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Benede N, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Hahnle L, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Facey-Thomas H, Scott C, Day J, Spracklen TF, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, MacGinty R, Botha M, Workman L, Johnson M, Goldblatt D, Zar HJ, Ntusi NA, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell polyfunctional profile in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. iScience 2024; 27:108728. [PMID: 38235336 PMCID: PMC10792240 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on SARS-CoV-2 antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Lina Hahnle
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Heidi Facey-Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Scott
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Day
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Timothy F. Spracklen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marina Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A.B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Benede NSB, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, Botha M, Workman L, Zar HJ, Ntusi NAB, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell functional profiles in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive and seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. medRxiv 2023:2023.05.16.23290059. [PMID: 37292954 PMCID: PMC10246143 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.23290059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi S. B. Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Moreira ALE, Silva PAND, Gomes RS, Santos MDO, Ito CRM, Barbosa LCG, Souza PPD, Peixoto FADO, Wastowski IJ, Carneiro LC, Avelino MAG. Characterization of T Helper 1 and 2 Cytokine Profiles in Newborns of Mothers with COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:910. [PMID: 36979888 PMCID: PMC10045352 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 greatly affects the pediatric population and is 3 times more prevalent in newborns than in the general population. In newborns, the overexpression of immunological molecules may also induce a so-called cytokine storm. In our study, we evaluated the expression of cytokines in newborns admitted to a neonatal ICU whose mothers had SARS-CoV-2 and symptoms of SARS. The blood of newborns of infected and healthy mothers was collected to identify their Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles, and via flow cytometry, the cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 were identified. Overexpression was observed in the Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles of newborns from infected mothers compared with the control group. Statistical analysis also revealed significant differences between the cellular and humoral responses of the infected group versus the control group. The cellular versus humoral responses of the newborns of infected mothers were also compared, which revealed the prevalence of the cellular immune response. These data demonstrate that some cytokines identified relate to more severe symptoms and even some comorbidities. IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 may especially be related to cytokine storms in neonates of mothers with COVID-19.
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Liu S, Zhu A, Pan J, Ying L, Sun W, Wu H, Zhu H, Lou H, Wang L, Qin S, Yu Z, Cai J, Chen Y, Chen E. The clinical and virological features of two children's coinfections with human adenovirus type 7 and human coronavirus-229E virus. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1048108. [PMID: 36457331 PMCID: PMC9706225 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1048108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Human adenovirus (HAdV) coinfection with other respiratory viruses is common, but adenovirus infection combined with human coronavirus-229E (HCoV-229E) is very rare. Study design and setting Clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, and disease severity were compared between three groups: one coinfected with HAdV-Ad7 and HCoV-229E, one infected only with adenovirus (mono-adenovirus), and one infected only with HCoV-229E (mono-HCoV-229E). Results From July to August 2019, there were 24 hospitalized children: two were coinfected with HAdV-Ad7 and HCoV-229E, and 21 were infected with a single adenovirus infection. Finally, one 14-year-old boy presented with a high fever, but tested negative for HAdV-Ad7 and HCoV-229E. Additionally, three adult asymptotic cases with HCoV-229E were screened. No significant difference in age was found in the coinfection and mono-adenovirus groups (11 vs. 8 years, p = 0.332). Both groups had the same incubation period (2.5 vs. 3 days, p = 0.8302), fever duration (2.5 vs. 2.9 days, p = 0.5062), and length of hospital stay (7 vs. 6.76 days, p = 0.640). No obvious differences were found in viral loads between the coinfection and mono-adenovirus groups (25.4 vs. 23.7, p = 0.570), or in the coinfection and mono-HCoV-229E groups (32.9 vs. 30.06, p = 0.067). All cases recovered and were discharged from the hospital. Conclusion HAdV-Ad7 and HCoV-229E coinfection in healthy children may not increase the clinical severity or prolong the clinical course. The specific interaction mechanism between the viruses requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - An Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second People's Hospital of Jinyun County, Lishui, China
| | - Jinren Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Ying
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jinyun District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lishui, China
| | - Wanwan Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanting Wu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second People's Hospital of Jinyun County, Lishui, China
| | - Haiyan Lou
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jian Cai
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,Yin Chen
| | - Enfu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,Enfu Chen
