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Li CH, Tsai ML, Chiou HY(C, Lin YC, Liao WT, Hung CH. Role of Macrophages in Air Pollution Exposure Related Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012337. [PMID: 36293195 PMCID: PMC9603963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation. The chronic inflammation of the airway is mediated by many cell types, cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators. Research suggests that exposure to air pollution has a negative impact on asthma outcomes in adult and pediatric populations. Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental risks to health, and it impacts the lungs' innate and adaptive defense systems. A major pollutant in the air is particulate matter (PM), a complex component composed of elemental carbon and heavy metals. According to the WHO, 99% of people live in air pollution where air quality levels are lower than the WHO air quality guidelines. This suggests that the effect of air pollution exposure on asthma is a crucial health issue worldwide. Macrophages are essential in recognizing and processing any inhaled foreign material, such as PM. Alveolar macrophages are one of the predominant cell types that process and remove inhaled PM by secreting proinflammatory mediators from the lung. This review focuses on macrophages and their role in orchestrating the inflammatory responses induced by exposure to air pollutants in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying (Clair) Chiou
- Teaching and Research Center of Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); or (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2791) (W.-T.L.); +886-7-311-5140 (C.-H.H.); Fax: +886-7-312-5339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-321-3931 (C.-H.H.)
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-T.L.); or (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2791) (W.-T.L.); +886-7-311-5140 (C.-H.H.); Fax: +886-7-312-5339 (W.-T.L.); +886-7-321-3931 (C.-H.H.)
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Hong JH, Lee YC. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cicadidae Periostracum Extract and Oleic Acid through Inhibiting Inflammatory Chemokines Using PCR Arrays in LPS-Induced Lung inflammation In Vitro. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060857. [PMID: 35743888 PMCID: PMC9225349 DOI: 10.3390/life12060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of CP and OA treatments in LPS-stimulated lung epithelial cells on overall chemokines and their receptors using PCR arrays. In addition, we aimed to confirm those effects and mechanisms in LPS-stimulated lung macrophages on some chemokines and cytokines. In our study, CP treatments significantly inhibited the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL9, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL10, TNF-α, and IL-6, while markedly suppressing NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and the phosphorylations of PI3K p55, Akt, Erk1/2, p38, and NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated lung epithelial cells. CP treatments also significantly decreased the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL5, CCL17, CXCL1, and CXCL2, while markedly inhibiting phospho-PI3K p55 and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated lung macrophages. Likewise, OA treatments significantly suppressed the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL10, CCRL2, TNF-α, and IL-6, while markedly reducing the phosphorylations of PI3K p85, PI3K p55, p38, JNK, and NF-κB p65 in LPS-stimulated lung epithelial cells. Finally, OA treatments significantly inhibited the inflammatory mediators CCL2, CCL5, CCL17, CXCL1, CXCL2, TNF-α, and IL-6, while markedly suppressing phospho-PI3K p55, iNOS, and Cox-2 in LPS-stimulated lung macrophages. These results prove that CP and OA treatments have anti-inflammatory effects on the inflammatory chemokines and cytokines by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, including PI3K, Akt, MAPKs, NF-κB, iNOS, and Cox-2. These findings suggest that CP and OA are potential chemokine-based therapeutic substances for treating the lung and airway inflammation seen in allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Cheol Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-730-0672; Fax: +82-33-730-0653
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Farahani VJ, Pirhadi M, Sioutas C. Are standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) representative of ambient particles in air pollution toxicological studies? Sci Total Environ 2021; 788:147854. [PMID: 34029805 PMCID: PMC8206007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the chemical characteristics of standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and compared them to those of read-world particulate matter (PM) collected in different urban settings to evaluate the extent to which standardized DEPs can represent ambient particles for use in toxicological studies. Standard reference material SRM-2975 was obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and was chemically analyzed for the content of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganic ions, and several metals and trace elements. The analysis on the filter-collected DEP sample revealed very high levels of EC (i.e., ~397 ng/μg PM) which were comparable to the OC content (~405 ng/μg PM). This is in contrast with the carbonaceous content in the emitted particles from typical filter-equipped diesel-powered vehicles, in which low levels of EC emissions were observed. Furthermore, the EC mass fraction of the DEP sample did not match the observed levels in the ambient PM of multiple US urban areas, including Los Angeles (8%), Houston (~14%), Pittsburgh (~12%), and New York (~17%). Our results illustrated the lack of several high molecular weight carcinogenic PAHs in the DEP samples, unlike our measurements in major freeways of Los Angeles. Negligible levels of inorganic ions were observed in the sample and the DEP did not contain toxic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed through synchronized reactions in the atmosphere. Lastly, the analysis of redox-active metals and trace elements demonstrated that the levels of many species including vehicle emission tracers (e.g., Ba, Ti, Mn, Fe) on Los Angeles roadways were almost 20 times greater than those in the DEP sample. Based on the abovementioned inconsistencies between the chemical composition of the DEP sample and those of real-world PM measured and recorded in different conditions, we conclude that the standardized DEPs are not suitable representatives of traffic emissions nor typical ambient PM to be used in toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Le Vée M, Bacle A, Jouan E, Lecureur V, Potin S, Fardel O. Induction of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 expression by diesel exhaust particle extract in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:60-68. [PMID: 30898553 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are common environmental air pollutants known to impair expression and activity of drug detoxifying proteins, including hepatic ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters. The present study was designed to determine whether organic DEP extract (DEPe) may also target ABC drug transporters in bronchial cells. DEPe (10 μg/mL) was demonstrated to induce mRNA and protein expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 3 in cultured bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, whereas mRNA levels of other MRPs, multidrug resistance gene 1 or breast cancer resistance protein were unchanged, reduced or not detected. DEPe also increased MRP3 mRNA expression in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway by AhR antagonist or AhR silencing, as well as the silencing of nuclear-factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) repressed DEPe-mediated MRP3 induction. This underlines the implication of the AhR and Nrf2 signaling cascades in DEPe-mediated MRP3 regulation. DEPe was additionally demonstrated to directly inhibit MRP activity in BEAS-2B cells, in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these data indicate that DEPs may impair expression and activity of MRPs, notably MRP3, in human bronchial cells, which may have consequences in terms of lung barrier and toxicity for humans exposed to diesel pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Le Vée
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Astrid Bacle
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France; Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Lecureur
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Potin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France; Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France; Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France.
