1
|
Perez Gomez AA, Karmakar M, Carroll RJ, Lawley KS, Amstalden K, Young CR, Threadgill DW, Welsh CJ, Brinkmeyer-Langford C. Genetic and immunological contributors to virus-induced paralysis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100395. [PMID: 34917987 PMCID: PMC8645428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by a single virus can evoke diverse immune responses, resulting in different neurological outcomes, depending on the host's genetic background. To study heterogenous viral response, we use Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) to model virally induced neurological phenotypes and immune responses in Collaborative Cross (CC) mice. The CC resource consists of genetically distinct and reproducible mouse lines, thus providing a population model with genetic heterogeneity similar to humans. We examined different CC strains for the effect of chronic stage TMEV-induced immune responses on neurological outcomes throughout 90 days post infection (dpi), with a particular focus on limb paralysis, by measuring serum levels of 23 different cytokines and chemokines. Each CC strain demonstrated a unique set of immune responses, regardless of presence or absence of TMEV RNA. Using stepwise regression, significant associations were identified between IL-1α, RANTES, and paralysis frequency scores. To better understand these interactions, we evaluated multiple aspects of the different CC genetic backgrounds, including haplotypes of genomic regions previously linked with TMEV pathogenesis and viral clearance or persistence, individual cytokine levels, and TMEV-relevant gene expression. These results demonstrate how loci previously associated with TMEV outcomes provide incomplete information regarding TMEV-induced paralysis in the CC strains. Overall, these findings provide insight into the complex roles of immune response in the pathogenesis of virus-associated neurological diseases influenced by host genetic background.
Collapse
Key Words
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, (ALS)
- Chromosome, (Chr)
- Chronic infection
- Collaborative Cross, (CC)
- Collaborative cross
- Cytokine
- Epstein-Barr Virus, (EBV)
- Host response
- IL-1 α
- Multiple Sclerosis, (MS)
- Paralysis
- Parkinson's disease, (PD)
- RANTES
- TMEV
- Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, (TMEV)
- Viral infection
- blood brain barrier, (BBB)
- central nervous system, (CNS)
- days post infection, (dpi)
- experimental autoimmune encephalitis, (EAE)
- intraperitoneal, (IP)
- phosphate buffered saline, (PBS)
- plaque-forming units, (PFU)
- receptor for IL-1 α, (Il1r1)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aracely A. Perez Gomez
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raymond J. Carroll
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Koedi S. Lawley
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu G, Gong AY, Wang Y, Ma S, Chen X, Chen J, Su CJ, Shibata A, Strauss-Soukup JK, Drescher KM, Chen XM. LincRNA-Cox2 Promotes Late Inflammatory Gene Transcription in Macrophages through Modulating SWI/SNF-Mediated Chromatin Remodeling. J Immunol 2016; 196:2799-2808. [PMID: 26880762 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are long noncoding transcripts (>200 nt) from the intergenic regions of annotated protein-coding genes. One of the most highly induced lincRNAs in macrophages upon TLR ligation is lincRNA-Cox2, which was recently shown to mediate the activation and repression of distinct classes of immune genes in innate immune cells. We report that lincRNA-Cox2, located at chromosome 1 proximal to the PG-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2/Cox2) gene, is an early-primary inflammatory gene controlled by NF-κB signaling in murine macrophages. Functionally, lincRNA-Cox2 is required for the transcription of NF-κB-regulated late-primary inflammatory response genes stimulated by bacterial LPS. Specifically, lincRNA-Cox2 is assembled into the switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex in cells after LPS stimulation. This resulting lincRNA-Cox2/SWI/SNF complex can modulate the assembly of NF-κB subunits to the SWI/SNF complex, and ultimately, SWI/SNF-associated chromatin remodeling and transactivation of the late-primary inflammatory-response genes in macrophages in response to microbial challenge. Therefore, our data indicate a new regulatory role for NF-κB-induced lincRNA-Cox2 as a coactivator of NF-κB for the transcription of late-primary response genes in innate immune cells through modulation of epigenetic chromatin remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoku Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Shibin Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Xiqiang Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Chun-Jen Su
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Annemarie Shibata
- Department of Biology, Creighton University College of Arts and Sciences, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Juliane K Strauss-Soukup
