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Men CJ, Amarikwa L, Pham B, Sears C, Clauss K, Lee BW, Lee WW, Pasol J, Ugradar S, Shinder R, Cockerham K, Wester S, Douglas R, Kossler AL. Teprotumumab for the Treatment of Recalcitrant Thyroid Eye Disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 40:276-285. [PMID: 37972960 PMCID: PMC11090759 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor monoclonal antibody, is FDA-approved to treat thyroid eye disease (TED). The initial clinical trials excluded patients with previous orbital irradiation, surgery, glucocorticoid use (cumulative dose >1 gm), or prior biologic treatment. Information on the use of teprotumumab for patients who failed prior therapy is limited. Our purpose is to characterize the efficacy of teprotumumab for the treatment of recalcitrant TED. METHODS This is a multicenter retrospective study of all patients treated with teprotumumab for moderate-to-severe TED after failing conventional therapy with corticosteroids, orbital radiation, surgical decompression, biologics, or other steroid-sparing medications. Treatment failure was defined as an incomplete response to or reactivation after previous treatment. Only patients who received at least 4 infusions of teprotumumab were included in the analysis. Primary outcome measures comprised proptosis response (≥2 mm reduction in the study eye without a similar increase in the other eye), clinical activity score (CAS) response (≥2-point reduction in CAS), and diplopia response (≥1 point improvement in Gorman diplopia score in patients with baseline diplopia) following treatment. Adverse events and risk factors for recalcitrant disease were also evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were included in this study, 46 females and 20 males. Average age was 59.3 years (range 29-93). The mean duration of disease from TED diagnosis to first infusion was 57.8 months. The proptosis, CAS, and diplopia responses in this recalcitrant patient population were 85.9%, 93.8%, and 69.1%, respectively. Patients experienced a mean reduction in proptosis of 3.1 ± 2.4 mm and a mean improvement in CAS of 3.8 ± 1.6. Patients who underwent prior decompression surgery experienced a statistically significant decrease in diplopia response (46.7% vs. 77.5%, p = 0.014) and proptosis response (75.0% vs. 90.9%, p = 0.045) when compared with nondecompression patients. Additionally, there were no significant differences in proptosis, CAS, and diplopia responses between patients with acute (defined as disease duration <1 year) versus chronic (disease duration ≥1 year) TED. While most adverse events were mild to moderate, 4 patients reported serious adverse events related to persistent hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS Patients with recalcitrant TED demonstrated a significant improvement after teprotumumab in each of the primary study outcomes. The degree of proptosis reduction, diplopia response, and CAS improvement in the recalcitrant group were similar to those of treatment-naïve patients from the pivotal clinical trials. Patients with a prior history of orbital decompression, however, demonstrated poor improvement in diplopia and less reduction in proptosis than surgery naïve patients. These results indicate that teprotumumab is a treatment option for the treatment of patients with TED recalcitrant to prior medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J Men
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A
| | - Linus Amarikwa
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A
| | - Brandon Pham
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Connie Sears
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A
| | - Kevin Clauss
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Bradford W Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Division, University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - Wendy W Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Joshua Pasol
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Shoaib Ugradar
- Private Practice, Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Roman Shinder
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A
| | - Kimberly Cockerham
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A
- Private Practice, San Diego, California, U.S.A
| | - Sara Wester
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Raymond Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Andrea L Kossler
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A
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Rieder F, Mukherjee PK, Massey WJ, Wang Y, Fiocchi C. Fibrosis in IBD: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets. Gut 2024; 73:854-866. [PMID: 38233198 PMCID: PMC10997492 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis resulting in stricture formation and obstruction in Crohn's disease (CD) and increased wall stiffness leading to symptoms in ulcerative colitis (UC) is among the largest unmet needs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fibrosis is caused by a multifactorial and complex process involving immune and non-immune cells, their soluble mediators and exposure to luminal contents, such as microbiota and environmental factors. To date, no antifibrotic therapy is available. Some progress has been made in creating consensus definitions and measurements to quantify stricture morphology for clinical practice and trials, but approaches to determine the degree of fibrosis within a stricture are still lacking. OBJECTIVE We herein describe the current state of stricture pathogenesis, measuring tools and clinical trial endpoints development. DESIGN Data presented and discussed in this review derive from the past and recent literature and the authors' own research and experience. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant progress has been made in better understanding the pathogenesis of fibrosis, but additional studies and preclinical developments are needed to define specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pranab K Mukherjee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William J Massey
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Buonfiglio F, Ponto KA, Pfeiffer N, Kahaly GJ, Gericke A. Redox mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid eye disease. Autoimmun Rev 2024:103534. [PMID: 38527685 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition affecting the orbit and the eye with its adnexa, often occurring as an extrathyroidal complication of Graves' disease (GD). Orbital inflammatory infiltration and the stimulation of orbital fibroblasts, triggering de novo adipogenesis, an overproduction of hyaluronan, myofibroblast differentiation, and eventual tissue fibrosis are hallmarks of the disease. Notably, several redox signaling pathways have been shown to intensify inflammation and to promote adipogenesis, myofibroblast differentiation, and fibrogenesis by upregulating potent cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. While existing treatment options can manage symptoms and potentially halt disease progression, they come with drawbacks such as relapses, side effects, and chronic adverse effects on the optic nerve. Currently, several studies shed light on the pathogenetic contributions of emerging factors within immunological cascades and chronic oxidative stress. This review article provides an overview on the latest advancements in understanding the pathophysiology of TED, with a special focus of the interplay between oxidative stress, immunological mechanisms and environmental factors. Furthermore, cutting-edge therapeutic approaches targeting redox mechanisms will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonfiglio
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Katharina A Ponto
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - George J Kahaly
- Medicine I (GJK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany.
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Jain N, Goyal Y, Dunagin MC, Cote CJ, Mellis IA, Emert B, Jiang CL, Dardani IP, Reffsin S, Arnett M, Yang W, Raj A. Retrospective identification of cell-intrinsic factors that mark pluripotency potential in rare somatic cells. Cell Syst 2024; 15:109-133.e10. [PMID: 38335955 PMCID: PMC10940218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by the expression of OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and MYC. Usually only a rare subset of cells reprogram, and the molecular characteristics of this subset remain unknown. We apply retrospective clone tracing to identify and characterize the rare human fibroblasts primed for reprogramming. These fibroblasts showed markers of increased cell cycle speed and decreased fibroblast activation. Knockdown of a fibroblast activation factor identified by our analysis increased the reprogramming efficiency. We provide evidence for a unified model in which cells can move into and out of the primed state over time, explaining how reprogramming appears deterministic at short timescales and stochastic at long timescales. Furthermore, inhibiting the activity of LSD1 enlarged the pool of cells that were primed for reprogramming. Thus, even homogeneous cell populations can exhibit heritable molecular variability that can dictate whether individual rare cells will reprogram or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Jain
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margaret C Dunagin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Cote
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Mellis
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Emert
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie L Jiang
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian P Dardani
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam Reffsin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miles Arnett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Suh SB, Suh JY, Cho SB. Analyzing secretory proteins in human dermal fibroblast-conditioned medium for angiogenesis: A bioinformatic approach. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13568. [PMID: 38200622 PMCID: PMC10781896 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conditioned medium from human dermal fibroblasts (dermal fibroblast-conditioned medium; DFCM) contains a diverse array of secretory proteins, including growth factors and wound repair-promoting proteins. Angiogenesis, a crucial process that facilitates the infiltration of inflammatory cells during wound repair, is induced by a hypoxic environment and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 337 proteins identified through proteomics analysis of DFCM. We specifically focused on 64 DFCM proteins with potential involvement in angiogenesis. These proteins were further classified based on their characteristics, and we conducted a detailed analysis of their protein-protein interactions. RESULTS Gene Ontology protein classification categorized these 64 DFCM proteins into various classes, including metabolite interconversion enzymes (N = 11), protein modifying enzymes (N = 10), protein-binding activity modulators (N = 9), cell adhesion molecules (N = 6), extracellular matrix proteins (N = 6), transfer/carrier proteins (N = 3), calcium-binding proteins (N = 2), chaperones (N = 2), cytoskeletal proteins (N = 2), RNA metabolism proteins (N = 1), intercellular signal molecules (N = 1), transporters (N = 1), scaffold/adaptor proteins (N = 1), and unclassified proteins (N = 9). Furthermore, our protein-protein interaction network analysis of DFCM proteins revealed two distinct networks: one with medium confidence level interaction scores, consisting of 60 proteins with significant connections, and another at a high confidence level, comprising 52 proteins with significant interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our bioinformatic analysis highlights the presence of a multitude of secretory proteins in DFCM that form significant protein-protein interaction networks crucial for regulating angiogenesis. These findings underscore the critical roles played by DFCM proteins in various stages of angiogenesis during the wound repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Bin Cho
- Yonsei Seran Dermatology and Laser ClinicSeoulSouth Korea
