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Yu X, Yang L, Fan C, Hu J, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Xiao X, Yang L, Lei T, Jiang M, Jiang B, Pan Y, Li X, Gao S, Zhou Y. Abscisic acid (ABA) alleviates cadmium toxicity by enhancing the adsorption of cadmium to root cell walls and inducing antioxidant defense system of Cosmos bipinnatus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 261:115101. [PMID: 37290296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution is a global problem affecting soil ecology and plant growth. Abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a growth and stress hormone, regulates cell wall synthesis, and plays an important role in plant responses to stress. There are few studies on the mechanisms behind abscisic acid alleviation of cadmium stress in Cosmos bipinnatus, especially in regards to regulation of the root cell wall. This study examined the effects of different concentrations of abscisic acid at different concentrations of cadmium stress. Through adding 5 μmol/L and 30 μmol/L cadmium, followed by spraying 10 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L ABA in a hydroponic experiment, it was found that under two concentrations of cadmium stress, low concentration of ABA improved root cell wall polysaccharide, Cd, and uronic acid content. Especially in pectin, after the application of low concentration ABA, the cadmium concentration was significantly increased by 1.5 times and 1.2 times compared with the Cd concentration under Cd5 and Cd30 treatment alone, respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that cell wall functional groups such as -OH and -COOH were increased with exposure to ABA. Additionally, the exogenous ABA also increased expression of three kinds of antioxidant enzymes and plant antioxidants. The results of this study suggest that ABA could reduce Cd stress by increasing Cd accumulation, promoting Cd adsorption on the root cell wall, and activating protective mechanisms. This result could help promote application of C. bipinnatus for phytostabilization of cadmium-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yu
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Liu Yang
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chunyu Fan
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiani Hu
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yunhao Zheng
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Triticeae research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Beibei Jiang
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuanzhi Pan
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of landscape architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Jia K, Wang W, Zhang Q, Jia W. Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36835462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential structures for plant growth and development as well as plant adaptation to environmental stresses. Thus, plants have evolved signaling mechanisms to monitor the changes in the cell wall structure, triggering compensatory changes to sustain cell wall integrity (CWI). CWI signaling can be initiated in response to environmental and developmental signals. However, while environmental stress-associated CWI signaling has been extensively studied and reviewed, less attention has been paid to CWI signaling in relation to plant growth and development under normal conditions. Fleshy fruit development and ripening is a unique process in which dramatic alternations occur in cell wall architecture. Emerging evidence suggests that CWI signaling plays a pivotal role in fruit ripening. In this review, we summarize and discuss the CWI signaling in relation to fruit ripening, which will include cell wall fragment signaling, calcium signaling, and NO signaling, as well as Receptor-Like Protein Kinase (RLKs) signaling with an emphasis on the signaling of FERONIA and THESEUS, two members of RLKs that may act as potential CWI sensors in the modulation of hormonal signal origination and transduction in fruit development and ripening.
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Li X, Hu H, Hu X, Wang G, Du X, Li L, Wang F, Fu J, Wang G, Wang J, Gu R. Transcriptome Analysis of Near-Isogenic Lines Provides Novel Insights into Genes Associated with Seed Low-Temperature Germination Ability in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11070887. [PMID: 35406867 PMCID: PMC9002958 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Maize originated from tropical regions and is extremely sensitive to low temperature during germination. Our previous work identified a major QTL, qp1ER1-1, for low temperature germination ability (LTGA) of maize. Here, we introgressed qp1ER1-1 from the tolerant line L220 into the sensitive line PH4CV to generate two near isogenic lines NIL220-3 and NIL220-25. When germinated under cold temperature for 25 days (Cold-25), the NILs showed similar seedling root length and shoot length to L220, but significantly higher than PH4CV. However, when germinated under cold temperature for 15 days (Cold-15) or under normal temperature (25 °C) for 3 days (CK-3), all lines showed similar seedling performance, indicating that introgression of qp1ER1-1 from L220 into PH4CV could improve LTGA of NIL220-3 and NIL220-25. The whole seedlings, including root and shoot, of Cold-15 and CK-3 were harvested for transcriptome analysis, when both stayed at a similar developmental stage. Dry seed embryo was sequenced as a non-germination control (CK-0). Compared with PH4CV, the tolerant line (L220, NIL220-3, and NIL220-25) specifically expressed genes (different expressed genes, DEGs) were identified for CK-0, Cold-15, and CK-3. Then, DEGs identified from Cold-15, but not from CK-0 or CK-3, were defined as tolerant line specifically expressed LTGA genes. Finally, 1786, 174, and 133 DEGs were identified as L220, NIL220-3, and NIL220-25 specifically expressed LTGA genes, respectively. Of them, 27 were common LTGA genes that could be identified from all three tolerant lines, with two (Zm00001d031209 and Zm00001d031292) locating in the confidence interval of qp1ER1-1. In addition, GO analysis revealed that L220 specifically expressed LTGA genes were majorly enriched in the cell division process and plasma membrane related categories. Taken together, these results provided new insight into the molecular mechanism of maize seed LTGA and facilitated the cloning of the qp1ER1-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Li
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
- Institute of Nanfan & Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Hairui Hu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Xinmin Hu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Guihua Wang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Xuemei Du
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Junjie Fu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.F.); (G.W.)
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.F.); (G.W.)
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (R.G.)
| | - Riliang Gu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.L.); (H.H.); (X.H.); (G.W.); (X.D.); (L.L.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (R.G.)
