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Callegari I, Oechtering J, Schneider M, Perriot S, Mathias A, Voortman MM, Cagol A, Lanner U, Diebold M, Holdermann S, Kreiner V, Becher B, Granziera C, Junker A, Du Pasquier R, Khalil M, Kuhle J, Kappos L, Sanderson NSR, Derfuss T. Cell-binding IgM in CSF is distinctive of multiple sclerosis and targets the iron transporter SCARA5. Brain 2024; 147:839-848. [PMID: 38123517 PMCID: PMC10907079 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal IgM production in multiple sclerosis is associated with a worse disease course. To investigate pathogenic relevance of autoreactive IgM in multiple sclerosis, CSF from two independent cohorts, including multiple sclerosis patients and controls, were screened for antibody binding to induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and astrocytes, and a panel of CNS-related cell lines. IgM binding to a primitive neuro-ectodermal tumour cell line discriminated 10% of multiple sclerosis donors from controls. Transcriptomes of single IgM producing CSF B cells from patients with cell-binding IgM were sequenced and used to produce recombinant monoclonal antibodies for characterization and antigen identification. We produced five cell-binding recombinant IgM antibodies, of which one, cloned from an HLA-DR + plasma-like B cell, mediated antigen-dependent complement activation. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, and biochemical and transcriptome analysis of the target cells identified the iron transport scavenger protein SCARA5 as the antigen target of this antibody. Intrathecal injection of a SCARA5 antibody led to an increased T cell infiltration in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. CSF IgM might contribute to CNS inflammation in multiple sclerosis by binding to cell surface antigens like SCARA5 and activating complement, or by facilitating immune cell migration into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Callegari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Oechtering
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Mika Schneider
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Cagol
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel 4123, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Lanner
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Martin Diebold
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79085, Germany
| | - Sebastian Holdermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
| | - Victor Kreiner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel 4123, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Junker
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Center of Research in Neurosciences, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, MS Center and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease associated with antibodies against components of the neuromuscular junction, most often against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Although several mechanisms have been postulated to explain how these autoantibodies can lead to the pathology of the disease, convincing evidence suggests that destruction of the receptor-bearing postsynaptic membrane by complement membrane attack complex is of central importance. In this review, evidence for the importance of complement, and possible relationships between autoantigen, autoantibodies, complement activation, and the destruction of the membrane are discussed. More recent insights from the results of the complement-inhibiting therapeutic antibody eculizumab are also described, and the mechanisms connecting antibody binding to complement activation are considered from a structural viewpoint.
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Callegari I, Schneider M, Berloffa G, Mühlethaler T, Holdermann S, Galli E, Roloff T, Boss R, Infanti L, Khanna N, Egli A, Buser A, Zimmer G, Derfuss T, Sanderson NSR. Potent neutralization by monoclonal human IgM against SARS-CoV-2 is impaired by class switch. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53956. [PMID: 35548920 PMCID: PMC9253785 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the class‐dependent properties of anti‐viral IgM antibodies, we use membrane antigen capture activated cell sorting to isolate spike‐protein‐specific B cells from donors recently infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, allowing production of recombinant antibodies. We isolate 20, spike‐protein‐specific antibodies of classes IgM, IgG, and IgA, none of which shows any antigen‐independent binding to human cells. Two antibodies of class IgM mediate virus neutralization at picomolar concentrations, but this potency is lost following artificial switch to IgG. Although, as expected, the IgG versions of the antibodies appear to have lower avidity than their IgM parents, this is not sufficient to explain the loss of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Callegari
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mika Schneider
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuliano Berloffa
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Biophysics Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Holdermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Galli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Roloff
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renate Boss
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Infanti
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Buser
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Rose N, Holdermann S, Callegari I, Kim H, Fruh I, Kappos L, Kuhle J, Müller M, Sanderson NSR, Derfuss T. Receptor clustering and pathogenic complement activation in myasthenia gravis depend on synergy between antibodies with multiple subunit specificities. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:1005-1025. [PMID: 36074148 PMCID: PMC9547806 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder defined by muscle weakness and fatigability associated with antibodies against proteins of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The most common autoantibody target is the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Three mechanisms have been postulated by which autoantibodies might interfere with neurotransmission: direct antagonism of the receptor, complement-mediated destruction of the postsynaptic membrane, and enhanced internalization of the receptor. It is very likely that more than one of these mechanisms act in parallel. Dissecting the mechanisms of autoantibody-mediated pathology requires patient-derived, monoclonal antibodies. Using membrane antigen capture activated cell sorting (MACACS), we isolated AChR-specific B cells from patients with myasthenia gravis, and produced six recombinant antibodies. All AChR-specific antibodies were hypermutated, including isotypes IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4, and recognized different subunits of the AChR. Despite clear binding, none of the individual antibodies showed significant antagonism of the AChR measured in an in vitro neuromuscular synapse model, or AChR-dependent complement activation, and they did not induce myasthenic signs in vivo. However, combinations of antibodies induced strong complement activation in vitro, and severe weakness in a passive transfer myasthenia gravis rat model, associated with NMJ destruction and complement activation in muscle. The strongest complement activation was mediated by combinations of antibodies targeting disparate subunits of the AChR, and such combinations also induced the formation of large clusters of AChR on the surface of live cells in vitro. We propose that synergy between antibodies of different epitope specificities is a fundamental feature of this disease, and possibly a general feature of complement-mediated autoimmune diseases. The importance of synergistic interaction between antibodies targeting different subunits of the receptor can explain the well-known discrepancy between serum anti-AChR titers and clinical severity, and has implications for therapeutic strategies currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rose
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Holdermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Callegari
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hyein Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fruh
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Müller
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and MS Center, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Johansson D, Rauld C, Roux J, Regairaz C, Galli E, Callegari I, Raad L, Waldt A, Cuttat R, Roma G, Diebold M, Becher B, Kuhle J, Derfuss T, Carballido JM, Sanderson NSR. Mass Cytometry of CSF Identifies an MS-Associated B-cell Population. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021; 8:8/2/e943. [PMID: 33589541 PMCID: PMC8057060 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify an MS-specific immune cell population by deep immune phenotyping and relate it to soluble signaling molecules in CSF. Methods We analyzed surface expression of 22 markers in paired blood/CSF samples from 39 patients using mass cytometry (cytometry by time of flight). We also measured the concentrations of 296 signaling molecules in CSF using proximity extension assay. Results were analyzed using highly automated unsupervised algorithmic informatics. Results Mass cytometry objectively identified a B-cell population characterized by the expression of CD49d, CD69, CD27, CXCR3, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR as clearly associated with MS. Concentrations of the B cell–related factors, notably FCRL2, were increased in MS CSF, especially in early stages of the disease. The B-cell trophic factor B cell activating factor (BAFF) was decreased in MS. Proteins involved in neural plasticity were also reduced in MS. Conclusion When analyzed without a priori assumptions, both the soluble and the cellular compartments of the CSF in MS were characterized by markers related to B cells, and the strongest candidate for an MS-specific cell type has a B-cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johansson
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Rauld
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Regairaz
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Galli
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Callegari
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Layla Raad
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annick Waldt
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Cuttat
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Diebold
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - José M Carballido
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- From the Department of Biomedicine (D.J., J.R., E.G., I.C., M.D., J.K., T.D., N.S.R.S.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (C. Rauld, C. Regairaz, L.R., A.W., R.C., G.R., J.M.C.); Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (J.R.), Basel; Institute of Experimental Immunology (E.G., B.B.), University of Zurich; and Department of Medicine (E.G., M.D., J.K., T.D.), Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Zimmermann M, Rose N, Lindner JM, Kim H, Gonçalves AR, Callegari I, Syedbasha M, Kaufmann L, Egli A, Lindberg RLP, Kappos L, Traggiai E, Sanderson NSR, Derfuss T. Antigen Extraction and B Cell Activation Enable Identification of Rare Membrane Antigen Specific Human B Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:829. [PMID: 31040853 PMCID: PMC6477023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining antigen specificity is vital for understanding B cell biology and for producing human monoclonal antibodies. We describe here a powerful method for identifying B cells that recognize membrane antigens expressed on cells. The technique depends on two characteristics of the interaction between a B cell and an antigen-expressing cell: antigen-receptor-mediated extraction of antigen from the membrane of the target cell, and B cell activation. We developed the method using influenza hemagglutinin as a model viral membrane antigen, and tested it using acetylcholine receptor (AChR) as a model membrane autoantigen. The technique involves co-culturing B cells with adherent, bioorthogonally labeled cells expressing GFP-tagged antigen, and sorting GFP-capturing, newly activated B cells. Hemagglutinin-specific B cells isolated this way from vaccinated human donors expressed elevated CD20, CD27, CD71, and CD11c, and reduced CD21, and their secreted antibodies blocked hemagglutination and neutralized viral infection. Antibodies cloned from AChR-capturing B cells derived from patients with myasthenia gravis bound specifically to the receptor on cell membrane. The approach is sensitive enough to detect antigen-specific B cells at steady state, and can be adapted for any membrane antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zimmermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Rose
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John M Lindner
