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Yan J, Wang Y, Yang E, Wang J, Lv B, Cao Y, Tang S. Subjective social status, health and well-being among older adults in China and South Korea: a cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081872. [PMID: 38589265 PMCID: PMC11015235 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social status, which encompasses various psychosocial dimensions, such as income, education and social relationships, can have a significant impact on physical and mental health outcomes. The study aims to explore the association among subjective social status, health and well-being among individuals aged 55 years and older in China and South Korea. PARTICIPANTS Sample population included individuals aged 55 years and older: China (n=1779) and South Korea (n=421). OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures included self-reported health status and well-being which were assessed by life satisfaction and general happiness. RESULTS The percentage of participants who reported a 'very good' health condition was higher in South Korea (14.5%) than in China (11.0%). The percentage of participants who reported feeling very satisfied (14.7%) with their life was lower in South Korea (11.8%). In China, 6.7% of the respondents reported their health as 'very bad' (rating 5), while in South Korea, this percentage was higher at 18.1%. Regression analysis revealed an inverse association among higher social status and poorer health, lower life satisfaction and lower happiness levels. For example, individuals who placed themselves in the highest social status category had 0.26 times lower odds (95% CI=0.13 to 0.55) of reporting poorer self-rated health status than those in the lowest category. Similarly, compared with individuals who place themselves in the lowest social status category, those who place themselves in the highest social status category have 0.03 times lower odds of reporting lower life satisfaction (95% CI=0.02 to 0.07). CONCLUSION Overall, the results highlight a significant association among social status, subjective health, life satisfaction and general happiness in both the countries. Health policymakers should identify effective strategies to promote healthy ageing and reduce disparities in health and well-being outcomes among older adults from different social backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yan
- School of Nursing, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- School of International Education, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - En Yang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- Department of Education, Research Center for Rural Health Service, Key Research Institute of Humanities & Social Sciences of Hubei Provincial, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Nursing, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Benyan Lv
- School of Management, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Shangfeng Tang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- Department of Education, Research Center for Rural Health Service, Key Research Institute of Humanities & Social Sciences of Hubei Provincial, Hubei, China
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Oliveira LM, Sfreddo CS, Ardenghi TM, Nascimento GG, Demarco FF, Zanatta FB. The role of differential exposure and susceptibility to heavy drinking linking income inequalities and tooth loss: An investigation of the alcohol harm paradox using a four-way decomposition analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2024; 52:239-247. [PMID: 37822131 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the extent to which the effect of income inequalities on tooth loss is attributable to differential exposure and susceptibility to heavy drinking in older Brazilian adults. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis using data from The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSI-Brazil 2015-2016), a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling people aged 50 years and over. Causal mediation analysis based on the counterfactual outcome framework decomposed the effect of income on tooth loss mediated by heavy drinking into four components (four-way decomposition): controlled direct effect (neither mediation nor interaction), reference interaction (interaction only), mediated interaction (both mediation and interaction) and pure indirect effect (mediation only). Proportions of effect attributable to each component were calculated to estimate the differential exposure (the sum of the third and fourth components) and differential susceptibility (the sum of the second and third components) to heavy drinking. RESULTS The analytical sample comprised 8114 participants. After adjusting for covariates, 7.3% (95% CI: 3.8%; 10.9%) and -39.5% (95% CI: -75.8%; -3.3%) of the effects of income on tooth loss were attributable to differential exposure and susceptibility to heavy drinking, respectively, consistent with the alcohol harm paradox. When setting non-functional dentition as outcome, only the effect of differential susceptibility remained (-81.7% [95% CI: -128.2%; -35.2%]). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that individuals of low-income groups appear to be more susceptible to the effects of heavy drinking on tooth loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Machado Oliveira
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Silveira Sfreddo
- Department of Semiology and Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thiago Machado Ardenghi
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Batistin Zanatta
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Mahrs-Gould R, Jallo N, Svikis D, Ameringer S, Robins J, Elswick RK. Family history of substance problems among African Americans: Associations with drug use, drug use disorder, and prescription drug misuse. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38530153 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2024.2331108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A family history of substance problems is a well-known risk factor for substance use and use disorders; however, much of this research has been conducted in studies with predominantly White subjects. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between family history density of substance problems and drug use, risk for drug use disorder, and prescription drug misuse in a sample of African American adults. Results indicate that family history density of substance problems increased the risk for all drug outcomes in the full sample. However, when subgroup analyses by gender were conducted, family history was not a risk factor among men for prescription drug misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy Jallo
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dace Svikis
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Institute for Women's Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Jo Robins
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - R K Elswick
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Morris K, Lampropoulos D. The progressive place paradox: Status-based health inequalities are magnified in more economically progressive Swiss localities. Health Place 2024; 86:103215. [PMID: 38402812 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (measured both objectively and subjectively) is systematically associated with worse health. Amid renewed interest in contextual influences on health inequalities, we ask whether variation in the prevailing ideological climate moderates the size of the health gap between low and high status individuals. Based on the minority stress hypothesis, we expect that living in an economically progressive place within Switzerland - places where more residents endorse the need for change to the economic status quo - will reduce the magnitude of the health gap. Multilevel modelling of MOSAiCH 2015-2020 data shows the opposite: low status individuals in progressive places report markedly lower subjective health and life satisfaction than similarly low status individuals in conservative places, such that status-based health inequalities are maximised in progressive places. We interpret this apparent progressive place paradox in terms of collective inefficacy and system frustration, which we argue is the corollary of system justification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Morris
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (LIVES), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Dimitrios Lampropoulos
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (LIVES), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale (LAPPS), University of Paris 8, Vincennes, Saint-Denis, France
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Morris MC, Bruehl S, Rao U, Goodin BR, Karlson C, Carter C, Nag S, Huber FA, Bendinskas KG, Hidoyatov M, Kinney K, Rochelle A, Funches G. Biobehavioral Predictors of Pain Intensity, Pain Interference, and Chronic Pain Episodes: A Prospective Cohort Study of African-American Adults. J Pain 2024:S1526-5900(24)00382-1. [PMID: 38369220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Racial disparities in pain experiences are well-established, with African-American (AA) adults reporting higher rates of daily pain, increased pain severity, and greater pain-related interference compared to non-Hispanic Whites. However, the biobehavioral factors that predict the transition to chronic pain among AA adults are not well understood. This prospective cohort study provided a unique opportunity to evaluate predictors of chronic pain onset among 130 AA adults (81 women), ages 18 to 44, who did not report chronic pain at their baseline assessment and subsequently completed follow-up assessments at 6- and 12-months. Outcome measures included pain intensity, pain-related interference, and chronic pain status. Comprehensive assessments of sociodemographic and biobehavioral factors were used to evaluate demographics, socioeconomic status, stress exposure, psychosocial factors, prolonged hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal secretion, and quantitative sensory testing responses. At baseline, 30 adults (23.1%) reported a history of prior chronic pain. Over the 12-month follow-up period, 13 adults (10.0%) developed a new chronic pain episode, and 18 adults (13.8%) developed a recurrent chronic pain episode. Whereas socioeconomic status measures (ie, annual income, education) predicted changes in pain intensity over the follow-up period, quantitative sensory testing measures (ie, pain threshold, temporal summation of pain) predicted changes in pain interference. A history of chronic pain and higher depressive symptoms at baseline independently predicted the onset of a new chronic pain episode. The present findings highlight distinct subsets of biobehavioral factors that are differentially associated with trajectories of pain intensity, pain-related interference, and onset of chronic pain episodes in AA adults. PERSPECTIVE: This prospective study sought to advance understanding of biobehavioral factors that predicted pain outcomes over a 12-month follow-up period among AA adults without chronic pain at their initial assessment. Findings revealed distinct subsets of factors that were differentially associated with pain intensity, pain-related interference, and onset of chronic pain episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Morris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Stephen Bruehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Uma Rao
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Psychiatry Division, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California
| | - Burel R Goodin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cynthia Karlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Chelsea Carter
- School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Subodh Nag
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Felicitas A Huber
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Muhammad Hidoyatov
- Chemistry Department, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York
| | - Kerry Kinney
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aubrey Rochelle
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gaarmel Funches
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Pantesco EJ, Kan IP. Racial and ethnic disparities in self-reported sleep duration: Roles of subjective socioeconomic status and sleep norms. Sleep Med 2023; 112:246-255. [PMID: 37925851 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are racial and ethnic disparities in sleep duration, with members of historically marginalized groups typically reporting shorter sleep than White Americans. This study examines subjective social status (SSS) as a moderator, and variation in ideal sleep norms as a mediator, of differences in sleep duration between racial/ethnic groups. METHODS Asian, Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White respondents in an online survey reported their typical weeknight and weekend-night sleep duration, along with estimates of ideal sleep duration norms. Objective and subjective indicators of socioeconomic status were also assessed. A conditional process analysis was used to examine whether racial or ethnic differences in sleep duration were a) moderated by SSS and b) mediated by ideal sleep duration norms. RESULTS Racial/ethnic disparities in sleep duration varied by group. Hispanic participants reported shorter weeknight sleep than White participants. In Asian and Black participants, shorter weeknight sleep relative to White participants was only observed at medium (Black) or high (Black and Asian) levels of SSS. Shorter norms for ideal sleep duration partially mediated differences in sleep duration between Black and White adults, but not the other racial/ethnic groups. There was no evidence of moderated mediation. Neither income nor education moderated racial/ethnic disparities in sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS Racial and ethnic disparities in sleep duration may partially depend on SSS. Continued research into moderators and mediators of racial/ethnic differences in sleep duration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Pantesco
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States.
| | - Irene P Kan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States.