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Li H, Qiu Y, Sun G, Ye W. RNA sequencing-based exploration of the effects of blue laser irradiation on mRNAs involved in functional metabolites of D. officinales. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12684. [PMID: 35036158 PMCID: PMC8740519 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) has promising lung moisturizing, detoxifying, and immune boosting properties. Light is an important factor influencing functional metabolite synthesis in D. officinale. The mechanisms by which lasers affect plants are different from those of ordinary light sources; lasers can effectively address the shortcomings of ordinary light sources and have significant interactions with plants. Different light treatments (white, blue, blue laser) were applied, and the number of red leaves under blue laser was greater than that under blue and white light. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze differences in D. officinale under different light treatments. The results showed 465, 2,107 and 1,453 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LB-B, LB-W and W-B, respectively. GO, KEGG and other analyses of DEGs indicated that D. officinale has multiple blue laser response modes. Among them, the plasma membrane, cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, heat shock proteins, etc. play central roles. Physiological and biochemical results verified that blue laser irradiation significantly increases POD, SOD, and PAL activities in D. officinale. The functional metabolite results showed that blue laser had the greatest promoting effect on total flavonoids, polysaccharides, and alkaloids. qPCR verification combined with other results suggested that CRY DASH, SPA1, HY5, and PIF4 in the blue laser signal transduction pathway affect functional metabolite accumulation in D. officinale through positively regulated expression patterns, while CO16 and MYC2 exhibit negatively regulated expression patterns. These findings provide new ideas for the efficient production of metabolites in D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansheng Li
- College of Architectural Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, Chian
| | - Yuqiang Qiu
- Xiamen Institute of Technology, Xiamen, China
| | - Gang Sun
- College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
| | - Wei Ye
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant, Sanming Academy of Agricultural Science, Shaxian, China
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Fan Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Dai F, Yuan M, Wang F, Bai Y, Deng H. Natural polysaccharides based self-assembled nanoparticles for biomedical applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1240-1255. [PMID: 34678381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) derived from the self-assembly of natural polysaccharides have shown great potential in the biomedical field. Here, we described several self-assembly modes of natural polysaccharides in detail, summarized the natural polysaccharides mostly used for self-assembly, and provided insights into the current applications and achievements of these self-assembled NPs. As one of the most widespread substances in nature, most natural polysaccharides exhibit advantages of biodegradability, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and degradable properties. Therefore, they have been fully explored, and the application of chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, starch, and their derivatives has been extensively studied, especially in the fields of biomedical. Polysaccharides based NPs were proved to improve the solubility of insoluble drugs, enhance tissue target ability and realize the controlled and sustained release of drugs. When modified by hydrophobic groups, the amphiphilic polysaccharides can self-assemble into NPs. Other driven forces of self-assembly include electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds. Up to the present, polysaccharides-based nanoparticles have been widely applied for tumor treatment, antibacterial application, gene therapy, photodynamic therapy and transporting insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Fan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Fangfang Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Mengqin Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Feiyan Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Hongbing Deng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-based Medical Materials, School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Kloareg B, Badis Y, Cock JM, Michel G. Role and Evolution of the Extracellular Matrix in the Acquisition of Complex Multicellularity in Eukaryotes: A Macroalgal Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1059. [PMID: 34356075 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular eukaryotes are characterized by an expanded extracellular matrix (ECM) with a diversified composition. The ECM is involved in determining tissue texture, screening cells from the outside medium, development, and innate immunity, all of which are essential features in the biology of multicellular eukaryotes. This review addresses the origin and evolution of the ECM, with a focus on multicellular marine algae. We show that in these lineages the expansion of extracellular matrix played a major role in the acquisition of complex multicellularity through its capacity to connect, position, shield, and defend the cells. Multiple innovations were necessary during these evolutionary processes, leading to striking convergences in the structures and functions of the ECMs of algae, animals, and plants.
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Ajayi OO, Held MA, Showalter AM. Three β-Glucuronosyltransferase Genes Involved in Arabinogalactan Biosynthesis Function in Arabidopsis Growth and Development. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10061172. [PMID: 34207602 PMCID: PMC8227792 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) contain arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides that are biologically relevant to plant growth processes. Here, the biochemical and physiological roles of three Golgi localized β-glucuronosyltransferase genes (GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B and GLCAT14C) in Arabidopsis thaliana, responsible for the addition of glucuronic acid to AG chains, were further investigated using single, double and triple glcat14 mutant plants. These proteins were localized to the Golgi apparatus when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sugar analysis of AGP extracts from Arabidopsis stem, leaf and siliques showed a consistent reduction in glucuronic acid in glcat14 mutants relative to wild type, with concomitant effects resulting in tissue-specific alterations, especially in arabinose and galactose sugars. Although we observed defects in trichome branching in glca14a/b and glca14a/b/c mutants, scanning electron microscope analysis/energy dispersive microanalysis (SEM/EDX) showed no difference in the calcium content of trichomes in these mutants relative to wild type. Immunoblot analyses of the stem and leaf showed a reduction in AGPs as detected with the LM2 antibody in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants relative to wild type. The current work exemplifies the possibility of conducting structure-function assessment of cell wall biosynthetic genes to identify their physiological roles in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeyemi O. Ajayi
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
| | - Michael A. Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Zhu X, Tang C, Li Q, Qiao X, Li X, Cai Y, Wang P, Sun Y, Zhang H, Zhang S, Wu J. Characterization of the pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene family in Rosaceae and role of PbrPMEI23/39/41 in methylesterified pectin distribution in pear pollen tube. Planta 2021; 253:118. [PMID: 33961146 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene family in the seven Rosaceae species (including three pear cultivars) is characterized and three pectin methylesterase inhibitor genes are identified to regulate pollen tube growth in pear. Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) participates in a variety of biological processes in plants. However, the information and function of PMEI genes in Rosaceae are largely unknown. In this study, a total of 423 PMEI genes are identified in the genomes of seven Rosaceae species. The PMEI genes in pear are categorized into five subfamilies based on structural analysis and evolutionary analysis. WGD and TD are the main duplication events in the PMEI gene family of pear. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicates that PbrPMEI23, PbrPMEI39, and PbrPMEI41 are increasingly expressed during pear pollen tube growth. Under the treatment of recombinant proteins PbrPMEI23, PbrPMEI39 or PbrPMEI41, the content of methylesterified pectin at the region 5-20 μm from the pollen tube tip significantly increases, and the growth of pear pollen tubes is promoted. These results indicate that PMEI regulates the growth of pollen tubes by changing the distribution of methylesterified pectin in the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qionghou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yilin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, 201699, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Kozieł E, Otulak-Kozieł K, Bujarski JJ. Plant Cell Wall as a Key Player During Resistant and Susceptible Plant-Virus Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656809. [PMID: 33776985 PMCID: PMC7994255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is a complex and integral part of the plant cell. As a structural element it sustains the shape of the cell and mediates contact among internal and external factors. We have been aware of its involvement in both abiotic (like drought or frost) and biotic stresses (like bacteria or fungi) for some time. In contrast to bacterial and fungal pathogens, viruses are not mechanical destructors of host cell walls, but relatively little is known about remodeling of the plant cell wall in response to viral biotic stress. New research results indicate that the cell wall represents a crucial active component during the plant’s response to different viral infections. Apparently, cell wall genes and proteins play key roles during interaction, having a direct influence on the rebuilding of the cell wall architecture. The plant cell wall is involved in both susceptibility as well as resistance reactions. In this review we summarize important progress made in research on plant virus impact on cell wall remodeling. Analyses of essential defensive wall associated proteins in susceptible and resistant responses demonstrate that the components of cell wall metabolism can affect the spread of the virus as well as activate the apoplast- and symplast-based defense mechanisms, thus contributing to the complex network of the plant immune system. Although the cell wall reorganization during the plant-virus interaction remains a challenging task, the use of novel tools and methods to investigate its composition and structure will greatly contribute to our knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Julian Bujarski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
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Pizarro A, Díaz-Sala C. Expression Levels of Genes Encoding Proteins Involved in the Cell Wall-Plasma Membrane-Cytoskeleton Continuum Are Associated With the Maturation-Related Adventitious Rooting Competence of Pine Stem Cuttings. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:783783. [PMID: 35126413 PMCID: PMC8810826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem cutting recalcitrance to adventitious root formation is a major limitation for the clonal propagation or micropropagation of elite genotypes of many forest tree species, especially at the adult stage of development. The interaction between the cell wall-plasma membrane and cytoskeleton may be involved in the maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation. Here, pine homologs of several genes encoding proteins involved in the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum were identified, and the expression levels of 70 selected genes belonging to the aforementioned group and four genes encoding auxin carrier proteins were analyzed during adventitious root formation in rooting-competent and non-competent cuttings of Pinus radiata. Variations in the expression levels of specific genes encoding cell wall components and cytoskeleton-related proteins were detected in rooting-competent and non-competent cuttings in response to wounding and auxin treatments. However, the major correlation of gene expression with competence for adventitious root formation was detected in a family of genes encoding proteins involved in sensing the cell wall and membrane disturbances, such as specific receptor-like kinases (RLKs) belonging to the lectin-type RLKs, wall-associated kinases, Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinases and leucine-rich repeat RLKs, as well as downstream regulators of the small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein family. The expression of these genes was more affected by organ and age than by auxin and time of induction.
