematogenously or via the lymphatics. The environment is the most common reservoir of infection. Since fungal spores are airborne, indoor cats are also susceptible to IFIs. Some environmental fungi are ubiquitous and present globally, while others are endemic or hyperendemic within specific geographic regions. Zoonotic pathogens include Microsporum canis, Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis. AIM In the first of a two-part article series, the approach to the investigation of feline IFIs and oomycoses is reviewed. As well as tips for diagnosis, and information on the ecological niche and distribution of fungal pathogens, the review covers clinical presentation of the most common IFIs, including cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis, phaeohyphomycosis, aspergillosis and dermatophytic pseudomycetoma, as well as the oomycoses pythiosis, lagenidiosis and paralagenidiosis. In Part 2, the spectrum of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and adverse effects of antifungal drugs are reviewed, and the treatment and prognosis for specific IFIs and oomycoses are discussed. EVIDENCE BASE The review draws on published evidence and the authors' combined expertise in feline medicine, mycology, dermatology, clinical pathology and anatomical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Paweł M Beczkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | | | - Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Shu Ning Teoh
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Henderson, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Lisa F Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Jeanine Sandy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR China
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de Carvalho JA, Monteiro RC, Hagen F, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM. Trends in Molecular Diagnostics and Genotyping Tools Applied for Emerging Sporothrix Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080809. [PMID: 36012797 PMCID: PMC9409836 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is the most important subcutaneous mycosis that affects humans and animals worldwide. The mycosis is caused after a traumatic inoculation of fungal propagules into the host and may follow an animal or environmental transmission route. The main culprits of sporotrichosis are thermodimorphic Sporothrix species embedded in a clinical clade, including S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, S. globosa, and S. luriei. Although sporotrichosis occurs worldwide, the etiological agents are not evenly distributed, as exemplified by ongoing outbreaks in Brazil and China, caused by S. brasiliensis and S. globosa, respectively. The gold standard for diagnosing sporotrichosis has been the isolation of the fungus in vitro. However, with the advance in molecular techniques, molecular assays have complemented and gradually replaced the classical mycological tests to quickly and accurately detect and/or differentiate molecular siblings in Sporothrix. Nearly all techniques available for molecular diagnosis of sporotrichosis involve PCR amplification, which is currently moving towards detecting Sporothrix DNA directly from clinical samples in multiplex qPCR assays. From an epidemiological perspective, genotyping is key to tracing back sources of Sporothrix infections, detecting diversity in outbreak areas, and thus uncovering finer-scale epidemiological patterns. Over the past decades, molecular epidemiological studies have provided essential information to policymakers regarding outbreak management. From high-to-low throughput genotyping methods, MLSA, AFLP, SSR, RAPD, PCR-RFLP, and WGS are available to assess the transmission dynamics and sporotrichosis expansion. This review discusses the trends in the molecular diagnosis of sporotrichosis, genotyping techniques applied in molecular epidemiological studies, and perspectives for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (R.C.M.); (Z.P.d.C.)
| | - Ruan Campos Monteiro
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (R.C.M.); (Z.P.d.C.)
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (R.C.M.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (R.C.M.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540)
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Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS, de Carvalho JA, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, de Camargo ZP. Current Progress on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sporotrichosis and Their Future Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080776. [PMID: 35893145 PMCID: PMC9331723 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a human and animal disease caused by Sporothrix species, is the most important implantation mycosis worldwide. Sporothrix taxonomy has improved in recent years, allowing important advances in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment. Molecular epidemiology reveals that S. brasiliensis remains highly prevalent during the cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outbreaks in South America and that the spread of S. brasiliensis occurs through founder effects. Sporothrix globosa and S. schenckii are cosmopolitan on the move, causing major sapronoses in Asia and the Americas, respectively. In this emerging scenario, one-health approaches are required to develop a creative, effective, and sustainable response to tackle the spread of sporotrichosis. In the 21st century, it has become vital to speciate Sporothrix, and PCR is the main pillar of molecular diagnosis, aiming at the detection of the pathogen DNA from clinical samples through multiplex assays, whose sensitivity reaches remarkably three copies of the target. The treatment of sporotrichosis can be challenging, especially after the emergence of resistance to azoles and polyenes. Alternative drugs arising from discoveries or repositioning have entered the radar of basic research over the last decade and point to several molecules with antifungal potential, especially the hydrazone derivatives with great in vitro and in vivo activities. There are many promising developments for the near future, and in this review, we discuss how these trends can be applied to the Sporothrix-sporotrichosis system to mitigate the advance of an emerging and re-emerging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540)
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil;
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
| | - Luana P. Borba-Santos
