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Ortega M, De Toma I, Fernández-Blanco Á, Calderón A, Barahona L, Trullàs R, Sabidó E, Dierssen M. Proteomic profiling reveals mitochondrial dysfunction in the cerebellum of transgenic mice overexpressing DYRK1A, a Down syndrome candidate gene. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1015220. [PMID: 36590914 PMCID: PMC9800213 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1015220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction DYRK1A is a dual-specificity kinase that is overexpressed in Down syndrome (DS) and plays a key role in neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation and function, cognitive phenotypes, and aging. Dyrk1A has also been implicated in cerebellar abnormalities observed in association with DS, and normalization of Dyrk1A dosage rescues granular and Purkinje cell densities in a trisomic DS mouse model. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these processes are unknown. Methods To shed light on the effects of Dyrk1A overexpression in the cerebellum, here we investigated the cerebellar proteome in transgenic Dyrk1A overexpressing mice in basal conditions and after treatment with green tea extract containing epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a DYRK1A inhibitor. Results and Discussion Our results showed that Dyrk1A overexpression alters oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function in the cerebellum of transgenic mice. These alterations are significantly rescued upon EGCG-containing green tea extract treatment, suggesting that its effects in DS could depend in part on targeting mitochondria, as shown by the partially restoration by the treatment of the increased mtDNA copy number in TG non-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Ortega
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilario De Toma
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Calderón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, IIBB/CSIC y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Barahona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, IIBB/CSIC y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Trullàs
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, IIBB/CSIC y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Mara Dierssen,
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Atas-Ozcan H, Brault V, Duchon A, Herault Y. Dyrk1a from Gene Function in Development and Physiology to Dosage Correction across Life Span in Down Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1833. [PMID: 34828439 PMCID: PMC8624927 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the main cause of intellectual disabilities with a large set of comorbidities from developmental origins but also that appeared across life span. Investigation of the genetic overdosage found in Down syndrome, due to the trisomy of human chromosome 21, has pointed to one main driver gene, the Dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1a). Dyrk1a is a murine homolog of the drosophila minibrain gene. It has been found to be involved in many biological processes during development and in adulthood. Further analysis showed its haploinsufficiency in mental retardation disease 7 and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease. DYRK1A plays a role in major developmental steps of brain development, controlling the proliferation of neural progenitors, the migration of neurons, their dendritogenesis and the function of the synapse. Several strategies targeting the overdosage of DYRK1A in DS with specific kinase inhibitors have showed promising evidence that DS cognitive conditions can be alleviated. Nevertheless, providing conditions for proper temporal treatment and to tackle the neurodevelopmental and the neurodegenerative aspects of DS across life span is still an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Atas-Ozcan
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (H.A.-O.); (V.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (H.A.-O.); (V.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Arnaud Duchon
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (H.A.-O.); (V.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; (H.A.-O.); (V.B.); (A.D.)
