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Mina S, Dhiman R, Yadav A, Kumar K. Association between parental psychiatric illness and psychological well-being of their children. Ind Psychiatry J 2022; 31:104-112. [PMID: 35800877 PMCID: PMC9255608 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_155_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents are the pillars of a healthy society. Researches have explored significantly higher rate of psychopathology in children whose parents (either) have psychiatric illness in comparison to the general community (25%-50% v/s. 20%). Parental psychiatric illness (PPI) has significant long-term consequences on child's development-general health, cognitive stimulation, social, emotional, and behavioral maturity. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to assess the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems of children of parents with psychiatric illness. METHODOLOGY The present cross-sectional study attempted to evaluate the factors linked with the PPI and overall child's development. Two hundred and six parents with psychiatric illness (>1-year duration) were included in the research. RESULTS A total of 206 families (either mother/father) and their children 353 in number (<18 years) were included in the study. Slightly higher percentage of mother as participant was observed (56.8% v/s. 43.2%). In 80% of the families, mother was the primary caregiver of the children. Marital discord was prevalent in these families (17.9% reported by mother v/s. 31.5% reported by father). CONCLUSION Early identification of the soft indicators of the children of PPI should be identified along with the treatment of their parents. Schools should be oriented to initiative an early assessment by the evaluation of the children with psychiatrist/psychologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaily Mina
- Department of Psychiatry, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupam Dhiman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhilasha Yadav
- Department of Psychiatry, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldip Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Zhang H, Wong TY, Broekman BFP, Chong YS, Shek LP, Gluckman PD, Tan KH, Meaney MJ, Fortier MV, Qiu A. Maternal Adverse Childhood Experience and Depression in Relation with Brain Network Development and Behaviors in Children: A Longitudinal Study. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4233-4244. [PMID: 33825872 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal childhood maltreatment and depression increase risks for the psychopathology of the offspring. This study employed a longitudinal dataset of mother-child dyads to investigate the developmental trajectories of brain functional networks and behaviors of children in relation with maternal childhood adverse experience and depression. Maternal childhood trauma was retrospectively assessed via childhood trauma questionnaire, whereas maternal depressive symptoms were prospectively evaluated during pregnancy and after delivery (n = 518). Child brain scans were acquired at age of 4.5, 6, and 7.5 years (n = 163) and behavioral problems were measured at 7.5 years using the Child Behavior Checklist. We found the functional connectivity of the language network with the sensorimotor, frontal, and attentional networks as a function of maternal adverse experience that interacted with sex and age. Girls exposed to mothers with depressive symptoms or childhood abuse showed the increased development of the functional connectivity of the language network with the visual networks, which was associated with social problems. Girls exposed to mothers with depressive symptoms showed the slower growth of the functional connectivity of the language network with the sensorimotor networks. Our findings, in a community sample, suggest the language network organization as neuroendophenotypes for maternal childhood trauma and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Ting-Yat Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Birit F P Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore.,Department of Psychiatry, OLVG and Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam 1081 HJ, the Netherlands
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Spry EA, Aarsman SR, Youssef GJ, Patton GC, Macdonald JA, Sanson A, Thomson K, Hutchinson DM, Letcher P, Olsson CA. Maternal and paternal depression and anxiety and offspring infant negative affectivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2020.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Vismara L, Sechi C, Neri M, Paoletti A, Lucarelli L. Maternal perinatal depression, anxiety, fear of birth, and perception of infants' negative affectivity at three months. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2020; 39:532-543. [PMID: 33172285 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1843612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether a mother's anxiety, depression, prenatal perception of childbirth, and experience with delivery, assessed from pregnancy to three months postpartum, were associated with her perception of her infant's negative affectivity (NA). The participant sample was composed of 76 primiparous mothers and their healthy babies (58% boys, 42% girls). During pregnancy, mothers independently filled out the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaires (W-DEQ) version A. One month after giving birth, the mothers filled out the W-DEQ version B. Finally, three months after giving birth, they completed the EPDS, the STAI, and the four Infant Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ-R) scales of NA. Linear regression analyses showed that perinatal FoB, trait anxiety, and depression were associated with a maternal perception of higher infant NA. Studies on perinatal parental health and child outcomes should include assessments of the relation between anxiety during pregnancy and postpartum depression in order to prevent any negative impacts on the temperaments of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vismara
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, Faculty of Human Studies, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Sechi
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, Faculty of Human Studies, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuela Neri
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Paoletti
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Loredana Lucarelli
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, Faculty of Human Studies, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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5
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Spry E, Moreno-Betancur M, Becker D, Romaniuk H, Carlin JB, Molyneaux E, Howard LM, Ryan J, Letcher P, McIntosh J, Macdonald JA, Greenwood CJ, Thomson KC, McAnally H, Hancox R, Hutchinson DM, Youssef GJ, Olsson CA, Patton GC. Maternal mental health and infant emotional reactivity: a 20-year two-cohort study of preconception and perinatal exposures. Psychol Med 2020; 50:827-837. [PMID: 30968786 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum predicts later emotional and behavioural problems in children. Even though most perinatal mental health problems begin before pregnancy, the consequences of preconception maternal mental health for children's early emotional development have not been prospectively studied. METHODS We used data from two prospective Australian intergenerational cohorts, with 756 women assessed repeatedly for mental health problems before pregnancy between age 13 and 29 years, and during pregnancy and at 1 year postpartum for 1231 subsequent pregnancies. Offspring infant emotional reactivity, an early indicator of differential sensitivity denoting increased risk of emotional problems under adversity, was assessed at 1 year postpartum. RESULTS Thirty-seven percent of infants born to mothers with persistent preconception mental health problems were categorised as high in emotional reactivity, compared to 23% born to mothers without preconception history (adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.1). Ante- and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were similarly associated with infant emotional reactivity, but these perinatal associations reduced somewhat after adjustment for prior exposure. Causal mediation analysis further showed that 88% of the preconception risk was a direct effect, not mediated by perinatal exposure. CONCLUSIONS Maternal preconception mental health problems predict infant emotional reactivity, independently of maternal perinatal mental health; while associations between perinatal depressive symptoms and infant reactivity are partially explained by prior exposure. Findings suggest that processes shaping early vulnerability for later mental disorders arise well before conception. There is an emerging case for expanding developmental theories and trialling preventive interventions in the years before pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Spry
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margarita Moreno-Betancur
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics Unit; Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denise Becker
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helena Romaniuk
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics Unit; Melbourne, Australia
- Deakin University Burwood, Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John B Carlin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics Unit; Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Molyneaux
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London, UK & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience; King's College London, UK & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer McIntosh
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jacqui A Macdonald
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Greenwood
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kimberley C Thomson
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena McAnally
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robert Hancox
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Delyse M Hutchinson