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Kumar V, Donev EN, Barbut FR, Kushwah S, Mannapperuma C, Urbancsok J, Mellerowicz EJ. Genome-Wide Identification of Populus Malectin/Malectin-Like Domain-Containing Proteins and Expression Analyses Reveal Novel Candidates for Signaling and Regulation of Wood Development. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:588846. [PMID: 33414796 PMCID: PMC7783096 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Malectin domain (MD) is a ligand-binding protein motif of pro- and eukaryotes. It is particularly abundant in Viridiplantae, where it occurs as either a single (MD, PF11721) or tandemly duplicated domain (PF12819) called malectin-like domain (MLD). In herbaceous plants, MD- or MLD-containing proteins (MD proteins) are known to regulate development, reproduction, and resistance to various stresses. However, their functions in woody plants have not yet been studied. To unravel their potential role in wood development, we carried out genome-wide identification of MD proteins in the model tree species black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), and analyzed their expression and co-expression networks. P. trichocarpa had 146 MD genes assigned to 14 different clades, two of which were specific to the genus Populus. 87% of these genes were located on chromosomes, the rest being associated with scaffolds. Based on their protein domain organization, and in agreement with the exon-intron structures, the MD genes identified here could be classified into five superclades having the following domains: leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-MD-protein kinase (PK), MLD-LRR-PK, MLD-PK (CrRLK1L), MLD-LRR, and MD-Kinesin. Whereas the majority of MD genes were highly expressed in leaves, particularly under stress conditions, eighteen showed a peak of expression during secondary wall formation in the xylem and their co-expression networks suggested signaling functions in cell wall integrity, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, calcium, ROS, and hormone pathways. Thus, P. trichocarpa MD genes having different domain organizations comprise many genes with putative foliar defense functions, some of which could be specific to Populus and related species, as well as genes with potential involvement in signaling pathways in other tissues including developing wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N. Donev
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Félix R. Barbut
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sunita Kushwah
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chanaka Mannapperuma
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - János Urbancsok
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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13
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Ackermann F, Stanislas T. The Plasma Membrane-An Integrating Compartment for Mechano-Signaling. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E505. [PMID: 32295309 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants are able to sense their mechanical environment. This mechanical signal is used by the plant to determine its phenotypic features. This is true also at a smaller scale. Morphogenesis, both at the cell and tissue level, involves mechanical signals that influence specific patterns of gene expression and trigger signaling pathways. How a mechanical stress is perceived and how this signal is transduced into the cell remains a challenging question in the plant community. Among the structural components of plant cells, the plasma membrane has received very little attention. Yet, its position at the interface between the cell wall and the interior of the cell makes it a key factor at the nexus between biochemical and mechanical cues. So far, most of the key players that are described to perceive and maintain mechanical cell status and to respond to a mechanical stress are localized at or close to the plasma membrane. In this review, we will focus on the importance of the plasma membrane in mechano-sensing and try to illustrate how the composition of this dynamic compartment is involved in the regulatory processes of a cell to respond to mechanical stress.