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Celphedia, Phenomin-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
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Brault V, Nguyen TL, Flores-Gutiérrez J, Iacono G, Birling MC, Lalanne V, Meziane H, Manousopoulou A, Pavlovic G, Lindner L, Selloum M, Sorg T, Yu E, Garbis SD, Hérault Y. Dyrk1a gene dosage in glutamatergic neurons has key effects in cognitive deficits observed in mouse models of MRD7 and Down syndrome. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009777. [PMID: 34587162 PMCID: PMC8480849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance leads to neurodevelopmental diseases including to autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Loss-of-function mutations in the DYRK1A gene, located on human chromosome 21 (Hsa21,) lead to an intellectual disability syndrome associated with microcephaly, epilepsy, and autistic troubles. Overexpression of DYRK1A, on the other hand, has been linked with learning and memory defects observed in people with Down syndrome (DS). Dyrk1a is expressed in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, but its impact on each neuronal population has not yet been elucidated. Here we investigated the impact of Dyrk1a gene copy number variation in glutamatergic neurons using a conditional knockout allele of Dyrk1a crossed with the Tg(Camk2-Cre)4Gsc transgenic mouse. We explored this genetic modification in homozygotes, heterozygotes and combined with the Dp(16Lipi-Zbtb21)1Yey trisomic mouse model to unravel the consequence of Dyrk1a dosage from 0 to 3, to understand its role in normal physiology, and in MRD7 and DS. Overall, Dyrk1a dosage in postnatal glutamatergic neurons did not impact locomotor activity, working memory or epileptic susceptibility, but revealed that Dyrk1a is involved in long-term explicit memory. Molecular analyses pointed at a deregulation of transcriptional activity through immediate early genes and a role of DYRK1A at the glutamatergic post-synapse by deregulating and interacting with key post-synaptic proteins implicated in mechanism leading to long-term enhanced synaptic plasticity. Altogether, our work gives important information to understand the action of DYRK1A inhibitors and have a better therapeutic approach. The Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A, DYRK1A, drives cognitive alterations with increased dose in Down syndrome (DS) or with reduced dose in DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndromes (ORPHA:268261; ORPHA:464311) also known as mental retardation, autosomal dominant disease 7 (MRD7; OMIM #614104). Here we report that specific and complete loss of Dyrk1a in glutamatergic neurons induced a range of specific cognitive phenotypes and alter the expression of genes involved in neurotransmission in the hippocampus. We further explored the consequences of Dyrk1a dosage in glutamatergic neurons on the cognitive phenotypes observed respectively in MRD7 and DS mouse models and we found specific roles in long-term explicit memory with no impact on motor activity, short-term working memory, and susceptibility to epilepsy. Then we demonstrated that DYRK1A is a component of the glutamatergic post-synapse and interacts with several component such as NR2B and PSD95. Altogether our work describes a new role of DYRK1A at the glutamatergic synapse that must be considered to understand the consequence of treatment targeting DYRK1A in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Thu Lan Nguyen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Javier Flores-Gutiérrez
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Giovanni Iacono
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Lalanne
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Loïc Lindner
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Sorg
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Eugene Yu
- The Children’s Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York At Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Spiros D. Garbis
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Hérault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Fructuoso M, Gu YC, Kassis N, de Lagran MM, Dierssen M, Janel N. Ethanol-Induced Changes in Brain of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing DYRK1A. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3195-3205. [PMID: 32504418 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder defined by loss of control over excessive consumption of ethanol despite damaging effects on the liver and brain. We previously showed that the overexpression in mice of Dyrk1A (TgDyrk1A, for dual-specificity tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A) reduces the severity of alcohol mediated liver injury. Ethanol consumption has also been associated with increased brain glutamate concentration that led to therapies targeting glutamatergic receptors and normalization of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Interestingly, mice overexpressing Dyrk1A (TgDyrk1A mice) present a reduction of glutamatergic brain transmission, which we propose could be protective against alcohol intake. To answer this question, we investigated the ethanol preference in TgDyrk1A mice using a two-bottle choice paradigm. TgDyrk1A mice showed a non-significant decrease of voluntary ethanol intake and ethanol preference compared with wild-type mice. At the peripheral level, mice overexpressing Dyrk1A show lower ethanol plasma levels, indicating a faster ethanol metabolism. At the end of the protocol, lasting 21 days, brains were extracted for protein analysis. Ethanol reduced levels of the synaptic protein PSD-95 and increased the glutamate decarboxylase GAD65, specifically in the cortex of TgDyrk1A mice. Our results suggest that overexpression of DYRK1A may cause different ethanol-induced changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fructuoso