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Deakin University Geelong, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Geelong, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wang Q, Poh JS, Wen DJ, Broekman BFP, Chong YS, Yap F, Shek LP, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Qiu A. Functional and structural networks of lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex as potential neural pathways for depression in childhood. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:365-374. [PMID: 30597677 DOI: 10.1002/da.22874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence suggests that the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortices (lOFC and mOFC) may contribute distinct neural mechanisms in depression. This study investigated the relations of their functional and structural organizations with postnatal maternal depressive symptoms in young children. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and structural magnetic resonance imaging were acquired in children at age 4 (n = 199) and 6 years (n = 234). Child's withdrawal behavior problems were assessed using Child's Behavior Checklist. RESULTS In 4-year-old girls, postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were positively associated with the lOFC functional connectivity with the visual network but negatively with the cognitive control network. The lOFC functional connectivity with the visual network and cerebellum, which was influenced by postnatal maternal depressive symptoms, was also associated with child's withdrawal behavior problems in 6-year-old girls. Moreover, postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were also negatively associated with the mOFC functional connectivity with the cognitive control and motor networks in 4-year-old girls. Furthermore, postnatal maternal depressive symptoms influenced the structural connectivity of left mOFC with the right middle frontal cortex and left inferior temporal cortex in 4-year-old girls. Unlike girls, boys showed that postnatal maternal depressive symptoms selectively impacted the mOFC functional connectivity with the memory system at age 6 years. CONCLUSION Our study provided novel evidence on the distinct neural mechanisms of the lOFC and mOFC structural and functional organizations for intergenerational transmission of maternal depression to the offspring. Boys and girls may potentially employ different neural mechanisms to adapt to maternal environment at different timings of early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joann S Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel J Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Birit F P Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Psychiatry, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
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7
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Gao W, Grewen K, Knickmeyer RC, Qiu A, Salzwedel A, Lin W, Gilmore JH. A review on neuroimaging studies of genetic and environmental influences on early brain development. Neuroimage 2019; 185:802-812. [PMID: 29673965 PMCID: PMC6191379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decades witnessed a surge of interest in neuroimaging study of normal and abnormal early brain development. Structural and functional studies of normal early brain development revealed massive structural maturation as well as sequential, coordinated, and hierarchical emergence of functional networks during the infancy period, providing a great foundation for the investigation of abnormal early brain development mechanisms. Indeed, studies of altered brain development associated with either genetic or environmental risks emerged and thrived. In this paper, we will review selected studies of genetic and environmental risks that have been relatively more extensively investigated-familial risks, candidate risk genes, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on the genetic side; maternal mood disorders and prenatal drug exposures on the environmental side. Emerging studies on environment-gene interactions will also be reviewed. Our goal was not to perform an exhaustive review of all studies in the field but to leverage some representative ones to summarize the current state, point out potential limitations, and elicit discussions on important future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Karen Grewen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, and Psychology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C, United States
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Salzwedel
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, CA, United States
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, N.C, United States
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Hartmann JA, Nelson B, Ratheesh A, Treen D, McGorry PD. At-risk studies and clinical antecedents of psychosis, bipolar disorder and depression: a scoping review in the context of clinical staging. Psychol Med 2019; 49:177-189. [PMID: 29860956 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying young people at risk of developing serious mental illness and identifying predictors of onset of illness has been a focus of psychiatric prediction research, particularly in the field of psychosis. Work in this area has facilitated the adoption of the clinical staging model of early clinical phenotypes, ranging from at-risk mental states to chronic and severe mental illness. It has been a topic of debate if these staging models should be conceptualised as disorder-specific or transdiagnostic. In order to inform this debate and facilitate cross-diagnostic discourse, the present scoping review provides a broad overview of the body of literature of (a) longitudinal at-risk approaches and (b) identified antecedents of (homotypic) illness progression across three major mental disorders [psychosis, bipolar disorder (BD) and depression], and places these in the context of clinical staging. Stage 0 at-risk conceptualisations (i.e. familial high-risk approaches) were identified in all three disorders. However, formalised stage 1b conceptualisations (i.e. ultra-high-risk approaches) were only present in psychosis and marginally in BD. The presence of non-specific and overlapping antecedents in the three disorders may support a general staging model, at least in the early stages of severe psychotic or mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Hartmann
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health,Melbourne,Australia
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health,Melbourne,Australia
| | - Aswin Ratheesh
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health,Melbourne,Australia
| | - Devi Treen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology,Hospital Sant Joan de Déu,Barcelona
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health,Melbourne,Australia
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9
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Maciejewski D, Hillegers M, Penninx B. Offspring of parents with mood disorders: time for more transgenerational research, screening and preventive intervention for this high-risk population. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018; 31:349-57. [PMID: 29708895 DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Offspring of parents with mood disorders (major depressive and bipolar disorder) are at increased risk for developing mood disorders. In this review, an overview regarding the intergenerational transmission of mood disorders, screening, and preventive intervention is given for this vulnerable group. RECENT FINDINGS Offspring of parents with depression have a 40% chance of developing a depression, whereas offspring of parents with bipolar disorder have a 10% chance of developing a bipolar disorder by adulthood. Studies into the intergenerational transmission of mood disorders show that children of parents with mood disorders have increased biological dysregulation and neuropsychosocial impairments. Although there is a clear need for early identification of those at the highest risk, there are few systematic attempts in mental health care to screen children of parents with mood disorders. Lastly, preventive interventions seem to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms of children of parents with depression; however, those effects are small and short-lived. SUMMARY Offspring of parents with mood disorders constitute a vulnerable group at high risk of mood disorders. More research needs to be conducted regarding mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission. Moreover, screening and preventive interventions for these offspring should be systematically evaluated and implemented.
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10
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Korczak DJ, Madigan S, Colasanto M, Szatmari P, Chen Y, Maguire J, Parkin P, Birken CS. The longitudinal association between temperament and physical activity in young children. Prev Med 2018; 111:342-7. [PMID: 29197529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the longitudinal association of negative affect and physical activity in a population of preschool children. STUDY DESIGN Participants included 763 children (53% male) attending scheduled health supervision visits in their primary care physicians' offices. Data were collected at two time points at mean ages 27 (SD=5.4) and 47 (SD=6.2) months. Negative affect (NA) was measured using the Negative Affectivity (frustration/anger, decreased soothability) domain of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Physical Activity (PA) was assessed using a parent-report questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses tested the association between NA and PA, adjusting for child age, sex, z-BMI, PA at Time 1, maternal education, household income, and season, and examined for sex differences in the relationship between NA and PA. RESULTS The longitudinal association between NA at Time 1 and PA at Time 2 was moderated by sex (p<0.001). After adjusting for covariates, females with greater NA at Time 1 had decreased PA at Time 2 (p=0.01), whereas males with greater NA at Time 1 had increased PA at Time 2 (p=0.01). Specifically, among females, every 1 unit increase in NA at Time 1 was associated with a 9.9min/day decrease in PA at Time 2 (95% CI: -17.1, -2.8). CONCLUSIONS NA and PA were associated early in childhood and the effects of NA on PA were gender specific. These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal and gender-specific analyses in mood-obesity research.