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Jones EJ, Marsland AL, Kraynak TE, Votruba-Drzal E, Gianaros PJ. Subjective Social Status and Longitudinal Changes in Systemic Inflammation. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:951-964. [PMID: 37549189 PMCID: PMC10578390 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective social status (SSS) refers to a person's perception of their social rank relative to others and is cross-sectionally linked to systemic inflammation independently of objective socioeconomic status. PURPOSE We test the extent to which SSS relates to multiyear changes in inflammation, or if associations differ by race or sex. METHODS Healthy adults (N = 331; 30-51 years) completed a baseline visit and 278 participants returned for a second visit 2.85 years later. At both visits, participants underwent a fasting blood draw and completed community (SSSC) and US (SSSUS) versions of the MacArthur Scale. Multiple linear regression analyses examined change in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) predicted by each type of SSS, adjusting for time between visits, sex, race, age, body mass index, smoking, baseline inflammation, and objective socioeconomic status. Additional analyses further adjusted for hopelessness and depressive symptoms. Interactions examined moderations by sex and race. RESULTS Lower SSSC was longitudinally associated with greater IL-6 independently of all covariates, including education and income (β = -0.06), hopelessness (β = -0.06), and depressive symptoms (β = -0.06). Lower SSSUS was longitudinally associated with greater IL-6 independently of demographic covariates including education and income (β = -0.06), but was slightly attenuated after adjusting for hopelessness (β = -0.06) and depressive symptoms (β = -0.06). There were no associations for CRP or moderation by race or sex. CONCLUSIONS Lower SSS may be associated with greater circulating markers of inflammation over time as suggested by increases in IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E Kraynak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Galvan MJ, Payne BK, Hannay J, Georgeson AR, Muscatell KA. What Does the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status Measure? Separating Economic Circumstances and Social Status to Predict Health. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:929-941. [PMID: 37742041 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective socioeconomic status is robustly associated with many measures of health and well-being. The MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status (i.e., the MacArthur ladder) is the most widely used measure of this construct, but it remains unclear what exactly the MacArthur ladder measures. PURPOSE The present research sought to explore the social and economic factors that underlie responses to the MacArthur ladder and its relationship to health. METHODS We investigated this issue by examining the relationship between scores on the MacArthur ladder and measures of economic circumstances and noneconomic social status, as well as health and well-being measures, in healthy adults in the USA. RESULTS In three studies (total N = 1,310) we found evidence that economic circumstances and social status are distinct constructs that have distinct associations with scores on the MacArthur ladder. We found that both factors exhibit distinct associations with measures of health and well-being and accounted for the association between the MacArthur ladder and each measure of health and well-being. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the MacArthur ladder's robust predictive validity may result from the fact that it measures two factors-economic circumstances and social status-that are each independently associated with health outcomes. These findings provide a novel perspective on the large body of literature that uses the MacArthur ladder and suggests health researchers should do more to disentangle the social and economic aspects of subjective socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Galvan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - B Keith Payne
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason Hannay
- University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Keely A Muscatell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Wang Y, Xu S, Chen Y, Liu H. A decline in perceived social status leads to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults half a year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic: consideration of the mediation effect of perceived vulnerability to disease. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1217264. [PMID: 37547198 PMCID: PMC10402898 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1217264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose In December 2019, Wuhan, Hubei, China firstly reported the existence of the COVID-19 virus. It is crucial to prioritize the psychological well-being of citizens in lockdown cities and make more strides in the academic field of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to prepare for the post-pandemic era. Methods We took the cognitive-relational theory as our basis and collected Hubei province-level data (N = 3,465) to examine the impact of perceived social status decline on the prevalence of PTSD symptoms, and checked the mediating effect of perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) during the period of psychological adjustment. Results Using propensity score matching, we estimate the average treatment effect of perceived social status decline on PTSD level, and we robustly regress the two with weight adjustment generated in matching. We found that more decline in perceived social status is associated with a worse degree of PTSD symptoms, and confirmed PVD's buffering role although the mediating effect was not as high as hypothesized. Conclusion and implications Our study confirmed the decisive role of subject social status in health prediction compared to traditional socioeconomic measures, which extends the cognitive-relational in examining socioeconomic status and contributes to the dialog on socioeconomic inequality. We also suggested providing more social support at the community level and enhancing individuals' positive understanding to protect mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Wang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuge Xu
- School of Sociology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijuan Liu
- School of Sociology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Worthen M, Menchaca J, Laine M. An intersectional approach to understanding the correlates of depression in college students: Discrimination, social status, and identity. J Am Coll Health 2023; 71:1220-1231. [PMID: 34252348 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1926261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of bearing multiple marginalized identities, experiencing discrimination and perceived social status on the prevalence of depression in college students using an intersectional approach. PARTICIPANTS Public health students at a diverse urban public university in Northern California (N = 338, response rate = 85%; 77% women, mean age 22). METHODS We used a cross-sectional survey to assess demographics, depression, discrimination and social standing using validated scales and estimate the relations between depression and co-factors. RESULTS 25.4% of students reported depression. Discrimination was associated with a higher level of depression and more severe symptoms. Higher perceived social status was associated with a lower level of depression and less severe symptoms. Hispanic/Latinx first generation women had three times the prevalence of depression as non-Hispanic/Latinx non-first generation men and there was a significant disparity in depression severity. CONCLUSIONS Intersectional approaches can shed light on the experiences of marginalized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Worthen
- Public Health & Recreation, San José State University, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Justin Menchaca
- Public Health & Recreation, San José State University, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Michelle Laine
- Public Health & Recreation, San José State University, San Jose, California, USA
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Zhao M, Huang CC, Mendoza M, Tovar X, Lecca L, Murray M. Subjective socioeconomic status: an alternative to objective socioeconomic status. BMC Med Res Methodol 2023; 23:73. [PMID: 36977997 PMCID: PMC10044732 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-023-01890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective "ladder" measurements of socio-economic status (SES) are easy-to-administer tools that ask respondents to rate their own SES, allowing them to evaluate their own material resources and determine where it places them relative to their community. Here, we sought to compare the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social status to the WAMI, an objective measure of SES that includes data on water and sanitation, asset ownership, education, and income. METHODS Leveraging a study of 595 tuberculosis patients in Lima, Peru, we compared the MacArthur ladder score to the WAMI score using weighted Kappa scores and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. We identified outliers that fell outside the 95th percentile and assessed the durability of the inconsistencies between scores by re-testing a subset of participants. We then used Akaike information criterion (AIC) to compare the predictability of logistic regression models evaluating the association between the two SES scoring systems and history of asthma. RESULTS The correlation coefficient between the MacArthur ladder and WAMI scores was 0.37 and the weighted Kappa was 0.26. The correlation coefficients differed by less than 0.04 and the Kappa ranged from 0.26 to 0.34, indicating fair agreement. When we replaced the initial MacArthur ladder scores with retest scores, the number of individuals with disagreements between the two scores decreased from 21 to 10 and the correlation coefficient and weighted Kappa both increased by at least 0.03. Lastly, we found that when we categorized WAMI and MacArthur ladder scores into three groups, both had a linear trend association with history of asthma with effect sizes and AICs that differed by less than 15% and 2 points, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated fair agreement between the MacArthur ladder and WAMI scores. The agreement between the two SES measurements increased when they were further categorized into 3-5 categories, the form in which SES is often used in epidemiologic studies. The MacArthur score also performed similarly to WAMI in predicting a socio-economically sensitive health outcome. Researchers should consider subjective SES tools as an alternative method for measuring SES, particularly in large health studies where data collection is a burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Zhao
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Ximena Tovar
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Leonid Lecca
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Socios En Salud, Lima, 15001, Peru
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Moss RH, Kelly B, Bird PK, Nutting HZ, Pickett KE. Turning their backs on the 'ladder of success'? Unexpected responses to the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:11. [PMID: 36864923 PMCID: PMC9971696 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18655.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Subjective social status measures a person's perception of their social class relative to other people and has theoretically and empirically been positively associated with health and wellbeing. A widely used measure of this construct is the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, which asks people to report their social status by placing themselves on a ladder which represents the social hierarchy of their society or community; the scale has been used with many different populations across many countries. In this research note, we describe two cases where we encountered unexpected reactions to the MacArthur Scale that we believe highlight (a) the salience of relative social status for people's wellbeing in contemporary society and (b) the concomitant sensitivities raised by measuring this subjective experience. We discuss the implications of these observations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H. Moss
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Philippa K. Bird
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7FT, UK
| | - Hannah Z. Nutting
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
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Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES; or social class) is considered an important determinant of psychological and life outcomes. Despite this importance, how to appropriately conceive of and measure it remains unsettled. In this article, I argue that SES is, under conventional conceptions of the construct, an unmeasurable construct and present an alternative strategy for studying socioeconomic conditions. I make this argument using several lines of analysis. First, a literature review of 20 years of psychological research on SES reveals that psychologists rarely define SES theoretically (79.6% of articles did not) but call a great number of operationalizations measures of SES (147 in total). Second, current recommendations for studying SES permit contradictory predictions, rendering the recommendations unsatisfactory. Third, the appropriate measurement model for SES inhibits accumulation of results across studies, which makes studying the construct practically impossible. To rectify these issues, I reconceptualize SES as a set of socioeconomic conditions and develop a measurement strategy for studying these conditions. I conclude by considering implications for ongoing research on socioeconomic conditions and for interpreting past research on SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Antonoplis
- Stephen Antonoplis, Department of
Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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14
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Moss RH, Kelly B, Bird PK, Nutting HZ, Pickett KE. Turning their backs on the 'ladder of success'? Unexpected responses to the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:11. [PMID: 36864923 PMCID: PMC9971696 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18655.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Subjective social status measures a person's perception of their social class relative to other people and has theoretically and empirically been positively associated with health and wellbeing. A widely used measure of this construct is the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, which asks people to report their social status by placing themselves on a ladder which represents the social hierarchy of their society or community; the scale has been used with many different populations across many countries. In this research note, we describe two cases where we encountered unexpected reactions to the MacArthur Scale that we believe highlight (a) the salience of relative social status for people's wellbeing in contemporary society and (b) the concomitant sensitivities raised by measuring this subjective experience. We discuss the implications of these observations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H. Moss
