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Rasmussen T. The Potassium Efflux System Kef: Bacterial Protection against Toxic Electrophilic Compounds. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:membranes13050465. [PMID: 37233526 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Kef couples the potassium efflux with proton influx in gram-negative bacteria. The resulting acidification of the cytosol efficiently prevents the killing of the bacteria by reactive electrophilic compounds. While other degradation pathways for electrophiles exist, Kef is a short-term response that is crucial for survival. It requires tight regulation since its activation comes with the burden of disturbed homeostasis. Electrophiles, entering the cell, react spontaneously or catalytically with glutathione, which is present at high concentrations in the cytosol. The resulting glutathione conjugates bind to the cytosolic regulatory domain of Kef and trigger activation while the binding of glutathione keeps the system closed. Furthermore, nucleotides can bind to this domain for stabilization or inhibition. The binding of an additional ancillary subunit, called KefF or KefG, to the cytosolic domain is required for full activation. The regulatory domain is termed K+ transport-nucleotide binding (KTN) or regulator of potassium conductance (RCK) domain, and it is also found in potassium uptake systems or channels in other oligomeric arrangements. Bacterial RosB-like transporters and K+ efflux antiporters (KEA) of plants are homologs of Kef but fulfill different functions. In summary, Kef provides an interesting and well-studied example of a highly regulated bacterial transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rasmussen
- Rudolf Virchow Center and Biocenter, Institute of Biochemistry II, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Duncombe L, Howells L, Haughey A, Taylor AV, Kaveh D, Erdenliğ Gϋrbilek S, Dell A, Hitchen PG, Haslam SM, Mandal SS, Ganesh NV, Bundle DR, Mcgiven J. The Tip of Brucella O-Polysaccharide Is a Potent Epitope in Response to Brucellosis Infection and Enables Short Synthetic Antigens to Be Superior Diagnostic Reagents. Microorganisms 2022; 10:708. [PMID: 35456759 PMCID: PMC9024974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a global disease and the world’s most prevalent zoonosis. All cases in livestock and most cases in humans are caused by members of the genus Brucella that possess a surface O-polysaccharide (OPS) comprised of a rare monosaccharide 4-deoxy-4-formamido-D-mannopyranose assembled with α1,2 and α1,3 linkages. The OPS of the bacterium is the basis for serodiagnostic tests for brucellosis. Bacteria that also contain the same rare monosaccharide can induce antibodies that cross-react in serological tests. In previous work we established that synthetic oligosaccharides, representing elements of the Brucella A and M polysaccharide structures, were excellent antigens to explore the antibody response in the context of infection, immunisation and cross reaction. These studies suggested the existence of antibodies that are specific to the tip of the Brucella OPS. Sera from naturally and experimentally Brucella abortus-infected cattle as well as from cattle experimentally infected with the cross-reactive bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 and field sera that cross react in conventional serological assays were studied here with an expanded panel of synthetic antigens. The addition of chemical features to synthetic antigens that block antibody binding to the tip of the OPS dramatically reduced their polyclonal antibody binding capability providing conclusive evidence that the OPS tip (non-reducing end) is a potent epitope. Selected short oligosaccharides, including those that were exclusively α1,2 linked, also demonstrated superior specificity when evaluated with cross reactive sera compared to native smooth lipopolysaccharide (sLPS) antigen and capped native OPS. This surprising discovery suggests that the OPS tip epitope, even though common to both Brucella and Y. enterocolitica O:9, has more specific diagnostic properties than the linear portion of the native antigens. This finding opens the way to the development of improved serological tests for brucellosis.
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Martins BTF, Meirelles JLD, Omori WP, Oliveira RRD, Yamatogi RS, Call DR, Nero LA. Comparative genomics and antibiotic resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica obtained from a pork production chain and human clinical cases in Brazil. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Knirel YA, Anisimov AP, Kislichkina AA, Kondakova AN, Bystrova OV, Vagaiskaya AS, Shatalin KY, Shashkov AS, Dentovskaya SV. Lipopolysaccharide of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Complex. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1410. [PMID: 34680043 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), localized in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, serves as the major surface component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope responsible for the activation of the host's innate immune system. Variations of the LPS structure utilized by Gram-negative bacteria promote survival by providing resistance to components of the innate immune system and preventing recognition by TLR4. This review summarizes studies of the biosynthesis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex LPSs, and the roles of their structural components in molecular mechanisms of yersiniae pathogenesis and immunogenesis.
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Leskinen K, Pajunen MI, Vilanova MVGR, Kiljunen S, Nelson A, Smith D, Skurnik M. YerA41, a Yersinia ruckeri Bacteriophage: Determination of a Non-Sequencable DNA Bacteriophage Genome via RNA-Sequencing. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060620. [PMID: 32517038 PMCID: PMC7354516 DOI: 10.3390/v12060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
YerA41 is a Myoviridae bacteriophage that was originally isolated due its ability to infect Yersinia ruckeri bacteria, the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease of salmonid fish. Several attempts to determine its genomic DNA sequence using traditional and next generation sequencing technologies failed, indicating that the phage genome is modified in such a way that it is an unsuitable template for PCR amplification and for conventional sequencing. To determine the YerA41 genome sequence, we performed RNA-sequencing from phage-infected Y. ruckeri cells at different time points post-infection. The host-genome specific reads were subtracted and de novo assembly was performed on the remaining unaligned reads. This resulted in nine phage-specific scaffolds with a total length of 143 kb that shared only low level and scattered identity to known sequences deposited in DNA databases. Annotation of the sequences revealed 201 predicted genes, most of which found no homologs in the databases. Proteome studies identified altogether 63 phage particle-associated proteins. The RNA-sequencing data were used to characterize the transcriptional control of YerA41 and to investigate its impact on the bacterial gene expression. Overall, our results indicate that RNA-sequencing can be successfully used to obtain the genomic sequence of non-sequencable phages, providing simultaneous information about the phage-host interactions during the process of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Leskinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (M.I.P.); (M.V.G.-R.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Maria I. Pajunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (M.I.P.); (M.V.G.-R.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Miguel Vincente Gomez-Raya Vilanova
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (M.I.P.); (M.V.G.-R.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Saija Kiljunen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (M.I.P.); (M.V.G.-R.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (A.N.); (D.S.)
| | - Darren Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (A.N.); (D.S.)