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11
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Qiu A, Shen M, Buss C, Chong YS, Kwek K, Saw SM, Gluckman PD, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S, Styner M, Karnani N, Heim CM, O'Donnell KJ, Holbrook JD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ. Effects of Antenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Socio-Economic Status on Neonatal Brain Development are Modulated by Genetic Risk. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3080-3092. [PMID: 28334351 PMCID: PMC6057508 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study included 168 and 85 mother–infant dyads from Asian and United States of America cohorts to examine whether a genomic profile risk score for major depressive disorder (GPRSMDD) moderates the association between antenatal maternal depressive symptoms (or socio-economic status, SES) and fetal neurodevelopment, and to identify candidate biological processes underlying such association. Both cohorts showed a significant interaction between antenatal maternal depressive symptoms and infant GPRSMDD on the right amygdala volume. The Asian cohort also showed such interaction on the right hippocampal volume and shape, thickness of the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Likewise, a significant interaction between SES and infant GPRSMDD was on the right amygdala and hippocampal volumes and shapes. After controlling for each other, the interaction effect of antenatal maternal depressive symptoms and GPRSMDD was mainly shown on the right amygdala, while the interaction effect of SES and GPRSMDD was mainly shown on the right hippocampus. Bioinformatic analyses suggested neurotransmitter/neurotrophic signaling, SNAp REceptor complex, and glutamate receptor activity as common biological processes underlying the influence of antenatal maternal depressive symptoms on fetal cortico-limbic development. These findings suggest gene–environment interdependence in the fetal development of brain regions implicated in cognitive–emotional function. Candidate biological mechanisms involve a range of brain region-specific signaling pathways that converge on common processes of synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Mojun Shen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Claudia Buss
- Departent of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Development, Health and Disease Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Departent of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Development, Health and Disease Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Christine M Heim
- Departent of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada.,Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada.,Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada
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12
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Soe NN, Wen DJ, Poh JS, Chong Y, Broekman BF, Chen H, Shek LP, Tan KH, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ, Qiu A. Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms alter amygdala functional connectivity in girls. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:680-690. [PMID: 29094774 PMCID: PMC6866529 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms influence brain development of offspring. Such effects are particularly notable in the amygdala, a key structure involved in emotional processes. This study investigated whether the functional organization of the amygdala varies as a function of pre- and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms. The amygdala functional network was assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in 128 children at age of 4.4 to 4.8 years. Maternal depressive symptoms were obtained at 26 weeks of gestation, 3 months, 1, 2, 3, and 4.5 years after delivery. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal depressive symptoms and the amygdala functional network. Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were significantly associated with the functional connectivity between the amygdala and the cortico-striatal circuitry, especially the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula, subgenual anterior cingulate (ACC), temporal pole, and striatum. Interestingly, greater pre- than post-natal depressive symptoms were associated with lower functional connectivity of the left amygdala with the bilateral subgenual ACC and left caudate and with lower functional connectivity of the right amygdala with the left OFC, insula, and temporal pole. These findings were only observed in girls but not in boys. Early exposure to maternal depressive symptoms influenced the functional organization of the cortico-striato-amygdala circuitry, which is intrinsic to emotional perception and regulation in girls. This suggests its roles in the transgenerational transmission of vulnerability for socio-emotional problems and depression. Moreover, this study underscored the importance of gender-dependent developmental pathways in defining the neural circuitry that underlies the risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ni Soe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research CenterNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Daniel J. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research CenterNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Joann S. Poh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesSingapore
| | - Yap‐Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesSingapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore, National University Health SystemSingapore
| | | | - Helen Chen
- Department of Psychological MedicineKKH, Duke‐National University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Lynette P. Shek
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesSingapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Khoo Teck Puat – National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health SystemSingapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- KK Women's and Children's HospitalSingapore (KKH)
| | | | - Marielle V. Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional ImagingKK Women's and Children's HospitalSingapore (KKH)
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesSingapore
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental HealthDouglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill UniversityCanada
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill UniversityCanada
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research CenterNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical SciencesSingapore
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13
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Aktar E, Bögels SM. Exposure to Parents' Negative Emotions as a Developmental Pathway to the Family Aggregation of Depression and Anxiety in the First Year of Life. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2017; 20:369-390. [PMID: 28528457 PMCID: PMC5656709 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-017-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety load in families. In the present study, we focus on exposure to parental negative emotions in first postnatal year as a developmental pathway to early parent-to-child transmission of depression and anxiety. We provide an overview of the little research available on the links between infants' exposure to negative emotion and infants' emotional development in this developmentally sensitive period, and highlight priorities for future research. To address continuity between normative and maladaptive development, we discuss exposure to parental negative emotions in infants of parents with as well as without depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. We focus on infants' emotional expressions in everyday parent-infant interactions, and on infants' attention to negative facial expressions as early indices of emotional development. Available evidence suggests that infants' emotional expressions echo parents' expressions and reactions in everyday interactions. In turn, infants exposed more to negative emotions from the parent seem to attend less to negative emotions in others' facial expressions. The links between exposure to parental negative emotion and development hold similarly in infants of parents with and without depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. Given its potential links to infants' emotional development, and to later psychological outcomes in children of parents with depression and anxiety, we conclude that early exposure to parental negative emotions is an important developmental mechanism that awaits further research. Longitudinal designs that incorporate the study of early exposure to parents' negative emotion, socio-emotional development in infancy, and later psychological functioning while considering other genetic and biological vulnerabilities should be prioritized in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Aktar