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Efendi D, Hasan F, Natalia R, Utami AR, Sonko I, Asmarini TA, Yuningsih R, Wanda D, Sari D. Nursing care recommendation for pediatric COVID-19 patients in the hospital setting: A brief scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263267. [PMID: 35113925 PMCID: PMC8812980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hospitalization of children during the COVID-19 pandemic has affected their physical and mental health. Pediatric nurses have faced challenges in providing high-quality nursing care for children and their families. However, the pediatric nursing care recommendations for COVID-19 patients in the hospital setting remain unclear. The current scoping review provides recommendations for nursing interventions for pediatric COVID-19 patients in the hospital setting. METHODS AND FINDINGS The selected articles containing management and nursing recommendations for COVID-19 that have occurred in pediatric patients ages 0-19 years old. A search strategy was developed and implemented in seven databases. We included peer-reviewed articles that reported observational or interventional studies, as well as policy papers, guides or guidelines, letters and editorials, and web articles. A total of 134 articles and other documents relevant to this review were included. We categorized the results based on The Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) taxonomy which consists of six domains (e.g., Physiological: Basic); eleven classes (e.g., Nutrition Support); and eighteen intervention themes (e.g., Positioning, Family Presence Facilitation, Family Support, and Discharge Planning). CONCLUSION Apart from the intervention of physical problems, there is a need to promote patient- and family-centered care, play therapy, and discharge planning to help children and families cope with their new situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defi Efendi
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Faizul Hasan
- School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Regina Natalia
- School of Nursing, Mitra Bunda Health Institute, Batam, Indonesia
| | - Ayuni Rizka Utami
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Ismaila Sonko
- School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The Quadrangle, Banjul, The Gambia, West Africa
| | - Titik Ambar Asmarini
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Gatot Soebroto Indonesian Central of Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Risna Yuningsih
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Dr. Dradjat Prawiranegara General Hospital, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Dessie Wanda
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Dian Sari
- School of Nursing, Prima Nusantara Health Institute, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
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6
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Zeng D, Zhang B, Ye X, Zeng Z, Zhang XK, Wang Z, Zhou H. Merbromin is a mixed-type inhibitor of 3-chyomotrypsin like protease of SARS-CoV-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 591:118-123. [PMID: 35007835 PMCID: PMC8716398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
3-chyomotrypsin like protease (3CLpro) has been considered as a promising target for developing anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Herein, about 6000 compounds were analyzed by high-throughput screening using enzyme activity model, and Merbromin, an antibacterial agent, was identified as a potent inhibitor of 3CLpro. Merbromin strongly inhibited the proteolytic activity of 3CLpro but not the other three proteases Proteinase K, Trypsin and Papain. Michaelis-Menten kinetic analysis showed that Merbromin was a mixed-type inhibitor of 3CLpro, due to its ability of increasing the KM and decreasing the Kcat of 3CLpro. The binding assays and molecular docking suggested that 3CLpro possessed two binding sites for Merbromin. Consistently, Merbromin showed a weak binding to the other three proteases. Together, these findings demonstrated that Merbromin is a selective inhibitor of 3CLpro and provided a scaffold to design effective inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform of Xiamen University, China
| | - Yaya Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, China
| | - Dequan Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform of Xiamen University, China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform of Xiamen University, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform of Xiamen University, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform of Xiamen University, China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, China; School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform of Xiamen University, China.
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Abstract
Since COVID-19 occurrence in late 2019, intense research efforts on an unprecedented scale have focused on the study of named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry mechanisms and clinical presentations. As for other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 presents with extrarespiratory clinical manifestations such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain which highlight that the gastrointestinal (GI) system as another viral target along with the typical presentations of COVID-19 which is characterized primarily by respiratory symptoms. The digestive system is involved in many systemic functions through the gut-brain axis and systemic immunity modulation. Therefore, the GI system plays an important role in the presentation of the disease, pathogenesis, and possibly treatment outcomes. This minireview summarizes recent work to study SARS-CoV-2 infection as it relates to comorbidities, GI symptoms. This will help to strategize the priorities in understanding the impact of the virus on outcomes in various aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pizuorno
- La Universidad del Zulia, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, 4002, Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela
| | - Hassan Brim
- Pathology and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology division, and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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Vono M, Huttner A, Lemeille S, Martinez-Murillo P, Meyer B, Baggio S, Sharma S, Thiriard A, Marchant A, Godeke GJ, Reusken C, Alvarez C, Perez-Rodriguez F, Eckerle I, Kaiser L, Loevy N, Eberhardt CS, Blanchard-Rohner G, Siegrist CA, Didierlaurent AM. Robust innate responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children resolve faster than in adults without compromising adaptive immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109773. [PMID: 34587479 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is less severe than it is in adults. We perform a longitudinal analysis of the early innate responses in children and adults with mild infection within household clusters. Children display fewer symptoms than adults do, despite similar initial viral load, and mount a robust anti-viral immune signature typical of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and characterized by early interferon gene responses; increases in cytokines, such as CXCL10 and GM-CSF; and changes in blood cell numbers. When compared with adults, the antiviral response resolves faster (within a week of symptoms), monocytes and dendritic cells are more transiently activated, and genes associated with B cell activation appear earlier in children. Nonetheless, these differences do not have major effects on the quality of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses. Our findings reveal that better early control of inflammation as observed in children may be key for rapidly controlling infection and limiting the disease course.