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Muñoz X, Barreiro E, Bustamante V, Lopez-Campos JL, González-Barcala FJ, Cruz MJ. Diesel exhausts particles: Their role in increasing the incidence of asthma. Reviewing the evidence of a causal link. Sci Total Environ 2019; 652:1129-1138. [PMID: 30586799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants has been correlated with an increase in the severity of asthma and in the exacerbation of pre-existing asthma. However, whether or not environmental pollution can cause asthma remains a controversial issue. The present review analyzes the current scientific evidence of the possible causal link between diesel exhaust particles (DEP), the solid fraction of the complex mixture of diesel exhaust, and asthma. The mechanisms that influence the expression and development of asthma are complex. In children prolonged exposure to pollutants such as DEPs may increase asthma prevalence. In adults, this causal relation is less clear, probably because of the heterogeneity of the studies carried out. There is also evidence of physiological mechanisms by which DEPs can cause asthma. The most frequently described interactions between cellular responses and DEP are the induction of pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation and the activation of receptors of the bronchial epithelium such as toll-like receptors or increases in Th2 and Th17 cytokines, which generally orchestrate the asthmatic response. Others support indirect mechanisms through epigenetic changes, pulmonary microbiome modifications, or the interaction of DEP with environmental antigens to enhance their activity. However, in spite of this evidence, more studies are needed to assess the harmful effects of pollution - not only in the short term in the form of increases in the rate of exacerbations, but in the medium and long term as well, as a possible trigger of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Muñoz
- Pulmonology Service, Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - E Barreiro
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Pulmonology Department-Muscle Research and Respiratory System Unit (URMAR), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM)-Hospital del Mar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Bustamante
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Osakidetza/University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - J L Lopez-Campos
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Unidad Médico-quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - F J González-Barcala
- Respiratory Department, Clinic University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M J Cruz
- Pulmonology Service, Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Losacco C, Perillo A. Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:33901-33910. [PMID: 30284710 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is now fully acknowledged to be a public health problem and a social issue. Particulate matter (PM) concentration has been linked with several clinical manifestations of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and is associated with morbidity and mortality induced by respiratory diseases both in human and animals. Current research on airborne particle-induced health effects investigates the critical characteristics of particulate matter that determine their biological effects. Scientific evidence assessed that the size of the airborne particles and their surface area determine the potential to elicit inflammatory injury, oxidative damage, and other biological effects. Thus, the present review paper aims to summarize the current evidences and findings on the effect of air pollution on lung function in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Losacco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Perillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Ji J, Upadhyay S, Xiong X, Malmlöf M, Sandström T, Gerde P, Palmberg L. Multi-cellular human bronchial models exposed to diesel exhaust particles: assessment of inflammation, oxidative stress and macrophage polarization. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:19. [PMID: 29716632 PMCID: PMC5930819 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major component of outdoor air pollution. DEP mediated pulmonary effects are plausibly linked to inflammatory and oxidative stress response in which macrophages (MQ), epithelial cells and their cell-cell interaction plays a crucial role. Therefore, in this study we aimed at studying the cellular crosstalk between airway epithelial cells with MQ and MQ polarization following exposure to aerosolized DEP by assessing inflammation, oxidative stress, and MQ polarization response markers. Method Lung mucosa models including primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) were co-cultured without (PBEC-ALI) and with MQ (PBEC-ALI/MQ). Cells were exposed to 12.7 μg/cm2 aerosolized DEP using XposeALI®. Control (sham) models were exposed to clean air. Cell viability was assessed. CXCL8 and IL-6 were measured in the basal medium by ELISA. The mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (CXCL8, IL6, TNFα), oxidative stress (NFKB, HMOX1, GPx) and MQ polarization markers (IL10, IL4, IL13, MRC1, MRC2 RETNLA, IL12 andIL23) were measured by qRT-PCR. The surface/mRNA expression of TLR2/TLR4 was detected by FACS and qRT-PCR. Results In PBEC-ALI exposure to DEP significantly increased the secretion of CXCL8, mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (CXCL8, TNFα) and oxidative stress markers (NFKB, HMOX1, GPx). However, mRNA expressions of these markers (CXCL8, IL6, NFKB, and HMOX1) were reduced in PBEC-ALI/MQ models after DEP exposure. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression increased after DEP exposure in PBEC-ALI. The surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on PBEC was significantly reduced in sham-exposed PBEC-ALI/MQ compared to PBEC-ALI. After DEP exposure surface expression of TLR2 was increased on PBEC of PBEC-ALI/MQ, while TLR4 was decreased in both models. DEP exposure resulted in similar expression pattern of TLR2/TLR4 on MQ as in PBEC. In PBEC-ALI/MQ, DEP exposure increased the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage markers (IL10, IL4, IL13, MRC1, MRC2). Conclusion The cellular interaction of PBEC with MQ in response to DEP plays a pivotal role for MQ phenotypic alteration towards M2-subtypes, thereby promoting an efficient resolution of the inflammation. Furthermore, this study highlighted the fact that cell–cell interaction using multicellular ALI-models combined with an in vivo-like inhalation exposure system is critical in better mimicking the airway physiology compared with traditional cell culture systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0256-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xiaomiao Xiong
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Malmlöf