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Susan M Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Wen DJ, Poh JS, Ni SN, Chong YS, Chen H, Kwek K, Shek LP, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ, Qiu A. Influences of prenatal and postnatal maternal depression on amygdala volume and microstructure in young children. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1103. [PMID: 28440816 PMCID: PMC5416711 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal depressive symptoms influence neurodevelopment in the offspring. Such effects may appear to be gender-dependent. The present study examined contributions of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms to the volume and microstructure of the amygdala in 4.5-year-old boys and girls. Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 26 weeks of gestation. Postnatal maternal depression was assessed at 3 months using the EPDS and at 1, 2, 3 and 4.5 years using the Beck's Depression Inventory-II. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging were performed with 4.5-year-old children to extract the volume and fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the amygdala. Our results showed that greater prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were associated with larger right amygdala volume in girls, but not in boys. Increased postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were associated with higher right amygdala FA in the overall sample and girls, but not in boys. These results support the role of variation in right amygdala structure in transmission of maternal depression to the offspring, particularly to girls. The differential effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms on the volume and FA of the right amygdala suggest the importance of the timing of exposure to maternal depressive symptoms in brain development of girls. This further underscores the need for intervention targeting both prenatal and postnatal maternal depression to girls in preventing adverse child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J S Poh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S N Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y-S Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Chen
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Kwek
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L P Shek
- Department of Pediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat – National University Children's Medical Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - P D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Abulizi X, Pryor L, Michel G, Melchior M, van der Waerden J; EDEN Mother–Child Cohort Study Group. Temperament in infancy and behavioral and emotional problems at age 5.5: The EDEN mother-child cohort. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171971. [PMID: 28199415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early temperamental characteristics may influence children's developmental pathways and predict future psychopathology. However, the environmental context may also shape or interact with infant temperament and indirectly contribute to increased vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes. The aim of the present study is to explore the long-term contribution of temperamental traits at twelve months of age to the presence of emotional and behavioral problems later in childhood, and whether this association varies with the child's sex, parental separation, family socioeconomic status and maternal depression. METHOD 1184 mother-child pairs from the EDEN mother-child birth cohort study based in France (2003-2011), were followed from 24-28 weeks of pregnancy to the child's fifth birthday. Infant temperament at 12 months was assessed with the Emotionality Activity and Sociability (EAS) questionnaire and behavior at 5.5 years was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). RESULTS Emotional temperament in infancy predicts children's overall behavioral scores (β = 1.16, p<0.001), emotional difficulties (β = 0.30, p<0.001), conduct problems (β = 0.51, p<0.001) and symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention (β = 0.31, p = 0.01) at 5.5 years. Infants' active temperament predicts later conduct problems (β = 0.30, p = 0.02), while shyness predicts later emotional problems (β = 0.22, p = 0.04). The association between the child's temperament in infancy and later behavior did not vary with children's own or family characteristics. CONCLUSION An emotional temperament in infancy is associated with higher levels of emotional and behavioral difficulties at the age of 5.5 years. Children who show high emotionality early on may require early prevention and intervention efforts to divert possible adverse developmental pathways.
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16
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Olino TM. Future Research Directions in the Positive Valence Systems: Measurement, Development, and Implications for Youth Unipolar Depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2016; 45:681-705. [PMID: 26891100 PMCID: PMC5021627 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1118694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Positive Valence Systems (PVS) have been introduced by the National Institute of Mental Health as a domain to help organize multiple constructs focusing on reward-seeking behaviors. However, the initial working model for this domain is strongly influenced by adult constructs and measures. Thus, the present review focuses on extending the PVS into a developmental context. Specifically, the review provides some hypotheses about the structure of the PVS, how PVS components may change throughout development, how family history of depression may influence PVS development, and potential means of intervening on PVS function to reduce onsets of depression. Future research needs in each of these areas are highlighted.
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17
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Sherman BJ, Vousoura E, Wickramaratne P, Warner V, Verdeli H. Temperament and major depression: How does difficult temperament affect frequency, severity, and duration of major depressive episodes among offspring of parents with or without depression? J Affect Disord 2016; 200:82-8. [PMID: 27130957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study examined the relationships between parental depression, offspring depression, and offspring temperament among 203 offspring of parents with or without depression. The specific aim was to investigate how parental depression and offspring difficult temperament affect frequency, severity, and duration of offspring major depressive episodes (MDEs). METHODS As part of an ongoing multigenerational study assessing familial transmission of depression, offspring were assessed over a 20-year study period. Offspring temperament was assessed at baseline using the Dimensions of Temperament Survey and diagnostic interviews were conducted at each of the four waves using best estimate procedures. RESULTS Difficult temperament predicted greater frequency of lifetime MDEs. Parental depression moderated the relationship between offspring difficult temperament and severity of MDEs, such that difficult temperament was associated with increased severity ratings among high-risk, but not low-risk offspring. Dimensional analysis revealed that lower rhythmicity and adaptability were associated with greater number of lifetime MDEs, higher inattention/distractibility was associated with shorter duration of MDEs, and greater activity was associated with decreased severity of MDEs. DISCUSSION Certain limitations must be noted, namely the self-report nature of temperament data and the relatively small sample size drawn from a clinical and predominantly Caucasian and Christian sample. Notwithstanding these limitations, our results suggest that the clinical presentation of major depression may reflect temperamental profiles and should be considered in diagnostic and treatment settings.