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Filippatos F, Tatsi EB, Michos A. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children: A review of the current knowledge. Pediatr Investig 2021; 5:217-228. [PMID: 34540321 PMCID: PMC8441939 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), especially in children, are still under investigation. Children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) constitute a significant study group of immune responses as they rarely present with severe clinical manifestations, require hospitalization, or develop complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The deciphering of children’s immune responses during COVID‐19 infection will provide information about the protective mechanisms, while new potential targets for future therapies are likely to be revealed. Despite the limited immunological studies in children with COVID‐19, this review compares data between adults and children in terms of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2, discusses the possible reasons why children are mostly asymptomatic, and highlights unanswered or unclear immunological issues. Current evidence suggests that the activity of innate immunity seems to be crucial to the early phases of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and adaptive memory immunity is vital to prevent reinfection. Despite the limited immunological studies from children with COVID‐19, this review compares data between adults and children in terms of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2, discusses the possible reasons why children are mostly asymptomatic, and highlights unanswered or unclear immunological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Filippatos
- First Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital Athens Greece
| | - Elizabeth-Barbara Tatsi
- First Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios Michos
- First Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy Research Laboratory Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital Athens Greece
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The closure of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted the education of children worldwide. This paper reviews the psychological effects of this action on children and the impact on school-based services. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging epidemiologic findings have generated an intense debate about the need for, and potential benefit of, school closure in the context of COVID-19. International research reveals reactions in children that are not typically considered in the disaster literature as well as those that arise in other disasters. School closure also has curtailed the delivery of mental health services commonly offered in schools. The debate about school closure will likely persist depending on local disease conditions and school readiness. Moreover, school closure is a possibility in future epidemics and pandemics and other disasters. The benefit of school closure must be balanced against the risk to children's education and psychosocial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, George Lynn Cross Research Professor Emeritus, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, USA.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, with an incredible contagion rate. However, the vertical transmission of COVID-19 is uncertain. OBJECTIVES This is a systematic review of published studies concerning pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 and their neonates. SEARCH STRATEGY We carried out a systematic search in multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO COVID-19 database using the following keywords: (Coronavirus) OR (novel coronavirus) OR (COVID-19) OR (COVID19) OR (COVID 19) OR (SARS-CoV2) OR (2019-nCoV)) and ((pregnancy) OR (pregnant) OR (vertical transmission) OR (neonate) OR (newborn) OR (placenta) OR (fetus) OR (Fetal)). The search took place in April 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA Original articles published in English were eligible if they included pregnant patients infected with COVID-19 and their newborns. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES The outcomes of interest consisted of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnant patients with COVID-19 and also the effect of COVID-19 on neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. MAIN RESULTS 37 articles involving 364 pregnant women with COVID-19 and 302 neonates were included. The vast majority of pregnant patients were in their third trimester of pregnancy, and only 45 cases were in the first or second trimester (12.4%). Most mothers described mild to moderate manifestations of COVID-19. Of 364 pregnant women, 25 were asymptomatic at the time of admission. The most common symptoms were fever (62.4%) and cough (45.3%). Two maternal deaths occurred. Some pregnant patients (12.1%) had a negative SARS-CoV-2 test but displayed clinical manifestations and abnormalities in computed tomography (CT) scan related to COVID-19. Twenty-two (6.0%) pregnant patients developed severe pneumonia. Two maternal deaths occurred from severe pneumonia and multiple organ dysfunction. Studies included a total of 302 neonates from mothers with COVID-19. Of the studies that provided data on the timing of birth, there were 65 (23.6%) preterm neonates. One baby was born dead from a mother who also died from COVID-19. Of the babies born alive from mothers with COVID-19, five newborns faced critical conditions, and two later died. A total of 219 neonates underwent nasopharyngeal specimen collection for SARS-CoV-2, of which 11 tested positive (5%). Seventeen studies examined samples of the placenta, breast milk, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid, and all tested negative except one amniotic fluid sample. CONCLUSIONS A systematic review of published studies confirm that the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women resembles that of other populations. However, there is not sufficient evidence to establish an idea that COVID-19 would not complicate pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mirbeyk