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Farris BY, Antonini JM, Fedan JS, Mercer RR, Roach KA, Chen BT, Schwegler-Berry D, Kashon ML, Barger MW, Roberts JR. Pulmonary toxicity following acute coexposures to diesel particulate matter and α-quartz crystalline silica in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:322-339. [PMID: 28967277 PMCID: PMC6545482 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1361487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute pulmonary coexposures to silica and diesel particulate matter (DPM), which may occur in various mining operations, were investigated in vivo. Rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation (IT) to silica (50 or 233 µg), DPM (7.89 or 50 µg) or silica and DPM combined in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or to PBS alone (control). At one day, one week, one month, two months and three months postexposure bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology were performed to assess lung injury, inflammation and immune response. While higher doses of silica caused inflammation and injury at all time points, DPM exposure alone did not. DPM (50 µg) combined with silica (233 µg) increased inflammation at one week and one-month postexposure and caused an increase in the incidence of fibrosis at one month compared with exposure to silica alone. To assess susceptibility to lung infection following coexposure, rats were exposed by IT to 233 µg silica, 50 µg DPM, a combination of the two or PBS control one week before intratracheal inoculation with 5 × 105 Listeria monocytogenes. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days following infection, pulmonary immune response and bacterial clearance from the lung were evaluated. Coexposure to DPM and silica did not alter bacterial clearance from the lung compared to control. Although DPM and silica coexposure did not alter pulmonary susceptibility to infection in this model, the study showed that noninflammatory doses of DPM had the capacity to increase silica-induced lung injury, inflammation and onset/incidence of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Y. Farris
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James M. Antonini
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fedan
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine A. Roach
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Bean T. Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Michael L. Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark W. Barger
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has long been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The development of DEP toxicity seems to be linked to inflammation in which macrophages play a critical role. Macrophages can be polarized into proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. The aim of this study was to identify the role of inflammation in DEP-induced toxicity by assessing the effects of DEP on macrophage polarization. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages (Mϕ) were stimulated with interferon γ and lipopolysaccharide or interleukin (IL)-4 to obtain M1 and M2 subtypes, respectively. To test the polarization capacity of DEP, Mϕ cells were exposed to DEP and compared to Mϕ, M1, and M2. We also studied the effects of DEP on already-polarized M1 or M2. The M1 markers assessed were tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-1β, while the M2 markers were the mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC-1) and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). RESULTS Western blots revealed a 31 kDa band corresponding to pro-IL-1β, but only in M1-polarized macrophages. In M1, we also observed an upregulation of TNF-α messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. MRC-1 and TGM2 mRNA expression were only significantly enhanced in M2. DEP had no effect on any of the M1/M2 markers assessed. Moreover, DEP were not able to modify the phenotype of already-polarized M1 or M2. CONCLUSION Mϕ incubation with DEP did not have any effect on macrophage polarization, at least on the markers assessed in this study, namely, TNF-α/IL-1β for M1, and MRC-1/TGM2 for M2. Hence, these data argue against an important role of inflammation in DEP-induced vascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Labranche
- 1 Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - C El Khattabi
- 1 Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Berkenboom
- 2 Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Pochet
- 1 Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Jaguin M, Fardel O, Lecureur V. AhR-dependent secretion of PDGF-BB by human classically activated macrophages exposed to DEP extracts stimulates lung fibroblast proliferation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:170-8. [PMID: 25896968 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung diseases are aggravated by exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) found in air pollution. Macrophages are thought to play a crucial role in lung immune response to these pollutants, even if the mechanisms involved remain incompletely characterized. In the present study, we demonstrated that classically and alternative human macrophages (MΦ) exhibited increased secretion of PDGF-B in response to DEP extract (DEPe). This occurred via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-activation because DEPe-induced PDGF-B overexpression was abrogated after AhR expression knock-down by RNA interference, in both M1 and M2 polarizing MΦ. In addition, TCDD and benzo(a)pyrene, two potent AhR ligands, also significantly increased mRNA expression of PDGF-B in M1 MΦ, whereas some weak ligands of AhR did not. We next evaluated the impact of conditioned media (CM) from MΦ culture exposed to DEPe or of recombinant PDGF-B onto lung fibroblast proliferation. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG-1295, prevents phosphorylations of PDGF-Rβ, AKT and ERK1/2 and the proliferation of MRC-5 fibroblasts induced by recombinant PDGF-B and by CM from M1 polarizing MΦ, strongly suggesting that the PDGF-BB secreted by DEPe-exposed MΦ is sufficient to activate the PDGF-Rβ pathway of human lung fibroblasts. In conclusion, we demonstrated that human MΦ, whatever their polarization status, secrete PDGF-B in response to DEPe and that PDGF-B is a target gene of AhR. Therefore, induction of PDGF-B by DEP may participate in the deleterious effects towards human health triggered by such environmental urban contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jaguin
- UMR INSERM U1085, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- UMR INSERM U1085, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Lecureur
- UMR INSERM U1085, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
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11