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18
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Aktar E, Mandell DJ, de Vente W, Majdandžić M, Raijmakers MEJ, Bögels SM. Infants' Temperament and Mothers', and Fathers' Depression Predict Infants' Attention to Objects Paired with Emotional Faces. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2016; 44:975-90. [PMID: 26446725 PMCID: PMC4893382 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Between 10 and 14 months, infants gain the ability to learn about unfamiliar stimuli by observing others' emotional reactions to those stimuli, so called social referencing (SR). Joint processing of emotion and head/gaze direction is essential for SR. This study tested emotion and head/gaze direction effects on infants' attention via pupillometry in the period following the emergence of SR. Pupil responses of 14-to-17-month-old infants (N = 57) were measured during computerized presentations of unfamiliar objects alone, before-and-after being paired with emotional (happy, sad, fearful vs. neutral) faces gazing towards (vs. away) from objects. Additionally, the associations of infants' temperament, and parents' negative affect/depression/anxiety with infants' pupil responses were explored. Both mothers and fathers of participating infants completed questionnaires about their negative affect, depression and anxiety symptoms and their infants' negative temperament. Infants allocated more attention (larger pupils) to negative vs. neutral faces when the faces were presented alone, while they allocated less attention to objects paired with emotional vs. neutral faces independent of head/gaze direction. Sad (but not fearful) temperament predicted more attention to emotional faces. Infants' sad temperament moderated the associations of mothers' depression (but not anxiety) with infants' attention to objects. Maternal depression predicted more attention to objects paired with emotional expressions in infants low in sad temperament, while it predicted less attention in infants high in sad temperament. Fathers' depression (but not anxiety) predicted more attention to objects paired with emotional expressions independent of infants' temperament. We conclude that infants' own temperamental dispositions for sadness, and their exposure to mothers' and fathers' depressed moods may influence infants' attention to emotion-object associations in social learning contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Aktar
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Dorothy J Mandell
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wieke de Vente
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Majdandžić
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maartje E J Raijmakers
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018XA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan M Bögels
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018WS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Nath S, Psychogiou L, Kuyken W, Ford T, Ryan E, Russell G. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among fathers and associated risk factors during the first seven years of their child's life: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:509. [PMID: 27296986 PMCID: PMC4906969 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that postnatal paternal depression is associated with adverse emotional, behavioural and cognitive outcomes in children. Despite this, few studies have determined the prevalence of fathers' depressive symptoms during the first few years of their children's lives and explored what factors are related to these symptoms. We estimated the prevalence and examined associated risk factors of paternal depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of fathers with children aged between 9 months and 7 years old from the Millennium cohort study. The risk factors examined were maternal depressive symptoms, marital conflict, child temperament, child gender, paternal education, fathers' ethnic background, fathers' employment status, family housing, family income and paternal age. METHODS Secondary data analysis was conducted using the UK Millennium cohort study, which consisted of data from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland of families with infants born in the year 2000/2001. Data from four sweeps were used from when children in the cohort were aged 9 months, 3, 5 and 7 years old (n = 5155-12,396). RESULTS The prevalence of paternal depressive symptoms over time was 3.6 % at 9 months, 1.2 % at 3 years old, 1.8 % at 5 years and 2.0 % at 7 years (using Kessler cut-off points to categorise high depressive symptoms vs low depressive symptoms). Linear regression trends (using continuous measures of depressive symptoms) indicated that both paternal and maternal depressive symptoms decreased over time, suggesting similar patterns of parents' depressive symptoms after the birth of a child, but the decrease was more evident for mothers. Paternal depressive symptoms were consistently associated with fathers' unemployment, maternal depressive symptoms and marital conflict. Socioeconomic factors such as rented housing when child was 9 months and low family income when child was 5 and 7 years were also associated with higher paternal depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Paternal depressive symptoms decreased among fathers when their children were aged between 9 months to 3 years old. Paternal unemployment, high maternal depressive symptoms and high marital conflict were important risk factors for paternal depressive symptoms. In light of our findings, we would recommend a more family centred approach to interventions for depression in the postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Nath
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Mood Disorders Centre (MDC), Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - Lamprini Psychogiou
- Mood Disorders Centre (MDC), Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Willem Kuyken
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Tamsin Ford
- Institute of Health Research, South Cloisters (St Luke's Campus), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2 LU, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ryan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ginny Russell
- Institute of Health Research, South Cloisters (St Luke's Campus), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2 LU, UK
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Soe NN, Wen DJ, Poh JS, Li Y, Broekman BFP, Chen H, Chong YS, Kwek K, Saw SM, Gluckman PD, Meaney MJ, Rifkin-Graboi A, Qiu A. Pre- and Post-Natal Maternal Depressive Symptoms in Relation with Infant Frontal Function, Connectivity, and Behaviors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152991. [PMID: 27073881 PMCID: PMC4830615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationships between pre- and early post-natal maternal depression and their changes with frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and functional connectivity in 6- and 18-month olds, as well as externalizing and internalizing behaviors in 24-month olds (n = 258). Neither prenatal nor postnatal maternal depressive symptoms independently predicted neither the frontal EEG activity nor functional connectivity in 6- and 18-month infants. However, increasing maternal depressive symptoms from the prenatal to postnatal period predicted greater right frontal activity and relative right frontal asymmetry amongst 6-month infants but these finding were not observed amongst 18-month infants after adjusted for post-conceptual age on the EEG visit day. Subsequently increasing maternal depressive symptoms from the prenatal to postnatal period predicted lower right frontal connectivity within 18-month infants but not among 6-month infants after controlling for post-conceptual age on the EEG visit day. These findings were observed in the full sample and the female sample but not in the male sample. Moreover, both prenatal and early postnatal maternal depressive symptoms independently predicted children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 24 months of age. This suggests that the altered frontal functional connectivity in infants born to mothers whose depressive symptomatology increases in the early postnatal period compared to that during pregnancy may reflect a neural basis for the familial transmission of phenotypes associated with mood disorders, particularly in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ni Soe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel J. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joann S. Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Birit F. P. Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Helen Chen
- KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Nath S, Russell G, Ford T, Kuyken W, Psychogiou L. Postnatal paternal depressive symptoms associated with fathers' subsequent parenting: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 207:558-9. [PMID: 26494871 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Impaired parenting may lie on the causal pathway between paternal depression and children's outcomes. We use the first four surveys of the Millennium Cohort Study to investigate the association between paternal depressive symptoms and fathers' parenting (negative, positive and involvement). Findings suggest that postnatal paternal depressive symptoms are associated with fathers' negative parenting. This has implications for the design of intervention programmes for parents with depression and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Nath