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14
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Ezquer I, Salameh I, Colombo L, Kalaitzis P. Plant Cell Walls Tackling Climate Change: Insights into Plant Cell Wall Remodeling, Its Regulation, and Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Crop Adaptations and Photosynthesis in Response to Global Warming. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E212. [PMID: 32041306 PMCID: PMC7076711 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall (CW) is a complex and intricate structure that performs several functions throughout the plant life cycle. The CW of plants is critical to the maintenance of cells' structural integrity by resisting internal hydrostatic pressures, providing flexibility to support cell division and expansion during tissue differentiation, and acting as an environmental barrier that protects the cells in response to abiotic stress. Plant CW, comprised primarily of polysaccharides, represents the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both in plants and in the biosphere. The CW structure is highly varied, not only between plant species but also among different organs, tissues, and cell types in the same organism. During the developmental processes, the main CW components, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and different types of CW-glycoproteins, interact constantly with each other and with the environment to maintain cell homeostasis. Differentiation processes are altered by positional effect and are also tightly linked to environmental changes, affecting CW both at the molecular and biochemical levels. The negative effect of climate change on the environment is multifaceted, from high temperatures, altered concentrations of greenhouse gases such as increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, soil salinity, and drought, to increasing frequency of extreme weather events taking place concomitantly, therefore, climate change affects crop productivity in multiple ways. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is expected to increase photosynthetic rates, especially at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on CW biogenesis and modification. We discuss specific cases in crops of interest carrying cell wall modifications that enhance tolerance to climate change-related stresses; from cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize to dicots of interest such as brassica oilseed, cotton, soybean, tomato, or potato. This information could be used for the rational design of genetic engineering traits that aim to increase the stress tolerance in key crops. Future growing conditions expose plants to variable and extreme climate change factors, which negatively impact global agriculture, and therefore further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ilige Salameh
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
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15
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Chaudhary A, Chen X, Gao J, Leśniewska B, Hammerl R, Dawid C, Schneitz K. The Arabidopsis receptor kinase STRUBBELIG regulates the response to cellulose deficiency. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008433. [PMID: 31961852 PMCID: PMC6994178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are encased in a semi-rigid cell wall of complex build. As a consequence, cell wall remodeling is essential for the control of growth and development as well as the regulation of abiotic and biotic stress responses. Plant cells actively sense physico-chemical changes in the cell wall and initiate corresponding cellular responses. However, the underlying cell wall monitoring mechanisms remain poorly understood. In Arabidopsis the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) mediates tissue morphogenesis. Here, we show that SUB-mediated signal transduction also regulates the cellular response to a reduction in the biosynthesis of cellulose, a central carbohydrate component of the cell wall. SUB signaling affects early increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species, stress gene induction as well as ectopic lignin and callose accumulation upon exogenous application of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. Moreover, our data reveal that SUB signaling is required for maintaining cell size and shape of root epidermal cells and the recovery of root growth after transient exposure to isoxaben. SUB is also required for root growth arrest in mutants with defective cellulose biosynthesis. Genetic data further indicate that SUB controls the isoxaben-induced cell wall stress response independently from other known receptor kinase genes mediating this response, such as THESEUS1 or MIK2. We propose that SUB functions in a least two distinct biological processes: the control of tissue morphogenesis and the response to cell wall damage. Taken together, our results reveal a novel signal transduction pathway that contributes to the molecular framework underlying cell wall integrity signaling. Plant cells are encapsulated by a semi-rigid and biochemically complex cell wall. This particular feature has consequences for multiple biologically important processes, such as cell and organ growth or various stress responses. For a plant cell to grow the cell wall has to be modified to allow cell expansion, which is driven by outward-directed turgor pressure generated inside the cell. In return, changes in cell wall architecture need to be monitored by individual cells, and to be coordinated across cells in a growing tissue, for an organ to attain its regular size and shape. Cell wall surveillance also comes into play in the reaction against certain stresses, including for example infection by plant pathogens, many of which break through the cell wall during infection, thereby generating wall-derived factors that can induce defense responses. There is only limited knowledge regarding the molecular system that monitors the composition and status of the cell wall. Here we provide further insight into the mechanism. We show that the cell surface receptor STRUBBELIG, previously known to control organ development in Arabidopsis, also promotes the cell’s response to reduced amounts of cellulose, a main component of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Chaudhary
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jin Gao
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Richard Hammerl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Mielke S, Gasperini D. Interplay between Plant Cell Walls and Jasmonate Production. Plant Cell Physiol 2019; 60:2629-2637. [PMID: 31241137 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are sophisticated carbohydrate-rich structures representing the immediate contact surface with the extracellular environment, often serving as the first barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. Notably, a variety of perturbations in plant cell walls result in upregulated jasmonate (JA) production, a phytohormone with essential roles in defense and growth responses. Hence, cell wall-derived signals can initiate intracellular JA-mediated responses and the elucidation of the underlying signaling pathways could provide novel insights into cell wall maintenance and remodeling, as well as advance our understanding on how is JA biosynthesis initiated. This Mini Review will describe current knowledge about cell wall-derived damage signals and their effects on JA biosynthesis, as well as provide future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mielke
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
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17
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Westermann J, Streubel S, Franck CM, Lentz R, Dolan L, Boisson-Dernier A. An Evolutionarily Conserved Receptor-like Kinases Signaling Module Controls Cell Wall Integrity During Tip Growth. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3899-3908.e3. [PMID: 31679933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rooting cells and pollen tubes-key adaptative innovations that evolved during the colonization and subsequent radiation of plants on land-expand by tip growth. Tip growth relies on a tight coordination between the protoplast growth and the synthesis/remodeling of the external cell wall. In root hairs and pollen tubes of the seed plant Arabidopsis thaliana, cell wall integrity (CWI) mechanisms monitor this coordination through the Malectin-like receptor kinases (MLRs), such as AtANXUR1 and AtFERONIA, that act upstream of the AtMARIS PTI1-like kinase. Here, we show that rhizoid growth in the early diverging plant, Marchantia polymorpha, is also controlled by an MLR and PTI1-like signaling module. Rhizoids, root hairs, and pollen tubes respond similarly to disruption of MLR and PTI1-like encoding genes. Thus, the MLR and PTI1-like signaling module that controls CWI during tip growth is conserved between M. polymorpha and A. thaliana, suggesting that it was active in the common ancestor of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Streubel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | | | - Roswitha Lentz
- University of Cologne, Biocenter, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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18