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Jaguin M, Fardel O, Lecureur V. Exposure to diesel exhaust particle extracts (DEPe) impairs some polarization markers and functions of human macrophages through activation of AhR and Nrf2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116560. [PMID: 25710172 PMCID: PMC4339390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ), well-known to play an important role in immune response, also respond to environmental toxic chemicals such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Potential effects of DEPs towards MΦ polarization, a key hall-mark of MΦ physiology, remain however poorly documented. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effects of a reference DEP extract (DEPe) on human MΦ polarization. Human blood monocytes-derived MΦ were incubated with IFNγ+LPS or IL-4 to obtain M1 and M2 subtypes, respectively; a 24 h exposure of polarizing MΦ to 10 μg/ml DEPe was found to impair expression of some macrophagic M1 and M2 markers, without however overall inhibition of M1 and M2 polarization processes. Notably, DEPe treatment increased the secretion of the M1 marker IL-8 and the M2 marker IL-10 in both MΦ subtypes, whereas it reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 and IL-12p40 secretion in M1 MΦ. In M2 MΦ, DEPe exposure led to a reduction of CD200R expression and of CCL17, CCL18 and CCL22 secretion, associated with a lower chemotaxis of CCR4-positive cells. DEPe activated the Nrf2 and AhR pathways and induced expression of their reference target genes such as Hmox-1 and cytochrome P-4501B1 in M1 and M2 MΦ. Nrf2 or AhR silencing through RNA interference prevented DEPe-related down-regulation of IL-6. AhR silencing also inhibited the down-secretion of IL-12p40 and CCL18 in M1- and M2-DEPe-exposed MΦ, respectively. DEPs are therefore likely to alter expression of some M1 and M2 markers in an AhR- and Nrf2-dependent manner; such regulations may contribute to deleterious immune effects of atmospheric DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jaguin
- UMR INSERM U1085, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l’Environnement et le Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- UMR INSERM U1085, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l’Environnement et le Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Lecureur
- UMR INSERM U1085, Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l’Environnement et le Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Lawal A, Zhang M, Dittmar M, Lulla A, Araujo JA. Heme oxygenase-1 protects endothelial cells from the toxicity of air pollutant chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 284:281-291. [PMID: 25620054 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are a major component of diesel emissions, responsible for a large portion of their toxicity. In this study, we examined the toxic effects of DEPs on endothelial cells and the role of DEP-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) were treated with an organic extract of DEPs from an automobile engine (A-DEP) or a forklift engine (F-DEP) for 1 and 4h. ROS generation, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, expression of HO-1, inflammatory genes, cell adhesion molecules and unfolded protein respone (UPR) gene were assessed. HO-1 expression and/or activity were inhibited by siRNA or tin protoporphyrin (Sn PPIX) and enhanced by an expression plasmid or cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPPIX). Exposure to 25μg/ml of A-DEP and F-DEP significantly induced ROS production, cellular toxicity and greater levels of inflammatory and cellular adhesion molecules but to a different degree. Inhibition of HO-1 enzymatic activity with SnPPIX and silencing of the HO-1 gene by siRNA enhanced DEP-induced ROS production, further decreased cell viability and increased expression of inflammatory and cell adhesion molecules. On the other hand, overexpression of the HO-1 gene by a pcDNA 3.1D/V5-HO-1 plasmid significantly mitigated ROS production, increased cell survival and decreased the expression of inflammatory genes. HO-1 expression protected HMECs from DEP-induced prooxidative and proinflammatory effects. Modulation of HO-1 expression could potentially serve as a therapeutic target in an attempt to inhibit the cardiovascular effects of ambient PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem Lawal
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Michael Dittmar
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aaron Lulla
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jesus A Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Sweeney S, Berhanu D, Ruenraroengsak P, Thorley AJ, Valsami-Jones E, Tetley TD. Nano-titanium dioxide bioreactivity with human alveolar type-I-like epithelial cells: Investigating crystalline phase as a critical determinant. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:482-92. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinbad Sweeney
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
| | - Deborah Berhanu
- Physical Sciences Department, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK, and
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
| | - Andrew J. Thorley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK, and
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK,
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Manners S, Alam R, Schwartz DA, Gorska MM. A mouse model links asthma susceptibility to prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:63-72. [PMID: 24365139 PMCID: PMC4065237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most asthma begins in the first years of life. This early onset cannot be attributed merely to genetic factors because the prevalence of asthma is increasing. Epidemiologic studies have indicated roles for prenatal and early childhood exposures, including exposure to diesel exhaust. However, little is known about the mechanisms. This is largely due to a paucity of animal models. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a mouse model of asthma susceptibility through prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6 female mice were given repeated intranasal applications of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) or PBS. Offspring underwent suboptimal immunization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) or received PBS. Pups were examined for features of asthma; lung and liver tissues were analyzed for transcription of DEP-regulated genes. RESULTS Offspring of mice exposed to DEPs were hypersensitive to OVA, as indicated by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, increased serum OVA-specific IgE levels, and increased pulmonary and systemic TH2 and TH17 cytokine levels. These cytokines were primarily produced by natural killer (NK) cells. Antibody-mediated depletion of NK cells prevented airway inflammation. Asthma susceptibility was associated with increased transcription of genes known to be specifically regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and oxidative stress. Features of asthma were either marginal or absent in OVA-treated pups of PBS-exposed mice. CONCLUSION We created a mouse model that linked maternal exposure to DEPs with asthma susceptibility in offspring. Development of asthma was dependent on NK cells and associated with increased transcription from aryl hydrocarbon receptor- and oxidative stress-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Manners
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo
| | - Magdalena M Gorska
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo.