- Selina Nath, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Ginny Russell, PhD, Tamsin Ford, MRCPsych, PhD, University of Exeter Medical School, Willem Kuyken, PhD, DClinPsy, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford; Lamprini Psychogiou, PhD, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ginny Russell
- Selina Nath, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Ginny Russell, PhD, Tamsin Ford, MRCPsych, PhD, University of Exeter Medical School, Willem Kuyken, PhD, DClinPsy, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford; Lamprini Psychogiou, PhD, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tamsin Ford
- Selina Nath, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Ginny Russell, PhD, Tamsin Ford, MRCPsych, PhD, University of Exeter Medical School, Willem Kuyken, PhD, DClinPsy, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford; Lamprini Psychogiou, PhD, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Willem Kuyken
- Selina Nath, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Ginny Russell, PhD, Tamsin Ford, MRCPsych, PhD, University of Exeter Medical School, Willem Kuyken, PhD, DClinPsy, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford; Lamprini Psychogiou, PhD, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lamprini Psychogiou
- Selina Nath, PhD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Ginny Russell, PhD, Tamsin Ford, MRCPsych, PhD, University of Exeter Medical School, Willem Kuyken, PhD, DClinPsy, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford; Lamprini Psychogiou, PhD, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Whelan YM, Leibenluft E, Stringaris A, Barker ED. Pathways from maternal depressive symptoms to adolescent depressive symptoms: the unique contribution of irritability symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1092-100. [PMID: 25665134 PMCID: PMC4855627 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors tested three possible pathways linking prenatal maternal depressive symptoms to adolescent depressive symptoms. These pathways went through childhood Irritability Symptoms, Anxiety/Depressive Symptoms or Conduct Problems. METHOD Data were collected from 3,963 mother-child pairs participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Measures include maternal depressive symptoms (pre- and postnatal); toddler temperament (2 years); childhood (7-13 years) irritability symptoms, anxiety/depressive symptoms, conduct problems, and adolescent depressive symptoms (16 years). RESULTS Irritability Symptoms: This pathway linked sequentially - prenatal maternal depressive symptoms, toddler temperament (high perceived intensity and low perceived adaptability), childhood irritability symptoms, and adolescent depressive symptoms. Anxiety/Depressive symptoms: This pathway linked sequentially - prenatal maternal depressive symptoms, toddler temperament (negative perceived mood), childhood anxiety/depressive symptoms, and adolescent depressive symptoms. Childhood conduct problems were not associated with adolescent depressive symptoms, above and beyond irritability symptoms and anxiety/depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest evidence for two distinct developmental pathways to adolescent depressive symptoms that involve specific early and midchildhood features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Whelan
- Department of Psychological SciencesBirkbeckUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum DisordersDivision of Intramural Research ProgramsNational Institute of Mental HealthNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Edward D. Barker
- Department of PsychologyInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Tambelli R, Cerniglia L, Cimino S, Ballarotto G. Parent-infant interactions in families with women diagnosed with postnatal depression: a longitudinal study on the effects of a psychodynamic treatment. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1210. [PMID: 26322008 PMCID: PMC4531209 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown a connection between mothers with postnatal depression (PND) and emotional-behavioral problems in their children. Mothers' psychopathology may impair interactional patterns with children and these outcomes can be influenced by father's psychopathological symptoms. The primary aim of the study was to assess over time parent-infant interaction in families where mothers have experienced PND and have received psychological treatment during the child's first year of life considering the severity of parents' psychopathological symptoms and children's temperament. METHODS Three groups of families were involved: families with mothers with PND wherein both parents followed a psychological treatment (TxMF); families with mothers affected by PND wherein only the mother followed the treatment (TxM) and control families wherein the mothers did not have a psychopathological diagnosis and did not receive any treatment (Con). The families were assessed at two time points through Symptom Check-List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Questionari Italiani Temperamento (QUIT) and the video-recorded procedure observing mealtime Scala di Valutazione Interazioni Alimentari (SVIA). RESULTS Parents in the TxMF group had significantly lower SVIA scores (i.e., less maladaptive) at T2. TxMF group scored lower at T2 at SCL-90-R, whereas TxM showed no significant differences between T1 and T2. Involvement of fathers in the treatment was important to improve the psychopathological symptoms of both parents and the quality of interactions with their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Luca Cerniglia
- Department of Psychology, International Telematic University UNINETTUNORome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cimino
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Giulia Ballarotto
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of RomeItaly
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Sundaram S, Harman JS, Cook RL. Maternal morbidities and postpartum depression: an analysis using the 2007 and 2008 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Womens Health Issues 2015; 24:e381-8. [PMID: 24981397 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postpartum depression (PPD) is common and associated with significant health outcomes and other consequences. Identifying persons at risk may improve screening and detection of PPD. This exploratory study sought to identify the morbidities that associate with 1) PPD symptoms and 2) PPD diagnosis. METHODS Data from the 2007 and 2008 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were analyzed from 23 states and 1 city (n = 61,733 pregnancies); 13 antenatal morbidities were included. To determine whether antenatal morbidity predictors of PPD would differ based on PPD symptoms versus a diagnosis, each of the 13 antenatal morbidities were examined in separate logistic regression models with each PPD outcome. For each objective, two samples were examined: 1) Women from all states and 2) women from Alaska and Maine, the two states that included both PPD symptoms and PPD diagnosis measures in their questionnaires. Control variables included demographic and sociodemographic variables, pregnancy variables, antenatal and postpartum health behaviors, and birth outcomes. MAIN FINDINGS Having vaginal bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; OR, 1.76), kidney/bladder infection (OR, 1.59; OR, 1.63), nausea (OR, 1.50; OR, 1.80), preterm labor (OR, 1.54; OR, 1.51), or being on bed rest (OR, 1.34; OR, 1.56) associated with both PPD symptoms and PPD diagnosis, respectively. Being in a car accident associated with PPD symptoms only (OR, 1.65), whereas having hypertension (OR, 1.94) or a blood transfusion (OR, 2.98) was associated with PPD diagnosis only. Among women from Alaska or Maine, having preterm labor (OR, 2.54, 2.11) or nausea (OR, 2.15, 1.60) was associated with both PPD symptoms and PPD diagnosis, respectively. Having vaginal bleeding (OR, 1.65), kidney/bladder infection (OR, 1.74), a blood transfusion (OR, 3.30), or being on bed rest (OR, 1.87) was associated with PPD symptoms only, whereas having diabetes before pregnancy (OR, 5.65) was associated with PPD diagnosis only. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this exploratory study revealed differences in the antenatal morbidities that were associated with PPD symptoms versus diagnosis in both samples, and can assist prenatal care providers in prioritizing and screening for these morbidities that are associated with PPD during pregnancy. Additional research is warranted to confirm the results of this study in other samples and populations. Developing strategies to 1) improve general awareness of PPD and the appropriate antenatal morbidity risk factors to focus on in clinical settings, and 2) increase screening for the antenatal morbidities determined to be predictors of PPD in this study are warranted in preventing PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathy Sundaram
- Department of Health Systems, Management, and Policy, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Jeffrey S Harman
- Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert L Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Bouvette-Turcot AA, Fleming AS, Wazana A, Sokolowski MB, Gaudreau H, Gonzalez A, Deslauriers J, Kennedy JL, Steiner M, Meaney MJ. Maternal childhood adversity and child temperament: an association moderated by child 5-HTTLPR genotype. Genes Brain Behav 2015; 14:229-37. [PMID: 25688466 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined transgenerational effects of maternal childhood adversity on child temperament and a functional promoter polymorphism, 5-HTTLPR, in the serotonin-transporter gene (SLC6A4) as potential moderators of such maternal influences in 154 mother-child dyads, recruited into a longitudinal birth cohort study. We examined the interactive effects of maternal childhood experience using an integrated measure derived from Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Parental Bonding Index (PBI). Triallelic genotyping of 5-HTTLPR was performed. A measure of 'negative emotionality/behavioural dysregulation' was derived from the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire at 18 and 36 months. Negative emotionality/behavioural dysregulation was highly stable between 18 and 36 months and predicted psychosocial problems at 60 months. After controlling multiple demographics as well as both previous and concurrent maternal depression there was a significant interaction effect of maternal childhood adversity and offspring 5-HTTLPR genotype on child negative emotionality/behavioural dysregulation (β = 1.03, t(11,115) = 2.71, P < .01). The results suggest a transgenerational effect of maternal developmental history on emotional function in the offspring, describing a pathway that likely contributes to the familial transmission of vulnerability for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Bouvette-Turcot
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute of McGill University; Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal
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Bould H, Araya R, Pearson RM, Stapinski L, Carnegie R, Joinson C. Association between early temperament and depression at 18 years. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:729-36. [PMID: 25111741 DOI: 10.1002/da.22294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood temperament, particularly negative emotionality (high tendency to show distress), may be a risk factor for subsequent depression. METHODS Using data from a large UK cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children), we examined the association between temperament on the Emotionality Activity Sociability Questionnaire at age 6 and ICD-10 depression at 18. Results were adjusted for a range of confounders. RESULTS Children with high emotionality scores at age 6 had a 20% (7-36%) increase in the odds of being diagnosed with depression at age 18. CONCLUSIONS Depression at 18 years has an early developmental diathesis, which means we may be able to identify children at risk of developing depression in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bould
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol, UK
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Cullen KR, Eberly LE, Heller MD, Schlesinger A, Gold PW, Martinez PE, Klimes-Dougan B. Personality disorders in offspring of mothers with mood disorders: results from a longitudinal family study. Psychiatry Res 2014; 218:303-10. [PMID: 24844978 PMCID: PMC4385706 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Offspring of mothers with mood disorders are known to be at risk for a range of adverse outcomes, but the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in this group is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess risk of PD diagnoses and symptoms in offspring of mothers with and without mood disorders, and to explore contributing factors to this risk. This longitudinal study assessed PDs and symptoms of PDs in offspring of mothers with bipolar disorder (O-BD), major depression (O-MDD), and no psychiatric diagnosis (O-WELL) in mid-adolescence and in early adulthood. O-BD were more likely to develop a Cluster B PD than O-MDD or O-WELL in adolescence, and more likely to develop a Cluster B PD then O-WELL in early adulthood. Dimensional analyses revealed that O-BD had elevated symptoms in PDs across all PD clusters at mid-adolescence and young adulthood. O-MDD showed elevated symptoms of antisocial PD at both time points, and of obsessive-compulsive PD at young adulthood. Offspring of mothers with mood disorders, especially O-BD, are at increased risk for PD diagnoses and symptoms in mid-adolescence and early adulthood. Contributing factors to risk of PD symptoms in at-risk offspring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monika D Heller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amanda Schlesinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Lewandowski RE, Verdeli H, Wickramaratne P, Warner V, Mancini A, Weissman M. Predictors of Positive Outcomes in Offspring of Depressed Parents and Non-depressed Parents Across 20 Years. J Child Fam Stud 2014; 23:800-811. [PMID: 25374449 PMCID: PMC4217704 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-013-9732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding differences in factors leading to positive outcomes in high-risk and low-risk offspring has important implications for preventive interventions. We identified variables predicting positive outcomes in a cohort of 235 offspring from 76 families in which one, both, or neither parent had major depressive disorder. Positive outcomes were termed resilient in offspring of depressed parents, and competent in offspring of non-depressed parents, and defined by two separate criteria: absence of psychiatric diagnosis and consistently high functioning at 2, 10, and 20 years follow-up. In offspring of depressed parents, easier temperament and higher self-esteem were associated with greater odds of resilient outcome defined by absence of diagnosis. Lower maternal overprotection, greater offspring self-esteem, and higher IQ were associated with greater odds of resilient outcome defined by consistently high functioning. Multivariate analysis indicated that resilient outcome defined by absence of diagnosis was best predicted by offspring self-esteem; resilient outcome defined by functioning was best predicted by maternal overprotection and self-esteem. Among offspring of non-depressed parents, greater family cohesion, easier temperament and higher self-esteem were associated with greater odds of offspring competent outcome defined by absence of diagnosis. Higher maternal affection and greater offspring self-esteem were associated with greater odds of competent outcome, defined by consistently high functioning. Multivariate analysis for each criterion indicated that competent outcome was best predicted by offspring self-esteem. As the most robust predictor of positive outcomes in offspring of depressed and non-depressed parents, self-esteem is an important target for youth preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Eric Lewandowski
- Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Helen Verdeli
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Virginia Warner
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anthony Mancini
- Psychology Department, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA
| | - Myrna Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Rifkin-Graboi A, Bai J, Chen H, Hameed WB, Sim LW, Tint MT, Leutscher-Broekman B, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ, Qiu A. Prenatal maternal depression associates with microstructure of right amygdala in neonates at birth. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:837-44. [PMID: 23968960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal maternal cortisol levels associate with alterations in the amygdala, a structure associated with emotion regulation, in the offspring. However, because offspring brain and behavior are commonly assessed years after birth, the timing of such maternal influences is unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between antenatal maternal depressive symptomatology and neonatal amygdala volume and microstructure and thus establish evidence for the transgenerational transmission of vulnerability for affective disorders during prenatal development. METHODS Our study recruited Asian mothers at 10 to 13 weeks pregnancy and assessed maternal depression at 26 weeks gestation using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging were performed with 157 nonsedated, 6- to 14-day-old newborns and then analyzed to extract the volume, fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity values of the amygdala. RESULTS Adjusting for household income, maternal age, and smoking exposure, postconceptual age at magnetic resonance imaging, and birth weight, we found significantly lower fractional anisotropy (p = .009) and axial diffusivity (p = .028), but not volume (p = .993), in the right amygdala in the infants of mothers with high compared with those with low-normal Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal a significant relation between antenatal maternal depression and the neonatal microstructure of the right amygdala, a brain region closely associated with stress reactivity and vulnerability for mood anxiety disorders. These findings suggest the prenatal transmission of vulnerability for depression from mother to child and that interventions targeting maternal depression should begin early in pregnancy.