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University College of Arts and Sciences, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Herder V, Iskandar CD, Kegler K, Hansmann F, Elmarabet SA, Khan MA, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R, Beineke A. Dynamic Changes of Microglia/Macrophage M1 and M2 Polarization in Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:712-23. [PMID: 25495532 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and macrophages play a central role for demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) virus infection, a commonly used infectious model for chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. In order to determine the dynamic changes of microglia/macrophage polarization in TME, the spinal cord of Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL) mice was investigated by gene expression profiling and immunofluorescence. Virus persistence and demyelinating leukomyelitis were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and histology. Electron microscopy revealed continuous myelin loss together with abortive myelin repair during the late chronic infection phase indicative of incomplete remyelination. A total of 59 genes out of 151 M1- and M2-related genes were differentially expressed in TME virus-infected mice over the study period. The onset of virus-induced demyelination was associated with a dominating M1 polarization, while mounting M2 polarization of macrophages/microglia together with sustained prominent M1-related gene expression was present during the chronic-progressive phase. Molecular results were confirmed by immunofluorescence, showing an increased spinal cord accumulation of CD16/32(+) M1-, arginase-1(+) M2- and Ym1(+) M2-type cells associated with progressive demyelination. The present study provides a comprehensive database of M1-/M2-related gene expression involved in the initiation and progression of demyelination supporting the hypothesis that perpetuating interaction between virus and macrophages/microglia induces a vicious circle with persistent inflammation and impaired myelin repair in TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cut Dahlia Iskandar
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vichaya EG, Young EE, Frazier MA, Cook JL, Welsh CJ, Meagher MW. Social disruption induced priming of CNS inflammatory response to Theiler's virus is dependent upon stress induced IL-6 release. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 239:44-52. [PMID: 22000153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic social disruption stress (SDR) exacerbates acute and chronic phase Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. However, the precise mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. The present study suggests that SDR exacerbates TMEV disease course by priming virus-induced neuroinflammation. It was demonstrated that IL-1β mRNA expression increases following acute SDR; however, IL-6 mRNA expression, but not IL-1β, is upregulated in response to chronic SDR. Furthermore, this study demonstrated SDR prior to infection increases infection related central IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA expression, and administration of IL-6 neutralizing antibody during SDR reverses this increase in neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G Vichaya
- Dept. of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dutta K, Kumawat KL, Nazmi A, Mishra MK, Basu A. Minocycline differentially modulates viral infection and persistence in an experimental model of Japanese encephalitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:553-65. [PMID: 20635157 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is caused by a neurotropic flavivirus that causes CNS damage that leads to death in acute cases or permanent neuropsychiatric sequel in survivors. The course of infection of this virus is not well defined though it is clear that it evades the host's innate immune response in the periphery. The current study was designed to investigate the time-dependent changes in the spleen and lymph node, apart from the CNS that are infected by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Our previous studies have led to the identification of minocycline, a semi-synthetic antibiotic, as a protective drug in JE. In this study we have also investigated the role of minocycline on the peripheral organs that are infected by JEV. Levels of IL-12 and MCP-1 in the organs were estimated by cytometric bead array, and immunohistochemical studies were performed on cryosections of tissue to detect CD3- or CD11b-positive cells as well as JEV antigen. We found that the levels of T cell-activating cytokine IL-12 and MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in JEV-infected tissue samples in a time-dependent manner. Corresponding to this increase was the increase in the number of CD3- and CD11b-positive cells in the tissues of infected animals. Minocycline treatment abrogated these changes. Minocycline treatment also resulted in the gradual decrease in the number of CD11b (but not CD3) positive cells in the lymph node and spleen, even though the virus persisted in these organs. We also observed structural changes in the spleen following minocycline treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Dutta
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Young EE, Sieve AN, Vichaya EG, Carcoba LM, Young CR, Ambrus A, Storts R, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Chronic restraint stress during early Theiler's virus infection exacerbates the subsequent demyelinating disease in SJL mice: II. CNS disease severity. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 220:79-89. [PMID: 20167380 PMCID: PMC2856483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection is a well-characterized model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous research has shown that chronic restraint stress (RS) during early TMEV infection exacerbates behavioral signs of the disease. The present data suggest that RS-induced increases in CNS inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration may underlie this exacerbation. In addition, we report that males exhibit greater CNS inflammation and higher numbers of demyelinating lesions while females show greater susceptibility to RS-induced exacerbation. These findings indicate that RS during early TMEV infection increases CNS lesion formation during the late phase and suggest that the effects of RS are sex-dependent.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/pathology