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Parra-Rojas JP, Largo-Gosens A, Carrasco T, Celiz-Balboa J, Arenas-Morales V, Sepúlveda-Orellana P, Temple H, Sanhueza D, Reyes FC, Meneses C, Saez-Aguayo S, Orellana A. New steps in mucilage biosynthesis revealed by analysis of the transcriptome of the UDP-rhamnose/UDP-galactose transporter 2 mutant. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:5071-5088. [PMID: 31145803 PMCID: PMC6793455 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon imbibition, epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds release a mucilage formed mostly by pectic polysaccharides. The Arabidopsis mucilage is composed mainly of unbranched rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), with low amounts of cellulose, homogalacturonan, and traces of xylan, xyloglucan, galactoglucomannan, and galactan. The pectin-rich composition of the mucilage and their simple extractability makes this structure a good candidate to study the biosynthesis of pectic polysaccharides and their modification. Here, we characterize the mucilage phenotype of a mutant in the UDP-rhamnose/galactose transporter 2 (URGT2), which exhibits a reduction in RG-I and also shows pleiotropic changes, suggesting the existence of compensation mechanisms triggered by the lack of URGT2. To gain an insight into the possible compensation mechanisms activated in the mutant, we performed a transcriptome analysis of developing seeds using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The results showed a significant misregulation of 3149 genes, 37 of them (out of the 75 genes described to date) encoding genes proposed to be involved in mucilage biosynthesis and/or its modification. The changes observed in urgt2 included the up-regulation of UAFT2, a UDP-arabinofuranose transporter, and UUAT3, a paralog of the UDP-uronic acid transporter UUAT1, suggesting that they play a role in mucilage biosynthesis. Mutants in both genes showed changes in mucilage composition and structure, confirming their participation in mucilage biosynthesis. Our results suggest that plants lacking a UDP-rhamnose/galactose transporter undergo important changes in gene expression, probably to compensate modifications in the plant cell wall due to the lack of a gene involved in its biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Parra-Rojas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás Carrasco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Celiz-Balboa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Arenas-Morales
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sepúlveda-Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry Temple
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca C Reyes
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Abstract
Abnormal environmental temperature affects plant growth and threatens crop production. Understanding temperature signal sensing and the balance between defense and development in plants lays the foundation for improvement of temperature resilience. Here, we summarize the current understanding of cold signal perception/transduction as well as heat stress response. Dissection of plant responses to different levels of cold stresses (chilling and freezing) illustrates their common and distinct signaling pathways. Axillary bud differentiation in response to chilling is presented as an example of the trade-off between defense and development. Vernalization is a cold-dependent development adjustment mediated by O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation to sense long-term cold. Recent progress on major quantitative trait loci genes for heat tolerance has been summarized. Molecular mechanisms in utilizing temperature-sensitive sterility in super hybrid breeding in China are revealed. The way to improve crop temperature resilience using integrative knowledge of omics as well as systemic and synthetic biology, especially the molecular module program, is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Xin-Min Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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20
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Biological
membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex
in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional
over a wide range of time scales, and characterized
by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these
features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane
behavior. A significant part of the functional processes
in biological membranes takes place at the molecular
level; thus computer simulations are the method of
choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific
molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous
molecules gives rise to function over spatial and
time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this
review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current
state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until
now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture
of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we
also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the
foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton
network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium
transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far
received very little attention; however, the potential
of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A
major milestone for this research would be that one day
we could say that computer simulations genuinely research
biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2 , 16610 Prague , Czech Republic.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland.,MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics
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21
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Muro-Villanueva F, Mao X, Chapple C. Linking phenylpropanoid metabolism, lignin deposition, and plant growth inhibition. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 56:202-208. [PMID: 30677701 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignin, a polymer found in the plant secondary cell wall, is a major contributor to biomass' recalcitrance toward saccharification. Because of this negative impact toward the value of lignocellulosic crops, there is a special interest in modifying the content and composition of this important plant biopolymer. For many years this endeavor has been hindered by the plant growth inhibition that is often associated with manipulations to phenylpropanoid metabolism. Although the actual mechanism by which dwarfism arises remains unknown, recent advances in tissue-specific lignin complementation and better understanding of phenylpropanoid transcriptional regulation has made it possible to disentangle lignin modification from perturbations in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry and the Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Xiangying Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and the Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry and the Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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22
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De Lorenzo G, Ferrari S, Cervone F, Okun E. Extracellular DAMPs in Plants and Mammals: Immunity, Tissue Damage and Repair. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:937-50. [PMID: 30293747 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune receptors, well known mediators of response to non-self-molecules and inflammation, also act as mediators of immunity triggered by 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs). Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) cause inflammation in mammals and a rapid immune response in plants, while DAMPs trigger more complex responses, including immunity, tissue maintenance and repair. DAMPs, their receptors and downstream transduction mechanisms are often conserved within a kingdom or, due to convergent evolution, are similar across the kingdoms of life. Herein, we describe the dynamics and functionality of specific extracellular DAMP classes and their receptors in immunity, inflammation and repair of tissue damage in plants and mammals.
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23
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Wormit A, Usadel B. The Multifaceted Role of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors (PMEIs). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2878. [PMID: 30248977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are complex and dynamic structures that play important roles in growth and development, as well as in response to stresses. Pectin is a major polysaccharide of cell walls rich in galacturonic acid (GalA). Homogalacturonan (HG) is considered the most abundant pectic polymer in plant cell walls and is partially methylesterified at the C6 atom of galacturonic acid. Its degree (and pattern) of methylation (DM) has been shown to affect biomechanical properties of the cell wall by making pectin susceptible for enzymatic de-polymerization and enabling gel formation. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the removal of methyl-groups from the HG backbone and their activity is modulated by a family of proteinaceous inhibitors known as pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). As such, the interplay between PME and PMEI can be considered as a determinant of cell adhesion, cell wall porosity and elasticity, as well as a source of signaling molecules released upon cell wall stress. This review aims to highlight recent updates in our understanding of the PMEI gene family, their regulation and structure, interaction with PMEs, as well as their function in response to stress and during development.
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Guerriero G, Berni R, Muñoz-Sanchez JA, Apone F, Abdel-Salam EM, Qahtan AA, Alatar AA, Cantini C, Cai G, Hausman JF, Siddiqui KS, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, Faisal M. Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Examples, Tips and Suggestions for Biotechnologists. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E309. [PMID: 29925808 PMCID: PMC6027220 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and, in order to defend themselves against exogenous (a)biotic constraints, they synthesize an array of secondary metabolites which have important physiological and ecological effects. Plant secondary metabolites can be classified into four major classes: terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds. These phytochemicals can be antimicrobial, act as attractants/repellents, or as deterrents against herbivores. The synthesis of such a rich variety of phytochemicals is also observed in undifferentiated plant cells under laboratory conditions and can be further induced with elicitors or by feeding precursors. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the production of representatives of three plant secondary metabolite classes: artemisinin (a sesquiterpene), lignans (phenolic compounds) and caffeine (an alkaloid). Their respective production in well-known plants, i.e., Artemisia, Coffea arabica L., as well as neglected species, like the fibre-producing plant Urtica dioica L., will be surveyed. The production of artemisinin and caffeine in heterologous hosts will also be discussed. Additionally, metabolic engineering strategies to increase the bioactivity and stability of plant secondary metabolites will be surveyed, by focusing on glycosyltransferases (GTs). We end our review by proposing strategies to enhance the production of plant secondary metabolites in cell cultures by inducing cell wall modifications with chemicals/drugs, or with altered concentrations of the micronutrient boron and the quasi-essential element silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Roberto Berni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - J Armando Muñoz-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Fabio Apone