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Pompeu Fabra University (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Yu Chen Gu
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Maria Martinez de Lagran
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Pompeu Fabra University (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Pompeu Fabra University (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
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McKay S, Ryan TJ, McQueen J, Indersmitten T, Marwick KFM, Hasel P, Kopanitsa MV, Baxter PS, Martel MA, Kind PC, Wyllie DJA, O'Dell TJ, Grant SGN, Hardingham GE, Komiyama NH. The Developmental Shift of NMDA Receptor Composition Proceeds Independently of GluN2 Subunit-Specific GluN2 C-Terminal Sequences. Cell Rep 2019; 25:841-851.e4. [PMID: 30355491 PMCID: PMC6218242 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The GluN2 subtype (2A versus 2B) determines biophysical properties and signaling of forebrain NMDA receptors (NMDARs). During development, GluN2A becomes incorporated into previously GluN2B-dominated NMDARs. This “switch” is proposed to be driven by distinct features of GluN2 cytoplasmic C-terminal domains (CTDs), including a unique CaMKII interaction site in GluN2B that drives removal from the synapse. However, these models remain untested in the context of endogenous NMDARs. We show that, although mutating the endogenous GluN2B CaMKII site has secondary effects on GluN2B CTD phosphorylation, the developmental changes in NMDAR composition occur normally and measures of plasticity and synaptogenesis are unaffected. Moreover, the switch proceeds normally in mice that have the GluN2A CTD replaced by that of GluN2B and commences without an observable decline in GluN2B levels but is impaired by GluN2A haploinsufficiency. Thus, GluN2A expression levels, and not GluN2 subtype-specific CTD-driven events, are the overriding factor in the developmental switch in NMDAR composition. Mutating the GluN2B CaMKII site affects phosphorylation of its C-terminal domain The developmental changes in NMDAR composition and synaptogenesis occur normally Changes in NMDAR composition do not require distinct GluN2 C-terminal domains Developmental changes in NMDAR composition are primarily sensitive to GluN2A levels
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean McKay
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie McQueen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tim Indersmitten
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katie F M Marwick
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Philip Hasel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Maksym V Kopanitsa
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paul S Baxter
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marc-André Martel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Dell
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Noboru H Komiyama
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
The dosage of the serine threonine kinase DYRK1A is critical in the central nervous system (CNS) during development and aging. This review analyzes the functions of this kinase by considering its interacting partners and pathways. The role of DYRK1A in controlling the differentiation of prenatal newly formed neurons is presented separately from its role at the pre- and post-synaptic levels in the adult CNS; its effects on synaptic plasticity are also discussed. Because this kinase is positioned at the crossroads of many important processes, genetic dosage errors in this protein produce devastating effects arising from DYRK1A deficiency, such as in MRD7, an autism spectrum disorder, or from DYRK1A excess, such as in Down syndrome. Effects of these errors have been shown in various animal models including Drosophila, zebrafish, and mice. Dysregulation of DYRK1A levels also occurs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Finally, this review describes inhibitors that have been assessed in vivo. Accurate targeting of DYRK1A levels in the brain, with either inhibitors or activators, is a future research challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Arbones
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aurore Thomazeau
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Akiko Nakano-Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean M Delabar
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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Gómez de Salazar M, Grau C, Ciruela F, Altafaj X. Phosphoproteomic Alterations of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Hippocampus of the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:226. [PMID: 30140203 PMCID: PMC6095006 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the main genetic cause of intellectual disability, is associated with an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitter systems. The phenotypic assessment and pharmacotherapy interventions in DS murine models strongly pointed out glutamatergic neurotransmission alterations (specially affecting ionotropic glutamate receptors [iGluRs]) that might contribute to DS pathophysiology, which is in agreement with DS condition. iGluRs play a critical role in fast-mediated excitatory transmission, a process underlying synaptic plasticity. Neuronal plasticity is biochemically modulated by post-translational modifications, allowing rapid and reversible adaptation of synaptic strength. Among these modifications, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes strongly dictate iGluR protein–protein interactions, cell