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Hei X, Lin B, Wu P, Li X, Mao Z, Huang S, Zhang F, Zhou M, Ke Y, Yang H, Huang D. Lutein targeting orbital fibroblasts attenuates fibrotic and inflammatory effects in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Exp Eye Res 2023; 232:109515. [PMID: 37207866 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lutein (LU) is a carotenoid that has recently been implicated in multiple roles in fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is particularly relevant to these pathological changes. We thus aim to probe the potential therapeutic effects of TAO in an in vitro model. We used LU pre-treating OFs derived from patients with TAO or not, then treated with TGF-β1(or IL-1β)to induce fibrosis (or inflammation). We analyzed the different expressions of related genes and proteins, and the molecular mechanism pathway on TAO OFs was screened by RNA sequencing, which is identified in vitro. We found that LU attenuates fibrotic and inflammatory effects in TAO. LU inhibited ACTA2, COL1A1, FN1, and CTGF mRNA expression and suppressed α-SMA, and FN1 protein expression induced by TGF-β1. Besides, LU suppressed OFs migration. Besides, it is shown that LU suppressed inflammation-related genes, such as IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1, and MCP-1. Moreover, LU inhibited oxidative stress induced by IL-1β, which is analyzed by DHE fluorescent probe staining. RNA sequencing suggested ERK/AP-1 pathway may be the molecular mechanism of LU protective effect on TAO, which is identified by RT-qPCR and western-blot. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that LU significantly attenuates the pathogenic manifestations of TAO by inhibiting the expression of fibrotic and inflammation-related genes and ROS produced by OFs. These data suggested that LU may be a potential medicine for TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Hei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengsen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Danping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Jain N, Goyal Y, Dunagin MC, Cote CJ, Mellis IA, Emert B, Jiang CL, Dardani IP, Reffsin S, Raj A. Retrospective identification of intrinsic factors that mark pluripotency potential in rare somatic cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.10.527870. [PMID: 36798299 PMCID: PMC9934612 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.527870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by the expression of the four "Yamanaka" factors OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and MYC. However, even in homogeneous conditions, usually only a rare subset of cells admit reprogramming, and the molecular characteristics of this subset remain unknown. Here, we apply retrospective clone tracing to identify and characterize the individual human fibroblast cells that are primed for reprogramming. These fibroblasts showed markers of increased cell cycle speed and decreased fibroblast activation. Knockdown of a fibroblast activation factor identified by our analysis led to increased reprogramming efficiency, identifying it as a barrier to reprogramming. Changing the frequency of reprogramming by inhibiting the activity of LSD1 led to an enlarging of the pool of cells that were primed for reprogramming. Our results show that even homogeneous cell populations can exhibit heritable molecular variability that can dictate whether individual rare cells will reprogram or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Jain
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret C Dunagin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Cote
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Mellis
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Emert
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Connie L Jiang
- Genetics and Epigenetics Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian P Dardani
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sam Reffsin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zeng F, Gao M, Liao S, Zhou Z, Luo G, Zhou Y. Role and mechanism of CD90 + fibroblasts in inflammatory diseases and malignant tumors. Mol Med 2023; 29:20. [PMID: 36747131 PMCID: PMC9900913 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are highly heterogeneous mesenchymal stromal cells, and different fibroblast subpopulations play different roles. A subpopulation of fibroblasts expressing CD90, a 25-37 kDa glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored protein, plays a dominant role in the fibrotic and pro-inflammatory state. In this review, we focused on CD90+ fibroblasts, and their roles and possible mechanisms in disease processes. First, the main biological functions of CD90+ fibroblasts in inducing angiogenesis and maintaining tissue homeostasis are described. Second, the role and possible mechanism of CD90+ fibroblasts in inducing pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory arthritis, inflammatory skin diseases, and scar formation are introduced, and we discuss how CD90+ cancer-associated fibroblasts might serve as promising cancer biomarkers. Finally, we propose future research directions related to CD90+ fibroblasts. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment CD90+ fibroblast-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zeng
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Shan Liao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan China
| | - Zihua Zhou
- grid.508130.fDepartment of Oncology, Loudi Central Hospital, Loudi, 417000 China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, No. 88 of Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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Xie B, Xiong W, Zhang F, Wang N, Luo Y, Chen Y, Cao J, Chen Z, Ma C, Chen H. The miR-103a-3p/TGFBR3 axis regulates TGF-β-induced orbital fibroblast activation and fibrosis in thyroid-eye disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111780. [PMID: 36179941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular pathways that contribute to orbital fibroblast activation during thyroid-eye disease (TED) may promote TED progression. Non-coding RNAs, especially miRNAs, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of TED. In the present study, miR-103a-3p was dramatically upregulated and TGFBR3 was downregulated within TED orbital tissue samples and TGF-β-stimulated TED orbital fibroblasts. miR-103a-3p inhibition in TGF-β-stimulated TED orbital fibroblasts partially abolished TGF-β-induced fibrotic alterations, as manifested by the impaired fibroblast cell viability and decreased vimentin and fibronectin levels. miR-103a-3p directly targeted TGFBR3 in TED orbital samples and TGF-β-stimulated TED orbital fibroblasts. In TGF-β-stimulated TED orbital fibroblasts, TGFBR3 overexpression inhibited fibroblast cell viability and decreased vimentin and fibronectin levels. TGFBR3 overexpression partially attenuated the inhibitory effects of miR-103a-3p overexpression on TGFBR3 expression and the promotive effects of miR-103a-3p overexpression on TGF-β-induced fibrotic alterations. Under TGF-β stimulation, miR-103a-3p overexpression significantly promoted, whereas TGFBR3 overexpression inhibited the phosphorylation of Erk1/2, JNK, Smad2, and Smad3. TGFBR3 overexpression also partially abolished the effects of miR-103a-3p overexpression on Erk1/2, JNK, Smad2, and Smad3 phosphorylation. In conclusion, the miR-103a-3p/TGFBR3 axis regulated TGF-β-induced TED orbital fibroblast activation and fibrosis in TED, with the possible involvement of the Erk/JNK and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Nuo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yizhi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jiamin Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhuokun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
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Zhang C, Wang S, Casal Moura M, Yi ES, Bowen AJ, Specks U, Warrington KJ, Bayan SL, Ekbom DC, Luo F, Edell ES, Kasperbauer JL, Vassallo R. RNA Sequencing of Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis Tissues Uncovers Putative Profibrotic Mechanisms and Identifies a Prognostic Biomarker. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:1506-1530. [PMID: 35948078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a localized airway disease that almost exclusively affects females. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved may provide insights leading to therapeutic interventions. Next-generation sequencing was performed on tissue sections from patients with iSGS (n = 22), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV; n = 5), and matched controls (n = 9) to explore candidate genes and mechanisms of disease. Gene expression changes were validated, and selected markers were identified by immunofluorescence staining. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and leukocyte extravasation pathways were the biological mechanisms most relevant to iSGS pathogenesis. Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) were abundant in the subepithelium and perisubmucosal glands of the airway in iSGS and AAV. Increased expression of the mesenchymal marker S100A4 and decreased expression of the epithelial marker epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) further supported a role for EMT, but to different extents, in iSGS and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated subglottic stenosis. In patients with iSGS, high expression of prostate transmembrane protein, androgen induced 1 (PMEPA1), an EMT regulator, was associated with a shorter recurrence interval (25 versus 116 months: hazard ratio = 4.16; P = 0.041; 95% CI, 1.056-15.60). Thus, EMT is a key pathogenetic mechanism of subglottic stenosis in iSGS and AAV. M2 macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases, suggesting a shared profibrotic mechanism, and PMEPA1 may be a biomarker for predicting disease recurrence in iSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujie Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marta Casal Moura
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew J Bowen
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Semirra L Bayan
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dale C Ekbom
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China School of Medicine and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Eric S Edell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jan L Kasperbauer
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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11
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Pérez LA, León J, López J, Rojas D, Reyes M, Contreras P, Quest AFG, Escudero C, Leyton L. The GPI-Anchored Protein Thy-1/CD90 Promotes Wound Healing upon Injury to the Skin by Enhancing Skin Perfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12539. [PMID: 36293394 PMCID: PMC9603913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a highly regulated multi-step process that involves a plethora of signals. Blood perfusion is crucial in wound healing and abnormalities in the formation of new blood vessels define the outcome of the wound healing process. Thy-1 has been implicated in angiogenesis and silencing of the Thy-1 gene retards the wound healing process. However, the role of Thy-1 in blood perfusion during wound closure remains unclear. We proposed that Thy-1 regulates vascular perfusion, affecting the healing rate in mouse skin. We analyzed the time of recovery, blood perfusion using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging, and tissue morphology from images acquired with a Nanozoomer tissue scanner. The latter was assessed in a tissue sample taken with a biopsy punch on several days during the wound healing process. Results obtained with the Thy-1 knockout (Thy-1−/−) mice were compared with control mice. Thy-1−/− mice showed at day seven, a delayed re-epithelialization, increased micro- to macro-circulation ratio, and lower blood perfusion in the wound area. In addition, skin morphology displayed a flatter epidermis, fewer ridges, and almost no stratum granulosum or corneum, while the dermis was thicker, showing more fibroblasts and fewer lymphocytes. Our results suggest a critical role for Thy-1 in wound healing, particularly in vascular dynamics.