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Philippa K. Bird
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS9 7FT, UK
| | - Hannah Z. Nutting
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
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15
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Silverstein MJ, Herress J, Ostrowski-Delahanty S, Stavropoulos V, Kassam-Adams N, Daly BP. Associations between parent posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and later child PTSS: Results from an international data archive. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1620-1630. [PMID: 35932449 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extant literature indicates that parent and child posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are associated. However, the magnitude of this association at different time points and in the context of covariates has been difficult to quantify due to the methodological limitations of past studies, including small sample sizes. Using data from the Prospective studies of Acute Child Trauma and Recovery Data Archive, we harmonized participant-level parent and child data from 16 studies (N = 1,775 parent-child dyads) that included prospective assessment of PTSS during both the acute and later posttrauma periods (i.e., 1-30 days and 3-12 months after exposure to a potentially traumatic event, respectively). Parent and child PTSS demonstrated small-to-moderate cross-sectional, ρs = .22-.27, 95% CI [.16, .32], and longitudinal associations, ρ = .30, CI [.23, .36]. Analyses using actor-partner interdependence models revealed that parent PTSS during the acute trauma period predicted later child PTSS. Regression analyses demonstrated that parent gender did not moderate the association between parent and child PTSS. The findings suggest that parent PTSS during the acute and later posttrauma periods may be one of a constellation of risk factors and indicators for child PTSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Herress
- Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy Kassam-Adams
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian P Daly
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sims KD, Batty GD, Smit E, Hystad PW, McGregor JC, Odden MC. Discrimination, Mediating Psychosocial or Economic Factors, and Antihypertensive Treatment: A 4-Way Decomposition Analysis in the Health and Retirement Study. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:1710-1721. [PMID: 35689640 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Untested psychosocial or economic factors mediate associations between perceived discrimination and suboptimal antihypertensive therapy. This study included 2 waves of data from Health and Retirement Study participants with self-reported hypertension (n = 8,557, 75% non-Hispanic White, 15% non-Hispanic Black, and 10% Hispanic/Latino) over 4 years (baselines of 2008 and 2010, United States). Our primary exposures were frequency of experiencing discrimination, in everyday life or across 7 lifetime circumstances. Candidate mediators were self-reported depressive symptoms, subjective social standing, and household wealth. We evaluated with causal mediation methods the interactive and mediating associations between each discrimination measure and reported antihypertensive use at the subsequent wave. In unmediated analyses, everyday (odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78, 0.95) and lifetime (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.98) discrimination were associated with a lower likelihood of antihypertensive use. Discrimination was associated with lower wealth, greater depressive symptoms, and decreased subjective social standing. Estimates for associations due to neither interaction nor mediation resembled unmediated associations for most discrimination-mediator combinations. Lifetime discrimination was indirectly associated with reduced antihypertensive use via depressive symptomatology (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.00). In conclusion, the impact of lifetime discrimination on the underuse of antihypertensive therapy appears partially mediated by depressive symptoms.
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Cisłak A, Wójcik A, Białobrzeska O. Social position and personal versus social focus: A multinational study of managerial values. Soc Psychol Bull 2022; 17:e8265. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.8265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Managerial positions involve influencing others, hence the importance of studying the standards guiding managers' attitudes, decisions, and behavior. Drawing on structural theories and psychological findings on the effects of subjective social status, we predict that holding a managerial position is related to individual value structure via self-perceived social rank of those in managerial positions. We argue that holding a managerial position is associated positively with prioritizing values reflecting personal focus (self-enhancement and openness to change value types) and, as a consequence, negatively with prioritizing values reflecting social focus (self-transcendence and conservation value types). Using data from the European Social Survey 2012 (N = 48,105) from 29 countries, we found a mediating effect of subjective social status between holding a managerial position and personal versus social focus not moderated by the country context. We discuss the implications of these findings for psychological theories of social hierarchy and managerial practice.
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Jackson P, Goodin BR, Long DL, Jablonski R, Penn TM, Sims AM, Quinn T, Overstreet DS, Kempf MC, Rumble DD, Aroke EN. The Area Deprivation Index Corresponds Effectively With Other Measures of Objective Socioeconomic Status in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain. J Nurs Meas 2022; 30:433-448. [PMID: 34518395 PMCID: PMC10472843 DOI: 10.1891/jnm-d-20-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: How the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) performs compared to other measures of socioeconomic status (SES) is unknown. The study purpose is to compare the ADI and other measures of SES in their ability to predict pain severity/interference. Methods: Four measures of SES were compared-ADI, income, education, and subjective social status (SSS). Results: Pain severity/interference correlated positively with ADI (r = .396/r = .33), and negatively with income (r = -.507/r = -.428) and education (r = -.271/r = -.102). Criterion scores of the pain severity model suggest income performs best (AIC = 428.29/BIC = 436.22), followed by ADI (AIC = 437.24/BIC = 445.17), with education performing least well (AIC = 446.35/BIC = 454.29). Similar results were seen for the pain interference model. Conclusions: Neighborhood-level factors warrant consideration along with individual-level factors when attempting to understand the impact of SES on chronic low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D Leann Long
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | - Tammie Quinn
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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19
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Blevins EJ, Todd NR. Remembering where we're from: Community- and individual-level predictors of college students' White privilege awareness. Am J Community Psychol 2022; 70:60-74. [PMID: 34935150 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Scholars in the field of community psychology have called for more research dedicated to examining White privilege as part of a system of White supremacy in the United States. One branch of this work focuses on awareness of White privilege, yet to date, this research has typically investigated awareness of White privilege at individual levels of analysis instead of also focusing on neighborhoods, schools, and other levels of analysis beyond the individual. In this study, we combine survey and U.S. Census data to explore both individual- and community-level predictors of White privilege awareness. With a sample of 1285 White college students, we found that gender, modern racism, social dominance orientation, and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) significantly predicted White privilege awareness. After accounting for these individual-level variables, we found that characteristics of students' hometowns (defined by zip code) predicted White privilege awareness. Specifically, greater income inequality was associated with higher White privilege awareness, while greater White racial homogeneity was marginally associated with lower White privilege awareness. There was a significant interaction between community-level White racial homogeneity and individual-level subjective SES, such that students with high subjective SES and low White racial homogeneity had the highest White privilege awareness. This study highlights the importance of examining different facets of ecological context in relation to White Americans' racial attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Blevins
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan R Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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20
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Muhammad T, Sekher TV, Srivastava S. Association of objective and subjective socioeconomic markers with cognitive impairment among older adults: cross-sectional evidence from a developing country. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052501. [PMID: 35981779 PMCID: PMC9394209 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored how various markers of objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with cognitive impairment among older Indian adults. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted using large nationally representative survey data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANT This study used data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017-2018). The sample included 31 464 older adults aged 60 years and above. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome variable was cognitive impairment, measured through broad domains of memory, orientation, arithmetic function, and visuo-spatial and constructive skills. We estimated descriptive statistics and presented cross-tabulations of the outcome. Χ2 test was used to evaluate the significance level of differences in cognitive impairment by subjective (ladder) and objective SES measures (monthly per-capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) quintile, education and caste status). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to fulfil the objectives. RESULTS A proportion of 41.7% and 43.4% of older adults belonged to low subjective (ladder) and objective (MPCE) SES, respectively. Older adults with low subjective (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.04; p<0.05) and objective SES (aOR: 1.32; p<0.05) had higher odds of having cognitive impairment in comparison with their counterparts, with a stronger subjective SES-cognitive impairment association. Older adults with lower education or belonged to lower caste had higher odds of cognitive impairment than their counterparts. Interaction analyses revealed that older adults who belonged to lower subjective and objective (poorest MPCE quintile, Scheduled Castes and lowest education) SES had 2.45 (CI: 1.77 to 3.39), 4.56 (CI: 2.97 to 6.98) and 54.41 (CI: 7.61 to 388.93) higher odds of cognitive impairment than those from higher subjective and objective SES, respectively. CONCLUSION Subjective measures of SES were linked to cognitive outcomes, even more strongly than objective measures of SES; considering the relative ease of obtaining such measures, subjective SES measures are a promising target for future study on socioeconomic indicators of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muhammad
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - T V Sekher
- Department of Family & Generations, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhit Srivastava
- Department of Survey Research & Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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21
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Schneider W, Schenck-Fontaine A. Growing up unequal: Objective and subjective economic disparities and authoritarian parenting. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 130:105332. [PMID: 34627622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is evidence of economic disparities in parents' financial and time investments in children, little existing empirical work has considered the disparities in authoritarian parenting, a risk for child maltreatment. Similarly, existing research has largely focused on the role of objective markers of socioeconomic status (SES), although perceived subjective social status (SSS) may be equally powerful in shaping disparities in parenting behaviors. DATA This article draws on 30 years of General Social Survey data to examine the association between objective socioeconomic status and subjective social status and parents' endorsement of authoritarian parenting practices. METHODS We model the association between parents' SES and SSS and approval of authoritarian parenting practices estimated with odds ratios from logistic regressions and examine parental race as a potential moderator. RESULTS We find that SES and SSS are both associated with increased odds of endorsing authoritarian parenting, that SSS-based disparities are independent of SES, and that white parents' parenting may be more influenced by both SES and SSS than Black parents' parenting. CONCLUSIONS This work provides evidence that SES not only drives gaps in parental investments in children, but also gaps in their endorsement of authoritarian parenting. This is important because authoritarian parenting is not only directly associated with adverse outcomes for children, but is also associated with an increased risk for child maltreatment. It also expands the existing literature by showing that subjective measures of social status are important and distinct from objective measures of SES, and that these associations vary by race.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Schneider
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America.