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Qiu A, Rifkin-Graboi A, Chen H, Chong YS, Kwek K, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ. Maternal anxiety and infants' hippocampal development: timing matters. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e306. [PMID: 24064710 PMCID: PMC3784768 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to maternal anxiety predicts offspring brain development. However, because children's brains are commonly assessed years after birth, the timing of such maternal influences in humans is unclear. This study aimed to examine the consequences of antenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal anxiety upon early infant development of the hippocampus, a key structure for stress regulation. A total of 175 neonates underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at birth and among them 35 had repeated scans at 6 months of age. Maternal anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at week 26 of pregnancy and 3 months after delivery. Regression analyses showed that antenatal maternal anxiety did not influence bilateral hippocampal volume at birth. However, children of mothers reporting increased anxiety during pregnancy showed slower growth of both the left and right hippocampus over the first 6 months of life. This effect of antenatal maternal anxiety upon right hippocampal growth became statistically stronger when controlling for postnatal maternal anxiety. Furthermore, a strong positive association between postnatal maternal anxiety and right hippocampal growth was detected, whereas a strong negative association between postnatal maternal anxiety and the left hippocampal volume at 6 months of life was found. Hence, the postnatal growth of bilateral hippocampi shows distinct responses to postnatal maternal anxiety. The size of the left hippocampus during early development is likely to reflect the influence of the exposure to perinatal maternal anxiety, whereas right hippocampal growth is constrained by antenatal maternal anxiety, but enhanced in response to increased postnatal maternal anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Qiu
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore,Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117576, Singapore. E-mail:
| | - A Rifkin-Graboi
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - H Chen
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore
| | - Y-S Chong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - K Kwek
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - P D Gluckman
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore
| | - M J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore,Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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van Santvoort F, Hosman CM, van Doesum KT, Janssens JM. Children of mentally ill or addicted parents participating in preventive support groups. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2013.851816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Keedwell PA, Chapman R, Christiansen K, Richardson H, Evans J, Jones DK. Cingulum white matter in young women at risk of depression: the effect of family history and anhedonia. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:296-302. [PMID: 22386005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered white matter microstructure in tracts integral to mood regulation networks could underlie vulnerability to major depressive disorder (MDD). Guided by functional magnetic resonance studies, we explored whether a positive family history of MDD (FH+) and anhedonia (reduced capacity for pleasure) were associated with altered white matter microstructure in the cingulum bundles and uncinate fasciculi. METHODS Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired on 34 healthy female student volunteers (mean age 22 years). Exclusion criteria included other current or previous psychiatric disorder, current depression, and current psychotropic medication. Family history was determined using established criteria. Fiber tractography was performed for each individual for a priori tracts of interest and a comparison tract. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of microstructure, was calculated for each tract. RESULTS Tracts were reconstructed in 18 FH+ individuals and 15 FH- individuals, who did not differ by age or subclinical depressive symptoms. FH+ subjects had 3% to 5% lower FA in the right and left cingulum bundles than FH- individuals (p = .012, p = .059, respectively). Post hoc analysis demonstrated 8% lower FA in the left subgenual cingulate (p = .007). Hedonic tone correlated positively with FA in the right and left cingulum bundles (r = .342, p = .052; r = .477, p = .005, respectively), and the left subgenual cingulum (r = .500, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Both family history of MDD and subclinical anhedonia are associated with reduced FA in the bilateral cingulum bundles, particularly in the left subgenual cingulum. Altered cingulum white matter architecture is implicated in the etiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Keedwell
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
This article focuses on discussing risks for depression onset and the role of environmental factors in promoting resilience in children and adolescents. The authors review the current literature on specific (eg, family history of depression) and nonspecific (eg, poverty, stressful life events) risk factors for youth depression to underscore the need for prevention efforts promoting resiliency in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Beardslee
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Epkins CC, Heckler DR. Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2011; 14:329-76. [PMID: 22080334 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Models of social anxiety and depression in youth have been developed separately, and they contain similar etiological influences. Given the high comorbidity of social anxiety and depression, we examine whether the posited etiological constructs are a correlate of, or a risk factor for, social anxiety and/or depression at the symptom level and the diagnostic level. We find core risk factors of temperament, genetics, and parent psychopathology (i.e., depression and anxiety) are neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of social anxiety and/or depression. Instead, aspects of children's relationships with parents and/or peers either mediates (i.e., explains) or moderates (i.e., interacts with) these core risks being related to social anxiety and/or depression. We then examine various parent- and peer-related constructs contained in the separate models of social anxiety and depression (i.e., parent-child attachment, parenting, social skill deficits, peer acceptance and rejection, peer victimization, friendships, and loneliness). Throughout our review, we report evidence for a Cumulative Interpersonal Risk model that incorporates both core risk factors and specific interpersonal risk factors. Most studies fail to consider comorbidity, thus little is known about the specificity of these various constructs to depression and/or social anxiety. However, we identify shared, differential, and cumulative risks, correlates, consequences, and protective factors. We then put forth demonstrated pathways for the development of depression, social anxiety, and their comorbidity. Implications for understanding comorbidity are highlighted throughout, as are theoretical and research directions for developing and refining models of social anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity. Prevention and treatment implications are also noted.
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Macedo A, Marques M, Bos S, Maia B, Pereira T, Soares M, Valente J, Gomes A, Nogueira V, Azevedo M. Mother's personality and infant temperament. Infant Behav Dev 2011; 34:552-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Beardslee WR, Gladstone TRG, O'Connor EE. Transmission and prevention of mood disorders among children of affectively ill parents: a review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:1098-109. [PMID: 22023998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a conceptual review of the literature on children of depressed parents over the past 12 years. METHOD This selective review focused on published studies that delineate the diagnosis of depression in parents, have large samples, describe children 6 to 17 years old, and are methodologically rigorous. The review emphasized conceptual advances and major progress since 1998. Recent efforts in prevention research were discussed, gaps in the existing literature were noted, and directions for targeted research on children of depressed parents were highlighted. RESULTS Over the past 12 years there has been considerable progress in delineating the gene-by-environment interplay in determining the range of outcomes in children. In addition, progress has been made in identifying risk mechanisms and moderators that underlie the transmission of disorder and in developing effective prevention programs. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights directions for further research, including different areas affected by parental depression in parents and children, and in understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of depression, so that preventive and treatment efforts can be tailored effectively.
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Hanington L, Ramchandani P, Stein A. Parental depression and child temperament: assessing child to parent effects in a longitudinal population study. Infant Behav Dev 2010; 33:88-95. [PMID: 20056283 PMCID: PMC2875886 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current research supports a link between maternal depression and difficult child temperament. The direction of effect is often assumed to be from parent to child, but few studies have addressed child to parent effects. In a large cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (N = 14663), we aimed to further existing knowledge by investigating the relationship between maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and child temperament, and determining the direction of any effects found. Data was collected at 2 time-points (when the children were 6 and 24 months old), using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Mood and Intensity subscales of the Carey Temperament Scales. Significant parent to child effects were seen, with maternal and paternal depressive symptoms at Time 1 leading to more difficult temperament at Time 2. Father to child effects were significant only in male children. Little evidence was found for child to parent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Hanington
- University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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