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12
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Proctor ES, Smith TJ. Bone marrow fibrocytes: villain or white knight in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:441-448. [PMID: 35950703 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We attempt to provide an historical perspective on progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), focusing on the roles of orbital fibroblasts (OF) in the diseased orbit (termed GD-OF) and how these cells differ from those residing in the healthy orbit. GD-OF comprise both residential OF and those apparently derived from CD34 + fibrocytes. RECENT FINDINGS CD34 + fibrocytes of the monocyte lineage putatively traffic to the TAO orbit from bone marrow. We believe that these fibroblastic cell populations dictate the activity and severity of TAO. Their impact on disease may be moderated by Slit2, a neuron axon guidance repellent synthesized by and released from residential CD34 - OF. Approximately 50% of patients with GD develop clinically meaningful TAO. Relatively few require systemic medical and surgical therapies, while milder disease can be managed with conservative, local care. Determining the intrinsic properties of GD-OF and their expression of Slit2 may explain why some patients with GD develop severe, vision-threatening TAO while others virtually escape any of its manifestations. Such insights should allow for improved and better-tolerated therapies. SUMMARY Identifying unique characteristics of fibrocytes and GD-OF subsets reveals their apparent roles in tissue activation, inflammation, and remodeling associated with TAO. Better understanding of these cells, their origins, behavior, and factors modulating their activities remains necessary for the development of more targeted, effective, and safe treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Proctor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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13
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Diao J, Chen X, Mou P, Ma X, Wei R. Potential Therapeutic Activity of Berberine in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Inhibitory Effects on Tissue Remodeling in Orbital Fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:6. [PMID: 36094643 PMCID: PMC9482321 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Berberine (BBR), an alkaloid produced by a traditional Chinese plant, was recently attributed multiple effects on lipometabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is highly associated with these pathologic changes. Thus, we aimed to examine the potential therapeutic effect of BBR in an in vitro model of TAO. Methods Orbital fibroblasts (OFs) obtained from control donors (n = 6) or patients with TAO (n = 6) were cultured. The CCK-8 assay was conducted for assessing the optimal concentration range. Oil Red O staining, Western blotting, and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) were conducted to assess adipogenesis in OFs. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to screen the key pathways of the antiadipogenic effect mediated by BBR. Along with incremental concentrations of BBR, IL-1β–induced expression of proinflammatory molecules was determined by ELISA and qRT-PCR. In addition, TGF-β–induced hyaluronan (HA) production and fibrosis were evaluated by ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. Results TAO-OFs, but not control fibroblasts (CON-OFs), were readily differentiated into adipocytes with the commercial medium. Intracellular lipid accumulation was dose-dependently decreased by BBR, and adipogenic markers were also downregulated. Moreover, the PPARγ and AMPK pathways were screened out by RNA-seq and their downstream effectors were suppressed by BBR. Besides, BBR attenuated IL-1β–induced expression of proinflammatory molecules in both TAO-OFs and CON-OFs by blocking nuclear factor–κB signaling. BBR's inhibitory effect on TGF-β–mediated tissue remodeling was also confirmed in OFs. Conclusions These findings demonstrate BBR has outstanding capabilities of controlling adipogenesis, inflammation, HA production, and fibrosis in OFs, highlighting its potential therapeutic role in TAO management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medicine University, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medicine University, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Mou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medicine University, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoye Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medicine University, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruili Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medicine University, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
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14
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Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid eye disease (TED), a vision-threatening and disfiguring autoimmune process, has thwarted our efforts to understand its pathogenesis and develop effective and safe treatments. Recent scientific advances have facilitated improved treatment options. OBJECTIVE Review historically remote and recent advances in understanding TED. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS PubMed was scanned using search terms including thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, thyroid eye disease, Graves' orbitopathy, autoimmune thyroid disease, and orbital inflammation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Strength of scientific evidence, size, scope, and controls of clinical trials/observations. RESULTS Glucocorticoid steroids are widely prescribed systemic medical therapy. They can lessen inflammation-related manifestations of TED but fail to reliably reduce proptosis and diplopia, 2 major causes of morbidity. Other current therapies include mycophenolate, rituximab (anti-CD20 B cell-depleting monoclonal antibody), tocilizumab (interleukin-6 receptor antagonist), and teprotumumab (IGF-I receptor inhibitor). Several new therapeutic approaches have been proposed including targeting prostaglandin receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor, mTOR, and cholesterol pathways. Of potentially greater long-term importance are attempts to restore immune tolerance. CONCLUSION Despite their current wide use, steroids may no longer enjoy first-tier status for TED as more effective and better tolerated medical options become available. Multiple current and emerging therapies, the rationales for which are rooted in theoretical and experimental science, promise better options. These include teprotumumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab. Restoration of immune tolerance could ultimately become the most effective and safe medical management for TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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15
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Li Z, Wang M, Tan J, Zhu L, Zeng P, Chen X, Xie L, Duan R, Chen B, Tao T, Wang R, Wang X, Su W. Single-cell RNA sequencing depicts the local cell landscape in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100699. [PMID: 35896115 PMCID: PMC9418739 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is a specific reactivity and characteristic remodeling of the periocular tissue in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). However, local cell changes responsible for these pathological processes have not been sufficiently identified. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing is performed to characterize the transcriptional changes of cellular components in the orbital connective tissue in individuals with TAO. Our study shows that lipofibroblasts with RASD1 expression are highly involved in inflammation and adipogenesis during TAO. ACKR1+ endothelial cells and adipose tissue macrophages may engage in TAO pathogenesis. We find CD8+CD57+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with the terminal differentiation phenotype to be another source of interferon-γ, a molecule actively engaging in TAO pathogenesis. Cell-cell communication analysis reveals increased activity of CXCL8/ACKR1 and TNFSF4/TNFRSF4 interactions in TAO. This study provides a comprehensive local cell landscape of TAO and may be valuable for future therapy investigation. A local transcriptional landscape of orbital connective tissue in TAO is developed RASD1-expressing lipofibroblasts are highly involved in adipogenesis and inflammation ACKR1+ endothelial cells contribute to inflammatory cell infiltration in TAO Adipose tissue macrophages engage in lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in TAO
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16
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Tran M, Yoon S, Teoh M, Andersen S, Lam PY, Purdue BW, Raghubar A, Hanson SJ, Devitt K, Jones K, Walters S, Monkman J, Kulasinghe A, Tuong ZK, Soyer HP, Frazer IH, Nguyen Q. A robust experimental and computational analysis framework at multiple resolutions, modalities and coverages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911873. [PMID: 35967449 PMCID: PMC9373800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to study cancer-immune cell communication across the whole tumor section without tissue dissociation is needed, especially for cancer immunotherapy development, which requires understanding of molecular mechanisms and discovery of more druggable targets. In this work, we assembled and evaluated an integrated experimental framework and analytical process to enable genome-wide scale discovery of ligand-receptors potentially used for cellular crosstalks, followed by targeted validation. We assessed the complementarity of four different technologies: single-cell RNA sequencing and Spatial transcriptomic (measuring over >20,000 genes), RNA In Situ Hybridization (RNAscope, measuring 4-12 genes) and Opal Polaris multiplex protein staining (4-9 proteins). To utilize the multimodal data, we implemented existing methods and also developed STRISH (Spatial TRanscriptomic In Situ Hybridization), a computational method that can automatically scan across the whole tissue section for local expression of gene (e.g. RNAscope data) and/or protein markers (e.g. Polaris data) to recapitulate an interaction landscape across the whole tissue. We evaluated the approach to discover and validate cell-cell interaction in situ through in-depth analysis of two types of cancer, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which account for over 70% of cancer cases. We showed that inference of cell-cell interactions using scRNA-seq data can misdetect or detect false positive interactions. Spatial transcriptomics still suffers from misdetecting lowly expressed ligand-receptor interactions, but reduces false discovery. RNAscope and Polaris are sensitive methods for defining the location of potential ligand receptor interactions, and the STRISH program can determine the probability that local gene co-expression reflects true cell-cell interaction. We expect that the approach described here will be widely applied to discover and validate ligand receptor interaction in different types of solid cancer tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S. Yoon
- Genome Innovation Hub, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M. Teoh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S. Andersen
- Genome Innovation Hub, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) Sequencing Facility, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - PY. Lam
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B. W. Purdue
- Genome Innovation Hub, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A. Raghubar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - SJ. Hanson
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - K. Devitt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - K. Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S. Walters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J. Monkman
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A. Kulasinghe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - ZK. Tuong
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council (MRC)-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Brisbane, United Kingdom
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - HP. Soyer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Dermatology Research Center, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - I. H. Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Q. Nguyen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Q. Nguyen,
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Ma L, Hui S, Li Y, Hou Z, Liu Z, Chang Q, Zhang H, Li D. Different Characteristics of Orbital Soft Tissue Expansion in Graves Orbitopathy: Extraocular Muscle Expansion is Correlated to Disease Activity While Fat Tissue Volume With Duration. J Craniofac Surg 2022. [PMID: 35882057 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the correlation between some clinical features and orbital soft tissue volume in Graves orbitopathy (GO). The authors collected computed tomography scans from 56 untreated GO patients and measured fat volume (FV), intraorbital and extraorbital FV (IFV, EFV), bony cavity volume (BV), and extraocular muscle volume (MV) of the 112 orbits by using Mimics software. The ratio of soft tissue volume and BV were used to eliminate the individual variations. Outcomes were compared among groups and were correlated with clinical data, including age, sex, clinical activity score, duration, serum TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) level, body mass index and smoking status. Multivariate linear regression showed that higher MV/BV is associated with higher CAS and TRAb level ( P< 0.001, 0.005, res p ectively). No relationship was found between MV/BV and duration, sex, age, and body mass index. IFV/BV was related to duration (β=0.138, 95% confidence interval: 0.076-0.201, P <0.001), and did not correlate to clinical activity. IFV and MV are positively associated with exophthalmometry ( P =0.009, <0.001, respectively), while orbital bony volume (BV) is negatively correlated with exophthalmometry ( P =0.025). Results suggested TRAb level can impact the severity of GO mainly by affecting extraocular muscle rather than fat tissue. MV of GO is associated with disease activity, whereas IFV is correlated with duration and increases over time.