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15
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Bhavaraju L, Shannahan J, William A, McCormick R, McGee J, Kodavanti U, Madden M. Diesel and biodiesel exhaust particle effects on rat alveolar macrophages with in vitro exposure. Chemosphere 2014; 104:126-33. [PMID: 24268344 PMCID: PMC3962714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Combustion emissions from diesel engines emit particulate matter which deposits within the lungs. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) encounter the particles and attempt to engulf the particles. Emissions particles from diesel combustion engines have been found to contain diverse biologically active components including metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons which cause adverse health effects. However little is known about AM response to particles from the incorporation of biodiesel. The objective of this study was to examine the toxicity in Wistar Kyoto rat AM of biodiesel blend (B20) and low sulfur petroleum diesel (PDEP) exhaust particles. Particles were independently suspended in media at a range of 1-500μgmL(-1). Results indicated B20 and PDEP initiated a dose dependent increase of inflammatory signals from AM after exposure. After 24h exposure to B20 and PDEP gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) increased. B20 exposure resulted in elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release at lower particle concentrations compared to PDEP. B20 and PDEP demonstrated similar affinity for sequestration of PGE2 at high concentrations, suggesting detection is not impaired. Our data suggests PGE2 release from AM is dependent on the chemical composition of the particles. Particle analysis including measurements of metals and ions indicate B20 contains more of select metals than PDEP. Other particle components generally reduced by 20% with 20% incorporation of biodiesel into original diesel. This study shows AM exposure to B20 results in increased production of PGE2in vitro relative to diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laya Bhavaraju
- Currciculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Aaron William
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | | | - John McGee
- EPHD, NHEERL, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Michael Madden
- EPHD, NHEERL, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.
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Sarkar S, Zhang L, Subramaniam P, Lee KB, Garfunkel E, Strickland PAO, Mainelis G, Lioy PJ, Tetley TD, Chung KF, Zhang J, Ryan M, Porter A, Schwander S. Variability in bioreactivity linked to changes in size and zeta potential of diesel exhaust particles in human immune cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97304. [PMID: 24825358 PMCID: PMC4019517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acting as fuel combustion catalysts to increase fuel economy, cerium dioxide (ceria, CeO2) nanoparticles have been used in Europe as diesel fuel additives (Envirox™). We attempted to examine the effects of particles emitted from a diesel engine burning either diesel (diesel exhaust particles, DEP) or diesel doped with various concentrations of CeO2 (DEP-Env) on innate immune responses in THP-1 and primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Batches of DEP and DEP-Env were obtained on three separate occasions using identical collection and extraction protocols with the aim of determining the reproducibility of particles generated at different times. However, we observed significant differences in size and surface charge (zeta potential) of the DEP and DEP-Env across the three batches. We also observed that exposure of THP-1 cells and PBMC to identical concentrations of DEP and DEP-Env from the three batches resulted in statistically significant differences in bioreactivity as determined by IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-12p40 mRNA (by qRT-PCR) and protein expression (by ELISPOT assays). Importantly, bioreactivity was noted in very tight ranges of DEP size (60 to 120 nm) and zeta potential (-37 to -41 mV). Thus, these physical properties of DEP and DEP-Env were found to be the primary determinants of the bioreactivity measured in this study. Our findings also point to the potential risk of over- or under- estimation of expected bioreactivity effects (and by inference of public health risks) from bulk DEP use without taking into account potential batch-to-batch variations in physical (and possibly chemical) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijata Sarkar
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhang
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Prasad Subramaniam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Eric Garfunkel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Ohman. Strickland
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mary Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Center for Nanotechnology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Porter
- Department of Materials and London Center for Nanotechnology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Piscataway New Jersey, United States of America
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Center for Global Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mathisen GH, Ansteinsson V, Samuelsen JT, Becher R, Dahl JE, Bølling AK. TEGDMA and filler particles from dental composites additively attenuate LPS-induced cytokine release from the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:61-9. [PMID: 24615298 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to incomplete curing and material degradation, cells in the oral cavity may be exposed to monomers and filler particles from dental composite fillings. The objective of the present study was to investigate if combined exposures to particles and a methacrylate monomer from composite fillings resulted in additive effects on the macrophage immune response. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two filler particles, Nanosilica (12 nm) and Quartz (1 μm), were studied at concentrations 0.5-4 μg/cm(2), while the methacrylate monomer triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was applied at 5 and 50 μM. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to monomers and/or particles for 24 h, with a subsequent 24 h combined exposure to monomers and/or particles and the bacterial factor lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate an immune response. Release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured as well as the cellular viability. RESULTS Co-exposure to Nanosilica and Quartz resulted in an additive attenuation of the LPS-induced IL-1β release. Moreover, co-exposure to TEGDMA and both types of filler particles also resulted in an additive attenuation, although with a weak synergistic trend. The cellular viability and TNF-α release were not significantly affected by the exposures. CONCLUSION The present findings emphasize the necessity of considering effects of combined exposure to dental degradation products in future risk assessments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Attenuated cytokine release could have implications for the macrophage immune response and result in impaired bacterial clearance. Further studies are necessary to determine implications for formation of dental biofilms and caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro H Mathisen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials AS, PO Box 3874, Ullevaal Stadion, 0805, Oslo, Norway