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland; (K.L.); (M.I.P.); (M.V.G.-R.V.); (S.K.)
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2941-26464
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6
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Konyshev I, Byvalov A, Ananchenko B, Fakhrullin R, Danilushkina A, Dudina L. Force interactions between Yersiniae lipopolysaccharides and monoclonal antibodies: An optical tweezers study. J Biomech 2020; 99:109504. [PMID: 31753213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the force spectroscopy investigation of interactions between lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of two species from Yersinia genus and complementary (or heterologous) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We have obtained the experimental data by optical trapping on the "sensitized polystyrene microsphere - sensitized glass substrate" model system at its approach - retraction in vertical plane. We detected non-specific interactions in low-amplitude areas on histograms mainly due to physicochemical properties of abiotic surface and specific interactions in complementary pairs "antigen - antibodies" in high-amplitude areas (100-120 pN) on histograms. The developed measurement procedure can be used for detection of rupture forces in other molecular pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Konyshev
- Institute of Physiology of Кomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic 167982, Russian Federation; Vyatka State University, Kirov 610000, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Byvalov
- Institute of Physiology of Кomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic 167982, Russian Federation; Vyatka State University, Kirov 610000, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420021, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Danilushkina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420021, Russian Federation
| | - Lyubov Dudina
- Institute of Physiology of Кomi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic 167982, Russian Federation; Vyatka State University, Kirov 610000, Russian Federation
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7
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Ye C, Li Q, Li X, Park CG, He Y, Zhang Y, Wu B, Xue Y, Yang K, Lv Y, Ying XL, Ding HH, Cai H, Alkraiem AA, Njiri O, Tembo J, Huang HP, Li AY, Gong J, Qin J, Cheng B, Wei X, Sun Z, Zhang SS, Zhang P, Zheng GX, Li W, Kan B, Yan M, Xiding X, Huo X, Zeng Y, Peng H, Fu Y, Klena JD, Skurnik M, Jiang LY, Chen T. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Interacts with CD209 Receptors To Promote Host Dissemination and Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00100-19. [PMID: 31085704 PMCID: PMC6652768 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00100-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a Gram-negative bacterium, can cause infectious diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to systemic dissemination and infection. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this bacterial dissemination have yet to be elucidated. A study indicated that using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core as a ligand, S Typhimurium was able to bind human dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (hCD209a), an HIV receptor that promotes viral dissemination by hijacking antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we showed that S Typhimurium interacted with CD209s, leading to the invasion of APCs and potentially the dissemination to regional lymph nodes, spleen, and liver in mice. Shielding of the exposed LPS core through the expression of O-antigen reduces dissemination and infection. Thus, we propose that similar to HIV, S Typhimurium may also utilize APCs via interactions with CD209s as a way to disseminate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver to initiate host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Ye
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jingmen No. 1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingxia He
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingmiao Zhang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bicong Wu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yin Lv
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ying
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Hui Ding
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huahua Cai
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ayman Ahmad Alkraiem
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Olivia Njiri
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - John Tembo
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong-Ping Huang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - An-Yi Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jichao Qin
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Guo-Xing Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine-Rockford, University of Illinois at Chicago, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Yan
- Department of Diarrheal Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiamu Xiding
- Division of Disease Control and Prevention for Endemic Diseases, Wenquan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xixiang Huo
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingchun Zeng
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangxin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John D Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ling-Yu Jiang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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8
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He YX, Ye CL, Zhang P, Li Q, Park CG, Yang K, Jiang LY, Lv Y, Ying XL, Ding HH, Huang HP, Mambwe Tembo J, Li AY, Cheng B, Zhang SS, Zheng GX, Chen SY, Li W, Xia LX, Kan B, Wang X, Jing HQ, Yang RF, Peng H, Fu YX, Klena JD, Skurnik M, Chen T. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Exploits CD209 Receptors for Promoting Host Dissemination and Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00654-18. [PMID: 30348825 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00654-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-negative enteropathogen and causes gastrointestinal infections. It disseminates from gut to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), spleen, and liver of infected humans and animals. Although the molecular mechanisms for dissemination and infection are unclear, many Gram-negative enteropathogens presumably invade the small intestine via Peyer's patches to initiate dissemination. In this study, we demonstrate that Y. pseudotuberculosis utilizes its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core to interact with CD209 receptors, leading to invasion of human dendritic cells (DCs) and murine macrophages. These Y. pseudotuberculosis-CD209 interactions result in bacterial dissemination to MLNs, spleens, and livers of both wild-type and Peyer's patch-deficient mice. The blocking of the Y. pseudotuberculosis-CD209 interactions by expression of O-antigen and with oligosaccharides reduces infectivity. Based on the well-documented studies in which HIV-CD209 interaction leads to viral dissemination, we therefore propose an infection route for Y. pseudotuberculosis where this pathogen, after penetrating the intestinal mucosal membrane, hijacks the Y. pseudotuberculosis-CD209 interaction antigen-presenting cells to reach their target destinations, MLNs, spleens, and livers.
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9
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Li C, Gölz G, Alter T, Barac A, Hertwig S, Riedel C. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica in Retail Seafood. J Food Prot 2018; 81:497-501. [PMID: 29474145 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a zoonotic enteropathogenic bacterium that can cause acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Although Y. enterocolitica is common in animals, food, and the environment, the reservoirs and transmission routes of this pathogen are still not fully understood. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in seafood in Germany, because only limited data are available on that topic. Seafood samples were purchased from retail shops in Berlin, Germany and examined for the presence of Y. enterocolitica by cold enrichment followed by cultivation on selective agar. Presumptive Y. enterocolitica isolates were analyzed by biotyping, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The total prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in seafood samples was 2.7% (6 of 220 samples). Mussel (2 of 90), shrimp (1 of 89), and cephalopod (3 of 41) samples were positive for Y. enterocolitica. Three isolates were identified as serotype O:8, one was identified as serotype O:5,27, and two samples did not belong to any investigated serotypes. The presence of the virulence-associated genes ail, inv, and ystB was studied by multiplex PCR. Four of the six isolates contained inv and ystB, one produced no positive results for the analyzed genes, and one contained only ystB. All Y. enterocolitica isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. Resistance was observed to cephalothin (83.3% of isolates), amoxicillin (83.3%), and ampicillin (50.0%). This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of Y. enterocolitica in retail seafood in Germany. The prevalence found in these seafood samples was comparatively low, and all isolates belonged to biotype 1A. However, seafood contaminated with Y. enterocolitica may pose a risk to consumer health because the pathogenic potential of biotype 1A strains is still being debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-3862 [C.R.])