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Cell Biology and Parasitology Program, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (Z.P.d.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04023062, Brazil
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Rediguieri BC, da Cruz Bahiense I, de Carvalho JA, Leite GR, Falqueto A, Rodrigues AM, Gonçalves SS. Clinical, Epidemiological, and Epizootic Features of Sporothrix brasiliensis in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Ecohealth 2022; 19:124-134. [PMID: 35187612 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We verified the clinical-epidemiological, microbiological, and molecular aspects of feline sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil, as well as demonstrated the degree of reliability of the cytopathological examination in diagnosis, when compared to fungal culture. From March 2019 to April 2020, 154 suspicious cats were evaluated by collecting data and biological samples. The Cohen's kappa coefficient and the Chi-square independence defined the degree of agreement and the accuracy parameters, respectively. The interobserver agreement was high (Kappa coefficient = 0.96). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive (positive and negative), and accuracy values were 95.0, 97.0, 99.1, 84.2, and 95.5%, respectively. All isolates evaluated were identified as Sporothrix brasiliensis by species-specific PCR. A digital image bank (Padlet) was created with different types of clinical forms and positive slide profiles. We concluded that the cytopathological technique used demonstrated a high degree of reliability. We report an overwhelming occurrence of S. brasiliensis during epizooties in ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carneiro Rediguieri
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Isabela da Cruz Bahiense
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP 04.023-062, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Leite
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP 04.023-062, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Center for Research in Medical Mycology (CIMM), Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 1468, Marechal Campos Avenue, Vitória, Espírito Santo, CEP 29.040-090, Brazil.
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Luiz RLF, Menezes RC, Pereira SA, de Oliveira RDVC, Oliveira MME. Nested PCR for the Diagnosis of Feline Sporotrichosis From Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Samples Using Different DNA Extraction Protocols. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:755897. [PMID: 35071377 PMCID: PMC8766819 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic, cosmopolitan granulomatous mycosis that affects humans and animals. The infection is caused by the dimorphic fungi Sporothrix sp. The aims of the present study were to evaluate, standardize and validate a nested PCR technique using two DNA purification kits for the extraction of DNA from formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) for Sporothrix sp. detection. FFPE mycological culture pellet samples of different Sporothrix species (S. chilensis, S. mexicana, S. pallida, S. globosa, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii) were used as positive controls and clinical FFPE tissue samples of animals positive for Cryptococcus sp., Leishmania infantum and Histoplasma sp. were used as negative controls. Ten clinical FFPE skin samples from cats with sporotrichosis were used to validate the nested PCR. These samples were cut into two distinct paraffin sectioning protocols (5 and 16 μm thick). The paraffin sections were subjected to two different DNA extraction kits (chemical and thermal extractions). A nested PCR was performed on the extracted DNA to identify the genus Sporothrix. The chemical extraction protocol with the 5 μm thick paraffin section was more effective in extracting DNA from Sporothrix sp. from FFPE samples and the nested PCR technique showed the highest sensitivities (100% in the positive controls and of 50% in the skin samples of cats) and specificity (100%). Therefore, the nested PCR using this protocol has great potential to be applied in Sporothrix sp. diagnosis in FFPE samples of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Leal Faria Luiz
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rossow JA, Queiroz-Telles F, Caceres DH, Beer KD, Jackson BR, Pereira JG, Ferreira Gremião ID, Pereira SA. A One Health Approach to Combatting Sporothrix brasiliensis: Narrative Review of an Emerging Zoonotic Fungal Pathogen in South America. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E247. [PMID: 33114609 PMCID: PMC7712324 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has become a major public health concern and presents a distinct divergence from the traditional epidemiology of sporotrichosis. This emerging fungal pathogen spreads readily among cat populations, and human infections occur exclusively via zoonotic transmission. While sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis that typically manifests as cutaneous lesions in humans and cats, severe extracutaneous manifestations are more common with S. brasiliensis than other Sporothrix species infections. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment regimens are critical for successful clinical resolution of sporotrichosis in both cats and humans. Species-level identification of Sporothrix is possible with molecular diagnostics and necessary for tracking the geographic expansion of S. brasiliensis and better understanding its epidemiology. Combatting cat-transmitted sporotrichosis requires a One Health approach to successfully implement public health control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Rossow
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Public Health, Hospital de Cíinicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 82015-154, Brazil;
| | - Diego H. Caceres
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboudumc/CWZ, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karlyn D. Beer
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
| | - Brendan R. Jackson
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (J.A.R.); (D.H.C.); (K.D.B.)
| | - Jose Guillermo Pereira
- Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, National Leprosy Control Program, National Directorate of Health Surveillance, Dermatology Specialty Center, San Lorenzo 2160, Paraguay;
| | - Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.D.F.G.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (I.D.F.G.); (S.A.P.)