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18
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Wang X, Ye H, Yang S, Sha X, Wang X, Zhang T, Chen R, Xiao W, Yang H. Disulfiram Exerts Antifibrotic and Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Effects on Perimysial Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves' Orbitopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5261. [PMID: 35563653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis of extraocular muscles (EOMs) is a marker of end-stage in Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). To determine the antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of disulfiram (DSF) on perimysial orbital fibroblasts (pOFs) in a GO model in vitro, primary cultures of pOFs from eight patients with GO and six subjects without GO (NG) were established. CCK-8 and EdU assays, IF, qPCR, WB, three-dimensional collagen gel contraction assays, cell scratch experiments, and ELISAs were performed. After TGF-β1 stimulation of pOFs, the proliferation rate of the GO group but not the NG group increased significantly. DSF dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation, contraction, and migration of pOFs in the GO group. Additionally, DSF dose-dependently inhibited fibrosis and extracellular matrix production markers (FN1, COL1A1, α-SMA, CTGF) at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, DSF mediates antifibrotic effects on GO pOFs partially through the ERK-Snail signaling pathway. In addition, DSF attenuated HA production and suppressed inflammatory chemokine molecule expression induced by TGF-β1 in GO pOFs. In this in vitro study, we demonstrate the inhibitory effect of DSF on pOFs fibrosis in GO, HA production, and inflammation. DSF may be a potential drug candidate for preventing and treating tissue fibrosis in GO.
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19
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Sun S, Li JY, Nim HT, Piers A, Ramialison M, Porrello ER, Konstantinov IE, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. CD90 Marks a Mesenchymal Program in Human Thymic Epithelial Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846281. [PMID: 35371075 PMCID: PMC8966383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelium is critical for the structural integrity of the thymus and for T cell development. Within the fully formed thymus, large numbers of hematopoietic cells shape the thymic epithelium into a scaffold-like structure which bears little similarity to classical epithelial layers, such as those observed in the skin, intestine or pancreas. Here, we show that human thymic epithelial cells (TECs) possess an epithelial identity that also incorporates the expression of mesenchymal cell associated genes, whose expression levels vary between medullary and cortical TECs (m/cTECs). Using pluripotent stem cell (PSC) differentiation systems, we identified a unique population of cells that co-expressed the master TEC transcription factor FOXN1, as well as the epithelial associated marker EPCAM and the mesenchymal associated gene CD90. Using the same serum free culture conditions, we also observed co-expression of EPCAM and CD90 on cultured TECs derived from neonatal human thymus in vitro. Single cell RNA-sequencing revealed these cultured TECs possessed an immature mTEC phenotype and expressed epithelial and mesenchymal associated genes, such as EPCAM, CLDN4, CD90 and COL1A1. Importantly, flow cytometry and single cell RNA-sequencing analysis further confirmed the presence of an EPCAM+CD90+ population in the CD45- fraction of neonatal human thymic stromal cells in vivo. Using the human thymus cell atlas, we found that cTECs displayed more pronounced mesenchymal characteristics than mTECs during embryonic development. Collectively, these results suggest human TECs possess a hybrid gene expression program comprising both epithelial and mesenchymal elements, and provide a basis for the further exploration of thymus development from primary tissues and from the in vitro differentiation of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Sun
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Li
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hieu T Nim
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute and Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Piers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute and Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Igor E Konstantinov
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute and Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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20
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Pérez LA, Leyton L, Valdivia A. Thy-1 (CD90), Integrins and Syndecan 4 are Key Regulators of Skin Wound Healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:810474. [PMID: 35186924 PMCID: PMC8851320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.810474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute skin wound healing is a multistage process consisting of a plethora of tightly regulated signaling events in specialized cells. The Thy-1 (CD90) glycoprotein interacts with integrins and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan 4, generating a trimolecular complex that triggers bi-directional signaling to regulate diverse aspects of the wound healing process. These proteins can act either as ligands or receptors, and they are critical for the successful progression of wound healing. The expression of Thy-1, integrins, and syndecan 4 is controlled during the healing process, and the lack of expression of any of these proteins results in delayed wound healing. Here, we review and discuss the roles and regulatory events along the stages of wound healing that support the relevance of Thy-1, integrins, and syndecan 4 as crucial regulators of skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Pérez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Lisette Leyton, ; Alejandra Valdivia,
| | - Alejandra Valdivia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lisette Leyton, ; Alejandra Valdivia,
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Abstract
PURPOSE Our understanding of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO, A.K.A Graves' orbitopathy, thyroid eye disease) has advanced substantially, since one of us (TJS) wrote the 2010 update on TAO, appearing in this journal. METHODS PubMed was searched for relevant articles. RESULTS Recent insights have resulted from important studies conducted by many different laboratory groups around the World. A clearer understanding of autoimmune diseases in general and TAO specifically emerged from the use of improved research methodologies. Several key concepts have matured over the past decade. Among them, those arising from the refinement of mouse models of TAO, early stage investigation into restoring immune tolerance in Graves' disease, and a hard-won acknowledgement that the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) might play a critical role in the development of TAO, stand out as important. The therapeutic inhibition of IGF-IR has blossomed into an effective and safe medical treatment. Teprotumumab, a β-arrestin biased agonist monoclonal antibody inhibitor of IGF-IR has been studied in two multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trials demonstrated both effectiveness and a promising safety profile in moderate-to-severe, active TAO. Those studies led to the approval by the US FDA of teprotumumab, currently marketed as Tepezza for TAO. We have also learned far more about the putative role that CD34+ fibrocytes and their derivatives, CD34+ orbital fibroblasts, play in TAO. CONCLUSION The past decade has been filled with substantial scientific advances that should provide the necessary springboard for continually accelerating discovery over the next 10 years and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Neag
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - T J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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22
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Bai XJ, Chu XJ, Yang T, Tong BD, Qi X, Peng YY, Li Y, Wang LJ, Li YP. Changes of mRNA expression underlying orbital adipogenesis in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:1708-1715. [PMID: 36457984 PMCID: PMC9710284 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/153478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jing Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Aier Eye Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao Jing Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Aier Eye Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Ding Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yang Yang Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lu Jue Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yun Ping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Trivlidis J, Aloufi N, Al-Habeeb F, Nair P, Azuelos I, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. HuR drives lung fibroblast differentiation but not metabolic reprogramming in response to TGF-β and hypoxia. Respir Res 2021; 22:323. [PMID: 34963461 PMCID: PMC8715577 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary fibrosis is thought to be driven by recurrent alveolar epithelial injury which leads to the differentiation of fibroblasts into α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-expressing myofibroblasts and subsequent deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) plays a key role in fibroblast differentiation, which we have recently shown involves human antigen R (HuR). HuR is an RNA binding protein that also increases the translation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) mRNA, a transcription factor critical for inducing a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation towards glycolysis. This metabolic shift may cause fibroblast differentiation. We hypothesized that under hypoxic conditions, HuR controls myofibroblast differentiation and glycolytic reprogramming in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs). Methods Primary HLFs were cultured in the presence (or absence) of TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) under hypoxic (1% O2) or normoxic (21% O2) conditions. Evaluation included mRNA and protein expression of glycolytic and myofibroblast/ECM markers by qRT-PCR and western blot. Metabolic profiling was done by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H- NMR). Separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of HuR on metabolic reprogramming using siRNA-mediated knock-down. Results Hypoxia alone had no significant effect on fibroblast differentiation or metabolic reprogramming. While hypoxia- together with TGFβ1- increased mRNA levels of differentiation and glycolysis genes, such as ACTA2, LDHA, and HK2, protein levels of α-SMA and collagen 1 were significantly reduced. Hypoxia induced cytoplasmic translocation of HuR. Knockdown of HuR reduced features of fibroblast differentiation in response to TGF-β1 with and without hypoxia, including α-SMA and the ECM marker collagen I, but had no effect on lactate secretion. Conclusions Hypoxia reduced myofibroblasts differentiation and lactate secretion in conjunction with TGF-β. HuR is an important protein in the regulation of myofibroblast differentiation but does not control glycolysis in HLFs in response to hypoxia. More research is needed to understand the functional implications of HuR in IPF pathogenesis.