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22
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Sumerlin TS, Kwok TCY, Goggins WB, Yuan J, Kwong EMS, Leung J, Kim JH. The effect of subjective social status on health-related quality of life decline in urban Chinese older adults: a four-year longitudinal study from Hong Kong. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:619. [PMID: 35883050 PMCID: PMC9316660 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is becoming a major focus of old age care and social policy. Researchers have been increasingly examining subjective social status (SSS), one’s self-perceived social position, as a predictor of various health conditions. SSS encompasses not only concrete socio-economic (SES) factors but also intangible aspects of status. This study’s main objective was to examine the association between SSS and long-term change in HRQOL in older Chinese adults. Methods A longitudinal Hong Kong study recruited 2934 community-dwelling adults (age > 65 years). Participants completed SF-12 physical health (PCS) and mental health (MCS) HRQOL scales. This study analyzed baseline SSS-Society (self-perceived social status within Hong Kong) and SSS-Community (self-perceived status within one’s own social network) as predictors of long-term HRQOL decline. After stratifying for sex, multiple-linear-regression was performed on 4-year follow-up SF-12 PCS and MCS scores after adjusting for baseline SF-12 scores, traditional SES indicators, demographic variables, clinical conditions, and lifestyle variables. Results In the multivariable analyses, lower SSS-Society was associated with declines in MCS in males (βstandardized = 0.08, p = 0.001) and declines in PCS (βstandardized = 0.07, p = 0.006) and MCS (βstandardized = 0.12, p < 0.001) in females. SSS-Community was associated with declines in PCS in males (βstandardized = 0.07, p = 0.005) and MCS in females (βstandardized = 0.14, p < 0.001). Conclusions SSS may be a useful supplementary tool for predicting risk of long-term HRQOL decline in older Chinese adults. Strategies to reduce perceived social inequalities may improve HRQOL in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Sumerlin
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy C Y Kwok
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - William B Goggins
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinqiu Yuan
- Clinical Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Elizabeth M S Kwong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Leung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jean H Kim
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, The New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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23
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Kempel MK, Winding TN, Böttcher M, Andersen JH. Subjective social status and cardiometabolic risk markers in young adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 137:105666. [PMID: 35038663 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low subjective social status (SSS), the perceived status in the social hierarchy, is associated with cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged and older adults. However, most studies are cross-sectional and very little is known about the association in adolescence and young adulthood. The aims of this study were; a) to prospectively investigate the association between SSS at ages 15 and 28 and cardiometabolic risk at age 28-30 and b) to examine if such an association was independent of smoking, physical activity and objective measures of social position. METHODS The study used questionnaire information at ages 15 and 28 from the West Jutland Cohort Study (N = 3681), health measurements from a sub-sample of the cohort (N = 264, age 28-30, 50% women) and information from population-based national registers. The independent variable was a measure of SSS evaluated by a 10-rung ladder scale and dichotomized at the 25th percentile of data from the cohort study population. The outcome measure was a composite score of cardiometabolic risk including measures of lipids, inflammation, blood pressure and glucose-metabolism. Co-variates included smoking, physical activity, childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position. Sex-stratified linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between SSS and cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS In both sexes, low SSS at age 28, but not at age 15, was significantly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk at age 28-30. Neither smoking, physical activity, childhood or adulthood objective socioeconomic position fully explained the associations. CONCLUSION In young adulthood, SSS was inversely related to cardiometabolic risk after accounting for smoking, physical activity and objective measures of socioeconomic position. These findings suggest that SSS could play a role in the social disparities in cardiometabolic risk in addition to traditional measures of socioeconomic position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Klinkvort Kempel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Occupational Medicine - University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark.
| | - Trine Nøhr Winding
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Occupational Medicine - University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - Morten Böttcher
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Cardiovascular Research Unit - University Research Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
| | - Johan Hviid Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Occupational Medicine - University Research Clinic, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Goedstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark
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24
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Varghese JS, Hall RW, Adair LS, Patel SA, Martorell R, Belleza DE, Kroker-Lobos MF, Lee NR, Nyati LH, Ramirez-Zea M, Richter LM, Stein AD. Subjective social status is associated with happiness but not weight status or psychological distress: An analysis of three prospective birth cohorts from low- and middle-income countries. Wellbeing Space Soc 2022; 3:None. [PMID: 36518911 PMCID: PMC9732742 DOI: 10.1016/j.wss.2022.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective social status (SSS, perception of social position relative to a frame of reference) has been associated with physical, mental and socio-emotional wellbeing. However, these associations may be susceptible to unmeasured confounding by life course objective socio-economic position (SEP; such as wealth, education and employment) and life satisfaction. PURPOSE To estimate the association of position on ladders of perceived community respect and perceived economic status with weight, distress and wellbeing, independent of objective SEP in cohorts from three low and middle-income countries. METHODS We used data from birth cohorts in Guatemala (n = 1258), Philippines (n = 1323) and South Africa (n = 1393). We estimated the association of perceived community respect and perceived economic status with body mass index (kg/m2), the World Health Organization's Self-Reported Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) for psychological distress, and Lyubomirsky's Subjective Happiness Scale. We estimated these associations using robust linear regression models adjusting for indicators of life course objective SEP, early life characteristics, adult covariates, and life satisfaction. RESULTS Participants in South Africa (age 27-28y) rated themselves higher on average for both the respect (7 vs 5 in Guatemala and 6 in Philippines) and economic (5 vs 3 in Guatemala and 4 in Philippines) ladder measures. Position on neither community respect nor economic ladders were associated with BMI or psychological distress. Higher position on community respect (Guatemala: 0.03, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.04; Philippines: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.05; South Africa: 0.07, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.09) and economic (Guatemala: 0.02, 95%CI: 0, 0.04; Philippines: 0.04, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.07; South Africa: 0.07, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.10) ladders were associated with greater happiness. CONCLUSIONS Subjective social status showed small but consistent associations with happiness in birth cohorts independent of life-course SEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithin Sam Varghese
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Waford Hall
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linda S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shivani A Patel
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Reynaldo Martorell
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Delia E. Belleza
- Department of Psychology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Maria F Kroker-Lobos
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (CIIPEC), Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Nanette R. Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Lukhanyo H. Nyati
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (CIIPEC), Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Linda M Richter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aryeh D. Stein
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Do HP, Baker PRA, Van Vo T, Murray A, Murray L, Valdebenito S, Eisner M, Tran BX, Dunne MP. Intergenerational effects of violence on women's perinatal wellbeing and infant health outcomes: evidence from a birth cohort study in Central Vietnam. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:648. [PMID: 34556095 PMCID: PMC8461881 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Girls exposed to violence have a high risk of being victimized as adults and are more likely than non-abused women to have children who are treated violently. This intergenerational transmission may be especially serious when women suffer violence during pregnancy and early motherhood, as it impairs maternal wellbeing and infant health and development. This study examined the intergenerational effects of being exposed to childhood maltreatment (CM) and prenatal intimate partner violence (p-IPV) on perinatal mental distress and birth outcomes in central Vietnam. METHODS A birth cohort study in Hue City, Vietnam was conducted with 150 women in the third trimester of pregnancy (Wave 1) and 3 months after childbirth (Wave 2). Using multivariable logistic regression models, augmented inverse-probability-weighted estimators and structural equation modelling (SEM), we analyzed a theoretical model by evaluating adjusted risk differences and pathways between CM, p-IPV and subsequent perinatal adversity and indicators of infant health problems. RESULTS One in two pregnant women experienced at least one form of CM (55.03%) and one in ten pregnant women experienced both CM and p-IPV (10.67%). Mothers who experienced p-IPV or witnessed IPV as a child were approximately twice as likely to experience poor mental health during pregnancy [ARR 1.94, 95% CI (1.20-3.15)]. Infants had a two-fold higher risk of adverse birth outcomes (low birth weight, preterm birth, admission to neonatal intensive care) [ARR 2.45 95% CI (1.42, 4.25)] if their mothers experienced any form of p-IPV, with greater risk if their mothers were exposed to both CM and p-IPV [ARR 3.45 95% CI (1.40, 8.53)]. Notably, significant pathways to p-IPV were found via adverse childhood experience (ACE) events (β = 0.13), neighborhood disorder (β = 0.14) and partner support (β = - 1.3). CONCLUSION These results emphasize the detrimental and prolonged nature of the effect of violence during childhood and pregnancy. Exposure to childhood maltreatment and violence during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal mental health difficulties and adverse birth outcomes. Antenatal care systems need to be responsive to women's previous experiences of violence and maternal mental health. The significant protective role of partner support and social support should also be considered when designing tailored interventions to address violence during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Phuc Do
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Philip R. A. Baker
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thang Van Vo
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
- Faculty of Public Health, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Aja Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Linda Murray
- College of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sara Valdebenito
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael P. Dunne