- Axons/virology
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/physiopathology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/virology
- Chronic Disease
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis/virology
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/virology
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Restraint, Physical/psychology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Sex Characteristics
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Wallerian Degeneration/immunology
- Wallerian Degeneration/pathology
- Wallerian Degeneration/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Young
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meagher MW, Sieve AN, Johnson RR, Satterlee D, Belyavskyi M, Mi W, Prentice TW, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR. Neonatal maternal separation alters immune, endocrine, and behavioral responses to acute Theiler's virus infection in adult mice. Behav Genet 2010; 40:233-49. [PMID: 20135342 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-010-9333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established a link between adverse early life events and subsequent disease vulnerability. The present study assessed the long-term effects of neonatal maternal separation on the response to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, a model of multiple sclerosis. Balb/cJ mouse pups were separated from their dam for 180-min/day (180-min MS), 15-min/day (15-min MS), or left undisturbed from postnatal days 2-14. During adolescence, mice were infected with Theiler's virus and sacrificed at days 14, 21, or 35 post-infection. Prolonged 180-min MS increased viral load and delayed viral clearance in the spinal cords of males and females, whereas brief 15-min MS increased the rate of viral clearance in females. The 15-min and 180-min MS mice exhibited blunted corticosterone responses during infection, suggesting that reduced HPA sensitivity may have altered the immune response to infection. These findings demonstrate that early life events alter vulnerability to CNS infection later in life. Therefore, this model could be used to study gene-environment interactions that contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Steelman AJ, Alford E, Young CR, Welsh TH, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress fails to render C57BL/6 mice susceptible to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010; 17:109-19. [PMID: 19923856 PMCID: PMC3214847 DOI: 10.1159/000258694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the CNS with a pathology consistent with immunological mediation. Although its cause is unknown, multiple factors are thought to influence both the onset and exacerbation of the disease, including both genetic background as well as environmental factors. METHODS We are interested in the effect of psychological stress on the onset and exacerbation of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease (TVID), a murine model of MS in which viral persistence facilitates demyelination. In the current study, we determined whether chronic restraint stress (RS)-induced immunosuppression could result in the establishment of a persistent CNS infection in the normally TVID-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain, resulting in demyelination. RESULTS Our data indicated that RS repeated over the course of 7 days was not sufficient to cause decreases in virus-specific adaptive immunity, and did not significantly alter CNS viral levels. Furthermore, chronic repeated RS lasting until 4 weeks after infection altered neither the development of virus-specific IgG nor motor function determined by Rotarod analysis. In addition, histological analysis of the CNS of stressed mice indicated no inflammation or demyelination on day 193 after infection. CONCLUSION These results suggest that stress alone is not sufficient to overcome genetic resistance to TVID in the C57BL/6 mouse strain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/psychology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/virology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility/psychology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Movement Disorders/immunology
- Movement Disorders/physiopathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/virology
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/virology
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Restraint, Physical/psychology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Viral Load/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Eric Alford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Thomas H. Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - C. Jane R. Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
- *Dr. C. Jane Welsh, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458 (USA), Tel. +1 979 862 4974, Fax +1 979 847 8981, E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Viral vector-mediated gene delivery is an attractive procedure for introducing genes into the brain, both for purposes of basic neuroscience research and to develop gene therapy for neurological diseases. Replication-defective adenoviruses possess many features which make them ideal vectors for this purpose-efficiently transducing terminally differentiated cells such as neurons and glial cells, resulting in high levels of transgene expression in vivo. Also, in the absence of anti-adenovirus immunity, these vectors can sustain very long-term transgene expression within the brain parenchyma. This unit provides protocols for the stereotactic injection of adenoviral vectors into the brain, followed by protocols to detect transgene expression or infiltrates of immune cells by immunocytochemistry or immunofluorescence. ELISPOT and neutralizing antibody assay methodologies are provided to quantitate the levels of cellular and humoral immune responses against adenoviruses. Quantitation of adenoviral vector genomes within the rat brain using qPCR is also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Puntel