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,BioMed X Innovation Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hyein Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rita Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Callegari
- Neuroscience Consortium, Monza Policlinico and Pavia Mondino, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Lukas Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raija L P Lindberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Departments of Medicine, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Medicine, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Kuhle
- University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Zimmermann M, Sanderson NSR, Rasenack M, Lalive PH, Lang AB, Curtin F, Lindberg RLP, Kappos L, Derfuss T. Immunologic monitoring during a phase 2a trial of the GNbAC1 antibody in patients with MS. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2015; 2:e144. [PMID: 26380353 PMCID: PMC4547879 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor the systemic immune responses of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) under treatment with GNbAC1, a monoclonal antibody against the envelope protein of the MS- associated retrovirus, during a phase 2a trial. METHODS We analyzed the composition of immune cell subsets and the activation level of monocytes by flow cytometry and the response against viral and vaccine antigens by ELISpot. RESULTS None of the endpoints measured revealed any immunosuppressive effect of the therapeutic antibody. Activation of monocytes slightly decreased during treatment as predicted by the hypothesized mechanism of action of GNbAC1. CONCLUSION These results support the conclusion that the antibody is safe for use in patients with MS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that in patients with MS GNbAC1 does not significantly affect several biomarkers of systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rasenack
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alois B Lang
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francois Curtin
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raija L P Lindberg
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroimmunology (M.Z., N.S.R.S., M.R., R.L.P.L., L.K., T.D.), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (M.R., L.K., T.D.), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences (P.H.L.), Division of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; and GeNeuro SA (A.B.L., F.C.), Plan-les-Ouates/Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Pröbstel AK, Rudolf G, Dornmair K, Collongues N, Chanson JB, Sanderson NSR, Lindberg RLP, Kappos L, de Seze J, Derfuss T. Anti-MOG antibodies are present in a subgroup of patients with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:46. [PMID: 25889963 PMCID: PMC4359547 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) have been identified in a subgroup of pediatric patients with inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and in some patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). The aim of this study was to examine the frequency, clinical features, and long-term disease course of patients with anti-MOG antibodies in a European cohort of NMO/NMOSD. Findings Sera from 48 patients with NMO/NMOSD and 48 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) were tested for anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and anti-MOG antibodies with a cell-based assay. Anti-MOG antibodies were found in 4/17 patients with AQP4-seronegative NMO/NMOSD, but in none of the AQP4-seropositive NMO/NMOSD (n = 31) or RR-MS patients (n = 48). MOG-seropositive patients tended towards younger disease onset with a higher percentage of patients with pediatric (<18 years) disease onset (MOG+, AQP4+, MOG−/AQP4−: 2/4, 3/31, 0/13). MOG-seropositive patients presented more often with positive oligoclonal bands (OCBs) (3/3, 5/29, 1/13) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions during disease course (2/4, 5/31, 1/13). Notably, the mean time to the second attack affecting a different CNS region was longer in the anti-MOG antibody-positive group (11.3, 3.2, 3.4 years). Conclusions MOG-seropositive patients show a diverse clinical phenotype with clinical features resembling both NMO (attacks mainly confined to the spinal cord and optic nerves) and MS with an opticospinal presentation (positive OCBs, brain lesions). Anti-MOG antibodies can serve as a diagnostic and maybe prognostic tool in patients with an AQP4-seronegative NMO phenotype and should be tested in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gabrielle Rudolf
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, University Hospital Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67100, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Collongues
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, University Hospital Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67100, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Chanson
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, University Hospital Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67100, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nicholas S R Sanderson
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Raija L P Lindberg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jérôme de Seze
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, University Hospital Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67100, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Puntel M, Barrett R, Sanderson NSR, Kroeger KM, Bondale N, Wibowo M, Kennedy S, Liu C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Identification and visualization of CD8+ T cell mediated IFN-γ signaling in target cells during an antiviral immune response in the brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23523. [PMID: 21897844 PMCID: PMC3163574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells infiltrate the brain during an anti-viral immune response. Within the brain CD8(+) T cells recognize cells expressing target antigens, become activated, and secrete IFNγ. However, there are no methods to recognize individual cells that respond to IFNγ. Using a model that studies the effects of the systemic anti-adenoviral immune response upon brain cells infected with an adenoviral vector in mice, we describe a method that identifies individual cells that respond to IFNγ. To identify individual mouse brain cells that respond to IFNγ we constructed a series of adenoviral vectors that contain a transcriptional response