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-3862 [C.R.])
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-3862 [C.R.])
| | - Andrea Barac
- Department of Biological Safety, Unit Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterization, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hertwig
- Department of Biological Safety, Unit Diagnostics and Pathogen Characterization, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Riedel
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-3862 [C.R.])
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10
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Abstract
O-antigens are cell surface polysaccharides of many Gram-negative pathogens that aid in escaping innate immune responses. A widespread O-antigen biosynthesis mechanism involves the synthesis of the lipid-anchored polymer on the cytosolic face of the inner membrane, followed by transport to the periplasmic side where it is ligated to the lipid A core to complete a lipopolysaccharide molecule. In this pathway, transport to the periplasm is mediated by an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, called Wzm-Wzt. Here we present the crystal structure of the Wzm-Wzt homologue from Aquifex aeolicus in an open conformation. The transporter forms a transmembrane channel that is sufficiently wide to accommodate a linear polysaccharide. Its nucleotide-binding domain and a periplasmic extension form 'gate helices' at the cytosolic and periplasmic membrane interfaces that probably serve as substrate entry and exit points. Site-directed mutagenesis of the gates impairs in vivo O-antigen secretion in the Escherichia coli prototype. Combined with a closed structure of the isolated nucleotide-binding domains, our structural and functional analyses suggest a processive O-antigen translocation mechanism, which stands in contrast to the classical alternating access mechanism of ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchen Bi
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia
School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Evan Mann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia
School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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11
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Kupferschmied P, Chai T, Flury P, Blom J, Smits THM, Maurhofer M, Keel C. Specific surface glycan decorations enable antimicrobial peptide resistance in plant-beneficial pseudomonads with insect-pathogenic properties. Environ Microbiol 2017; 18:4265-4281. [PMID: 27727519 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some plant-beneficial pseudomonads can invade and kill pest insects in addition to their ability to protect plants from phytopathogens. We explored the genetic basis of O-polysaccharide (O-PS, O-antigen) biosynthesis in the representative insecticidal strains Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 and investigated its role in insect pathogenicity. Both strains produce two distinct forms of O-PS, but differ in the organization of their O-PS biosynthesis clusters. Biosynthesis of the dominant O-PS in both strains depends on a gene cluster similar to the O-specific antigen (OSA) cluster of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In CHA0 and other P. protegens strains, the OSA cluster is extensively reduced and new clusters were acquired, resulting in high diversity of O-PS structures, possibly reflecting adaptation to different hosts. CHA0 mutants lacking the short OSA form of O-PS were significantly impaired in insect virulence in Galleria injection and Plutella feeding assays. CHA0, PCL1391, and other insecticidal pseudomonads exhibited high resistance to antimicrobial peptides, including cecropins that are central to insect immune defense. Resistance of both model strains depended on the dominant OSA-type O-PS. Our results suggest that O-antigen is essential for successful insect infection and illustrate, for the first time, its importance in resistance of Pseudomonas to antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kupferschmied
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiancong Chai
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Flury
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Theo H M Smits
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resource Sciences, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Monika Maurhofer
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Byvalov AA, Kononenko VL, Konyshev IV. Effect of lipopolysaccharide O-side chains on the adhesiveness of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to J774 macrophages as revealed by optical tweezers. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kenyon JJ, Cunneen MM, Reeves PR. Genetics and evolution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O-specific polysaccharides: a novel pattern of O-antigen diversity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:200-217. [PMID: 28364730 PMCID: PMC5399914 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
O-antigen polysaccharide is a major immunogenic feature of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria, and most species produce a large variety of forms that differ substantially from one another. There are 18 known O-antigen forms in the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, which are typical in being composed of multiple copies of a short oligosaccharide called an O unit. The O-antigen gene clusters are located between the hemH and gsk genes, and are atypical as 15 of them are closely related, each having one of five downstream gene modules for alternative main-chain synthesis, and one of seven upstream modules for alternative side-branch sugar synthesis. As a result, many of the genes are in more than one gene cluster. The gene order in each module is such that, in general, the earlier a gene product functions in O-unit synthesis, the closer the gene is to the 5΄ end for side-branch modules or the 3΄ end for main-chain modules. We propose a model whereby natural selection could generate the observed pattern in gene order, a pattern that has also been observed in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology. Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Monica M. Cunneen
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Bozcal E, Dagdeviren M, Uzel A, Skurnik M. LuxCDE-luxAB-based promoter reporter system to monitor the Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 gene expression in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172877. [PMID: 28235077 PMCID: PMC5325538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the in vitro and in vivo regulation of the virulence factor genes of bacterial pathogens. In this study, we describe the construction of a versatile reporter system for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 (YeO3) based on the luxCDABE operon. In strain YeO3-luxCDE we integrated the luciferase substrate biosynthetic genes, luxCDE, into the genome of the bacterium so that the substrate is constitutively produced. The luxAB genes that encode the luciferase enzyme were cloned into a suicide vector to allow cloning of any promoter-containing fragment upstream the genes. When the obtained suicide-construct is mobilized into YeO3-luxCDE bacteria, it integrates into the recipient genome via homologous recombination between the cloned promoter fragment and the genomic promoter sequence and thereby generates a single-copy and stable promoter reporter. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen (O-ag) and outer core hexasaccharide (OC) of YeO3 are virulence factors necessary to colonization of the intestine and establishment of infection. To monitor the activities of the OC and O-ag gene cluster promoters we constructed the reporter strains YeO3-Poc::luxAB and YeO3-Pop1::luxAB, respectively. In vitro, at 37°C both promoter activities were highest during logarithmic growth and decreased when the bacteria entered stationary growth phase. At 22°C the OC gene cluster promoter activity increased during the late logarithmic phase. Both promoters were more active in late stationary phase. To monitor the promoter activities in vivo, mice were infected intragastrically and the reporter activities monitored by the IVIS technology. The mouse experiments revealed that both LPS promoters were well expressed in vivo and could be detected by IVIS, mainly from the intestinal region of orally infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Bozcal
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Istanbul, Turkey
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melih Dagdeviren
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, General Biology Section, Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University, Center for Drug Research and Development and Pharmacokinetic Applications, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Atac Uzel
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