- Arterra Biosciences srl/Vitalab srl, via B. Brin 69, 80142 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eslam M Abdel-Salam
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad A Qahtan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Verbančič J, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Persson S. Carbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wall Synthesis. Mol Plant 2018; 11:75-94. [PMID: 29054565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of polysaccharides and represent the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both for individual plants and in the terrestrial biosphere as a whole. Cell wall synthesis is a highly sophisticated process, involving multiple enzymes and metabolic intermediates, intracellular trafficking of proteins and cell wall precursors, assembly of cell wall polymers into the extracellular matrix, remodeling of polymers and their interactions, and recycling of cell wall sugars. In this review we discuss how newly fixed carbon, in the form of UDP-glucose and other nucleotide sugars, contributes to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, and how cell wall synthesis is influenced by the carbon status of the plant, with a focus on the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Luo S, Zhang X, Wang J, Jiao C, Chen Y, Shen Y. Plant ion channels and transporters in herbivory-induced signalling. Funct Plant Biol 2018; 45:111-131. [PMID: 32291026 DOI: 10.1071/fp16318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to many biotic stresses that plants face, feeding by herbivores produces unique mechanical and chemical signatures. Plants have evolved effective systems to recognise these mechanical stimuli and chemical elicitors at the plasma membrane (PM), where this recognition generates ion fluxes, including an influx of Ca2+ that elicits cellular Ca2+ signalling, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and variation in transmembrane potential. These signalling events also function in propagation of long-distance signals (Ca2+ waves, ROS waves, and electrical signals), which contribute to rapid, systemic induction of defence responses. Recent studies have identified several candidate channels or transporters that likely produce these ion fluxes at the PM. Here, we describe the important roles of these channels/transporters in transduction or transmission of herbivory-induced early signalling events, long-distance signals, and jasmonic acid and green leaf volatile signalling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuitian Luo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinfei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunyang Jiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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27
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Abstract
Communication between the extracellular matrix and the cell interior is essential for all organisms as intrinsic and extrinsic cues have to be integrated to co-ordinate development, growth, and behaviour. This applies in particular to plants, the growth and shape of which is governed by deposition and remodelling of the cell wall, a rigid, yet dynamic, extracellular network. It is thus generally assumed that cell wall surveillance pathways exist to monitor the state of the wall and, if needed, elicit compensatory responses such as altered expression of cell wall remodelling and biosynthesis genes. Here, I highlight recent advances in the field of cell wall signalling in plants, with emphasis on the role of plasma membrane receptor-like kinase complexes. In addition, possible roles for cell wall-mediated signalling beyond the maintenance of cell wall integrity are discussed.
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28
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Fang X, Liu X, Wang X, Wang W, Liu D, Zhang J, Liu D, Teng Z, Tan Z, Liu F, Zhang F, Jiang M, Jia X, Zhong J, Yang J, Zhang Z. Fine-mapping qFS07.1 controlling fiber strength in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Theor Appl Genet 2017; 130:795-806. [PMID: 28144698 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE: qFS07.1 controlling fiber strength was fine-mapped to a 62.6-kb region containing four annotated genes. RT-qPCR and sequence of candidate genes identified an LRR RLK gene as the most likely candidate. Fiber strength is an important component of cotton fiber quality and is associated with other properties, such as fiber maturity, fineness, and length. Stable QTL qFS07.1, controlling fiber strength, had been identified on chromosome 7 in an upland cotton recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross (CCRI35 × Yumian1) described in our previous studies. To fine-map qFS07.1, an F2 population with 2484 individual plants from a cross between recombinant line RIL014 and CCRI35 was established. A total of 1518 SSR primer pairs, including 1062, designed from chromosome 1 of the Gossypium raimondii genome and 456 from chromosome 1 of the G. arboreum genome (corresponding to the QTL region) were used to fine-map qFS07.1, and qFS07.1 was mapped into a 62.6-kb genome region which contained four annotated genes on chromosome A07 of G. hirsutum. RT-qPCR and comparative analysis of candidate genes revealed a leucine-rich repeat protein kinase (LRR RLK) family protein to be a promising candidate gene for qFS07.1. Fine mapping and identification of the candidate gene for qFS07.1 will play a vital role in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and the study of mechanism of cotton fiber development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Fang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dajun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Teng
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyun Tan
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Maochao Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Jia
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhong
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghong Yang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Branco R, Pearsall EJ, Rundle CA, White RG, Bradby JE, Hardham AR. Quantifying the plant actin cytoskeleton response to applied pressure using nanoindentation. Protoplasma 2017; 254:1127-1137. [PMID: 27180193 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection of potentially pathogenic microbes through recognition by plants and animals of both physical and chemical signals associated with the pathogens is vital for host well-being. Signal perception leads to the induction of a variety of responses that augment pre-existing, constitutive defences. The plant cell wall is a highly effective preformed barrier which becomes locally reinforced at the infection site through delivery of new wall material by the actin cytoskeleton. Although mechanical stimulation can produce a reaction, there is little understanding of the nature of physical factors capable of triggering plant defence. Neither the magnitude of forces nor the contact time required has been quantified. In the study reported here, mechanical stimulation with a tungsten microneedle has been used to quantify the response of Arabidopsis plants expressing an actin-binding protein tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to reveal the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton. Using confocal microscopy, the response time for actin reorganisation in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis hypocotyls was shown to be 116 ± 49 s. Using nanoindentation and a diamond spherical tip indenter, the magnitude of the forces capable of triggering an actin response has been quantified. We show that Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells can detect a force as small as 4 μN applied for as short a time as 21.6 s to trigger reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton. This force is an order of magnitude less than the potential invasive force determined for a range of fungal and oomycete plant pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first quantification of the magnitude and duration of mechanical forces capable of stimulating a structural defence response in a plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Branco
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Eliza-Jane Pearsall
- Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chelsea A Rundle
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Jodie E Bradby
- Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adrienne R Hardham
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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30