element that is selectively activated by IFNγ signaling, the gamma-activated site (GAS) promoter element; the GAS element drives expression of a transgene, Cre recombinase (Ad-GAS-Cre). Upon binding of IFNγ to its receptor, the intracellular signaling cascade activates the GAS promoter, which drives expression of the transgene Cre recombinase. We demonstrate that upon activation of a systemic immune response against adenovirus, CD8(+) T cells infiltrate the brain, interact with target cells, and cause an increase in the number of cells expressing Cre recombinase. This method can be used to identify, study, and eventually determine the long term fate of infected brain cells that are specifically targeted by IFNγ. The significance of this method is that it will allow to characterize the networks in the brain that respond to the specific secretion of IFNγ by anti-viral CD8(+) T cells that infiltrate the brain. This will allow novel insights into the cellular and molecular responses underlying brain immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Puntel
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Barrett
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. R. Sanderson
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt M. Kroeger
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Niyati Bondale
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mia Wibowo
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sean Kennedy
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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11
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Larocque D, Sanderson NSR, Bergeron J, Curtin JF, Girton J, Wibowo M, Bondale N, Kroeger KM, Yang J, Lacayo LM, Reyes KC, Farrokhi C, Pechnick RN, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Exogenous fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand overrides brain immune privilege and facilitates recognition of a neo-antigen without causing autoimmune neuropathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14443-8. [PMID: 20660723 PMCID: PMC2922551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913496107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble antigens diffuse out of the brain and can thus stimulate a systemic immune response, whereas particulate antigens (from infectious agents or tumor cells) remain within brain tissue, thus failing to stimulate a systemic immune response. Immune privilege describes how the immune system responds to particulate antigens localized selectively within the brain parenchyma. We believe this immune privilege is caused by the absence of antigen presenting dendritic cells from the brain. We tested the prediction that expression of fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand 3 (Flt3L) in the brain will recruit dendritic cells and induce a systemic immune response against exogenous influenza hemagglutinin in BALB/c mice. Coexpression of Flt3L with HA in the brain parenchyma induced a robust systemic anti-HA immune response, and a small response against myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein epitopes. Depletion of CD4(+)CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) enhanced both responses. To investigate the autoimmune impact of these immune responses, we characterized the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of intraparenchymal injections of Flt3L and HA in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. T cell infiltration in the forebrain was time and strain dependent, and increased in animals treated with Flt3L and depleted of Tregs; however, we failed to detect widespread defects in myelination throughout the forebrain or spinal cord. Results of behavioral tests were all normal. These results demonstrate that Flt3L overcomes the brain's immune privilege, and supports the clinical development of Flt3L as an adjuvant to stimulate clinically effective immune responses against brain neo-antigens, for example, those associated with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Larocque
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Nicholas S. R. Sanderson
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Josée Bergeron
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - James F. Curtin
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Joe Girton
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Mia Wibowo
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Cedars-Sinai Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Niyati Bondale
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Kurt M. Kroeger
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Jieping Yang
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | - Liliana M. Lacayo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Kevin C. Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Catherine Farrokhi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Robert N. Pechnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
- Brain Research Institute, and
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Brain Research Institute, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine
- Brain Research Institute, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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12
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Abstract
Viral vector-mediated gene delivery is an attractive procedure for introducing genes into the brain, both for purposes of basic neuroscience research and to develop gene therapy for neurological diseases. Replication-defective adenoviruses possess many features which make them ideal vectors for this purpose-efficiently transducing terminally differentiated cells such as neurons and glial cells, resulting in high levels of transgene expression in vivo. Also, in the absence of anti-adenovirus immunity, these vectors can sustain very long-term transgene expression within the brain parenchyma. This unit provides protocols for the stereotactic injection of adenoviral vectors into the brain, followed by protocols to detect transgene expression or infiltrates of immune cells by immunocytochemistry or immunofluorescence. ELISPOT and neutralizing antibody assay methodologies are provided to quantitate the levels of cellular and humoral immune responses against adenoviruses. Quantitation of adenoviral vector genomes within the rat brain using qPCR is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Puntel