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Baptista VS, Mothé GB, Santos GMP, Melivilu CSI, Santos TO, Virginio ED, de Macêdo-Sales PA, Pinto MR, Machado RLD, Rocha EMS, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Baptista ARS. Promising application of the SsCBF ELISA test to monitor the therapeutic response of feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis from Brazilian epidemics. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:145-53. [PMID: 32812211 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis zoonotic transmission by cats has obtained hyperendemic magnitude in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Atypical cases, relapses, and reinfections as well as reduced diagnostic sensitivity of conventional methods have been reported. Previously, the anti-SsCBF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was shown to be useful as a diagnostic tool for human sporotrichosis. Effective diagnosis and treatment are critical to interrupt the chain of transmission of this major pathogen in Brazilian Public Health. To evaluate its applicability for feline sporotrichosis diagnosis and/or therapeutic follow-up, 15 domestic cats from Rio de Janeiro were clinically and laboratory monitored by cytopathology, culture, Sporothrix genotyping, and anti-SsCBF IgG levels. Subsequently, animals were divided into satisfactory and non-satisfactory therapeutic responders. Averages of antibody serum levels obtained for diagnosis (first consultation) compared with the levels found after follow-up (last consultation) were significantly different in both groups (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.038, respectively). We conclude that the SsCBF ELISA test can predict feline sporotrichosis therapeutic responses even for animals with distinct clinical evolutions.
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Rodrigues AM, Della Terra PP, Gremião ID, Pereira SA, Orofino-Costa R, de Camargo ZP. The threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogenic Sporothrix species. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:813-842. [PMID: 32052359 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a neglected subcutaneous mycosis of humans and animals acquired by traumatic inoculation of soil and plant material (classical route) contaminated with infectious propagules of the pathogen or being bitten/scratched by infected cats (alternative route). Within a genus composed of 53 species displaying an essentially environmental core, there are only a few members which have considerable impacts on human or animal health. Infections are typically caused by S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii or S. globosa. Rare mammal pathogens include members of the S. pallida and S. stenocereus complexes. To illustrate the tremendous impact of emerging zoonotic sporotrichosis on public health, we discuss the main features of the expanding epidemics driven by S. brasiliensis in cats and humans. The cat entry in the transmission chain of sporotrichosis, causing epizooties (cat-cat) or zoonosis (cat-human), has contributed to the definition of new paradigms in Sporothrix transmission, reaching epidemic levels, making the disease a serious public health problem. Indeed, S. brasiliensis infection in humans and animals is likely to become even more important in the future, with projections of its expansion in biogeographic domains and host range, as well as greater virulence in mammals. Therefore, lessons from a long-standing outbreak in the state of Rio de Janeiro about the source and distribution of the etiological agents among outbreak areas can be used to create better control and prevention plans and increase awareness of sporotrichosis as a serious emerging zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Paula Portella Della Terra
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dib Gremião
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Orofino-Costa
- Dermatology Department, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM-UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
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de Miranda LHM, Silva JN, Gremião IDF, Menezes RC, Almeida-Paes R, Dos Reis ÉG, de Oliveira RVC, de Araujo DSDA, Ferreiro L, Pereira SA. Monitoring Fungal Burden and Viability of Sporothrix spp. in Skin Lesions of Cats for Predicting Antifungal Treatment Response. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E92. [PMID: 30087237 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin lesions in feline sporotrichosis usually present a high fungal burden, making cats an important source of infection. This study evaluated the fungal burden and isolation in skin lesions of feline sporotrichosis during treatment with itraconazole (ITZ), combined with or without potassium iodide (KI). Treatment-naïve cats with culture-confirmed sporotrichosis and presenting skin ulcers were treated for up to 40 weeks with oral ITZ alone (n = 74) or combined with KI (n = 56). These cats were submitted to monthly sampling of the same lesion for mycological culture and cytopathology until healing of lesion or up to twelve weeks. The fungal burden was expressed as the mean yeast cell count in three microscopic fields from imprint smears. The fungal burden before treatment was significantly higher in cats in which the lesion persisted and in cases of treatment failure when using ITZ alone. After twelve weeks, the median fungal burden decreased to zero in both treatment protocols, suggesting a potential decrease in the risk of transmission of Sporothrix spp. from cats. These findings encourage the early treatment of feline sporotrichosis as a control measure. Moreover, the fungal burden in feline sporotrichosis lesions can be a prognostic indicator and a parameter for choosing appropriate therapeutic regimen.
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