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Garoffolo G, Pesce M. From dissection of fibrotic pathways to assessment of drug interactions to reduce cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2021; 2:100036. [PMID: 34909666 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by extracellular matrix deposition in the cardiac interstitium, and this contributes to cardiac contractile dysfunction and progression of heart failure. The main players involved in this process are the cardiac fibroblasts, which, in the presence of pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic stimuli, undergo a complete transformation acquiring a more proliferative, a pro-inflammatory and a secretory phenotype. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and suggests potential strategies to monitor the effects of specific drugs designed to slow down the progression of this disease by specifically targeting the fibroblasts.
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Wu SB, Hou TY, Kau HC, Tsai CC. Effect of Pirfenidone on TGF-β1-Induced Myofibroblast Differentiation and Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis of Human Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves' Ophthalmopathy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101424. [PMID: 34680057 PMCID: PMC8533421 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone is a pyridinone derivative that has been shown to inhibit fibrosis in animal models and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Its effect on orbital fibroblasts remains poorly understood. We investigated the in vitro effect of pirfenidone in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis in primary cultured orbital fibroblasts from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). The expression of fibrotic proteins, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin, and collagen type I, was determined by Western blots. The activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) responsible for the ECM homeostasis were examined. After pretreating the GO orbital fibroblasts with pirfenidone (250, 500, and 750 μg/mL, respectively) for one hour followed by TGF-β1 for another 24 h, the expression of α-SMA, CTGF, fibronectin, and collagen type I decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreating the GO orbital fibroblasts with pirfenidone not only abolished TGF-β1-induced TIMP-1 expression but recovered the MMP-2/-9 activities. Notably, pirfenidone inhibited TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the critical mediators in the TGF-β1 pathways. These findings suggest that pirfenidone modulates TGF-β1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and ECM homeostasis by attenuating downstream signaling of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bei Wu
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Yu Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Kau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 11259, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chih Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28757325; Fax: +886-2-28213984
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Wan Z, Zhang S, Zhong AX, Shelton SE, Campisi M, Sundararaman SK, Offeddu GS, Ko E, Ibrahim L, Coughlin MF, Liu T, Bai J, Barbie DA, Kamm RD. A robust vasculogenic microfluidic model using human immortalized endothelial cells and Thy1 positive fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121032. [PMID: 34303155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and stromal cells, such as human lung fibroblasts (FBs), have been widely used to generate functional microvascular networks (μVNs) in vitro. However, primary cells derived from different donors have batch-to-batch variations and limited lifespans when cultured in vitro, which hampers the reproducibility of μVN formation. Here, we immortalize HUVECs and FBs by exogenously expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to obtain stable endothelial cell and FB sources for μVN formation in vitro. Interestingly, we find that immortalized HUVECs can only form functional μVNs with immortalized FBs from earlier passages but not from later passages. Mechanistically, we show that Thy1 expression decreases in FBs from later passages. Compared to Thy1 negative FBs, Thy1 positive FBs express higher IGFBP2, IGFBP7, and SPARC, which are important for angiogenesis and lumen formation during vasculogenesis in 3D. Moreover, Thy1 negative FBs physically block microvessel openings, reducing the perfusability of μVNs. Finally, by culturing immortalized FBs on gelatin-coated surfaces in serum-free medium, we are able to maintain the majority of Thy1 positive immortalized FBs to support perfusable μVN formation. Overall, we establish stable cell sources for μVN formation and characterize the functions of Thy1 positive and negative FBs in vasculogenesis in vitro.
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Shi L, Ye H, Huang J, Li Y, Wang X, Xu Z, Chen J, Xiao W, Chen R, Yang H. IL-38 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Effects in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3125-e3142. [PMID: 33693700 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease closely associated with Graves' disease. IL-38, a novel cytokine in the IL-1 superfamily, has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the relationship between IL-38 and TAO disease activity and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in TAO. METHODS Blood samples and orbital connective tissues were collected from TAO patients and controls. Orbital fibroblasts were isolated from patients with TAO. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that IL-38 levels decreased in the circulation and orbital connective tissues of patients with TAO compared with the controls, and levels were negatively correlated with the clinical activity score. In vitro, potent anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of IL-38 were observed. Furthermore, we revealed that IL-38 can counteract the phosphorylation of star molecules in multiple classical pathways. CONCLUSION IL-38 plays a protective role in TAO and is associated with its pathogenesis. Our data suggest that IL-38 may be a promising marker of TAO disease activity and a potential target for TAO therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jingqiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Choi JH, Noh H, Kim YD, Woo KI. Prognostic factors of restrictive myopathy in thyroid eye disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13781. [PMID: 34215786 PMCID: PMC8253730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the prognostic factors of extraocular muscle restriction in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED), 65 patients with TED and restrictive myopathy were evaluated. Demographics, clinical activity score (CAS), smoking status, thyroid disease status, thyroid hormone status, thyroid autoantibody status, orbital computed tomography (CT) scan at initial presentation, and treatment regimens were assessed. The movements of the most severely affected extraocular muscles were categorized into five grades. The patients were divided into the improved and the not-improved group based on the improvement in the limitation of the extraocular muscle excursion (LOM) throughout the follow-up, and the groups were compared using clinical factors. The mean LOM significantly improved from 2.3 ± 1.1 to 1.7 ± 1.2 after 1 year of follow-up. The excursion of the most restricted muscle improved in 32 patients but not in 33 patients during the follow-up. The initial concentration of the thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) was significantly lower in the improved (229.3 ± 114.1) than in the not-improved group (345.0 ± 178.6) (P = 0.02) Age, sex, smoking status, CAS, thyroid status, and muscle thickness on the CT scan did not significantly differ in the groups. This study showed that the initial concentration of TSAb is a factor affecting the recovery of restrictive myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Hoon Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | | | - Kyung In Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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Yu WK, Hwang WL, Wang YC, Tsai CC, Wei YH. Curcumin Suppresses TGF-β1-Induced Myofibroblast Differentiation and Attenuates Angiogenic Activity of Orbital Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136829. [PMID: 34202024 PMCID: PMC8268269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbital fibrosis, a hallmark of tissue remodeling in Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), is a chronic, progressive orbitopathy with few effective treatments. Orbital fibroblasts are effector cells, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) acts as a critical inducer to promote myofibroblast differentiation and subsequent tissue fibrosis. Curcumin is a natural compound with anti-fibrotic activity. This study aims to investigate the effects of curcumin on TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and on the pro-angiogenic activities of orbital fibroblasts. Orbital fibroblasts from one healthy donor and three patients with GO were collected for primary cell culture and subjected to myofibroblast differentiation under the administration of 1 or 5 ng/mL TGF-β1 for 24 h. The effects of curcumin on TGF-β1-induced orbital fibroblasts were assessed by measuring the cellular viability and detecting the expression of myofibroblast differentiation markers, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The pro-angiogenic potential of curcumin-treated orbital fibroblasts was evaluated by examining the transwell migration and tube-forming capacities of fibroblast-conditioned EA.hy926 and HMEC-1 endothelial cells. Treatment of orbital fibroblasts with curcumin inhibited the TGF-β1 signaling pathway and attenuated the expression of CTGF and α-SMA induced by TGF-β1. Curcumin, at the concentration of 5 μg/mL, suppressed 5 ng/mL TGF-β1-induced pro-angiogenic activities of orbital fibroblast-conditioned EA hy926 and HMEC-1 endothelial cells. Our findings suggest that curcumin reduces the TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and pro-angiogenic activity in orbital fibroblasts. The results support the potential application of curcumin for the treatment of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kuang Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chih Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.T.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.T.); (Y.-H.W.)