- Board of Governors Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Departments of Medicine, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Barcia C, Sanderson NSR, Barrett RJ, Wawrowsky K, Kroeger KM, Puntel M, Liu C, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. T cells' immunological synapses induce polarization of brain astrocytes in vivo and in vitro: a novel astrocyte response mechanism to cellular injury. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2977. [PMID: 18714338 PMCID: PMC2496894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes usually respond to trauma, stroke, or neurodegeneration by undergoing cellular hypertrophy, yet, their response to a specific immune attack by T cells is poorly understood. Effector T cells establish specific contacts with target cells, known as immunological synapses, during clearance of virally infected cells from the brain. Immunological synapses mediate intercellular communication between T cells and target cells, both in vitro and in vivo. How target virally infected astrocytes respond to the formation of immunological synapses established by effector T cells is unknown. Findings Herein we demonstrate that, as a consequence of T cell attack, infected astrocytes undergo dramatic morphological changes. From normally multipolar cells, they become unipolar, extending a major protrusion towards the immunological synapse formed by the effector T cells, and withdrawing most of their finer processes. Thus, target astrocytes become polarized towards the contacting T cells. The MTOC, the organizer of cell polarity, is localized to the base of the protrusion, and Golgi stacks are distributed throughout the protrusion, reaching distally towards the immunological synapse. Thus, rather than causing astrocyte hypertrophy, antiviral T cells cause a major structural reorganization of target virally infected astrocytes. Conclusions Astrocyte polarization, as opposed to hypertrophy, in response to T cell attack may be due to T cells providing a very focused attack, and thus, astrocytes responding in a polarized manner. A similar polarization of Golgi stacks towards contacting T cells was also detected using an in vitro allogeneic model. Thus, different T cells are able to induce polarization of target astrocytes. Polarization of target astrocytes in response to immunological synapses may play an important role in regulating the outcome of the response of astrocytes to attacking effector T cells, whether during antiviral (e.g. infected during HIV, HTLV-1, HSV-1 or LCMV infection), anti-transplant, autoimmune, or anti-tumor immune responses in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barcia
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. R. Sanderson
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Barrett
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kolja Wawrowsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt M. Kroeger
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Board of Governors' Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The Brain Research Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sanderson NSR, Le B, Zhou Z, Crews D. Preoptic neuronal nitric oxide synthase induction by testosterone is consistent with a role in gating male copulatory behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:183-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sanderson NSR, Le BD, Crews D. Testosterone induction of male-typical sexual behavior is associated with increased preoptic NADPH diaphorase and citrulline production in female whiptail lizards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:1156-63. [PMID: 16838367 PMCID: PMC2394197 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, male-typical copulatory behavior is generally dependent on gonadal sex steroids such as testosterone, and it is thought that the mechanism by which the hormone gates the behavior involves the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide. According to one model, testosterone induces an up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the preoptic area, increasing nitric oxide synthesis following exposure to a sexual stimulus. Nitric oxide in turn, possibly through its effect on catecholamine turnover, influences the way the stimulus is processed and enables the appropriate copulatory behavioral response. In whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus), administration of male-typical levels of testosterone to females induces the display of male-like copulatory responses to receptive females, and we hypothesized that this radical change in behavioral phenotype would be accompanied by a large change in the expression of NOS in the preoptic area. As well as comparing NOS expression using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry between testosterone-treated females and controls, we examined citrulline immunoreactivity (a marker of recent nitric oxide production) in the two groups, following a sexual stimulus and following a nonsexual stimulus. Substantially more NADPH diaphorase-stained cells were observed in the testosterone-treated animals. Citrulline immunoreactivity was greater in testosterone-implanted animals than in blank-implanted animals, but only following exposure to a sexual stimulus. This is the first demonstration that not only is NOS up-regulated by testosterone, but NOS thus up-regulated is activated during male-typical copulatory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S R Sanderson
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Sanderson NSR, Weissler E, Crews D. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME suppresses androgen-induced male-like pseudocopulatory behavior in whiptail lizards. Brain Res 2005; 1052:236-9. [PMID: 16023092 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of nitric oxide by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is involved in the androgen-dependent gating of male-typical copulatory behavior, both centrally, particularly in the preoptic area, and peripherally, notably through its role in penile erection. In the all-female whiptail lizard species Cnemidophorus uniparens, individuals display copulatory behaviors indistinguishable from males of similar species if gonadectomized and treated with testosterone. In this experiment, androgenized individuals were treated with a NOS inhibitor, which eliminated male-like behavior in half the individuals, suggesting that the central role of nitric oxide synthesis is conserved in this species. The deficit was principally in mounting, suggesting that sexual motivational systems were affected, rather than consummatory mechanisms.
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