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Rao X, Dixon RA. Brassinosteroid Mediated Cell Wall Remodeling in Grasses under Abiotic Stress. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:806. [PMID: 28567047 PMCID: PMC5434148 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants, being sessile, cannot escape from exposure to severe abiotic stresses such as extreme temperature and water deficit. The dynamic structure of plant cell wall enables them to undergo compensatory changes, as well as maintain physical strength, with changing environments. Plant hormones known as brassinosteroids (BRs) play a key role in determining cell wall expansion during stress responses. Cell wall deposition differs between grasses (Poaceae) and dicots. Grass species include many important food, fiber, and biofuel crops. In this article, we focus on recent advances in BR-regulated cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in response to stresses, comparing our understanding of the mechanisms in grass species with those in the more studied dicots. A more comprehensive understanding of BR-mediated changes in cell wall integrity in grass species will benefit the development of genetic tools to improve crop productivity, fiber quality and plant biomass recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, DentonTX, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, US Department of Energy, Oak RidgeTN, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiaolan Rao,
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, DentonTX, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, US Department of Energy, Oak RidgeTN, United States
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31
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Douchkov D, Lueck S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Rajaraman J, Johrde A, Doblin MS, Beahan CT, Kopischke M, Fuchs R, Lipka V, Niks RE, Bulone V, Chowdhury J, Little A, Burton RA, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Schweizer P. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. New Phytol 2016; 212:421-33. [PMID: 27352228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lueck
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Annika Johrde
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Rients E Niks
- Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycocience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
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32
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) underlies memory, perception, decision-making, and behavior in numerous organisms. However, neural networks have no monopoly on the signaling functions that implement these remarkable algorithms. It is often forgotten that neurons optimized cellular signaling modes that existed long before the CNS appeared during evolution, and were used by somatic cellular networks to orchestrate physiology, embryonic development, and behavior. Many of the key dynamics that enable information processing can, in fact, be implemented by different biological hardware. This is widely exploited by organisms throughout the tree of life. Here, we review data on memory, learning, and other aspects of cognition in a range of models, including single celled organisms, plants, and tissues in animal bodies. We discuss current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms at work in these systems, and suggest several hypotheses for future investigation. The study of cognitive processes implemented in aneural contexts is a fascinating, highly interdisciplinary topic that has many implications for evolution, cell biology, regenerative medicine, computer science, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
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33
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Pushpamalar J, Veeramachineni AK, Owh C, Loh XJ. Biodegradable Polysaccharides for Controlled Drug Delivery. Chempluschem 2016; 81:504-514. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cally Owh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE); A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE); A*STAR; 3 Research Link Singapore 117602 Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; National University of Singapore; 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117576 Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute; 11 Third Hospital Avenue Singapore 168751 Singapore
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34
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Islam MS, Zeng L, Thyssen GN, Delhom CD, Kim HJ, Li P, Fang DD. Mapping by sequencing in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) line MD52ne identified candidate genes for fiber strength and its related quality attributes. Theor Appl Genet 2016; 129:1071-86. [PMID: 26883043 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three QTL regions controlling three fiber quality traits were validated and further fine-mapped with 27 new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Transcriptome analysis suggests that receptor-like kinases found within the validated QTLs are potential candidate genes responsible for superior fiber strength in cotton line MD52ne. Fiber strength, length, maturity and fineness determine the market value of cotton fibers and the quality of spun yarn. Cotton fiber strength has been recognized as a critical quality attribute in the modern textile industry. Fine mapping along with quantitative trait loci (QTL) validation and candidate gene prediction can uncover the genetic and molecular basis of fiber quality traits. Four previously-identified QTLs (qFBS-c3, qSFI-c14, qUHML-c14 and qUHML-c24) related to fiber bundle strength, short fiber index and fiber length, respectively, were validated using an F3 population that originated from a cross of MD90ne × MD52ne. A group of 27 new SNP markers generated from mapping-by-sequencing (MBS) were placed in QTL regions to improve and validate earlier maps. Our refined QTL regions spanned 4.4, 1.8 and 3.7 Mb of physical distance in the Gossypium raimondii reference genome. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of 15 and 20 days post-anthesis fiber cells from MD52ne and MD90ne and aligned reads to the G. raimondii genome. The QTL regions contained 21 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two near-isogenic parental lines. SNPs that result in non-synonymous substitutions to amino acid sequences of annotated genes were identified within these DEGs, and mapped. Taken together, transcriptome and amino acid mutation analysis indicate that receptor-like kinase pathway genes are likely candidates for superior fiber strength and length in MD52ne. MBS along with RNA-seq demonstrated a powerful strategy to elucidate candidate genes for the QTLs that control complex traits in a complex genome like tetraploid upland cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md S Islam
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Linghe Zeng
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS, 38772, USA
| | - Gregory N Thyssen
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Christopher D Delhom
- Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - David D Fang
- Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
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Islam MS, Fang DD, Thyssen GN, Delhom CD, Liu Y, Kim HJ. Comparative fiber property and transcriptome analyses reveal key genes potentially related to high fiber strength in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) line MD52ne. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:36. [PMID: 26833213 PMCID: PMC4736178 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual fiber strength is an important quality attribute that greatly influences the strength of the yarn spun from cotton fibers. Fiber strength is usually measured from bundles of fibers due to the difficulty of reliably measuring strength from individual cotton fibers. However, bundle fiber strength (BFS) is not always correlated with yarn strength since it is affected by multiple fiber properties involved in fiber-to-fiber interactions within a bundle in addition to the individual fiber strength. Molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating individual fiber strength remain unknown. Gossypium hirsutum near isogenic lines (NILs), MD52ne and MD90ne showing variations in BFS provide an opportunity for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms involved in individual fiber strength. RESULTS Comprehensive fiber property analyses of the NILs revealed that the superior bundle strength of MD52ne fibers resulted from high individual fiber strength with minor contributions from greater fiber length. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the NILs showed that the superior bundle strength of MD52ne fibers was potentially related to two signaling pathways: one is ethylene and the interconnected phytohormonal pathways that are involved in cotton fiber elongation, and the other is receptor-like kinases (RLKs) signaling pathways that are involved in maintaining cell wall integrity. Multiple RLKs were differentially expressed in MD52ne fibers and localized in genomic regions encompassing the strength quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Several candidate genes involved in crystalline cellulose assembly were also up-regulated in MD52ne fibers while the secondary cell wall was produced. CONCLUSION Comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed differential expressions of the genes involved in crystalline cellulose assembly, ethylene and RLK signaling pathways between the MD52ne and MD90ne developing fibers. Ethylene and its phytohormonal network might promote the elongation of MD52ne fibers and indirectly contribute to the bundle strength by potentially improving fiber-to-fiber interactions. RLKs that were suggested to mediate a coordination of cell elongation and SCW biosynthesis in other plants might be candidate genes for regulating cotton fiber cell wall assembly and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md S Islam
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - David D Fang
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Gregory N Thyssen
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Chris D Delhom
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Yongliang Liu
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Structure and Quality Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, Cotton Fiber Bioscience Research Unit, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA.