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Bennett VM, Mcnevin D, Roffey P, Gahan ME. Characterization of Yersinia species by protein profiling using automated microfluidic capillary electrophoresis. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2017; 13:10-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is considered to be a key oral bacterium in recruiting periodontal pathogens into subgingival dental plaque. Currently F. nucleatum can be subdivided into five subspecies. Our previous genome analysis of F. nucleatum W1481 (referred to hereafter as W1481), isolated from an 8-mm periodontal pocket in a patient with chronic periodontitis, suggested the possibility of a new subspecies. To further investigate the biology and relationships of this possible subspecies with other known subspecies, we performed comparative analysis between W1481 and 35 genome sequences represented by the five known Fusobacterium subspecies. Our analyses suggest that W1481 is most likely a new F. nucleatum subspecies, supported by evidence from phylogenetic analyses and maximal unique match indices (MUMi). Interestingly, we found a horizontally transferred W1481-specific genomic island harboring the tripartite ATP-independent (TRAP)-like transporter genes, suggesting this bacterium might have a high-affinity transport system for the C4-dicarboxylates malate, succinate, and fumarate. Moreover, we found virulence genes in the W1481 genome that may provide a strong defense mechanism which might enable it to colonize and survive within the host by evading immune surveillance. This comparative study provides better understanding of F. nucleatum and the basis for future functional work on this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Yang Ang
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Avirup Dutta
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Yee Wee
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Dymock
- School of Oral & Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Genome Solutions Sdn Bhd, Suite 8, Innovation Incubator UM, Level 5, Research Management & Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kakoschke TK, Kakoschke SC, Zeuzem C, Bouabe H, Adler K, Heesemann J, Rossier O. The RNA Chaperone Hfq Is Essential for Virulence and Modulates the Expression of Four Adhesins in Yersinia enterocolitica. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29275. [PMID: 27387855 DOI: 10.1038/srep29275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Enterobacteriaceae, the RNA chaperone Hfq mediates the interaction of small RNAs with target mRNAs, thereby modulating transcript stability and translation. This post-transcriptional control helps bacteria adapt quickly to changing environmental conditions. Our previous mutational analysis showed that Hfq is involved in metabolism and stress survival in the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica. In this study we demonstrate that Hfq is essential for virulence in mice and influences production of surface pathogenicity factors, in particular lipopolysaccharide and adhesins mediating interaction with host tissue. Hfq inhibited the production of Ail, the Ail-like protein OmpX and the MyfA pilin post-transcriptionally. In contrast Hfq promoted production of two major autotransporter adhesins YadA and InvA. While protein secretion in vitro was not affected, hfq mutants exhibited decreased protein translocation by the type III secretion system into host cells, consistent with decreased production of YadA and InvA. The influence of Hfq on YadA resulted from a complex interplay of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and likely post-translational effects. Hfq regulated invA by modulating the expression of the transcriptional regulators rovA, phoP and ompR. Therefore, Hfq is a global coordinator of surface virulence determinants in Y. enterocolitica suggesting that it constitutes an attractive target for developing new antimicrobial strategies.
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Chauhan N, Wrobel A, Skurnik M, Leo JC. Yersinia adhesins: An arsenal for infection. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:949-963. [PMID: 27068449 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Yersiniae are a group of Gram-negative coccobacilli inhabiting a wide range of habitats. The genus harbors three recognized human pathogens: Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which both cause gastrointestinal disease, and Y. pestis, the causative agent of plague. These three organisms have served as models for a number of aspects of infection biology, including adhesion, immune evasion, evolution of pathogenic traits, and retracing the course of ancient pandemics. The virulence of the pathogenic Yersiniae is heavily dependent on a number of adhesin molecules. Some of these, such as the Yersinia adhesin A and invasin of the enteropathogenic species, and the pH 6 antigen of Y. pestis, have been extensively studied. However, genomic sequencing has uncovered a host of other adhesins present in these organisms, the functions of which are only starting to be investigated. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the adhesin molecules present in the Yersiniae, and their functions and putative roles in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Chauhan
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Wrobel
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jack C Leo
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Kasperkiewicz K, Swierzko AS, Bartlomiejczyk MA, Cedzynski M, Noszczynska M, Duda KA, Michalski M, Skurnik M. Interaction of human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) with Yersinia enterocolitica lipopolysaccharide. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:544-52. [PMID: 26188838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is involved in the interaction between Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and host. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), complement-activating soluble pattern-recognition receptor targets microbial glycoconjugates, including LPS. We studied its interactions with a set of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS mutants. The wild-type strain LPS consists of lipid A (LA) substituted with an inner core oligosaccharide (IC) which in turn is substituted either with the O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) or the outer core hexasaccharide (OC), and sometimes also with the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The LPS mutants produced truncated LPS, missing OPS, OC or both, or, in addition, different IC constituents or ECA. MBL bound to LA-IC, LA-IC-OPS and LA-IC-ECA but not LA-IC-OC structures. Moreover, LA-IC substitution with both OPS and ECA prevented the lectin binding. Sequential truncation of the IC heptoses demonstrated that the MBL targets the IC heptose region. Furthermore, microbial growth temperature influenced MBL binding; binding was stronger to bacteria grown at room temperature (22°C) than to bacteria grown at 37°C. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MBL can interact with Y. enterocolitica LPS, however, the in vivo significance of that interaction remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, PL 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna S Swierzko
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin A Bartlomiejczyk
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Cedzynski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Noszczynska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, PL 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A Duda
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Priority Area Asthma and Allergies, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 4a/c, D 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Mateusz Michalski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Leskinen K, Li CM, Varjosalo M, Li Z, Skurnik M. Expression of the Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS O-antigen and outer core gene clusters is RfaH-dependent. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1282-94. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Laporte J, Savin C, Lamourette P, Devilliers K, Volland H, Carniel E, Créminon C, Simon S. Fast and sensitive detection of enteropathogenic Yersinia by immunoassays. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:146-59. [PMID: 25355759 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02137-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the two Yersinia species that are enteropathogenic for humans, are distributed worldwide and frequently cause diarrhea in inhabitants of temperate and cold countries. Y. enterocolitica is a major cause of foodborne disease resulting from consumption of contaminated pork meat and is further associated with substantial economic cost. However, investigation of enteropathogenic Yersinia species is infrequently performed routinely in clinical laboratories because of their specific growth characteristics, which make difficult their isolation from stool samples. Moreover, current isolation procedures are time-consuming and expensive, thus leading to underestimates of the incidence of enteric yersiniosis, inappropriate prescriptions of antibiotic treatments, and unnecessary appendectomies. The main objective of the study was to develop fast, sensitive, specific, and easy-to-use immunoassays, useful for both human and veterinary diagnosis. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against Y. enterocolitica bioserotypes 2/O:9 and 4/O:3 and Y. pseudotuberculosis serotypes I and III were produced. Pairs of MAbs were selected by testing their specificity and affinity for enteropathogenic Yersinia and other commonly found enterobacteria. Pairs of MAbs were selected to develop highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs or dipsticks) convenient for the purpose of rapid diagnosis. The limit of detection of the EIAs ranged from 3.2 × 10(3) CFU/ml to 8.8 × 10(4) CFU/ml for pathogenic serotypes I and III of Y. pseudotuberculosis and pathogenic bioserotypes 2/O:9 and 4/O:3 of Y. enterocolitica and for the LFIs ranged from 10(5) CFU/ml to 10(6) CFU/ml. A similar limit of detection was observed for artificially contaminated human feces.