surface trafficking, and subsynaptic mobility. Hence, we hypothesized that dysregulation of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation balance might affect neuronal function, which in turn could contribute to the glutamatergic neurotransmitter alterations observed in DS. To address this point, we biochemically purified subsynaptic hippocampal fractions from adult Ts65Dn mice, a trisomic mouse model recapitulating DS phenotypic alterations. Proteomic analysis showed significant alterations of the molecular composition of subsynaptic compartments of hippocampal trisomic neurons. Further, we characterized iGluR phosphopattern in the hippocampal glutamatergic synapse of trisomic mice. Phosphoenrichment-coupled mass spectrometry analysis revealed specific subsynaptic- and trisomy-associated iGluR phosphorylation signature, concomitant with differential subsynaptic kinase and phosphatase composition of Ts65Dn hippocampal subsynaptic compartments. Furthermore, biochemical data were used to build up a genotype-kinome-iGluR phosphopattern matrix in the different subsynaptic compartments. Overall, our results provide a precise profile of iGluR phosphopattern alterations in the glutamatergic synapse of the Ts65Dn mouse model and support their contribution to DS-associated synaptopathy. The alteration of iGluR phosphoresidues in Ts65Dn hippocampi, together with the kinase/phosphatase signature, identifies potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of glutamatergic dysfunctions in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Gómez de Salazar
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Grau
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Kroes RA, Nilsson CL. Towards the Molecular Foundations of Glutamatergic-targeted Antidepressants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:35-46. [PMID: 26955966 PMCID: PMC5327457 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160309114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression affects over 120 million individuals of all ages and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. The lack of objective diagnostic criteria, together with the heterogeneity of the depressive disorder itself, makes it challenging to develop effective therapies. The accumulation of preclinical data over the past 20 years derived from a multitude of models using many divergent approaches, has fueled the resurgence of interest in targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission for the treatment of major depression. OBJECTIVE The emergence of mechanistic studies are advancing our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of depression. While clearly far from complete and conclusive, they offer the potential to lead to the rational design of more specific therapeutic strategies and the development of safer and more effective rapid acting, long lasting antidepressants. METHODS The development of comprehensive omics-based approaches to the dysregulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity that underlies the core pathophysiology of MDD are reviewed to illustrate the fundamental elements. RESULTS This review frames the rationale for the conceptualization of depression as a "pathway disease". As such, it culminates in the call for the development of novel state-of-the-art "-omics approaches" and neurosystems biological techniques necessary to advance our understanding of spatiotemporal interactions associated with targeting glutamatergic-triggered signaling in the CNS. CONCLUSION These technologies will enable the development of novel psychiatric medications specifically targeted to impact specific, critical intracellular networks in a more focused manner and have the potential to offer new dimensions in the area of translational neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Kroes
- Naurex, Inc., 1801 Maple Street, Evanston, Illinois 60201, United States
| | - Carol L. Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1074, United States
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9
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Duchon A, Herault Y. DYRK1A, a Dosage-Sensitive Gene Involved in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Is a Target for Drug Development in Down Syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:104. [PMID: 27375444 PMCID: PMC4891327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the leading causes of intellectual disability, and patients with DS face various health issues, including learning and memory deficits, congenital heart disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), leukemia, and cancer, leading to huge medical and social costs. Remarkable advances on DS research have been made in improving cognitive function in mouse models for future therapeutic approaches in patients. Among the different approaches, DYRK1A inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutics to reduce DS cognitive deficits. DYRK1A is a dual-specificity kinase that is overexpressed in DS and plays a key role in neurogenesis, outgrowth of axons and dendrites, neuronal trafficking and aging. Its pivotal role in the DS phenotype makes it a prime target for the development of therapeutics. Recently, disruption of DYRK1A has been found in Autosomal Dominant Mental Retardation 7 (MRD7), resulting in severe mental deficiency. Recent advances in the development of kinase inhibitors are expected, in the near future, to remove DS from the list of incurable diseases, providing certain conditions such as drug dosage and correct timing for the optimum long-term treatment. In addition the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms that are targeted by the inhibition of DYRK1A are still to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Duchon