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30
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Smith TJ. Teprotumumab in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Rationale for Therapeutic Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Inhibition. J Neuroophthalmol 2020; 40:74-83. [PMID: 32040069 DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune component of Graves' disease for which no currently available medical therapy provides reliable and safe benefit. Based on insights generated experimentally over the past several decades, the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of TAO. Furthermore, an IGF-IR inhibitor, teprotumumab, has emerged from 2 clinical trials as a promising treatment for active, moderate to severe TAO. This brief review intends to provide an overview of the rationale underlying the development of teprotumumab for this disease. It is possible that teprotumumab will soon take its place in our therapeutic armamentarium for active TAO.
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31
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Wang J, Lin S, Brown JM, van Wagoner D, Fiocchi C, Rieder F. Novel mechanisms and clinical trial endpoints in intestinal fibrosis. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:211-227. [PMID: 33993489 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) worldwide has resulted in a global public health challenge. Intestinal fibrosis leading to stricture formation and bowel obstruction is a frequent complication in Crohn's disease (CD), and the lack of anti-fibrotic therapies makes elucidation of fibrosis mechanisms a priority. Progress has shown that mesenchymal cells, cytokines, microbial products, and mesenteric adipocytes are jointly implicated in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis. This recent information puts prevention or reversal of intestinal strictures within reach through innovative therapies validated by reliable clinical trial endpoints. Here, we review the role of immune and non-immune components of the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis, including new cell clusters, cytokine networks, host-microbiome interactions, creeping fat, and their translation for endpoint development in anti-fibrotic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sinan Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David van Wagoner
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Hou TY, Wu SB, Kau HC, Tsai CC. JNK and p38 Inhibitors Prevent Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation in Human Graves' Orbital Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2952. [PMID: 33799469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from orbital fibroblasts is known to dominate tissue remodeling and fibrosis in Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). However, the signaling pathways through which TGF-β1 activates Graves’ orbital fibroblasts remain unclear. This study investigated the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation in human Graves’ orbital fibroblasts. The MAPK pathway was assessed by measuring the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by Western blots. The expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibronectin representing fibrogenesis was estimated. The activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism were analyzed. Specific pharmacologic kinase inhibitors were used to confirm the involvement of the MAPK pathway. After treatment with TGF-β1, the phosphorylation levels of p38 and JNK, but not ERK, were increased. CTGF, α-SMA, and fibronectin, as well as TIMP-1 and TIMP-3, were upregulated, whereas the activities of MMP-2/-9 were inhibited. The effects of TGF-β1 on the expression of these factors were eliminated by p38 and JNK inhibitors. The results suggested that TGF-β1 could induce myofibroblast transdifferentiation in human Graves’ orbital fibroblasts through the p38 and JNK pathways.
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Abstract
Graves' orbitopathy (GO), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, is the most common ocular abnormality of Graves' disease. It is a disfiguring, invalidating, and potentially blinding orbital disease mediated by an interlocking and complicated immune network. Self-reactive T cells directly against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor-bearing orbital fibroblasts contribute to autoimmune inflammation and tissue remodeling in GO orbital connective tissues. To date, T helper (Th) 1 (cytotoxic leaning) and Th2 (antibody leaning) cell subsets and an emerging role of Th17 (fibrotic leaning) cells have been implicated in GO pathogenesis. The potential feedback loops between orbital native residential CD34- fibroblasts, CD34+ infiltrating fibrocytes, and effector T cells may affect the T cell subset bias and the skewed pattern of cytokine production in the orbit, thereby determining the outcomes of GO autoimmune reactions. Characterization of the T cell subsets that drive GO and the cytokines they express may significantly advance our understanding of orbital autoimmunity and the development of promising therapeutic strategies against pathological T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xianqun Fan, ; Huifang Zhou,
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xianqun Fan, ; Huifang Zhou,
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Brovkina AF, Sychev DA, Toropova OS. [Influence of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and NR3C1 genes polymorphism on the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy]. Vestn Oftalmol 2020; 136:125-132. [PMID: 33371640 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2020136062125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
For more than 60 years, glucocorticoid therapy has been practically the only method for treating patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy - non-specific autoimmune inflammation of the soft tissues of the orbit. Steroid-resistant forms of this disease are known to exist. The reasons for the formation of glucocorticoid resistance are not fully understood yet. PURPOSE To study the possibilities of pharmacogenetic testing for the polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 and cytochrome P450 in predicting the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with edematous exophthalmos - one of the clinical forms of endocrine ophthalmopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The results of glucocorticoid therapy were analyzed in 75 patients with different clinical forms of endocrine ophthalmopathy aged 27 to 84 years. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination, external examination of the eye with assessment of the state of periorbital tissues, determination of the shape and size of the palpebral fissure (vertical size), position of the eye in orbit, Hertel exophthalmometry, ultrasound scanning and computed tomography of the orbits. Genetic analysis of the polymorphism of the studied genes was carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). RESULTS The study did not find patterns in the distribution of homo- and heterozygous genotypes of A6986G polymorphic markers of the CYP3A5 gene, 6 C>T intron of the CYP3A4 gene and rs6190 of the NR3C1 gene in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy and their effect on the glucocorticoid response (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Results of pharmacogenetic testing of the gene for the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 and cytochrome P450 do not provide a reliable confirmation of the influence of the polymorphism of the studied genes on the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Brovkina
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Sychev
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Toropova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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Hao M, Sun J, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Han J, Zhang J, Qiao H. Exploring the Role of SRC in Extraocular Muscle Fibrosis of the Graves' Ophthalmopathy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:392. [PMID: 32457885 PMCID: PMC7225279 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease highly associated with thyroid cancer. The Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is a special Graves’ disease with inflammatory ophthalmopathy being a typical extrathymic complication. GO is caused by the formation of orbital fat and extraocular muscle fibrosis due to the inflammation of orbital connective tissues. Thus, controlling extraocular muscle fibrosis is critical for the prognosis of GO. The objective of this study is to identify and experimentally validate key genes associated with GO and explore their potential function mechanisms especially on extraocular muscle fibrosis. Specifically, we first created a GO mouse model, and performed RNA sequencing on the extraocular muscles of fibrotic GO mice and controls. SRC was identified as the most significant unstudied differentially expressed gene between GO mice and controls. Thus, we conducted a few in vitro analyses to explore the roles and functions of SRC in GO, for which we selected primary cultured orbital fibroblast (OF) as the in vitro cell line model. It is known that myofibroblast (MFB), which expresses α-SMA, is an important target cell in the process of fibrosis. Our experiment suggests that TGF-β can induce the transformation from OF to MFB, however, the transformation was inhibited by silencing the SRC gene in OF. In addition, we also inhibited TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways to analyze the interaction between these pathways and SRC. In conclusion, the silence of SRC in OF can inhibit the transformation from OF to MFB, which might be associated with the interaction between SRC and a few pathways such as TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingxue Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dexin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Han
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jirong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Abstract
Fibroblasts have been traditionally viewed as providing little more than a structural lattice for other cell types. However, recent data indicate that fibroblasts play a key and early role in many pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, fibrosis, and neoplasia. Moreover, depending on the anatomical location, fibroblasts display significant functional heterogeneity. Therefore, it is important to study the subpopulation of fibroblasts derived exactly from the organ of interest rather than to extrapolate the observations made in other fibroblast subsets. Cell culture provides a powerful tool for studying the role of fibroblasts in various contexts. In this review, we describe procedures for establishing and identifying primary cultures of human peritoneal fibroblasts. We also briefly discuss the potential involvement of peritoneal fibroblasts in peritoneal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Witowski
- Department of Pathophysiology,
University Medical School, Poznań, Poland
| | - Achim Jörres
- Department of Nephrology and Medical
Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus
Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Dysthyroid eye disease is a rare condition, mainly found in people with Graves' hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune responses to thyroid/orbit shared antigens drive extensive tissue remodelling. This includes excess adipogenesis and over-production of extra-cellular matrix, which both tend to occur in the earlier 'active' inflammatory stages of disease. With time these give way to fibrosis, which has a profound impact on eye motility and may be life-long. Progress has been made in identifying the shared autoantigen(s) and the role of specific T cells and autoantibodies in remodelling, which have facilitated development of novel therapies. However relatively little is known of the autoimmune processes under-pinning fibrosis and currently there are no adequate medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Ludgate
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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38
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Hashimoto A, Karim MR, Kuramochi M, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Characterization of Macrophages and Myofibroblasts Appearing in Dibutyltin Dichloride-Induced Rat Pancreatic Fibrosis. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:509-523. [PMID: 31896309 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319893310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and myofibroblasts are important in fibrogenesis. The cellular characteristics in pancreatic fibrosis remain to be investigated. Pancreatic fibrosis was induced in F344 rats by a single intravenous injection of dibutyltin dichloride. Histopathologically, the induced pancreatic fibrosis was divided into 3 grades (1+, 2+, and 3+), based on collagen deposition. Immunohistochemically, CD68-expressing M1 macrophages increased with grade and CD163-expressing M2 macrophages also increased later than M1 macrophage appearance. Double immunofluorescence showed that there were macrophages coexpressing CD68 and CD163, suggesting a possible shift from M1 to M2 types; similarly, increased major histocompatibility complex class II- and CD204-expressing macrophages were polarized toward M1 and M2 types, respectively. These findings indicated the participation of M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. Mesenchymal cells staining positive for vimentin, desmin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) increased with grade. There were mesenchymal cells coexpressing vimentin/α-SMA, desmin/α-SMA, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)/α-SMA; Thy-1-expressing immature mesenchymal cells also increased in fibrotic lesions. Because α-SMA expression is a reliable marker for myofibroblasts, α-SMA-expressing pancreatic myofibroblasts might be originated from GFAP-expressing pancreatic stellate cells or Thy-1-expressing immature mesenchymal cells; the myofibroblasts could simultaneously express cytoskeletal proteins such as vimentin and desmin. The present findings would provide useful information for analyses based on features of macrophages and myofibroblasts in chemically induced pancreatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mohammad Rabiul Karim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kuramochi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
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39
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Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) has remained a vexing and poorly managed autoimmune component of Graves' disease where the tissues surrounding the eye and in the upper face become inflamed and undergo remodeling. This leads to substantial facial disfigurement while in its most severe forms, TAO can threaten eye sight. In this brief paper, I review some of the background investigation that has led to development of teprotumumab as the first and only US FDA approved medical therapy for TAO. This novel treatment was predicated on recognition that the insulin-like growth factor I receptor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TAO. It is possible that a similar involvement of that receptor in other autoimmune disease may lead to additional indications for this and alternative insulin-like growth factor I receptor-inhibiting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Terry J. Smith,
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40
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Wei YH, Liao SL, Wang SH, Wang CC, Yang CH. Simvastatin and ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632 Inhibit Myofibroblast Differentiation of Graves' Ophthalmopathy-Derived Orbital Fibroblasts via RhoA-Mediated ERK and p38 Signaling Pathways. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:607968. [PMID: 33597925 PMCID: PMC7883643 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.607968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced differentiation of orbital fibroblasts into myofibroblasts is an important pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and leads to orbital tissue fibrosis. In the present study, we explored the antifibrotic effects of simvastatin and ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in primary cultured GO orbital fibroblasts and tried to explain the molecular mechanisms behind these effects. Both simvastatin and Y-27632 inhibited TGF-β-induced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, which serves as a marker of fibrosis. The inhibitory effect of simvastatin on TGF-β-induced RhoA, ROCK1, and α-SMA expression could be reversed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. This suggested that the mechanism of simvastatin-mediated antifibrotic effects may involve RhoA/ROCK signaling. Furthermore, simvastatin and Y-27632 suppressed TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38. The TGF-β-mediated α-SMA expression was suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors of p38 and ERK. These results suggested that simvastatin inhibits TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation via suppression of the RhoA/ROCK/ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Thus, our study provides evidence that simvastatin and ROCK inhibitors may be potential therapeutic drugs for the prevention and treatment of orbital fibrosis in GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Lang Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Hsu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chang-Hao Yang,
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41
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Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) remains a vexing autoimmune component of Graves' disease that can diminish the quality of life as a consequence of its impact on visual function, physical appearance and emotional well-being. Because of its relative rarity and variable presentation, the development of highly effective and well-tolerated medical therapies for TAO has been slow relative to other autoimmune diseases. Contributing to the barriers of greater insight into TAO has been the historical absence of high-fidelity preclinical animal models. Despite these challenges, several agents, most developed for treatment of other diseases, have found their way into consideration for use in active TAO through repurposing. Among these, teprotumumab is a fully human inhibitory monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. It has shown remarkable effectiveness in moderate to severe, active TAO in two completed multicenter, double masked, and placebo controlled clinical trials. The drug exhibits a favorable safety profile. Teprotumumab has recently been approved by the U.S. F.D.A, and may rapidly become the first line therapy for this disfiguring and potentially blinding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Room 7112, Brehm Tower, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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42
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Waise S, Parker R, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Layfield DM, Wood O, West J, Ottensmeier CH, Thomas GJ, Hanley CJ. An Optimized Method to Isolate Human Fibroblasts from Tissue for ex vivo Analysis. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3440. [PMID: 33654935 PMCID: PMC7853986 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their involvement in many physiological and pathological processes, fibroblasts remain a poorly-characterized cell type. Analysis of primary fibroblasts while maintaining their in vivo phenotype is challenging: standard methods for fibroblast isolation require cell culture in vitro, which is known to alter phenotypes. Previously-described protocols for the dissociation of primary tissues fail to extract sufficient numbers of fibroblasts, instead largely yielding immune cells. Here, we describe an optimized method for generating a fibroblast-enriched single-cell suspension from human tissues using combined mechanical and enzymatic dissociation. This allows analysis of ex vivo fibroblasts without the need for culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Waise
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
- Cancer Research UK and NIHR Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, UK
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43
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Łacheta D, Miśkiewicz P, Głuszko A, Nowicka G, Struga M, Kantor I, Poślednik KB, Mirza S, Szczepański MJ. Immunological Aspects of Graves' Ophthalmopathy. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:7453260. [PMID: 31781640 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7453260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The body's autoimmune process is involved in the development of Graves' disease (GD), which is manifested by an overactive thyroid gland. In some patients, autoreactive inflammatory reactions contribute to the development of symptoms such as thyroid ophthalmopathy, and the subsequent signs and symptoms are derived from the expansion of orbital adipose tissue and edema of extraocular muscles within the orbit. The autoimmune process, production of antibodies against self-antigens such as TSH receptor (TSHR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), inflammatory infiltration, and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) lead to edematous-infiltrative changes in periocular tissues. As a consequence, edema exophthalmos develops. Orbital fibroblasts seem to play a crucial role in orbital inflammation, tissue expansion, remodeling, and fibrosis because of their proliferative activity as well as their capacity to differentiate into adipocytes and myofibroblasts and production of GAG. In this paper, based on the available medical literature, the immunological mechanism of GO pathogenesis has been summarized. Particular attention was paid to the role of orbital fibroblasts and putative autoantigens. A deeper understanding of the pathomechanism of the disease and the involvement of immunological processes may give rise to the introduction of new, effective, and safe methods of treatment or monitoring of the disease activity.