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Valentin-Weigand P, Heesemann J, Dersch P. Unique virulence properties of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 – An emerging zoonotic pathogen using pigs as preferred reservoir host. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:824-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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24
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Tsang TM, Wiese JS, Felek S, Kronshage M, Krukonis ES. Ail proteins of Yersinia pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis have different cell binding and invasion activities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83621. [PMID: 24386237 PMCID: PMC3873954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yersinia pestis adhesin Ail mediates host cell binding and facilitates delivery of cytotoxic Yop proteins. Ail from Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis is identical except for one or two amino acids at positions 43 and 126 depending on the Y. pseudotuberculosis strain. Ail from Y. pseudotuberculosis strain YPIII has been reported to lack host cell binding ability, thus we sought to determine which amino acid difference(s) are responsible for the difference in cell adhesion. Y. pseudotuberculosis YPIII Ail expressed in Escherichia coli bound host cells, albeit at ~50% the capacity of Y. pestis Ail. Y. pestis Ail single mutants, Ail-E43D and Ail-F126V, both have decreased adhesion and invasion in E. coli when compared to wild-type Y. pestis Ail. Y. pseudotuberculosis YPIII Ail also had decreased binding to the Ail substrate fibronectin, relative to Y. pestis Ail in E. coli. When expressed in Y. pestis, there was a 30-50% decrease in adhesion and invasion depending on the substitution. Ail-mediated Yop delivery by both Y. pestis Ail and Y. pseudotuberculosis Ail were similar when expressed in Y. pestis, with only Ail-F126V giving a statistically significant reduction in Yop delivery of 25%. In contrast to results in E. coli and Y. pestis, expression of Ail in Y. pseudotuberculosis led to no measurable adhesion or invasion, suggesting the longer LPS of Y. pseudotuberculosis interferes with Ail cell-binding activity. Thus, host context affects the binding activities of Ail and both Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis Ail can mediate cell binding, cell invasion and facilitate Yop delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Tsang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Wiese
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Suleyman Felek
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Malte Kronshage
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Krukonis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Beczała A, Ovchinnikova OG, Datta N, Mattinen L, Knapska K, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Holst O, Skurnik M. Structure and genetic basis of Yersinia similis serotype O:9 O-specific polysaccharide. Innate Immun 2013; 21:3-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425913514783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-polysaccharide (OPS, O-Ag) cap of LPS is a major virulence factor of Yersinia species and also serves as a receptor for the binding of lytic bacteriophage φR1-37. Currently, the OPS-based serotyping scheme for the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex includes 21 known O-serotypes that follow three distinct lineages: Y. pseudotuberculosis sensu stricto, Y. similis and the Korean group of strains. Elucidation of the Y. pseudotuberculosis complex OPS structures and characterization of the OPS genetics (altogether 18 O-serotypes studied thus far) allows a better understanding of the relationships among the various O serotypes and will facilitate the analysis of the evolutionary processes giving rise to new serotypes. Here we present the characterization of the OPS structure and gene cluster of Y. similis O:9. Bacteriophage φR1-37, which uses the Y. similis O:9 OPS as a receptor, also infects a number of Y. enterocolitica serotypes, including O:3, O:5,27, O:9 and O:50. The Y. similis O:9 OPS structure resembled none of the receptor structures of the Y. enterocolitica strains, suggesting that φR1-37 can recognize several surface receptors, thus promoting broad host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Beczała
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Olga G Ovchinnikova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Neeta Datta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mattinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarzyna Knapska
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Radziejewska-Lebrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
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Skorek K, Raczkowska A, Dudek B, Miętka K, Guz-Regner K, Pawlak A, Klausa E, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Brzostek K. Regulatory protein OmpR influences the serum resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 by modifying the structure of the outer membrane. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79525. [PMID: 24260242 PMCID: PMC3834241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The EnvZ/OmpR two-component system constitutes a regulatory pathway involved in bacterial adaptive responses to environmental cues. Our previous findings indicated that the OmpR regulator in Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 positively regulates the expression of FlhDC, the master flagellar activator, which influences adhesion/invasion properties and biofilm formation. Here we show that a strain lacking OmpR grown at 37°C exhibits extremely high resistance to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum (NHS) compared with the wild-type strain. Analysis of OMP expression in the ompR mutant revealed that OmpR reciprocally regulates Ail and OmpX, two homologous OMPs of Y. enterocolitica, without causing significant changes in the level of YadA, the major serum resistance factor. Analysis of mutants in individual genes belonging to the OmpR regulon (ail, ompX, ompC and flhDC) and strains lacking plasmid pYV, expressing YadA, demonstrated the contribution of the respective proteins to serum resistance. We show that Ail and OmpC act in an opposite way to the OmpX protein to confer serum resistance to the wild-type strain, but are not responsible for the high resistance of the ompR mutant. The serum resistance phenotype of ompR seems to be multifactorial and mainly attributable to alterations that potentiate the function of YadA. Our results indicate that a decreased level of FlhDC in the ompR mutant cells is partly responsible for the serum resistance and this effect can be suppressed by overexpression of flhDC in trans. The observation that the loss of FlhDC enhances the survival of wild-type cells in NHS supports the involvement of FlhDC regulator in this phenotype. In addition, the ompR mutant exhibited a lower level of LPS, but this was not correlated with changes in the level of FlhDC. We propose that OmpR might alter the susceptibility of Y. enterocolitica O:9 to complement-mediated killing through remodeling of the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Raczkowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miętka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guz-Regner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Klausa
- Regional Centre of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Brzostek
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Zao CL, Tomanek L, Hurtado-McClure G, Cooke A, Berger R, Boulineau TM, Turner OC, Covington DE. Fatal atypical O:3 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:681-5. [PMID: 23932075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques was diagnosed based upon pathology, microbiology and PCR for this study. Pathological findings included acute, erosive to ulcerative, necrohemorrhagic enterocolitis. Genotyping by PCR showed an O:3 pattern (gmd-fcl(+), ddhC-prt(+), manB(+), ddhA-B(+)), but an additional gene, wbyK, was detected. This is the second report to identify wbyK+ O:3 genotype as the cause of fatal yersiniosis. The first case was reported in 2008, and involved farm deer in the U.S. As the frequency of wbyK+ O:3 genotype is found more often in different carriers, O:3 genotype is proposed to be divided into two subtypes: O:3a without wbyK and O:3b with wbyK. Virulence gene analysis showed the presence of inv, ypmC, irp1, ybtP-ybtQ, yadA, yopB, yopH, lcrF, and suggested that this O:3b isolate could be a highly pathogenic strain to cynomolgus macaques.