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirch, France; UMR7104, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIllkirch, France; U964, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleIllkirch, France; Université de StrasbourgIllkirch, France; PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Groupement d'Intérêt Économique-Centre Européen de Recherche en Biologie et en Médecine, CNRS, INSERMIllkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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10
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Falsafi SK, Dierssen M, Ghafari M, Pollak A, Lubec G. Reduced cortical neurotransmitter receptor complex levels in fetal Down syndrome brain. Amino Acids 2015; 48:103-16. [PMID: 26269195 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cortical receptor complex levels were determined in fetal Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) brain. Frontal cortices were obtained from individuals with DS (19th-22nd week of gestation) and controls. Membrane proteins were extracted, assayed on blue native gels and immunoblotted with brain receptor antibodies. Levels of a D1R-containing complex were markedly decreased in male and female cortices of DS individuals. Females with DS had significant reductions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors α4 and α7, NMDA receptor GluN1 and AMPA receptor GluA1- and GluA3-containing receptor complexes. Levels of other brain receptor complexes (5-hydroxytryptamine 1A, GluA2 and GluR4 receptor-containing complexes) were comparable between the groups of females. Levels of GluA2- and GluA3-containing complexes were significantly increased in males. Decreased levels of D1R complexes in both sexes, along with the significant reduction of α4, α7-containing receptor complexes observed in females, may explain the brain deficits and impaired cognition observed in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Keihan Falsafi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation and CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maryam Ghafari
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Pollak
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Grau C, Arató K, Fernández-Fernández JM, Valderrama A, Sindreu C, Fillat C, Ferrer I, de la Luna S, Altafaj X. DYRK1A-mediated phosphorylation of GluN2A at Ser(1048) regulates the surface expression and channel activity of GluN1/GluN2A receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:331. [PMID: 25368549 PMCID: PMC4201086 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play a pivotal role in neural development and synaptic plasticity, as well as in neurological disease. Since NMDARs exert their function at the cell surface, their density in the plasma membrane is finely tuned by a plethora of molecules that regulate their production, trafficking, docking and internalization in response to external stimuli. In addition to transcriptional regulation, the density of NMDARs is also influenced by post-translational mechanisms like phosphorylation, a modification that also affects their biophysical properties. We previously described the increased surface expression of GluN1/GluN2A receptors in transgenic mice overexpressing the Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), suggesting that DYRK1A regulates NMDARs. Here we have further investigated whether the density and activity of NMDARs were modulated by DYRK1A phosphorylation. Accordingly, we show that endogenous DYRK1A is recruited to GluN2A-containing NMDARs in the adult mouse brain, and we identify a DYRK1A phosphorylation site at Ser1048 of GluN2A, within its intracellular C-terminal domain. Mechanistically, the DYRK1A-dependent phosphorylation of GluN2A at Ser1048 hinders the internalization of GluN1/GluN2A, causing an increase of surface GluN1/GluN2A in heterologous systems, as well as in primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, GluN2A phosphorylation at Ser1048 increases the current density and potentiates the gating of GluN1/GluN2A receptors. We conclude that DYRK1A is a direct regulator of NMDA receptors and we propose a novel mechanism for the control of NMDAR activity in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grau
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Krisztina Arató
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cell and Cancer Programme, UPF and Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Fernández-Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitana Valderrama
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Sindreu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Barcelona, Spain ; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana de la Luna
- Gene Regulation, Stem Cell and Cancer Programme, UPF and Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) Barcelona, Spain ; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Das D, Phillips C, Hsieh W, Sumanth K, Dang V, Salehi A. Neurotransmitter-based strategies for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in Down syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:140-8. [PMID: 24842803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystem disorder affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, hematopoietic, and musculoskeletal systems and is characterized by significant cognitive disability and a possible common pathogenic mechanism with Alzheimer's disease. During the last decade, numerous studies have supported the notion that the triplication of specific genes on human chromosome 21 plays a significant role in cognitive dysfunction in DS. Here we reviewed studies in trisomic mouse models and humans, including children and adults with DS. In order to identify groups