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Dagouassat M, Gagliolo JM, Chrusciel S, Bourin MC, Duprez C, Caramelle P, Boyer L, Hue S, Stern JB, Validire P, Longrois D, Norel X, Dubois-Randé JL, Le Gouvello S, Adnot S, Boczkowski J. The cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway maintains senescence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease fibroblasts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:703-14. [PMID: 23328527 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201208-1361oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with lung fibroblast senescence, a process characterized by the irreversible loss of replicative capacity associated with the secretion of inflammatory mediators. However, the mechanisms of this phenomenon remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a prostaglandin known to be increased in COPD lung fibroblasts, in inducing senescence and related inflammation in vitro in lung fibroblasts and in vivo in mice. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from patients with COPD and from smoker and nonsmoker control subjects. Senescence markers and inflammatory mediators were investigated in fibroblasts and in mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lung fibroblasts from patients with COPD exhibited higher expression of PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 as compared with nonsmoker and smoker control subjects. Compared with both nonsmoker and smoker control subjects, during long-term culture, COPD fibroblasts displayed increased senescent markers (increased senescence associated-β galactosidase activity, p16, and p53 expression and lower proliferative capacity), and an increased PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, growth-regulated oncogene (GRO), CX3CL1, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein and cyclooxygenase-2 and mPGES-1 mRNA expression. Using in vitro pharmacologic approaches and in vivo experiments in wild-type and p53(-/-) mice we demonstrated that PGE2 produced by senescent COPD fibroblasts is responsible for the increased senescence and related inflammation. PGE2 acts either in a paracrine or autocrine fashion by a pathway involving EP2 and EP4 prostaglandin receptors, cyclooxygenase-2-dependent reactive oxygen species production and signaling, and consecutive p53 activation. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 is a critical component of an amplifying and self-perpetuating circle inducing senescence and inflammation in COPD fibroblasts. Modulating the described PGE2 signaling pathway could provide a new basis to dampen senescence and senescence-associated inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Dagouassat
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, UMR U955, Créteil, France
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Sarkar S, Song Y, Sarkar S, Kipen HM, Laumbach RJ, Zhang J, Strickland PAO, Gardner CR, Schwander S. Suppression of the NF-κB pathway by diesel exhaust particles impairs human antimycobacterial immunity. J Immunol 2012; 188:2778-93. [PMID: 22345648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic exposure to air pollution increases susceptibility to respiratory infections, including tuberculosis in humans. A possible link between particulate air pollutant exposure and antimycobacterial immunity has not been explored in human primary immune cells. We hypothesized that exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP), a major component of urban fine particulate matter, suppresses antimycobacterial human immune effector cell functions by modulating TLR-signaling pathways and NF-κB activation. We show that DEP and H37Ra, an avirulent laboratory strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were both taken up by the same peripheral human blood monocytes. To examine the effects of DEP on M. tuberculosis-induced production of cytokines, PBMC were stimulated with DEP and M. tuberculosis or purified protein derivative. The production of M. tuberculosis and purified protein derivative-induced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was reduced in a DEP dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 remained unchanged. Furthermore, DEP stimulation prior to M. tuberculosis infection altered the expression of TLR3, -4, -7, and -10 mRNAs and of a subset of M. tuberculosis-induced host genes including inhibition of expression of many NF-κB (e.g., CSF3, IFNG, IFNA, IFNB, IL1A, IL6, and NFKBIA) and IFN regulatory factor (e.g., IFNG, IFNA1, IFNB1, and CXCL10) pathway target genes. We propose that DEP downregulate M. tuberculosis-induced host gene expression via MyD88-dependent (IL6, IL1A, and PTGS2) as well as MyD88-independent (IFNA, IFNB) pathways. Prestimulation of PBMC with DEP suppressed the expression of proinflammatory mediators upon M. tuberculosis infection, inducing a hyporesponsive cellular state. Therefore, DEP alters crucial components of antimycobacterial host immune responses, providing a possible mechanism by which air pollutants alter antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijata Sarkar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Inoue K, Takano H. Particulate matter–induced hypersusceptibility to infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sawyer K, Mundandhara S, Ghio AJ, Madden MC. The effects of ambient particulate matter on human alveolar macrophage oxidative and inflammatory responses. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2010; 73:41-57. [PMID: 19953419 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903248901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and occupational studies demonstrated that ambient particulate matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) exert deleterious effects on human cardiopulmonary health, including exacerbation of pre-existing lung disease and development of respiratory infections. The effects of ambient PM on lung cell responsiveness are poorly defined. Human alveolar macrophages (AM) were exposed to SRM 1649 (Washington, DC, urban dust; UD), SRM 2975 (forklift diesel exhaust particles; DEP), and fine or coarse ambient PM collected in Chapel Hill, NC, during the late fall (November) and early summer (June) of 2001-2002. AM were subsequently incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or calcium ionophore A23817 for 6 or 24 h after PM exposure. UD and DEP markedly suppressed O2- release 24 h post-PM exposure. UD exposure significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 release after exposure to 10 nanog/ml LPS. DEP significantly suppressed only TNF-alpha and IL-6 release. Suppressed cytokine release may also be produced by reduced cellular cytokine production. Data suggested that decreased cytokine release is not produced by the presence of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Comparison of TNF-alpha release after LPS, PMA, or A23817 revealed that suppressive effects of UD are LPS dependent, whereas inhibitory effects of DEP may work across multiple mechanistic pathways. November and June Chapel Hill PM exposure stimulated TNF-alpha and IL-8 release before LPS exposure. Fine and coarse November PM exposure markedly suppressed TNF-alpha release 6 h after LPS stimulation, but appeared to exert a stimulatory effect on IL-8 release 24 h after LPS exposure. June fine and coarse PM suppressed IL-8 release after LPS exposure. Data suggest that seasonal influences on PM composition affect AM inflammatory response before and after bacterial exposure. Overall, delayed or inhibited AM immune responses to LPS after PM exposure suggest human exposure to ambient PM may enhance pulmonary susceptibility to respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sawyer
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Tang J, Wang M, Jia E, Yan J, Wang Q, Zhu J, Yang Z, Lu X, Wang L. The common variant in the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes is related to markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease: a case-only study. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:405-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Müller L, Riediker M, Wick P, Mohr M, Gehr P, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Oxidative stress and inflammation response after nanoparticle exposure: differences between human lung cell monocultures and an advanced three-dimensional model of the human epithelial airways. J R Soc Interface 2009; 7 Suppl 1:S27-40. [PMID: 19586954 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0161.