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Garzetti D, Susen R, Fruth A, Tietze E, Heesemann J, Rakin A. A molecular scheme for Yersinia enterocolitica patho-serotyping derived from genome-wide analysis. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 304:275-83. [PMID: 24246413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne, gastro-intestinal pathogen with world-wide distribution. Only 11 serotypes have been isolated from patients, with O:3, O:9, O:8 and O:5,27 being the serotypes most commonly associated with human yersiniosis. Serotype is an important characteristic of Y. enterocolitica strains, allowing differentiation for epidemiology, diagnosis and phylogeny studies. Conventional serotyping, performed by slide agglutination, is a tedious and laborious procedure whose interpretation tends to be subjective, leading to poor reproducibility. Here we present a PCR-based typing scheme for molecular identification and patho-serotyping of Y. enterocolitica. Genome-wide comparison of Y. enterocolitica sequences allowed analysis of the O-antigen gene clusters of different serotypes, uncovering their formerly unknown genomic locations, and selection of targets for serotype-specific amplification. Two multiplex PCRs and one additional PCR were designed and tested on various reference strains and isolates from different origins. Our genotypic assay proved to be highly specific for identification of Y. enterocolitica species, discrimination between virulent and non-virulent strains, distinguishing the main human-related serotypes, and typing of conventionally untypeable strains. This genotyping scheme could be applied in microbiology laboratories as an alternative or complementary method to the traditional phenotypic assays, providing data for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Garzetti
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Susen
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Division Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonellae and Other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Erhard Tietze
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Division Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, National Reference Centre for Salmonellae and Other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Rakin
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
The O-antigens, which are components of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, are responsible for the wide species variations seen in nature and are thought to play a role in bacterial virulence. They often contain unusual dideoxysugars such as 3,6-dideoxy-3-formamido-d-glucose (Qui3NFo). Here, we describe a structural and functional investigation of the protein C8J_1081 from Campylobacter jejuni 81116, which is involved in the biosynthesis of Qui3NFo. Specifically, the enzyme, hereafter referred to as WlaRD, catalyzes the N-formylation of dTDP-3,6-dideoxy-3-amino-d-glucose (dTDP-Qui3N) using N(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. For this investigation, seven X-ray structures of WlaRD, in complexes with various dTDP-linked sugars and cofactors, were determined to resolutions of 1.9 Å or better. One of the models, with bound N(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate and dTDP, represents the first glimpse of an N-formyltransferase with its natural cofactor. Another model contains the reaction products, tetrahydrofolate and dTDP-Qui3NFo. In combination, the structures provide snapshots of the WlaRD active site before and after catalysis. On the basis of these structures, three amino acid residues were targeted for study: Asn 94, His 96, and Asp 132. Mutations of any of these residues resulted in a complete loss of enzymatic activity. Given the position of His 96 in the active site, it can be postulated that it functions as the active site base to remove a proton from the sugar amino group as it attacks the carbonyl carbon of the N-10 formyl group of the cofactor. Enzyme assays demonstrate that WlaRD is also capable of utilizing dTDP-3,6-dideoxy-3-amino-d-galactose (dTDP-Fuc3N) as a substrate, albeit at a much reduced catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Houppert AS, Bohman L, Merritt PM, Cole CB, Caulfield AJ, Lathem WW, Marketon MM. RfaL is required for Yersinia pestis type III secretion and virulence. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1186-97. [PMID: 23357388 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01417-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject cytotoxic Yop proteins directly into the cytosol of mammalian host cells. The T3SS can also be activated in vitro at 37°C in the absence of calcium. The chromosomal gene rfaL (waaL) was recently identified as a virulence factor required for proper function of the T3SS. RfaL functions as a ligase that adds the terminal N-acetylglucosamine to the lipooligosaccharide core of Y. pestis. We previously showed that deletion of rfaL prevents secretion of Yops in vitro. Here we show that the divalent cations calcium, strontium, and magnesium can partially or fully rescue Yop secretion in vitro, indicating that the secretion phenotype of the rfaL mutant may be due to structural changes in the outer membrane and the corresponding feedback inhibition on the T3SS. In support of this, we found that the defect can be overcome by deleting the regulatory gene lcrQ. Consistent with a defective T3SS, the rfaL mutant is less virulent than the wild type. We show here that the virulence defect of the mutant correlates with a decrease in both T3SS gene expression and ability to inject innate immune cells, combined with an increased sensitivity to cationic antimicrobial peptides.