of genes that contribute to cognitive disability in DS, multiple mouse models of DS with segmental trisomy have been generated. Over-expression of these particular genes in DS can lead to dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems. Therapeutic strategies for DS have either focused on normalizing the expression of triplicated genes with important roles in DS or restoring the function of these systems. Indeed, our extensive review of studies on the pathogenesis of DS suggests that one plausible strategy for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction is to target the cholinergic, serotonergic, GABA-ergic, glutamatergic, and norepinephrinergic system. However, a fundamental strategy for treatment of cognitive dysfunction in DS would include reducing to normal levels the expression of specific triplicated genes in affected systems before the onset of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devsmita Das
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cristy Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, P.O. Box 910, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Wayne Hsieh
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Krithika Sumanth
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Van Dang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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13
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Shi Y, Wang J, Li JD, Ren H, Guan W, He M, Yan W, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Zhang J, Xiao J, Su Z, Dai M, Wang J, Jiang H, Guo J, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Li N, Du J, Xu Q, Hu Y, Pan Q, Shen L, Wang G, Xia K, Zhang Z, Tang B. Identification of CHIP as a novel causative gene for autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81884. [PMID: 24312598 PMCID: PMC3846781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by complex clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Although more than 20 disease-causing genes have been identified, many patients are still currently without a molecular diagnosis. In a two-generation autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia family, we mapped a linkage to a minimal candidate region on chromosome 16p13.3 flanked by single-nucleotide polymorphism markers rs11248850 and rs1218762. By combining the defined linkage region with the whole-exome sequencing results, we identified a homozygous mutation (c.493CT) in CHIP (NM_005861) in this family. Using Sanger sequencing, we also identified two compound heterozygous mutations (c.389AT/c.441GT; c.621C>G/c.707GC) in CHIP gene in two additional kindreds. These mutations co-segregated exactly with the disease in these families and were not observed in 500 control subjects with matched ancestry. CHIP colocalized with NR2A, a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, in the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Wild-type, but not disease-associated mutant CHIPs promoted the degradation of NR2A, which may underlie the pathogenesis of ataxia. In conclusion, using a combination of whole-exome sequencing and linkage analysis, we identified CHIP, encoding a U-box containing ubiquitin E3 ligase, as a novel causative gene for autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Haigang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Guan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiqian Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- T-Life Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for iSequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fufeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yacen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kun Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, China
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Dierssen M. A commentary on: Overexpression of Dyrk1A inhibits choline acetyltransferase induction by oleic acid in cellular models of Down syndrome. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:110-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), which results from an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), is the most common genetically defined cause of intellectual disability. Although no pharmacotherapy aimed at counteracting the cognitive and adaptive deficits associated with this genetic disorder has been approved at present, there have been several new promising studies on pharmacological agents capable of rescuing learning/memory deficits seen in mouse models of DS. Here, we will review the available mouse models for DS and provide a comprehensive, albeit not exhaustive review of the following preclinical research strategies: (1) SOD1 and antioxidant agents; (2) APP and γ-secretase inhibitors; (3) DYRK1A and the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); (4) GIRK2 and fluoxetine; (5) adrenergic receptor agonists; (6) modulation of GABAA and GABAB receptors; (7) agonism of the hedgehog signaling pathway; (8) nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophic factors; (9) anticholinesterase (AChE) agents; and (10) antagonism of NMDA receptors. Finally, we will review briefly five different strategies in DS that have led to clinical studies that either have been concluded or are currently underway: (1) antioxidant therapy; (2) AChE therapy; (3) green tea extract therapy; (4) RG1662 therapy; and (5) memantine therapy. These are exciting times in DS research. Within a decade or so, it is well into the realm of possibility that new forms of pharmacotherapies might become valuable tools in the armamentarium of developmental clinicians, as adjutants to more traditional and proven forms of habilitative interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of individuals with DS.