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Nguyen TN, Son S, Jordan MC, Levin DB, Ayele BT. Lignin biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): its response to waterlogging and association with hormonal levels. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:28. [PMID: 26811086 PMCID: PMC4727291 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is an important structural component of plant cell wall that confers mechanical strength and tolerance against biotic and abiotic stressors; however it affects the use of biomass such as wheat straw for some industrial applications such as biofuel production. Genetic alteration of lignin quantity and quality has been considered as a viable option to overcome this problem. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lignin formation in wheat biomass has not been studied. Combining molecular and biochemical approaches, the present study investigated the transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis in two wheat cultivars with varying lodging characteristics and also in response to waterlogging. It also examined the association of lignin level in tissues with that of plant hormones implicated in the control of lignin biosynthesis. RESULTS Analysis of lignin biosynthesis in the two wheat cultivars revealed a close association of lodging resistance with internode lignin content and expression of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase1 (4CL1), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase1 (C3H1), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase2 (CCR2), ferulate 5-hydroxylase2 (F5H2) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase2 (COMT2), which are among the genes highly expressed in wheat tissues, implying the importance of these genes in mediating lignin deposition in wheat stem. Waterlogging of wheat plants reduced internode lignin content, and this effect is accompanied by transcriptional repression of three of the genes characterized as highly expressed in wheat internode including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase6 (PAL6), CCR2 and F5H2, and decreased activity of PAL. Expression of the other genes was, however, induced by waterlogging, suggesting their role in the synthesis of other phenylpropanoid-derived molecules with roles in stress responses. Moreover, difference in internode lignin content between cultivars or change in its level due to waterlogging is associated with the level of cytokinin. CONCLUSION Lodging resistance, tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and feedstock quality of wheat biomass are closely associated with its lignin content. Therefore, the findings of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lignin formation in wheat, an important step towards the development of molecular tools that can facilitate the breeding of wheat cultivars for optimized lignin content and enhanced feedstock quality without affecting other lignin-related agronomic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran-Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - SeungHyun Son
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Mark C Jordan
- Morden Reasearch and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - David B Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Basu D, Tian L, Debrosse T, Poirier E, Emch K, Herock H, Travers A, Showalter AM. Glycosylation of a Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-Protein (SOS5) Mediates Root Growth and Seed Mucilage Adherence via a Cell Wall Receptor-Like Kinase (FEI1/FEI2) Pathway in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145092. [PMID: 26731606 PMCID: PMC4701510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental processes that underpin plant growth and development depend crucially on the action and assembly of the cell wall, a dynamic structure that changes in response to both developmental and environmental cues. While much is known about cell wall structure and biosynthesis, much less is known about the functions of the individual wall components, particularly with respect to their potential roles in cellular signaling. Loss-of-function mutants of two arabinogalactan-protein (AGP)-specific galactosyltransferases namely, GALT2 and GALT5, confer pleiotropic growth and development phenotypes indicating the important contributions of carbohydrate moieties towards AGP function. Notably, galt2galt5 double mutants displayed impaired root growth and root tip swelling in response to salt, likely as a result of decreased cellulose synthesis. These mutants phenocopy a salt-overly sensitive mutant called sos5, which lacks a fasciclin-like AGP (SOS5/FLA4) as well as a fei1fei2 double mutant, which lacks two cell wall-associated leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases. Additionally, galt2gal5 as well as sos5 and fei2 showed reduced seed mucilage adherence. Quintuple galt2galt5sos5fei1fei2 mutants were produced and provided evidence that these genes act in a single, linear genetic pathway. Further genetic and biochemical analysis of the quintuple mutant demonstrated involvement of these genes with the interplay between cellulose biosynthesis and two plant growth regulators, ethylene and ABA, in modulating root cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
| | - Lu Tian
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
| | - Tayler Debrosse
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
| | - Emily Poirier
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
| | - Kirk Emch
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
| | - Hayley Herock
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
| | - Andrew Travers
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, United States of America
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Disch EM, Tong M, Kotur T, Koch G, Wolf CA, Li X, Hoth S. Membrane-Associated Ubiquitin Ligase SAUL1 Suppresses Temperature- and Humidity-Dependent Autoimmunity in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:69-80. [PMID: 26505534 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0146-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to regulate pathogen defense. Imbalances in this regulation may result in autoimmune responses that are affecting plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, SAUL1 encodes a plant U-box ubiquitin ligase and regulates senescence and cell death. Here, we show that saul1-1 plants exhibit characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. A decrease in relative humidity or temperature resulted in reduced growth and systemic lesioning of saul1-1 rosettes. These physiological changes are associated with increased expression of salicylic acid-dependent and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Consistently, resistance of saul1-1 plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, or Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2 was enhanced. Transmission electron microscopy revealed alterations in saul1-1 chloroplast ultrastructure and cell-wall depositions. Confocal analysis on aniline blue-stained leaf sections and cellular universal micro spectrophotometry further showed that these cell-wall depositions contain callose and lignin. To analyze signaling downstream of SAUL1, we performed epistasis analyses between saul1-1 and mutants in the EDS1/PAD4/SAG101 hub. All phenotypes observed in saul1-1 plants at low temperature were dependent on EDS1 and PAD4 but not SAG101. Taken together, SAUL1 negatively regulates immunity upstream of EDS1/PAD4, likely through the degradation of an unknown activator of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Disch
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meixuezi Tong
- 2 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanja Kotur
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Koch
- 3 Thünen-Institute of Wood Technology and Wood Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Asmus Wolf
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- 2 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefan Hoth
- 1 Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
The pectin matrix of the angiosperm cell wall is regulated in both synthesis and modification and greatly influences the direction and extent of cell growth. Pathogens, herbivory and mechanical stresses all influence this pectin matrix and consequently plant form and function. The cell wall-associated kinases (WAKs) bind to pectin and regulate cell expansion or stress responses depending upon the state of the pectin. This review explores the WAKs in the context of cell wall biology and signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Kohorn
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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Behr M, Legay S, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. Analysis of Cell Wall-Related Genes in Organs of Medicago sativa L. under Different Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:16104-24. [PMID: 26193255 PMCID: PMC4519941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic constraints are a source of concern in agriculture, because they can have a strong impact on plant growth and development, thereby affecting crop yield. The response of plants to abiotic constraints varies depending on the type of stress, on the species and on the organs. Although many studies have addressed different aspects of the plant response to abiotic stresses, only a handful has focused on the role of the cell wall. A targeted approach has been used here to study the expression of cell wall-related genes in different organs of alfalfa plants subjected for four days to three different abiotic stress treatments, namely salt, cold and heat stress. Genes involved in different steps of cell wall formation (cellulose biosynthesis, monolignol biosynthesis and polymerization) have been analyzed in different organs of Medicago sativa L. Prior to this analysis, an in silico classification of dirigent/dirigent-like proteins and class III peroxidases has been performed in Medicago truncatula and M. sativa. The final goal of this study is to infer and compare the expression patterns of cell wall-related genes in response to different abiotic stressors in the organs of an important legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy, Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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