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Farizano JV, Pescaretti MDLM, López FE, Hsu FF, Delgado MA. The PmrAB system-inducing conditions control both lipid A remodeling and O-antigen length distribution, influencing the Salmonella Typhimurium-host interactions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38778-89. [PMID: 23019341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.397414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide consisting of covalently linked lipid A, non-repeating core oligosaccharide, and the O-antigen polysaccharide is the most exposed component of the cell envelope. Previous studies demonstrated that all of these regions act against the host immunity barrier. The aim of this study was to define the role and interaction of PmrAB-dependent gene products required for the lipopolysaccharide component synthesis or modification mainly during the Salmonella infection. The PmrAB two-component system activation promotes a remodeling of lipid A and the core region by addition of 4-aminoarabinose and/or phosphoethanolamine. These PmrA-dependent activities are produced by activation of ugd, pbgPE, pmrC, cpta, and pmrG transcription. In addition, under PmrA regulator activation, the expression of wzz(fepE) and wzz(st) genes is induced, and their products are required to determine the O-antigen chain length. Here we report for the first time that Wzz(st) protein is necessary to maintain the balance of 4-aminoarabinose and phosphoethanolamine lipid A modifications. Moreover, we demonstrate that the interaction of the PmrA-dependent pbgE(2) and pbgE(3) gene products is important for the formation of the short O-antigen region. Our results establish that PmrAB is the global regulatory system that controls lipopolysaccharide modification, leading to a coordinate regulation of 4-aminoarabinose incorporation and O-antigen chain length to respond against the host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan V Farizano
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Crimmins GT, Mohammadi S, Green ER, Bergman MA, Isberg RR, Mecsas J. Identification of MrtAB, an ABC transporter specifically required for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to colonize the mesenteric lymph nodes. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002828. [PMID: 22876175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly conserved virulence plasmid encoding a type III secretion system is shared by the three Yersinia species most pathogenic for mammals. Although factors encoded on this plasmid enhance the ability of Yersinia to thrive in their mammalian hosts, the loss of this virulence plasmid does not eliminate growth or survival in host organs. Most notably, yields of viable plasmid-deficient Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) are indistinguishable from wild-type Yptb within mesenteric lymph nodes. To identify chromosomal virulence factors that allow for plasmid-independent survival during systemic infection of mice, we generated transposon insertions in plasmid-deficient Yptb, and screened a library having over 20,000 sequence-identified insertions. Among the previously uncharacterized loci, insertions in mrtAB, an operon encoding an ABC family transporter, had the most profound phenotype in a plasmid-deficient background. The absence of MrtAB, however, had no effect on growth in the liver and spleen of a wild type strain having an intact virulence plasmid, but caused a severe defect in colonization of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Although this result is consistent with lack of expression of the type III secretion system by Wt Yptb in the mesenteric lymph nodes, a reporter for YopE indicated that expression of the system was robust. We demonstrate that the ATPase activity of MrtB is required for growth in mice, indicating that transport activity is required for virulence. Indeed, MrtAB appears to function as an efflux pump, as the ATPase activity enhances resistance to ethidium bromide while increasing sensitivity to pyocyanin, consistent with export across the inner membrane.
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Miyashita A, Iyoda S, Ishii K, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Kaito C. Lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is required for killing both insects and mammals. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 333:59-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyashita
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- Department of Bacteriology; National Institute of Infectious Diseases; Shinjuku-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishii
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Chikara Kaito
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; Hongo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
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Skurnik M, Toivonen S. Identification of distinct lipopolysaccharide patterns among Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2012; 76:823-31. [PMID: 21999544 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of strains representing various serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria was studied by deoxycholate-PAGE and silver staining analysis. Four main types of LPS were detected based on the O-polysaccharide (O-PS): (i) LPS with homopolymeric O-PS, (ii) LPS with ladder-forming heteropolymeric O-PS, (iii) LPS with single-length O-PS, and (iv) semi-rough LPS without O-PS. Within the first three types, several subvariants were detected. Selected serotypes representing all above LPS types are sensitive to bacteriophage φR1-37 indicating that they share the phage receptor, a hexasaccharide called outer core in Y. enterocolitica O:3. Whereas phage φR1-37-resistant mutants of homopolymeric O-PS have lost only the outer core, those of ladder-forming or single-length O-PS have lost also the O-PS suggesting that in the latter ones the outer core is bridging between O-PS and lipid A-core. This work forms a basis of further structural, biochemical and genetic studies of these LPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Infection Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Iwashkiw JA, Fentabil MA, Faridmoayer A, Mills DC, Peppler M, Czibener C, Ciocchini AE, Comerci DJ, Ugalde JE, Feldman MF. Exploiting the Campylobacter jejuni protein glycosylation system for glycoengineering vaccines and diagnostic tools directed against brucellosis. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:13. [PMID: 22276812 PMCID: PMC3298491 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune responses directed towards surface polysaccharides conjugated to proteins are effective in preventing colonization and infection of bacterial pathogens. Presently, the production of these conjugate vaccines requires intricate synthetic chemistry for obtaining, activating, and attaching the polysaccharides to protein carriers. Glycoproteins generated by engineering bacterial glycosylation machineries have been proposed to be a viable alternative to traditional conjugation methods. Results In this work we expressed the C. jejuni oligosaccharyltansferase (OTase) PglB, responsible for N-linked protein glycosylation together with a suitable acceptor protein (AcrA) in Yersinia enterocolitica O9 cells. MS analysis of the acceptor protein demonstrated the transfer of a polymer of N-formylperosamine to AcrA in vivo. Because Y. enterocolitica O9 and Brucella abortus share an identical O polysaccharide structure, we explored the application of the resulting glycoprotein in vaccinology and diagnostics of brucellosis, one of the most common zoonotic diseases with over half a million new cases annually. Injection of the glycoprotein into mice generated an IgG response that recognized the O antigen of Brucella, although this response was not protective against a challenge with a virulent B. abortus strain. The recombinant glycoprotein coated onto magnetic beads was efficient in differentiating between naïve and infected bovine sera. Conclusion Bacterial engineered glycoproteins show promising applications for the development on an array of diagnostics and immunoprotective opportunities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Iwashkiw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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37
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Batzilla J, Antonenka U, Höper D, Heesemann J, Rakin A. Yersinia enterocolitica palearctica serobiotype O:3/4--a successful group of emerging zoonotic pathogens. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:348. [PMID: 21733159 PMCID: PMC3161016 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica ssp. enterocolitica caused several human outbreaks in Northern America. In contrast, low pathogenic Y. enterocolitica ssp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 is responsible for sporadic cases worldwide with asymptomatic pigs being the main source of infection. Genomes of three Y. enterocolitica ssp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 human isolates (including the completely sequenced Y11 German DSMZ type strain) were compared to the high-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica ssp. enterocolitica 8081 O:8/1B to address the peculiarities of the O:3/4 group. Results Most high-pathogenicity-associated determinants of Y. enterocolitica ssp. enterocolitica (like the High-Pathogenicity Island, yts1 type 2 and ysa type 3 secretion systems) are absent in Y. enterocolitica ssp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 genomes. On the other hand they possess alternative putative virulence and fitness factors, such as a different ysp type 3 secretion system, an RtxA-like and insecticidal toxins, and a N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) PTS system (aga-operon). Horizontal acquisition of two prophages and a tRNA-Asn-associated GIYep-01 genomic island might also influence the Y. enterocolitica ssp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 pathoadaptation. We demonstrated recombination activity of the PhiYep-3 prophage and the GIYep-01 island and the ability of the aga-operon to support the growth of the Y. enterocolitica ssp. enterocolitica O:8/1B on GalNAc. Conclusions Y. enterocolitica ssp. palearctica serobiotype O:3/4 experienced a shift to an alternative patchwork of virulence and fitness determinants that might play a significant role in its host pathoadaptation and successful worldwide dissemination.