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Highlander AR, Jones DJ. Integrating Objective and Subjective Social Class to Advance Our Understanding of Externalizing Problem Behavior in Children and Adolescents: A Conceptual Review and Model. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 25:300-315. [PMID: 34533656 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-021-00369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extant research has identified both objective measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and subjective social class (SSC) as important predictors of psychosocial outcomes in childhood and adolescence, particularly with regard to externalizing symptoms. Given the importance of the associations with SES and SSC, a more nuanced and integrated conceptual understanding of early pathways of vulnerability implicated in the development and maintenance of youth externalizing problems is warranted. Thus, this review will: (1) operationalize both SES and SSC and their current standards of measurement; (2) examine current literature describing their respective associations with a range of externalizing symptoms in both children and adolescents; (3) review current theoretical models connecting SES and SSC and youth development and the strengths and limitations of those approaches; (4) propose a new conceptual socioecological model situating the impact of SES and SSC on youth externalizing problems in the context of parents and peers as a framework to further integrate existing research and guide future work; and (5) discuss potential clinical implications at the intersection of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- April R Highlander
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deborah J Jones
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Varghese JS, Hall RW, DiGirolamo AM, Martorell R, Ramirez-Zea M, Stein AD. Socioeconomic position over the life-course and subjective social status in relation to nutritional status and mental health among Guatemalan adults. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100880. [PMID: 34377763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We study how life course objective socioeconomic position (SEP) predicts subjective social status (SSS) and the extent to which SSS mediates the association of objective SEP with nutritional status and mental health outcomes. Methods We use data from participants of the INCAP Longitudinal Study 1969–2018 (n = 1258) from Guatemala. We use the MacArthur ladder for two measures of SSS - perceived community respect and perceived economic status. We estimate the association of SSS with health outcomes after adjusting for early life characteristics and life course objective SEP (wealth, schooling, employment) using linear regression. We use path analysis to study the extent of mediation by SSS on the health outcomes of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), psychological distress (using the WHO Self-Reported Questionnaire; SRQ-20) and happiness, using the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Results Median participant rating was 5 [IQR: 3–8] for the perceived community respect and 3 [IQR: 1–5] for the perceived economic status, with no differences by sex. Objective SEP in early life and adulthood were predictive of both measures of SSS in middle adulthood as well as health outcomes (BMI, SRQ-20 and SHS). Perceived community respect (z-scores; 1 z = 3.1 units) was positively associated with happiness (0.13, 95 % CI: 0.07, 0.19). Perceived economic status (z-scores; 1 z = 2.3 units) was inversely associated with psychological distress (−0.28, 95 % CI: −0.47, −0.09). Neither measure of SSS was associated with BMI. Neither perceived community respect nor perceived economic status attenuated associations of objective SEP with health outcomes on inclusion as a mediator. Conclusions Subjective social status was independently associated with happiness and psychological distress in middle adulthood after adjusting for objective SEP. Moreover, association of objective SEP with health was not mediated by SSS, suggesting potentially independent pathways. Subjective social status (SSS) is a self-appraisal of one's objective measures of socio-economic position (SEP; such as education and wealth) and social identity relative to their community. Perceived community respect and perceived economic status were positively associated with happiness and inversely associated with psychological distress respectively. Neither measure of SSS were associated with body mass index. The associations of objective SEP measures with health outcomes were not attenuated after adjusting for SSS, suggesting independent pathways.
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Key Words
- BMI, Body mass index
- FIML, Full Information Maximum Likelihood
- Happiness
- INCAP, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama
- IQR, Interquartile Range
- LMIC, Low- and middle-income country
- MAR, Missing at Random
- MI, Multiple imputation
- MacArthur ladder
- Perceived social status
- Psychological distress
- Psychosocial framework
- Relative deprivation
- SEP, socio-economic position
- SRQ-20, World Health Organization Self-Reported Questionnaire-20
- SSS, Subjective social status
- Subjective status
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28
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Aroke EN, Jackson P, Overstreet DS, Penn TM, Rumble DD, Kehrer CV, Michl AN, Hasan FN, Sims AM, Quinn T, Long DL, Goodin BR. Race, Social Status, and Depressive Symptoms: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Chronic Low Back Pain Interference and Severity. Clin J Pain 2020; 36:658-66. [PMID: 32487870 DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is the leading cause of disability, with a significant societal cost. It disproportionately affects non-Hispanic blacks and individuals of lower socioeconomic status. The biopsychosocial framework has been used to study and manage cLBP, yet disparities persist. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether self-identified race moderated the relationship between perceived social status and cLBP outcomes (pain interference and pain severity) and investigate whether race moderated the indirect relationship between perceived social status and pain outcomes via depressive symptoms. METHODS Fifty-seven blacks and 48 whites with cLBP were recruited as part of a large ongoing study. Depressive symptoms, objective and subjective measures of socioeconomic status, and pain outcomes were measured. Hayes' moderated mediation model was used to estimate conditional direct and indirect relationship between these variables. RESULT On average black participants reported significantly more pain interference (4.12 [SD=2.65] vs. 2.95 [SD=2.13]) and severity (5.57 [SD=2.27] vs. 3.99 [SD=1.99]) than white participants, (P<0.05). Race moderated the association between perceived social status and pain interference: higher social status decreases pain interference for white participants, but that trend was not observed in black participants. Moreover, race moderated association of perceived social status with depressive symptoms (P<0.001); which mediates the effects of perceived social status on pain outcomes. CONCLUSION Higher perceived social status is associated with less severe depressive symptoms, which in turn is associated with less pain severity and less pain interference for whites but not for blacks with cLBP.
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McClain AC, Gallo LC, Mattei J. Subjective Social Status and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers by Intersectionality of Race/Ethnicity and Sex Among U.S. Young Adults. Ann Behav Med 2021; 56:442-460. [PMID: 33942845 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective social status (SSS) has shown inverse relationships with cardiometabolic risk, but intersectionalities of race/ethnicity and sex may indicate more nuanced relationships. PURPOSE To investigate associations of SSS with cardiometabolic risk markers by race/ethnicity and sex. METHODS Data were from Wave IV (2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 4,847; 24-32 years), which collected biological cardiometabolic risk markers. A 10-step ladder captured SSS; respondents indicated on which step they perceived they stood in relation to other people in the U.S. higher values indicated higher SSS (range: 1-10). We tested the relationship between SSS and individual markers using generalized least square means linear regression models, testing three-way interactions between SSS, race/ethnicity, and sex (p < .10) before stratification. RESULTS SSS-race/ethnicity-sex interactions were significantly associated with waist circumference (p ≤ .0001), body mass index (BMI; p ≤ .0001), systolic blood pressure (SBP; p ≤ .0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; p = .0004), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; p = .07). SSS was associated with waist circumference (β [SE]: -1.2 (0.4), p < .05) and BMI (-0.6 [0.2], p < .01) for non-Hispanic White females, compared with males; with HDL-C among non-Hispanic White (0.2 [0.1]; p < .05) and Hispanic (0.3 (0.1); p < .05) females, compared with males; with SBP for non-Hispanic Asian (1.7 [0.8]; p < .05) and Multiracial (1.8 [0.8]; p < .05), versus White, females; and with DBP for non-Hispanic Black (0.8 [0.3]; p < .01), versus White, males. CONCLUSIONS SSS was differentially related to cardiometabolic risk markers by race/ethnicity and sex, suggesting intersectional aspects. Clinical and research applications of SSS should consider race/ethnicity- and sex-specific pathways influencing cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C McClain
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Jiménez-Moya G, Luengo Kanacri BP, Cumsille P, Martínez ML, Berger C. You May Have My Help but Not Necessarily My Care: The Effect of Social Class and Empathy on Prosociality. Front Psychol 2021; 12:588017. [PMID: 33897519 PMCID: PMC8062701 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has focused on the relation between social class and prosocial behavior. However, this relation is yet unclear. In this work, we shed light on this issue by considering the effect of the level of empathy and the social class of the recipient of help on two types of prosociality, namely helping and caring. In one experimental study, we found that for high-class participants, empathy had a positive effect on helping, regardless of the recipient’s social class. However, empathy had no effect for low-class participants. When it comes to caring, empathy had a positive effect for both high and low-class participants, but only when the recipient of help belonged to the same social class. This highlights that empathy by itself is not sufficient to promote cooperative relations and that the social class of the recipient of help should be taken into account to shed light on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Jiménez-Moya
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Patricio Cumsille
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Loreto Martínez
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Berger
- School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Barradas S, Lucumi D, Agudelo DM, Mentz G. Socioeconomic position and quality of life among Colombian hypertensive patients: The mediating effect of perceived stress. Health Psychol Open 2021; 8:2055102921996934. [PMID: 33747537 PMCID: PMC7905733 DOI: 10.1177/2055102921996934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the relationships between socioeconomic position, perceived stress and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of patients with hypertension. Data were obtained using the baseline survey of 258 patients from the Social Determinants and Inequities in the Control of Blood Hypertension Program (ProDSICHA). HRQoL was measured with SF-8 Health Survey. Socioeconomic position was measured using education, and the MacArthur Scale. Stress was measured with Perceived Stress Scale. A higher educational level was associated with a higher perception of stress (Coeff = 0.78, p = 0.019). Also, a lower position in the community was associated with a higher perception of stress (Coeff = −0.56, p = 0.027). A higher level of perceived stress was associated with a higher level of mental health (Coeff = 0.64, p = 0.000). No statistical differences were found in the relations between socioeconomic position and physical HRQoL. These findings warrant further research to understand the role of socioeconomic position in physical HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barradas
- Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.,Universidad Externado de Colombia, Colombia
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32