- Board of Governors Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Departments of Medicine, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Welsh CJ, Steelman AJ, Mi W, Young CR, Dean DD, Storts R, Welsh, Jr. TH, Meagher MW. Effects of stress on the immune response to Theiler's virus--implications for virus-induced autoimmunity. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010; 17:169-72. [PMID: 20134194 PMCID: PMC2857642 DOI: 10.1159/000258715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is an important factor in susceptibility to many diseases. Our laboratory has been investigating the impact of stress on the susceptibility to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (TVID), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Using immunodominant viral peptides specific for identification of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, stress reduced IFN-gamma-producing virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen and CD8(+) T cells in the CNS. Expression of mRNA for the Th1 transcription factor T-bet and the Th2 transcription factor GATA-3 were decreased in spleen cells isolated from stressed mice. Cytokine production by cells isolated from the CNS or spleens following stimulation with virus indicated that stress decreased both type 1 and type 2 responses. The adverse effects of stress were partially reversed by concurrent RU486 administration but mimicked by dexamethasone, indicating a major role for glucocorticoids. Global stress-induced immunosuppression resulted in higher levels of virus replication and dissemination. The higher viral load subsequently led to an earlier disease onset and more severe clinical and histological signs of demyelinating disease. Our results have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of MS, and suggest that stressful events during early infection with an agent capable of inducing demyelination may result in immunosuppression and failure to eliminate the pathogen, which in turn may lead to the development of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
- *Dr. C. Jane Welsh, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458 (USA), Tel. +1 979 862 4974, Fax +1 979 847 8981, E-Mail
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Wentao Mi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Dana D. Dean
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Ralph Storts
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Thomas H. Welsh, Jr.
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Steelman AJ, Dean DD, Young CR, Smith R, Prentice TW, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress modulates virus specific adaptive immunity during acute Theiler's virus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:830-43. [PMID: 19348911 PMCID: PMC2710426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating CNS disease of unknown origin. Multiple factors including genetic background, infection, and psychological stress affect the onset or progression of MS. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection is an animal model of MS in which aberrant immunity leads to viral persistence and subsequently results in demyelination that resembles MS. Here, we examined how stress during acute TMEV infection altered virus-specific cell mediated responses. Using immunodominant viral peptides specific for either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, we found that stress reduced IFN-gamma producing virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen and CD8(+) T cells CNS. Cytokine production by cells isolated from the CNS or spleens following stimulation with virus or viral peptides, indicated that stress decreased both type 1 and type 2 responses. Glucocorticoids were implicated in the decreased T cell function as the effects of stress were partially reversed by concurrent RU486 administration but mimicked by dexamethasone. As T cells mediate viral clearance in this model, our data support the hypothesis that stress-induced immunosuppression may provide a mechanism for enhanced viral persistence within the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Steelman
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Dana D. Dean
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Colin R. Young
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Roger Smith
- Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Thomas W. Prentice
- Dept of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Dept of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - C. Jane R. Welsh