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Pourriyahi H, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Altered immunoemotional regulatory system in COVID-19: From the origins to opportunities. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 356:577578. [PMID: 33933818 PMCID: PMC8050399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the worldwide spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have led to social regulations that caused substantial changes in manners of daily life. The subsequent loneliness and concerns of the pandemic during social distancing, quarantine, and lockdown are psychosocial stressors that negatively affect the immune system. These effects occur through mechanisms controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis that alter immune regulation, namely the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA), which promotes inflammation and diminishes antiviral responses, leading to inadequate protection against viral disease. Unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity, sleep disturbances, and mental health consequences of COVID-19 add on to the pathological effects of loneliness, making immunity against this ferocious virus an even tougher fight. Therefore, social isolation, with its unintended consequences, has inherently paradoxical effects on immunity in relation to viral disease. Though this paradox can present a challenge, its acknowledgment can serve as an opportunity to address the associated issues and find ways to mitigate the adverse effects. In this review, we aim to explore, in detail, the pathological effects of the new social norms on immunity and present suggested methods to improve our physical, psychological, and healthcare abilities to fight viral infection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Pourriyahi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; MetaCognition Interest Group (MCIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Biosensing surfaces and therapeutic biomaterials for the central nervous system in COVID-19. Emergent Mater 2021; 4:293-312. [PMID: 33718777 PMCID: PMC7944718 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 can affect the central nervous system (CNS) indirectly by inflammatory mechanisms and even directly enter the CNS. Thereby, COVID-19 can evoke a range of neurosensory conditions belonging to infectious, inflammatory, demyelinating, and degenerative classes. A broad range of non-specific options, including anti-viral agents and anti-inflammatory protocols, is available with varying therapeutic. Due to the high mortality and morbidity in COVID-19-related brain damage, some changes to these general protocols, however, are necessary for ensuring the delivery of therapeutic(s) to the specific components of the CNS to meet their specific requirements. The biomaterials approach permits crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and drug delivery in a more accurate and sustained manner. Beyond the BBB, drugs can protect neural cells, stimulate endogenous stem cells, and induce plasticity more effectively. Biomaterials for cell delivery exist, providing an efficient tool to improve cell retention, survival, differentiation, and integration. This paper will review the potentials of the biomaterials approach for the damaged CNS in COVID-19. It mainly includes biomaterials for promoting synaptic plasticity and modulation of inflammation in the post-stroke brain, extracellular vesicles, exosomes, and conductive biomaterials to facilitate neural regeneration, and artificial nerve conduits for treatment of neuropathies. Also, biosensing surfaces applicable to the first sensory interface between the host and the virus that encourage the generation of accelerated anti-viral immunity theoretically offer hope in solving COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194 Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194 Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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14
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected almost all countries and territories. As of December 6, 2020, the United States of America and India have the highest prevalence. Each country has implemented different strategies to control and reduce the spread of disease. Here, the association between prevalence number and health policies is evaluated by comparing 2 groups of countries: (1) Italy, the United States of America, Germany, Spain, and India with a higher prevalence than a linear trend line; and (2) Singapore and China with a lower or equal prevalence than linear forecasts. A rapid overview revealed that many countries have similar strategies for controlling COVID-19, including the suspension of air travel, the lockdown on the cities with the most cases detected, active case findings, monitoring of close contacts, and raising public awareness. Also, they used a gradual and phased plan to reopen activities. So, the difference between countries in the burden of COVID-19 can be attributable to the strict mode and nonstrict mode of implementation of strategies. Limitations at the national levels call for systemic rather than regional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed A Nejadghaderi
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, 556492Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper reviews the literature on the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and the reactions of vulnerable children. RECENT FINDINGS Research reveals increases in clinically significant depression, suicidal ideation and behavior, and some anxiety symptoms. Substance use studies suggest an inadvertent decrease in substance use in some youth though findings are inconsistent across substances and for males and females. Children with pre-existing emotional and behavioral problems are especially vulnerable though some children appear to improve in the context of public health measures which have decreased the stresses associated with school and socialization. In addition, children with pre-existing problems are likely to have established resources and relationships that may protect them relative to other children. COVID-19 has had a major effect on the mental health of children around the world, but findings should be considered preliminary until more rigorous research has been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, WP3217, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA.
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