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Bolló H, Háger DR, Galvan M, Orosz G. The Role of Subjective and Objective Social Status in the Generation of Envy. Front Psychol 2021; 11:513495. [PMID: 33384633 PMCID: PMC7770237 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.513495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Envy is a negative emotion experienced in response to another person’s higher status. However, little is known about the composition of its most important element: status. The present research investigates the two main forms of social status (objective and subjective) in the generation of envy. In Study 1, participants recounted real-life situations when they felt envious; in Study 2 we examined whether the effect was the same in a controlled situation. We consistently found that those who were the most respected in the eyes of others were envied more than the richest ones. Furthermore, perceived deservingness of the superior other’s success differentiated between benign and malicious envy. Although previous studies focused on material comparisons when investigating envy, our results indicate that envy is rather a subjective social status related emotion. Not material, but social advantage of the superior other causes the most painful envy and future studies should put more emphasis on this type of social comparison in envy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Bolló
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dzsenifer Roxána Háger
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Manuel Galvan
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Sherpas, France
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33
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Sosso FAE, Khoury T. Socioeconomic status and sleep disturbances among pediatric population: a continental systematic review of empirical research. Sleep Sci 2021; 14:245-256. [PMID: 35186203 PMCID: PMC8848532 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To this day, no consensus has been established on the definition and the conceptualization of the socioeconomic status (SES), since all the available studies on the relation between SES and health did not use the same conceptual framework and operationalization to assess SES. While literature reported that SES markers (such as income, social support networks, education, employment or occupation) influence the health of populations by shaping living conditions; empirical research does not tell us which SES markers affect more strongly the sleep components of the individuals, as well as which sleep disorders (SD) are affected and how. Even though several original studies have tried to assess how changes in socioeconomic status of parents may affect the psychosocial environment and mental health of an individual directly or through his community, no systematic reviews on the influence of SES on children's sleep are available. This systematic review make an update on the different measures of SES and sleep disturbances used for pediatric population across the different regions of the world. Recommendations for a future standardization of SES measures is proposed, for a better understanding of its influence on sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- FA Etindele Sosso
- Department on Global Health and Ecoepidemiology,Redavi Institute, Montréal, Canada. ,Corresponding author: FA Etindele Sosso E-mail:
| | - Tommy Khoury
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine - Montréal - Québec - Canada
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Karamihalev S, Brivio E, Flachskamm C, Stoffel R, Schmidt MV, Chen A. Social dominance mediates behavioral adaptation to chronic stress in a sex-specific manner. eLife 2020; 9:58723. [PMID: 33034286 PMCID: PMC7679136 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences and social context independently contribute to the development of stress-related disorders. However, less is known about how their interplay might influence behavior and physiology. Here we focused on social hierarchy status, a major component of the social environment in mice, and whether it influences behavioral adaptation to chronic stress in a sex-specific manner. We used a high-throughput automated behavioral monitoring system to assess social dominance in same-sex, group-living mice. We found that position in the social hierarchy at baseline was a significant predictor of multiple behavioral outcomes following exposure to chronic stress. Crucially, this association carried opposite consequences for the two sexes. This work demonstrates the importance of recognizing the interplay between sex and social factors and enhances our understating of how individual differences shape the stress response. Most people experience chronic stress at some point in their life, which may increase their chances of developing depression or anxiety. There is evidence that chronic stress may more negatively impact the well-being of women, placing them as higher risk of developing these mental health conditions. The biological factors that underlie these differences are not well understood, which leaves clinicians and scientists struggling to develop and provide effective treatments. The social environment has a powerful influence on how people experience and cope with stress. For example, a person’s social and socioeconomic status can change their perception of and reaction to everyday stress. Researchers have found differences in how men and women relate to their social standing. One way for scientists to learn more about the biological processes involved is to study the effect of social standing and chronic stress in male and female mice. Now, Karamihalev, Brivio et al. show that social status influences the behavior of stressed mice in a sex-specific way. In the experiments, an automated observation system documented the behavior of mice living in all female or male groups. Karamihalev, Brivio et al. determined where each animal fit into the social structure of their group. Then, they exposed some groups of mice to mild chronic stress and compared their behaviors to groups of mice housed in normal conditions. They found that both the sex and social status of each played a role in how they responded to stress. For example, subordinate males displayed more anxious behavior under stressful circumstances, while dominant females acted bolder and less anxious. More studies in mice are needed to understand the biological basis of these social- and sex-based differences in stress response. Learning more may help scientists understand why some individuals are more susceptible to the effects of stress and lead to the development of personalized prevention or treatment strategies for anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyo Karamihalev
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Brivio
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Flachskamm
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Stoffel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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35
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Tong L, Kawachi I. Experiences of discrimination and self-reported health in Chinese migrants: a structural equation model. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1477. [PMID: 32993614 PMCID: PMC7526124 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many migrants suffer from discrimination and poor health in China. We sought to examine the associations between experiences of discrimination and self-reported health among internal migrants in China, as well as the mediators of social integration and perceived stress. Methods The data was obtained from a specific survey of migrants, as a part of the National Health and Family Planning Dynamic Monitoring for Migrants conducted in 2014. A total of 15,999 migrants aged 15 to 59 years were recruited by a stratified, multistage clustered sampling procedure in eight Chinese cities. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted. Results The results indicated that experiences of discrimination were associated with worse self-reported health (β = − 0.32, P < 0.001), less social integration (β = − 0.25, P < 0.001), as well as higher perceived stress (β = 0.21, P < 0.01). Both objectively measured socioeconomic status (β = 0.21, P < 0.001) and subjective social status (β = 0.21, P < 0.01) had significantly positive correlations with self-reported health. Conclusions The discrimination, social exclusion and perceived stress experienced by migrants have significant implications on their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Tong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA. .,Key Laboratory Public Health Safety, Chinese Ministry of Education, P.O. Box 244, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adversity experienced during childhood manifests deleteriously across the lifespan. This study provides updated frequency estimates of ACEs using the most comprehensive and geographically diverse sample to date. METHODS ACEs data were collected via BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Data from a total of 211,376 adults across 34 states were analyzed. The ACEs survey is comprised of 8 domains: physical/emotional/sexual abuse, household mental illness, household substance use, household domestic violence, incarcerated household member, and parental separation/divorce. Frequencies were calculated for each domain and summed to derive mean ACE scores. Findings were weighted and stratified by demographic variables. Group differences were assessed by post-estimation F-tests. RESULTS Most individuals experienced at least one ACE (57.8%) with 21.5% experiencing 3+ ACEs. F-tests showed females had significantly higher ACEs than males (1.64 to 1.46). Multiracial individuals had a significantly higher ACEs (2.39) than all other races/ethnicities, while White individuals had significantly lower mean ACE scores (1.53) than Black (1.66) or Hispanic (1.63) individuals. The 25-to-34 age group had a significantly higher mean ACE score than any other group (1.98). Generally, those with higher income/educational attainment had lower mean ACE scores than those with lower income/educational attainment. Sexual minority individuals had higher ACEs than straight individuals, with significantly higher ACEs in bisexual individuals (3.01). CONCLUSION Findings highlight that childhood adversity is common across sociodemographic, yet higher in certain categories. Identifying at-risk populations for higher ACEs is essential to improving the health outcomes and attainment across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Giano
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University--Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th Street, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA.
| | - Denna L Wheeler
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University--Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th Street, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Randolph D Hubach
- Center for Rural Health, Oklahoma State University--Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W 17th Street, Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
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Cardel MI, Guo Y, Sims M, Dulin A, Miller D, Chi X, Pavela G, DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ. Objective and subjective socioeconomic status associated with metabolic syndrome severity among African American adults in Jackson Heart Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104686. [PMID: 32361636 PMCID: PMC7304382 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess independent associations between objective socioeconomic status (OSS) and subjective social status (SSS) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) severity and indicators among African American (AA) adults in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) at baseline (2000-2004) and eight-year follow-up (2009-2013). METHODS Participants included 1724 AA adults from the JHS cohort (64.4 % women; mean age 53.4 ± 11.8). Associations of OSS (annual household income and school years completed) and SSS (measured with MacArthur Scales) with sex- and race/ethnic-specific MetS severity Z-score were examined after adjustment for demographics and MetS risk factors (i.e., nutrition, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptoms) at baseline and eight-year follow-up. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Independent of OSS, demographic, psychosocial, and lifestyle factors, individuals with lower US-society SSS had more severe MetS at baseline. A significant interaction existed between sex and US-society SSS such that women with lower perceived social status had more severe MetS severity at baseline, and for every one unit increase in US-society SSS, MetS severity Z-score is estimated to decrease by 0.04. Components of MetS driving the relationship between US-society SSS and MetS severity at baseline were the inverse associations of SSS with glucose levels and the positive associations of SSS with HDL-C. Physical activity was independently associated with MetS severity at baseline, but not at eight-year follow-up. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Though subjective and objective measures of social status are independently associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and MetS severity among AA adults, SSS may be a stronger predictor of MetS severity than OSS, particularly among women. SSS should be considered in conjunction with OSS when exploring social determinants of cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I. Cardel
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0177, USA
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0177, USA.