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A, Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Psychological stress has been implicated in both the onset and exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our research has focused on the role of stress at the onset of MS, using the mouse model Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelination. Theiler's virus is a natural pathogen of mice that causes a persistent infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and inflammatory immune-mediated demyelination that is very similar to MS. Our research has shown that restraint stress sufficiently increases corticosterone secretion to cause immunosuppression. Stressed mice develop decreased innate and adaptive immune responses, including decreased chemokine and cytokine responses, to virus, which leads to increased viral replication within the CNS. Higher levels of virus then cause increased later demyelinating disease. These findings may have important implications in our understanding of the interactions between stress and the development of autoimmune diseases induced by infectious agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Sepsis remains a major health concern across the world. The effects of stress on host resistance to sepsis are still not very clear. To explore the effects of chronic stress on sepsis(') we examined the impact of restraint stress on the resistance of mice to sepsis. Interestingly, it was found that restraint stress enhanced the antisepsis resistance of mice and the concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha in the blood of stressed mice were dramatically reduced post Escherichia coli infection or LPS treatment as compared with that of controls (p < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA expressions of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) were up-regulated in the spleen and peritoneal macrophages of mice receiving restraint stress or dexamethasone treatment. These results demonstrate that restraint stress enhances the resistance of mice to sepsis, supporting corticotherapy for sepsis and proposing restraint-stressed mouse as an animal model to elucidate mechanisms of stress-associated, antisepsis resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Young EE, Prentice TW, Satterlee D, McCullough H, Sieve AN, Johnson RR, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Glucocorticoid exposure alters the pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus during acute infection. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:63-71. [PMID: 18538803 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that chronic restraint stress exacerbates Theiler's virus infection, a murine model for CNS inflammation and multiple sclerosis. The current set of experiments was designed to evaluate the potential role of glucocorticoids in the deleterious effects of restraint stress on acute CNS inflammatory disease. Exposure to chronic restraint stress resulted in elevated levels of corticosterone as well as increased clinical scores and weight loss (Experiment 1). In addition, corticosterone administration alone exacerbated behavioral signs of TMEV-induced sickness (i.e. decreased body weight, increased symptoms of encephalitis, and increased mortality) and reduced inflammation in the CNS (Experiment 2). Infected subjects receiving exogenous corticosterone showed exacerbation of acute phase measures of sickness and severe mortality as well as decreased viral clearance from CNS (Experiment 3). These findings indicate that corticosterone exposure alone is sufficient to exacerbate acute CNS inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Young
- Department of Psychology Texas A&M University Mailstop 4235, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heesen C, Gold SM, Huitinga I, Reul JMHM. Stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis - a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:604-18. [PMID: 17602841 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease of the CNS with an assumed autoimmune-mediated pathogenesis. Stressful life events have been hypothesized as potential triggers of disease exacerbation. Animal studies using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for MS, suggest that decreased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function may play a role in the increased susceptibility and severity of the disease. Histopathological studies of the hypothalamus point to disturbances in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulation as a result of MS lesions in this area. Functional endocrine tests (e.g., the combined Dexamethasone-CRH test) showed a disturbed negative feedback after steroid application in MS patients. Hyper- and hypoactivity of the HPA axis, have been described to be associated with more severe courses. This paper presents an overview of the evidence for a role of HPA dysfunction in EAE and MS based on stress-experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (INiMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meagher MW, Johnson RR, Vichaya EG, Young EE, Lunt S, Welsh CJ. Social conflict exacerbates an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2007; 8:314-30. [PMID: 17596348 DOI: 10.1177/1524838007303506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that social conflict is associated with inflammatory disease onset and exacerbations in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and in animal models of MS. This review illustrates how animal research can be used to elucidate the biobehavioral mechanisms underlying the adverse health effects of social conflict. The authors review studies indicating that social conflict exacerbates a virally initiated animal model of MS. This research suggests that the deleterious effects of social conflict may be partially mediated by stress-induced increases in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the central nervous system. In addition, they provide evidence that the adverse health effects of social conflict can be prevented by blocking the stress-induced increases in cytokine activity. This suggests that interventions designed to prevent or reverse the stress-induced increases in cytokine activity may be able to prevent or reverse some of the negative health effects of social conflict in humans.