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16
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Arque G, Casanovas A, Dierssen M. Dyrk1A is dynamically expressed on subsets of motor neurons and in the neuromuscular junction: possible role in Down syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54285. [PMID: 23342120 PMCID: PMC3546979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) present important motor deficits that derive from altered motor development of infants and young children. DYRK1A, a candidate gene for DS abnormalities has been implicated in motor function due to its expression in motor nuclei in the adult brain, and its overexpression in DS mouse models leads to hyperactivity and altered motor learning. However, its precise role in the adult motor system, or its possible involvement in postnatal locomotor development has not yet been clarified. During the postnatal period we observed time-specific expression of Dyrk1A in discrete subsets of brainstem nuclei and spinal cord motor neurons. Interestingly, we describe for the first time the presence of Dyrk1A in the presynaptic terminal of the neuromuscular junctions and its axonal transport from the facial nucleus, suggesting a function for Dyrk1A in these structures. Relevant to DS, Dyrk1A overexpression in transgenic mice (TgDyrk1A) produces motor developmental alterations possibly contributing to DS motor phenotypes and modifies the numbers of motor cholinergic neurons, suggesting that the kinase may have a role in the development of the brainstem and spinal cord motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Arque
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Department of Experimental Medicine and IRBLLEIDA, University of Lleida, School of Medicine, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Pick JE, Malumbres M, Klann E. The E3 ligase APC/C-Cdh1 is required for associative fear memory and long-term potentiation in the amygdala of adult mice. Learn Mem 2012; 20:11-20. [PMID: 23242419 DOI: 10.1101/lm.027383.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ligase regulated by Cdh1. Beyond its role in controlling cell cycle progression, APC/C-Cdh1 has been detected in neurons and plays a role in long-lasting synaptic plasticity and long-term memory. Herein, we further examined the role of Cdh1 in synaptic plasticity and memory by generating knockout mice where Cdh1 was conditionally eliminated from the forebrain post-developmentally. Although spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) was normal, the Cdh1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice displayed enhanced reversal learning in the MWM and in a water-based Y maze. In addition, we found that the Cdh1 cKO mice had impaired associative fear memory and exhibited impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) in amygdala slices. Finally, we observed increased expression of Shank1 and NR2A expression in amygdalar slices from the Cdh1 cKO mice following the induction of LTP, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism underlying the behavioral and synaptic plasticity impairments displayed in these mice. Our findings are consistent with a role for the APC/C-Cdh1 in fear memory and synaptic plasticity in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Pick
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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18
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Martinez de Lagran M, Benavides-Piccione R, Ballesteros-Yañez I, Calvo M, Morales M, Fillat C, Defelipe J, Ramakers GJA, Dierssen M. Dyrk1A influences neuronal morphogenesis through regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics in mammalian cortical neurons. Cereb Cortex 2012; 22:2867-77. [PMID: 22215728 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation. Cognitive dysfunction in these patients is correlated with reduced dendritic branching and complexity, along with fewer spines of abnormal shape that characterize the cortical neuronal profile of DS. DS phenotypes are caused by the disruptive effect of specific trisomic genes. Here, we report that overexpression of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A, DYRK1A, is sufficient to produce the dendritic alterations observed in DS patients. Engineered changes in Dyrk1A gene dosage in vivo strongly alter the postnatal dendritic arborization processes with a similar progression than in humans. In cultured mammalian cortical neurons, we determined a reduction of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. The mechanism underlying neurite dysgenesia involves changes in the dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez de Lagran
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Abstract
Mouse models are key elements to better understand the genotype-phenotype relationship and the physiopathology of Down syndrome (DS). Even though the mouse will never recapitulate the whole spectrum of intellectual disabilities observed in the DS, mouse models have been developed over the recent decades and have been used extensively to identify homologous genes or entire regions homologous to the human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) that are necessary or sufficient to induce DS cognitive features. In this chapter, we review the principal mouse DS models which have been selected and engineered over the years either for large genomic regions or for a few or a single gene of interest. Their analyses highlight the complexity of the genetic interactions that are involved in DS cognitive phenotypes and also strengthen the hypothesis on the multigenic nature of DS. This review also addresses future research challenges relative to the making of new models and their combination to go further in the characterization of candidates and modifier of the DS features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Translational medicine and Neurogenetics program, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, UMR964, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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20