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Combustion-derived and manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are known to provoke oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in human lung cells; therefore, they play an important role during the development of adverse health effects. As the lungs are composed of more than 40 different cell types, it is of particular interest to perform toxicological studies with co-cultures systems, rather than with monocultures of only one cell type, to gain a better understanding of complex cellular reactions upon exposure to toxic substances. Monocultures of A549 human epithelial lung cells, human monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) as well as triple cell co-cultures consisting of all three cell types were exposed to combustion-derived NPs (diesel exhaust particles) and to manufactured NPs (titanium dioxide and single-walled carbon nanotubes). The penetration of particles into cells was analysed by transmission electron microscopy. The amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-8 were quantified. The results of the monocultures were summed with an adjustment for the number of each single cell type in the triple cell co-culture. All three particle types were found in all cell and culture types. The production of ROS was induced by all particle types in all cell cultures except in monocultures of MDDCs. The TAC and the (pro-)inflammatory reactions were not statistically significantly increased by particle exposure in any of the cell cultures. Interestingly, in the triple cell co-cultures, the TAC and IL-8 concentrations were lower and the TNF-alpha concentrations were higher than the expected values calculated from the monocultures. The interplay of different lung cell types seems to substantially modulate the oxidative stress and the inflammatory responses after NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Müller
- Institute of Anatomy, Division of Histology, University of Bern, Balzerstrasse 2, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
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Ling SH, van Eeden SF. Particulate matter air pollution exposure: role in the development and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009; 4:233-43. [PMID: 19554194 PMCID: PMC2699820 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid urbanization of the world population, a better understanding of the detrimental effects of exposure to urban air pollution on chronic lung disease is necessary. Strong epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution causes exacerbations of pre-existing lung conditions, such as, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. However, little is known whether a chronic, low-grade exposure to ambient PM can cause the development and progression of COPD. The deposition of PM in the respiratory tract depends predominantly on the size of the particles, with larger particles deposited in the upper and larger airways and smaller particles penetrating deep into the alveolar spaces. Ineffective clearance of this PM from the airways could cause particle retention in lung tissues, resulting in a chronic, low-grade inflammatory response that may be pathogenetically important in both the exacerbation, as well as, the progression of lung disease. This review focuses on the adverse effects of exposure to ambient PM air pollution on the exacerbation, progression, and development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean H Ling
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Research and Heart and Lung Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Goulaouic S, Foucaud L, Bennasroune A, Laval-Gilly P, Falla J. Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon black particles on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion: impact of PAH coating onto particles. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5:337-45. [PMID: 18830893 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802371016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the organic fraction of particulate matter in air pollution has a major role in the toxicity of this pollutant, notably via its effects on inflammation. The major organic compounds adsorbed onto these particles are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), among which benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), and pyrene (Pyr) are quantitatively the most important. Generally, cells or organisms are exposed to organic extracts of the particles rather than the native particles in order to study the effects of these PAH. In this study, B[a]P, B[b]F, and Pyr were tested alone and/or adsorbed onto carbon black (CB) particles differing in size in order to evaluate their impact on cytokine production (with or without LPS stimulation) by THP-1 macrophage-like cells. PAH induced significant secretion of IL-1beta, IL-8, and IL-12 after 24 or 48 hr of treatment, an effect reinforced by LPS stimulation; no effect on IL-10 secretion was noted. Fine CB particles (260 nm diameter) induced secretion of each cytokine. In general, coating the CB with PAH did not modify the effect of the CB alone; the exception was that LPS-induced IL-1beta secretion was reduced. In contrast, ultrafine CB (14 nm diameter: ufCB) caused a decrease in cytokine secretion; this effect was modified by PAH coating. For example, PAH coating on ufCB amplified the inhibitory effect of ufCB against IL-1beta secretion but did not modify IL-8 formation. Moreover, PAH coating on ufCB tended to minimize the effect of LPS stimulation; this included (i) inhibition of the decrease in IL-12 secretion induced by uncoated ufCB and (ii) stimulation of IL-10 production. It was concluded that adsorption of PAH onto these particles could decrease their bioavailability and so their abilities to affect cell cytokine production. The results also showed that when PAH were adsorbed onto the fine particles, any observed increases in cytokine secretion consistently appeared to be due to the particles themselves. In contrast, while ufCB alone almost uniformly led to decreases in cytokine formation by the cells, the added presence of the test PAHs led to variable effects - depending on whether stimulation with LPS took place or not. Thus, while some PAHs likely to be associated with PM are clearly immunomodulants, their ultimate effects in situ will likely depend on the properties of the particles themselves, in particular, their size.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goulaouic
- Laboratoire des Interactions Ecotoxicologie, Biodiversité, Ecosystèmes, UMR7146, IUT de Thionville Yutz, Espace Cormontaigne, Yutz, France
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Mitschik S, Schierl R, Nowak D, Jörres RA. Effects of Particulate Matter on Cytokine Production In Vitro: A Comparative Analysis of Published Studies. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:399-414. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370801903784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kocbach A, Namork E, Schwarze PE. Pro-inflammatory potential of wood smoke and traffic-derived particles in a monocytic cell line. Toxicology 2008; 247:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kocbach A, Totlandsdal AI, Låg M, Refsnes M, Schwarze PE. Differential binding of cytokines to environmentally relevant particles: a possible source for misinterpretation of in vitro results? Toxicol Lett 2008; 176:131-7. [PMID: 18079072 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is considered as a key event in adverse health effects associated with exposure to ambient particulate matter. The inflammatory potential of particles is often compared using in vitro cell systems, where the particle-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is measured. A major concern in these assays is the potential of particles to bind cytokines, which may lead to an underestimation of the inflammatory potential. We therefore investigated the cytokine binding to a selection of particle samples, including particles collected from outdoor sources (wood combustion, traffic) and particles commonly used to model environmental sources (ultrafine carbon black, diesel, quartz), for a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8). Furthermore, the influence of serum proteins and particle- and cytokine concentrations on the cytokine binding was studied. Cytokines primarily bound to carbonaceous particles (up to 85%), not to mineral particles. Furthermore, depending on the type of cytokine, the cytokine binding could be reduced partly or completely by adding serum proteins to the cell growth medium or particle suspensions. Based on these observations we recommend either to adjust culturing and exposure conditions to prevent cytokine binding, or to adjust the measured cytokine release by application of correction factors obtained from cytokine binding experiments.