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44
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Picke AK, Campbell GM, Blüher M, Krügel U, Schmidt FN, Tsourdi E, Winzer M, Rauner M, Vukicevic V, Busse B, Salbach-Hirsch J, Tuckermann JP, Simon JC, Anderegg U, Hofbauer LC, Saalbach A. Thy-1 (CD90) promotes bone formation and protects against obesity. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/453/eaao6806. [PMID: 30089635 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and obesity result from disturbed osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and present emerging challenges for our aging society. Because of the regulatory role of Thy-1 in mesenchyme-derived fibroblasts, we investigated the impact of Thy-1 expression on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) fate between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and consequences for bone formation and adipose tissue development in vivo. MSCs from Thy-1-deficient mice have decreased osteoblast differentiation and increased adipogenic differentiation compared to MSCs from wild-type mice. Consistently, Thy-1-deficient mice exhibited decreased bone volume and bone formation rate with elevated cortical porosity, resulting in lower bone strength. In parallel, body weight, subcutaneous/epigonadal fat mass, and bone fat volume were increased. Thy-1 deficiency was accompanied by reduced expression of specific Wnt ligands with simultaneous increase of the Wnt inhibitors sclerostin and dickkopf-1 and an altered responsiveness to Wnt. We demonstrated that disturbed bone remodeling in osteoporosis and dysregulated adipose tissue accumulation in patients with obesity were mirrored by reduced serum Thy-1 concentrations. Our findings provide new insights into the mutual regulation of bone formation and obesity and open new perspectives to monitor and to interfere with the dysregulated balance of adipogenesis and osteogenesis in obesity and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Picke
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Graeme M Campbell
- Institute of Biomechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, UL, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix N Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Tsourdi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Maria Winzer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Vladimir Vukicevic
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, UL, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Salbach-Hirsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan C Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology of Medical Faculty of Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology of Medical Faculty of Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Anja Saalbach
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology of Medical Faculty of Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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45
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Park RH, Pollock SJ, Phipps RP, Langstein HN, Woeller CF. Discovery of Novel Small Molecules that Block Myofibroblast Formation: Implications for Capsular Contracture Treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019; 7:e2430. [PMID: 31942393 PMCID: PMC6908376 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Capsular contracture is a devastating complication that occurs in patients undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction. Ionizing radiation drives and exacerbates capsular contracture in part by activating cytokines, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). TGF-β promotes myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation, leading to excessive contractile scar formation. Therefore, targeting the TGF-β pathway may attenuate capsular contracture. METHODS A 20,000 small molecule library was screened for anti-TGF-β activity. Structurally diverse anti-TGF-β agents were identified and then tested on primary human capsular fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were irradiated or not, and then treated with both TGF-β and candidate molecules. Resulting cells were then analyzed for myofibroblast activity using myofibroblast markers including alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, Thy1, and periostin, using Western Blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Human capsular fibroblasts treated with TGF-β showed a significant increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and periostin levels (protein and/or mRNA). Interestingly, fibroblasts treated with latent TGF-β and 10 Gy radiation also showed significantly increased levels of myofibroblast markers. Cells that were treated with the novel small molecules showed a significant reduction in myofibroblast activation, even in the presence of radiation. CONCLUSIONS Several novel small molecules with anti-TGF-β activity can effectively prevent human capsular fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation in vitro, even in the presence of radiation. These results highlight novel therapeutic options that may be utilized in the future to prevent radiation-induced capsular contracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Park
- From the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y
| | - Stephen J. Pollock
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y
| | - Richard P. Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y
| | - Howard N. Langstein
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y
| | - Collynn F. Woeller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y
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46
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Wang ZM, Wang ZY, Lu Y. The role of cell mediated immunopathogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1209-1214. [PMID: 31341815 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.07.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) lacks effective treatment due to our lack of clarity in its immunopathogenesis. Orbital fibroblasts play a key role in altering inflammation and immune response in TAO, and are considered as the key target and effector cells in its pathogenesis. The orbit infiltrating CD34+ fibrocytes add on to the process by expressing high levels of autoantigens and inflammatory cytokines, while also differentiating into myofibroblasts or adipocytes. This review focuses on the role of orbital fibroblasts and CD34+ fibrocytes in the pathogenesis of TAO, highlighting the basis of emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Mao Wang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Wang
- The People's Hospital of Xintai, Xintai 271200, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Yorita K, Togashi Y, Nakagawa H, Miyazaki K, Sakata S, Baba S, Takeuchi K, Hayashi Y, Murakami I, Kuroda N, Oda Y, Kohashi K, Yamada Y, Kiyozawa D, Michal M, Michal M. Vocal cord inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with mucoid deposits harboring TIMP3-ALK fusion: A potential diagnostic pitfall. Pathol Int 2019; 69:366-371. [PMID: 31215130 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A 35-year-old Japanese man who had experienced hoarseness for 10 years presented with a vocal cord lesion. A gross examination revealed a left vocal cord polyp occupying two-thirds of the vocal space. The endoscopically resected lesion contained scattered atypical fibroblastic, stellate, or ganglion-like cells with mucoid stroma. Vacuolated cells were also seen. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate was largely undetectable. A vocal cord polyp was first suspected, but well-differentiated liposarcoma and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) were included in the differential diagnoses. The tumor cells were positive for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), calponin, and vimentin, and negative for other smooth muscle markers by immunohistochemistry. Structures resembling myofibroblasts were not observed by electron microscopy, which confirmed abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum in the tumor cells and accumulated lipid droplets in some tumor cells. ALK gene rearrangement was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and TIMP3-ALK fusion was confirmed by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. We diagnosed the lesion as an IMT, and an ALK-rearranged stellate cell tumor may be postulated. This is the first report of a fusion partner gene of ALK in a case of laryngeal IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yorita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuki Togashi
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Katsushi Miyazaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Baba
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Equipment of Support Planning Office, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Murakami
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamada
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kiyozawa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michael Michal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Michal
- Department of Pathology, Charles University, Medical Faculty and Charles University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Choi CJ, Tao W, Doddapaneni R, Acosta-Torres Z, Blessing NW, Lee BW, Pelaez D, Wester ST. The Effect of Prostaglandin Analogue Bimatoprost on Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5912-5923. [PMID: 30551199 PMCID: PMC6296211 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We characterize the effect of bimatoprost on orbital adipose tissue in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) with clinicopathologic correlation. Methods Orbital adipose-derived stem cells (OASCs) from types 1 and 2 TAO and control patients with and without exposure to 1 μm bimatoprost were examined via immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western blot for cell viability, migration capacity, lipid content, adipocyte morphology, mitochondrial content, and levels of adipogenic markers. A retrospective chart review was performed for clinicopathologic correlation. In mice, optical coherence tomography and pattern electroretinography were performed at baseline and at 1 month following a retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost, followed by orbital exenteration for histopathologic examination. Results Types 1 and 2 TAO-derived cells had a significantly higher migration capacity and lipid content than those of healthy controls. With the addition of bimatoprost, types 1 and 2 TAO and control adipocytes exhibited a significant decrease in lipid content with morphologic transformation into smaller and multilocular lipid droplets, and an increase in mitochondrial load and UCP-1 expression consistent with an increase in brown adipose tissue turnover. Retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost in mice did not alter the gross morphology, retinal thickness, or ganglion cell function in vivo. Conclusions Bimatoprost inhibits adipogenesis in OASCs and upregulates pathways involved in the browning of adipocytes. Furthermore, retrobulbar injection of bimatoprost is tolerated without immediate adverse effects in mice. Our results suggest a potential future application of prostaglandin analogues in the treatment of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Choi
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Wensi Tao
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Zenith Acosta-Torres
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Nathan W Blessing
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Bradford W Lee
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Sara T Wester
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, McKnight Vision Research Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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Ho JD, Chung HJ, Ms Barron A, Ho DA, Sahni D, Browning JL, Bhawan J. Extensive CD34-to-CD90 Fibroblast Transition Defines Regions of Cutaneous Reparative, Hypertrophic, and Keloidal Scarring. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 41:16-28. [PMID: 30320623 DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000001254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD90 fibroblasts have been described arising from and replacing the homeostatic CD34 network in scleroderma, but have not been specifically examined in other forms of cutaneous fibrosis. OBJECTIVES To address expression, timelines, and spatial relationships of CD90, CD34, and smooth muscle actin (SMA) expressing fibroblasts in scars and to examine for the presence of a CD34-to-CD90 transition. METHODS One hundred and seventeen scars (reparative/hypertrophic/keloidal) were evaluated for CD90, CD34, and SMA expression. Double-staining immunohistochemistry for CD90/CD34 was performed to identify CD90/CD34 transitioning cells, confirmed by double-color immunofluorescence. In addition, some scars were double-stained with CD90/SMA, CD90/procollagen-1, or SMA/procollagen-1 to evaluate spatial relationships and active collagen synthesis. Expression was graded as diffuse, minority, and negative. RESULTS Most scars demonstrate a CD90/CD34 pattern, and dual CD90/CD34 fibroblasts were observed in 91% of scars. In reparative scars, CD90 expression reverses to a CD34/CD90 state with maturation. Pathologic scars exhibit prolonged CD90 expression. Both CD90 and SMA fibroblasts collagenize scars, although CD90 fibroblasts are more prevalent. CONCLUSIONS CD90 fibroblasts likely arise from the resting CD34 fibroblastic network. Actively collagenizing scar fibroblasts exhibit a CD90/CD34 phenotype, which is prolonged in pathologic scars. CD90 fibroblasts are likely important players in cutaneous scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Saalbach
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and AllergologyFaculty of MedicineLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and AllergologyFaculty of MedicineLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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