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA.
| | - Akilah Dulin
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Box G-S121-8, 121 S. Main St., Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
| | - Darci Miller
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0177, USA.
| | - Xiaofei Chi
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0177, USA.
| | - Gregory Pavela
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Mark D. DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 800386, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908-0386, USA
| | - Matthew J. Gurka
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, PO Box 100177, Gainesville, Florida, 32610-0177, USA
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Carden LJ, Saini P, Seddon C, Evans E, Taylor PJ. Shame, social deprivation, and the quality of the voice-hearing relationship. Psychol Psychother 2020; 93:292-308. [PMID: 30729646 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many individuals hold different beliefs about the voices that they hear and have distinct relationships with them, the nature of which may determine the distress experienced. Understanding what factors contribute to these beliefs and relationships and consequently the resulting distress is important. The current research examined whether shame and social deprivation, in a sample of adult voice-hearers, were related to the relationships that individuals had with their voices or the beliefs that they held about them. DESIGN The study utilized a cross-sectional, Internet-based design. METHODS Eighty-seven adult voice-hearers from England were recruited to the online survey. Participants completed measures regarding shame, beliefs about voices, and relationships with voices and provided demographic information and postcodes that were used to refer to Index of Multiple Deprivation data. RESULTS Social deprivation and shame were not associated. Shame was positively associated with variables describing negative voice-hearing beliefs/relationships but not positive voice-hearing beliefs/relationships. Principal component analysis on the eight voice-hearing variables yielded two components related to positive and negative voice-hearing qualities. A multiple regression conducted on the two components identified that shame was only associated with negative voice-hearing qualities. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that therapies that target shame may be helpful when working with negative voice-hearing beliefs and relationships. Future research should utilize experimental or longitudinal designs to examine the direction of the relationship. PRACTITIONER POINTS The results contribute to the limited research evidence available regarding the relationship between shame and voice-hearing. The results suggest the utility of psychological therapies that focus on shame such as compassion-focused therapy and that conceptualize voices interpersonally such as cognitive analytic therapy. No conclusions can be made regarding causation. The sample size was relatively small, and results cannot be generalized to other areas of the United Kingdom. Future research should utilize experimental and longitudinal designs to examine the impact of shame on voice-hearing experiences and to examine other factors that may predict shame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Carden
- Single Point of Access, Mersey Care NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pooja Saini
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, NIHR CLAHRC NWC, University of Liverpool, UK.,Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Claire Seddon
- Liverpool Early Intervention Service, Mersey Care NHS Trust, UK
| | - Emma Evans
- Bootle Community Mental Health Team, Mersey Care NHS Trust, UK
| | - Peter James Taylor
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, UK
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Russell MA, Odgers CL. Adolescents' Subjective Social Status Predicts Day-to-Day Mental Health and Future Substance Use. J Res Adolesc 2020; 30 Suppl 2:532-544. [PMID: 30938467 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents' subjective social status (SSS) is associated with mental and behavioral health outcomes, independent of socioeconomic status (SES). Many previous findings, however, come from cross-sectional studies. We report results from a longitudinal study with 151 adolescents identified as at risk for early substance use and behavioral problems sampled from low-SES neighborhoods. We examined whether adolescent's SSS predicted mental health (depression, anxiety, and inattention/impulsivity) measured over 30 days via ecological momentary assessment and risk for substance use at an 18-month follow-up. Results showed that with each perceived step "up" the SSS ladder, adolescents experienced fewer mental health symptoms in daily life and lower future substance use risk after adjusting for objective SES and previous psychopathology. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Quiton RL, Leibel DK, Boyd EL, Waldstein SR, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Sociodemographic patterns of pain in an urban community sample: an examination of intersectional effects of sex, race, age, and poverty status. Pain 2020; 161:1044-51. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bøe T, Petrie KJ, Sivertsen B, Hysing M. Interplay of subjective and objective economic well-being on the mental health of Norwegian adolescents. SSM Popul Health 2019; 9:100471. [PMID: 31720359 PMCID: PMC6839012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) are important determinants of adolescent mental health problems, but we know less about how they interact. Research has demonstrated independent associations of both variables to mental health problems, but less is known about their relationship and role in adolescent mental health problems. Data from the youth@hordaland study, a survey of 9079 Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 were linked to official tax register information about household income, and was used to examine the relationship between perceived economic well-being and household income. We also investigated how perceptions of economic well-being interacted with household income in relation to adolescent mental health problems. The overall relationship between perceived and actual household income was relatively low (r = .33 [95% CI = 0.32–0.35], p < .001, although this relationship was somewhat higher in adolescents with either low or high household incomes. Low income and unfavorable perceptions of economic well-being were associated with most mental health problems. Importantly, the mental health benefits associated with higher income appeared to depend on the adolescents' perceptions of their family's relative economic position. The results show moderate associations between perceived economic well-being and household income and that the influence of perceived economic well-being on conduct- and peer problems depended on the level of household income. Symptoms of depression explained some of this association. Knowledge about how the adolescents feel about their relative economic standing may be potentially important information for adolescents with mental health problems, and additional work is needed to understand how adolescents establish perceptions of economic rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod Bøe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Bergen, Norway
| | - Keith J Petrie
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Bergen, Norway
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Mutyambizi C, Booysen F, Stornes P, Eikemo TA. Subjective social status and inequalities in depressive symptoms: a gender-specific decomposition analysis for South Africa. Int J Equity Health 2019; 18:87. [PMID: 31196102 PMCID: PMC6567634 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-019-0996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inequalities in mental health are a notable and well documented policy concern in many countries, including South Africa. Individuals’ perception of their position in the social hierarchy is strongly and negatively related to their mental health, whilst the global burden of poor mental health is greater amongst women. This paper offers a first glimpse of the factors that shape gender-based health inequalities across subjective social status. Methods This study employs the cross-sectional 2014 South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS). The prevalence of depressive symptoms is measured with the aid of the CES-D 8-item scale, with analyses disaggregated by gender. Concentration indices (CI) are used to measure inequalities in depressive symptoms related to subjective social status. The study applies the Wagstaff decomposition to determine the factors that contribute to these gender-based inequalities. Results More than 26% of the study sample had depressive symptoms (95% CI 24.92–28.07). The prevalence of depressive symptoms is significantly more pronounced in females (28.46% versus 24.38%; p = 0.011). The concentration index for depressive symptoms is − 0.276 (95% CI -0.341 – − 0.211), showing large inequalities across subjective social status. The observed SSS-related inequality in depressive symptoms however is higher for males (CI = -0.304) when compared to females (CI = -0.240) (p = 0.056). The most important contributor to SSS-related inequalities in depressive symptoms, at 61%, is subjective social status itself (contributing 82% in females versus 44% in males). Other variables that make large contributions to the inequalities in depressive symptoms at 11% each are race (contributing 2% in females versus 25% in males) and childhood conflict (contributing 17% in females versus 4% in males). Conclusion Policy makers should target a reduction in the positive contribution of SSS to depression via the implementation of programmes that improve social welfare. Given the much greater contribution to inequalities among females, these policies should target women. Policies that protect children and especially the girl child from conflict can also be useful in reducing inequalities in depression related to subjective social status during adulthood. Overall, there is need for a multi-sectoral approach to address these inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chipo Mutyambizi
- Research Use and Impact Assessment (RIA), Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), HSRC Building, 134 Pretorius Street, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Frederik Booysen
- School of Economic and Business Sciences (SEBS), University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Per Stornes
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje A Eikemo
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Rivenbark JG, Copeland WE, Davisson EK, Gassman-Pines A, Hoyle RH, Piontak JR, Russell MA, Skinner AT, Odgers CL. Perceived social status and mental health among young adolescents: Evidence from census data to cellphones. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:574-585. [PMID: 30802108 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents in the United States live amid high levels of concentrated poverty and increasing income inequality. Poverty is robustly linked to adolescents' mental health problems; however, less is known about how perceptions of their social status and exposure to local area income inequality relate to mental health. Participants consisted of a population-representative sample of over 2,100 adolescents (ages 10-16), 395 of whom completed a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. Participants' subjective social status (SSS) was assessed at the start of the EMA, and mental health symptoms were measured both at baseline for the entire sample and daily in the EMA sample. Adolescents' SSS tracked family, school, and neighborhood economic indicators (|r| ranging from .12 to .30), and associations did not differ by age, race, or gender. SSS was independently associated with mental health, with stronger associations among older (ages 14-16) versus younger (ages 10-13) adolescents. Adolescents with lower SSS reported higher psychological distress and inattention problems, as well as more conduct problems, in daily life. Those living in areas with higher income inequality reported significantly lower subjective social status, but this association was explained by family and neighborhood income. Findings illustrate that adolescents' SSS is correlated with both internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, and that by age 14 it becomes a unique predictor of mental health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William E Copeland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Rick H Hoyle
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University
| | | | - Michael A Russell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University
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Sempértegui GA, Knipscheer JW, Baliatsas C, Bekker MHJ. Symptom manifestation and treatment effectiveness, -obstacles and -facilitators in Turkish and Moroccan groups with depression in European countries: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2019; 247:134-155. [PMID: 30665076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the state of the art relevant for clinical practice on symptom manifestation of depression or depression-related idioms of distress, the treatment effectiveness and obstacles and facilitators for therapeutic success in Turkish and Moroccan immigrant populations with depression in Europe. METHODS We conducted a systematic search in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane databases (1970- 31 July 2017). Peer-reviewed studies, with adult populations, and an instrument assessing depressive symptoms met inclusion criteria and were evaluated following quality guidelines. RESULTS We included 13 studies on symptom manifestation, 6 on treatment effectiveness, and 17 on obstacles and facilitators, published between 2000 and 2017, from Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Sweden (n Turkish individuals = 11,533; n Moroccan individuals = 5278; n native individuals = 303,212). Both ethnic groups more often reported combined mood and somatic symptoms (and anxiety in the case of Turkish groups) than natives, and had higher levels of symptoms. There was no report on effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and there was weak evidence of the effectiveness of examined psychological treatments for depression in Turkish groups. No treatment has been examined in Moroccan groups. Salient obstacles to therapeutic success were socioeconomic problems, higher level of psychological symptoms at baseline, and negative attitudes towards psychotherapy. Possible facilitators were interventions attuned to social, cultural and individual needs. Results were most representative of first generation, low SES Turkish immigrant patients, and Moroccan-Dutch members of the general populations. CONCLUSION Turkish and Moroccan immigrants with depression presented a comorbid symptom profile with more intertwined depressive and somatic complaints. There were indications that the available therapies are insufficient for Turkish groups, but the current evidence is scarce and heterogeneous, and RCTs suffer from methodological limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Sempértegui
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen W Knipscheer
- Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, the Netherlands; Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christos Baliatsas
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Marrie H J Bekker
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
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Wetherall K, Robb KA, O'Connor RC. Social rank theory of depression: A systematic review of self-perceptions of social rank and their relationship with depressive symptoms and suicide risk. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:300-319. [PMID: 30594043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression can be debilitating, as well as a risk factor for self-harm and suicide. Social rank theory (SRT) suggests depression stems from feelings of defeat and entrapment that ensue from experiencing oneself to be of lower rank than others. This study aims to review the literature investigating the relationship between self-perceptions of social rank and depressive symptoms or suicidal ideation/behaviour. METHODS A keyword search of three psychological and medical databases was completed (Psychinfo, Medline, Web of Knowledge). Studies were quality assessed using established criteria. RESULTS An initial 1290 records were identified. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 70 remained measuring depressive symptoms (n = 68), self-harm (n = 3) and suicidal ideation (n = 3). The main measures assessing social rank were the social comparison scale (SCS; n = 32) and subjective social status (SSS, n = 32), with six additional papers including another measure of social rank. In univariate analyses, as perceptions of social rank decreased, depressive symptoms (and suicidal ideation/self-harm) increased. Multivariate analyses indicated that social rank may act as a psychosocial mechanism to explain the relationship between social factors (in particular socio-economic status) and depressive symptoms. Additionally, psychological variables, such as rumination or self-esteem, may mediate or moderate the relationship between social rank and depressive or suicidal symptoms. LIMITATIONS Study quality was variable and 89% of studies were cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS Although more prospective research is required, this review highlights the importance of understanding an individual's perception of their social position compared to others as it may lead to an enhanced understanding of the aetiology of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wetherall
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK.