Collapse
|
17
|
Minguela A, Pastor S, Mi W, Richardson JA, Ward ES. Feedback regulation of murine autoimmunity via dominant anti-inflammatory effects of interferon gamma. J Immunol 2007; 178:134-44. [PMID: 17182548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of knowledge concerning the immunologic sequelae that culminate in overt autoimmunity. In the present study, we have analyzed the factors that lead to disease in the model of autoimmunity, murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE in H-2(u) mice involves autoreactive CD4(+) T cells that are induced by immunization with the immunodominant N-terminal epitope of myelin basic protein. The affinity of this epitope for I-A(u) can be increased by substituting lysine at position 4 with tyrosine, and this can be used to increase the effective Ag dose. Paradoxically, high doses of Ag are poorly encephalitogenic. We have used quantitative analyses to study autoreactive CD4(+) T cell responses following immunization of mice with Ag doses that are at the extremes of encephalitogenicity. A dose of autoantigen that is poorly encephalitogenic results in T cell hyperresponsiveness, triggering an anti-inflammatory feedback loop in which IFN-gamma plays a pivotal role. Our studies define a regulatory mechanism that serves to limit overly robust T cell responses. This feedback regulation has broad relevance to understanding the factors that determine T cell responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Minguela
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mi W, Young CR, Storts RW, Steelman AJ, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress facilitates systemic dissemination of Theiler's virus and alters its pathogenecity. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:133-43. [PMID: 16949789 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a Picornavirus used as a viral model for multiple sclerosis (MS), causes an acute encephalomyelitis and chronic demyelination. The failure to clear the virus, which can result from stress, is a prerequisite for development of the later disease. Similarly, stressful life events have been associated with the development of MS. In the present study, a restraint stress (RS) model was used to investigate the effect of stress on the systemic dissemination of TMEV during the early stage of disease. Experimental data demonstrated that repeated RS remarkably facilitated the spread of virus from the CNS to such systemic organs as the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lungs and heart and compromised the ability of viral clearance within those tissues. RS also altered the pathogenecity of TMEV, enabling it to become cardiotropic, resulting in higher myocardial infectivity. These results demonstrate the profound impact that RS has upon both the tissue and organ dissemination of the virus, and the organ tropism of TMEV. An additional finding associated with stress was hepatic necrosis in the restrained animals, regardless of whether or not they were infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Mi
- Genetics Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mi W, Prentice TW, Young CR, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress decreases virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression during acute Theiler's virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:49-61. [PMID: 16828879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events have been associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous studies have indicated that restraint stress (RS) reduces inflammation and virus-induced chemokine expression in the Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (TVID) model of MS. Here we report that RS significantly reduced the virus-induced interferon-gamma mRNA levels in the brain. Additionally, mRNA levels of lymphotoxin-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the brain were negatively correlated with viral titers in the brain. These results indicated an immunosuppressive effect of stress during early TVID causing impaired viral clearance, which may be a potential exacerbating factor for later demyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sieve AN, Steelman AJ, Young CR, Storts R, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Sex-dependent effects of chronic restraint stress during early Theiler's virus infection on the subsequent demyelinating disease in CBA mice. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 177:46-62. [PMID: 16762424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress, administered during early infection with Theiler's virus, was found to exacerbate the acute CNS viral infection in male and female mice. During the subsequent demyelinating phase of disease (a model of multiple sclerosis), the effect of stress on disease progression was sex-dependent. Previously stressed male mice had less severe behavioral signs of the chronic phase, better rotarod performance and decreased inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord, while the opposite pattern was observed in females. In addition, mice in all groups developed autoantibodies to MBP, PLP139-151 and MOG33-55.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/physiopathology
- Chronic Disease
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/virology
- Myelin Proteins/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Restraint, Physical
- Sex Factors
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Sieve
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4235, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sieve AN, Steelman AJ, Young CR, Storts R, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Chronic restraint stress during early Theiler's virus infection exacerbates the subsequent demyelinating disease in SJL mice. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 155:103-18. [PMID: 15342201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress, administered during early infection with Theiler's virus, was found to exacerbate the acute central nervous system (CNS) viral infection and the subsequent demyelinating phase of disease (an animal model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)) in SJL male and female mice. During early infection, stressed mice displayed decreased body weights and spontaneous activity; while increased behavioral signs of illness and plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels. During the subsequent chronic demyelinating phase of disease, previously stressed mice had greater behavioral signs of the chronic phase, worsened rotarod performance, and increased inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord. In addition, mice developed autoantibodies to myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein peptide (PLP139-151), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG33-55).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Sieve
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience Program, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|