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Chung SW, Toriba A, Chung HY, Yu BP, Kameda T, Tang N, Kizu R, Hayakawa K. Activation of 5-lipoxygenase and NF-kappa B in the action of acenaphthenequinone by modulation of oxidative stress. Toxicol Sci 2007; 101:152-8. [PMID: 17925309 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are potent redox-active compounds that undergo enzymatic and nonenzymatic redox cycling with their semiquinone radical. We previously reported that acenaphthenequinone (AcQ) can damage human lung epithelial A549 cells through the formation of reactive species (RS). However, the biochemical mechanisms by which RS-generating enzymes cause oxidative burst during AcQ exposure remain elusive. Here we examined the biochemical mechanism of AcQ-induced RS generation by using selective metabolic inhibitors in A549 cells. We found that AA861, a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)-specific inhibitor significantly decreases RS generation. This inhibition of RS seems to be 5-LO specific because other inhibitors did not suppress AcQ-induced RS generation by nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate (reduced) oxidase and/or xanthine oxidase. In addition, the inhibition of 5-LO by AA861 markedly reduced AcQ-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation. We further found the activation of 5-LO pathway by exposing cells to AcQ mediates the secretion of inflammatory leukotriene B4, which can be significantly suppressed by a potent RS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine. Thus, based on our findings, we propose that AcQ-induced damage is likely due to increased RS generation and NF-kappa B activity through 5-LO activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woon Chung
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Sunil VR, Laumbach RJ, Patel KJ, Turpin BJ, Lim HJ, Kipen HM, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Pulmonary effects of inhaled limonene ozone reaction products in elderly rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:211-20. [PMID: 17610924 PMCID: PMC2772190 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
d-Limonene is an unsaturated volatile organic chemical found in cleaning products, air fresheners and soaps. It is oxidized by ozone to secondary organic aerosols consisting of aldehydes, acids, oxidants and fine and ultra fine particles. The lung irritant effects of these limonene ozone reaction products (LOP) were investigated. Female F344 rats (2- and 18-month-old) were exposed for 3 h to air or LOP formed by reacting 6 ppm d-limonene and 0.8 ppm ozone. BAL fluid, lung tissue and cells were analyzed 0 h and 20 h later. Inhalation of LOP increased TNF-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, and superoxide dismutase in alveolar macrophages (AM) and Type II cells. Responses of older animals were attenuated when compared to younger animals. LOP also decreased p38 MAP kinase in AM from both younger and older animals. In contrast, while LOP increased p44/42 MAP kinase in AM from younger rats, expression decreased in AM and Type II cells from older animals. NF-kappaB and C/EBP activity also increased in AM from younger animals following LOP exposure but decreased or was unaffected in Type II cells. Whereas in younger animals LOP caused endothelial cell hypertrophy, perivascular and pleural edema and thickening of alveolar septal walls, in lungs from older animals, patchy accumulation of fluid within septal walls in alveolar sacs and subtle pleural edema were noted. LOP are pulmonary irritants inducing distinct inflammatory responses in younger and older animals. This may contribute to the differential sensitivity of these populations to pulmonary irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Braun A, Mun BS, Huggins FE, Huffman GP. Carbon speciation of diesel exhaust and urban particulate matter NIST standard reference materials with C(1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:173-8. [PMID: 17265944 DOI: 10.1021/es061044w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a number of particulate matter (PM) standard reference materials (SRM) for use in environmental and toxicological methodology and research. We present here the first analysis with respect to the molecular structure of the carbon in three such NIST SRM samples, i.e., diesel engine exhaust soot from heavy duty equipment engines (SRM 1650), diesel soot from a forklift engine (SRM 2975), and urban PM collected in St. Louis, MO (SRM 1648), with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The NEXAFS spectra of the two diesel soot samples appear quite similar, while they differ significantly from the urban PM spectrum, in agreement with X-ray diffraction data published recently. Such comparison is made in terms of aromatic and aliphatic carbon species, as well as by a general comparison with graphitic materials. Both diesel soot SRM samples contain basic graphitic structures, but the presence of exciton resonance and extended X-ray absorption fine structure oscillations in SRM 1650 and the lack therof in SRM 2975 suggest that SRM 1650 is the more graphitic material. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have a characteristic NEXAFS resonance at the same position as graphite, can obscure the graphitic character of soot, unless an extraction of the organic matter is made. Our NEXAFS data do not suggest that the urban PM sample SRM 1648 contains a substantial amount of graphite-like material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Braun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The Consortium for Fossil Fuel Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
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