| | - Kathryn A Robb
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
| | - Rory C O'Connor
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
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Abstract
While early exposure to poverty has been linked to decrements in children's behavior through underlying pathways of parenting stress and depression, extant research has typically relied on the use of objective measures of socioeconomic status (SES) to test these associations. However, children's development may be shaped by the ways that parents perceive social class, which may operate independently and differentially from objective SES. Using structural equation modeling, the present study explores relationships between parents' ratings of subjective social status (SSS), objective indicators of SES (income-to-needs ratio, education, employment status), and young children's (ages 0-3) behavior problems among 173 low-income families living in an urban area in the northeast United States. In addition, we consider whether parents' stress and depression underlie these associations. Results demonstrate negative relationships from both objective SES and SSS to parents' well-being. Moreover, in keeping with the Family Stress Model, we find that both SES and SSS are related to children's adjustment via parents' stress and depression; parents who have lower levels of education, are not employed, and who report lower SSS also report higher levels of stress, which in turn is related to higher levels of children's behavior problems. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test assumptions of the Family Stress Model using both subjective and objective indicators of social status, and one of few studies exploring linkages between parents' perceptions of SSS and children's behavior problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Roy
- University of Illinois - Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W. Harrison Rm 1046D, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Ashley Isaia
- University of Illinois - Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W. Harrison Rm 1046D, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Christine P. Li-Grining
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660
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Wang R, Feng Q, Dupre ME, Guo A, Qiu L, Hao L, Zhao Y, Gu D. Objective and subjective financial status and mortality among older adults in China. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 81:182-91. [PMID: 30597341 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The association between financial status and mortality in older adults is well documented. However, it is unclear whether the association may vary by objective and subjective indicators of financial status. To examine this issue, we used the latest four waves (2005, 2008/2009, 2011/2012, and 2014) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) of community-residing adults aged 65 and older (n = 25,954). Financial status was assessed using eight objective, subjective, and culturally-oriented measures to capture various dimensions of financial resources at older ages. Multivariate hazard models were used to examine how different indicators of financial status were associated with subsequent mortality in all older adults and by age, gender, and urban-rural residence. Results showed that higher financial status-either objective or subjective-was associated with lower risks of mortality. Subjective assessments of financial status had stronger associations with mortality than objective assessments. The patterns were generally similar between young-old (aged 65-79) and the oldest-old (aged 80+), between women and men, and between rural and urban areas. Together, the findings offer new evidence to help improve the socioeconomic gradient in mortality among older adults in China.
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Cardel MI, Tong S, Pavela G, Dhurandhar E, Miller D, Boles R, Haemer M. Youth Subjective Social Status (SSS) is Associated with Parent SSS, Income, and Food Insecurity but not Weight Loss Among Low-Income Hispanic Youth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1923-1930. [PMID: 30421861 PMCID: PMC6249075 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subjective social status (SSS), perceived rank in the social ladder, is associated with weight, but determinants of SSS in youth remain unknown. Relationships between youth SSS and income, food insecurity, parent SSS, and BMI change were investigated during an obesity intervention. METHODS Data came from a family-centered, community-based obesity intervention for low-income families. Parent and youth SSS were assessed using a validated, age-appropriate SSS scale. Food insecurity and socioeconomic factors were assessed in parents; child and parent weight-related data were measured at baseline and post intervention. RESULTS Participants included 110 primarily Hispanic (97%) low-income youth and their parents. Food insecurity was reported in 66.4% of families. Youth SSS was positively associated with parent SSS (P = 0.0014). In both parents and children, the association between income and SSS was moderated by food insecurity such that lower income was more strongly associated with lower SSS among food-insecure households (P = 0.0286 and P = 0.0327, respectively). Youth SSS was not associated with youth BMI reduction. CONCLUSIONS Youth SSS was not predictive of weight loss in this intervention. Intriguingly, the association between income and SSS was modified by food insecurity, suggesting that food insecurity shapes the contribution of socioeconomic factors to one's perceived social status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I. Cardel
- University of Florida, Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical
Informatics, PO Box 100147, Gainesville, FL 32610, 352-273-8811,
| | - Suhong Tong
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Biostatistics and
Informatics, Building 500, Room N2227A, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
80045
| | - Greg Pavela
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Health Behavior,
School of Public Health, 227K RPHB, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham,
AL 35294,
| | - Emily Dhurandhar
- Texas Tech University, Department of Kinesiology and Sport
Management, Box 43011, Lubbock, TX 79409, 806-834-6556,
| | - Darci Miller
- University of Florida, Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical
Informatics, PO Box 100147, Gainesville, FL 32610, 352-294-5980,
| | - Richard Boles
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of
Nutrition, 12631 East 17 Avenue, Mailstop F561, Aurora,
Colorado 80045, 303-724-3312,
| | - Matthew Haemer
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of
Nutrition, 12631 East 17 Avenue, Mailstop F561, Aurora,
Colorado 80045, 303-724-3312,
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Gagné T, Lee JGL, Steinmetz-Wood M, Frohlich KL. Methodological systematic review of studies on social inequalities in smoking among young adults: A field coming of age? Tob Control 2018; 28:566-573. [PMID: 30397029 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socioeconomic circumstances are critically important to addressing smoking. In young adulthood (ages 18-25), dynamic transitions in education, employment, family and housing complicate the measurement of socioeconomic circumstances. To better understand approaches to capturing these circumstances, this methodological systematic review examined how socioeconomic characteristics used to identify social inequalities in smoking among young adults are measured. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, ERIC and Sociological Abstracts, and used three prior reviews. We updated the search in March 2018. STUDY SELECTION Two reviewers independently screened peer-reviewed records from OECD countries published in English, French, German or Spanish after 1995 whose samples covered at least 1 year between the ages of 18 and 25. We included 89 of 1320 records. DATA EXTRACTION One reviewer extracted study characteristics, indicators used to operationalise socioeconomic circumstances and each indicator's relation to results on smoking (ie, significance and direction). We found 39 indicators of socioeconomic circumstances related to six broad domains. These indicators were used in 425 results. DATA SYNTHESIS We descriptively analysed the extracted data using evidence tables. Educational attainment was most common. Evidence of inequalities varied by indicator used. For example, there was inconsistent evidence regarding the role of parental characteristics and transition stages and insufficient evidence regarding personal income on smoking. CONCLUSION Despite its importance, studies have disproportionally examined inequalities among young adults using traditional indicators. The mismatch between young adults' life transitions and measurement strategies may attenuate evidence of inequalities. We suggest strategies to improve future measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gagné
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, and Center for Health Disparities, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Katherine L Frohlich
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Pride is a status-related self-conscious emotion. The present study aimed to investigate the nature of status behind pride in four studies with using the two-facet model of pride, status maintenance strategies and with differentiating subjective social status (SSS) and objective social status (OSS). In Studies 1 and 2, we used questionnaire methods with structural equation modeling (SEM) in order to identify the relationship patterns between SSS, OSS, status maintenance strategies and pride. In Studies 3 and 4, we used vignette method and SEM to identify these links. All four studies gave evidence for the SSS → prestige status maintenance strategy → authentic pride relationship pattern. Similarly consistent result was found regarding the dominance status maintenance strategy → hubristic pride link. Depending on the assessment method (questionnaire vs. vignette) and the evaluative frame of reference (self vs. other), OSS was related to either authentic and hubristic pride, only hubristic pride, or neither of them. Based on these results, one thing can be taken for granted: pride is a subjective status-related emotion. However, the present results suggest that it is not necessarily true for OSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Bolló
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, University of Eötvös Loránd, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, University of Eötvös Loránd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Tóth-Király
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, University of Eötvös Loránd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Eötvös Loránd, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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