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Ogawa Y, Hagiwara M. Challenges to congenital genetic disorders with “RNA-targeting” chemical compounds. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The Ts65Dn mouse is the best-studied animal model for Down syndrome. In the experiments described here, NMDA-mediated or mGluR-mediated LTD was induced in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices from Ts65Dn and euploid control mice by bath application of 20 µM NMDA for 3 min and 50 µM DHPG for 5 min, respectively. We found that Ts65Dn mice display exaggerated NMDA-induced, but not mGluR-induced, LTD in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared with euploid control animals. In addition, this abnormal level of LTD can be pharmacologically rescued by the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah J Scott-McKean
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Ogawa Y, Nonaka Y, Goto T, Ohnishi E, Hiramatsu T, Kii I, Yoshida M, Ikura T, Onogi H, Shibuya H, Hosoya T, Ito N, Hagiwara M. Development of a novel selective inhibitor of the Down syndrome-related kinase Dyrk1A. Nat Commun 2010; 1:86. [PMID: 20981014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyrk1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A) is a serine/threonine kinase essential for brain development and function, and its excessive activity is considered a pathogenic factor in Down syndrome. The development of potent, selective inhibitors of Dyrk1A would help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of normal and diseased brains, and may provide a new lead compound for molecular-targeted drug discovery. Here, we report a novel Dyrk1A inhibitor, INDY, a benzothiazole derivative showing a potent ATP-competitive inhibitory effect with IC(50) and K(i) values of 0.24 and 0.18 μM, respectively. X-ray crystallography of the Dyrk1A/INDY complex revealed the binding of INDY in the ATP pocket of the enzyme. INDY effectively reversed the aberrant tau-phosphorylation and rescued the repressed NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cell) signalling induced by Dyrk1A overexpression. Importantly, proINDY, a prodrug of INDY, effectively recovered Xenopus embryos from head malformation induced by Dyrk1A overexpression, resulting in normally developed embryos and demonstrating the utility of proINDY in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Götz J, Gladbach A, Pennanen L, van Eersel J, Schild A, David D, Ittner LM. Animal models reveal role for tau phosphorylation in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:860-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lockrow J, Boger H, Bimonte-Nelson H, Granholm AC. Effects of long-term memantine on memory and neuropathology in Ts65Dn mice, a model for Down syndrome. Behav Brain Res 2010; 221:610-22. [PMID: 20363261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Memantine is a partial NMDA receptor antagonist that has been shown to improve learning and memory in several animal models, and is approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Chronic treatments using memantine in animal models of Alzheimer's disease show disease-modifying effects and suggest a potential neuroprotective function. The present study assessed the effects of both short- and long-term memantine treatment in a mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), the Ts65Dn mouse. The Ts65Dn mouse contains a partial trisomy of murine chromosome 16, and exhibits hippocampal-dependent memory deficits, as well as progressive degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BCFNs). Ts65Dn mice were treated with memantine for a period of 6 months, beginning at 4 months of age. At the end of treatment the mice underwent memory testing using novel object recognition and water radial arm maze tasks, and then histologically analyzed for markers of neurodegeneration. Memantine treatment improved spatial and recognition memory performance in the Ts65Dn mice, though not to the level of normosomic littermate controls. Despite these memory improvements, histological analysis found no morphological signs of neuroprotection of basal forebrain cholinergic or locus coeruleus neurons in memantine-treated Ts65Dn mice. However, memantine treatment of Ts65Dn mice gave rise to elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, suggesting a mechanism of behavioral modification. Thus, our findings provide further evidence for memory facilitation of memantine, but suggest pharmacological rather than neuroprotective effects of memantine both after acute and chronic treatment in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lockrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Ste 410D, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
The most common genetic disorder Down syndrome (DS) displays various developmental defects including mental retardation, learning and memory deficit, the early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), congenital heart disease, and craniofacial abnormalities. Those characteristics result from the extra-genes located in the specific region called nDown syndrome critical region (DSCR)' in human chromosome 21. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of the DYRK1A and RCAN1 genes, which are located on DSCR and thought to be closely associated with the typical features of DS patients, and their implication to the pathogenesis of neural defects in DS. DYRK1A phosphorylates several transcriptional factors, such as CREB and NFAT, endocytic complex proteins, and AD-linked gene products. Meanwhile, RCAN1 is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin A, and its unbalanced activity is thought to cause major neuronal and/or non-neuronal malfunction in DS and AD. Interestingly, they both contribute to the learning and memory deficit, altered synaptic plasticity, impaired cell cycle regulation, and AD-like neuropathology in DS. By understanding their biochemical, functional and physiological roles, we hope to get important molecular basis of DS pathology, which would consequently lead to the basis to develop the possible therapeutic tools for the neural defects in DS. [BMB reports 2009; 42(1): 6-15].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongkyu Park
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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