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Pescaretti MDLM, López FE, Morero RD, Delgado MA. The PmrA/PmrB regulatory system controls the expression of the wzzfepE gene involved in the O-antigen synthesis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:2515-2521. [PMID: 21719537 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.050088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The degree of polymerization of O-antigen from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is controlled by the products of the wzz(s)(t) and wzz(fepE) genes. In the present study we investigated the role of the PmrA/PmrB regulatory system in wzz(fepE) transcription. We report that the direct binding of the PmrA regulator to a specific promoter site induces the expression of the wzz(fepE) gene. This effect increases the amount of very long (VL) O-antigen, which is required for the resistance of Salmonella to serum human complement and polymyxin B, and for the replication of the bacteria within macrophages. The results obtained here highlight functional differences between Wzz(fepE) and Wzz(st), although the genes for both proteins are regulated in a PmrA-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Mercedes Pescaretti
- Departamento de Bioquímica de la Nutrición, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán) and Instituto de Química Biologica 'Dr Bernabe Bloj', Chacabuco 461, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fabián E López
- Departamento de Bioquímica de la Nutrición, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán) and Instituto de Química Biologica 'Dr Bernabe Bloj', Chacabuco 461, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Roberto D Morero
- Departamento de Bioquímica de la Nutrición, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán) and Instituto de Química Biologica 'Dr Bernabe Bloj', Chacabuco 461, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mónica A Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica de la Nutrición, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán) and Instituto de Química Biologica 'Dr Bernabe Bloj', Chacabuco 461, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Khamjing W, Khongchareonporn N, Rengpipat S. Detection by using monoclonal antibodies of Yersinia enterocolitica in artificially-contaminated pork. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:605-15. [PMID: 21699558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica were produced by fusion of NS-1 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells of ICR mice immunized with heat-killed and heat-killed plus SDS-mercaptoethanol treated forms of Y. enterocolitica ATCC 27729 alone or mixed with Y. enterocolitica MU. The twenty-five MAbs obtained from five fusions were divided into nine groups according to their specificities to different bacterial strains and species, as determined by dot blotting. The first five groups of MAbs were specific only to Y. enterocolitica, but did not recognize all of the isolates tested. MAbs in groups 6 and 7 reacted with all isolates of Y. enterocolitica tested but showed cross-reaction with some Yersinia spp. and Edwardsiella tarda, especially in the case of group 7. MAbs in groups 8 and 9 reacted with all isolates of Y. enterocolitica and Yersinia spp., as well as other Gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. These MAbs recognized Y. enterocolitica antigens with apparent molecular weights ranging from 10-43 kDa by Western blotting, and could detect Y. enterocolitica from ∼10³-10⁵ colony forming units (CFUs) by dot blotting. The hybridoma clone YE38 was selected for detection of Y. enterocolitica in pork samples which had been artificially-contaminated by inoculation with Y. enterocolitica ATCC 27729 at concentrations of ∼10⁴-10⁶ CFUs/g and incubation in peptone sorbitol bile broth at 4°C. Samples were collected and applied on a nitrocellulose membrane for dot blotting with trypticase soy and cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agars. After 48 hr of incubation, the detection limit was ∼10²-10³ CFU/g by dot blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilsa Khamjing
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Merino S, Jimenez N, Molero R, Bouamama L, Regué M, Tomás JM. A UDP-HexNAc:polyprenol-P GalNAc-1-P transferase (WecP) representing a new subgroup of the enzyme family. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1943-52. [PMID: 21335454 DOI: 10.1128/JB.01441-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aeromonas hydrophila AH-3 WecP represents a new class of UDP-HexNAc:polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P transferases. These enzymes use a membrane-associated polyprenol phosphate acceptor (undecaprenyl phosphate [Und-P]) and a cytoplasmic UDP-d-N-acetylhexosamine sugar nucleotide as the donor substrate. Until now, all the WecA enzymes tested were able to transfer UDP-GlcNAc to the Und-P. In this study, we present in vitro and in vivo proofs that A. hydrophila AH-3 WecP transfers GalNAc to Und-P and is unable to transfer GlcNAc to the same enzyme substrate. The molecular topology of WecP is more similar to that of WbaP (UDP-Gal polyprenol-P transferase) than to that of WecA (UDP-GlcNAc polyprenol-P transferase). WecP is the first UDP-HexNAc:polyprenol-P GalNAc-1-P transferase described.
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Abstract
Bacteria of the Gram-negative genus Yersinia are environmentally ubiquitous. Three species are of medical importance: the intestinal pathogens Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, and the plague bacillus Y. pestis. The two former species, spread by contaminated food or water, cause a range of gastrointestinal symptoms and, rarely, sepsis. On occasion, the primary infection is followed by autoimmune sequelae such as reactive arthritis. Plague is a systemic disease with high mortality. It is a zoonosis spread by fleas, or more rarely by droplets from individuals suffering from pneumonic plague. Y. pestis is one of the most virulent of bacteria, and recent findings of antibiotic-resistant strains together with its potential use as a bioweapon have increased interest in the species. In addition to being significant pathogens in their own right, the yersiniae have been used as model systems for a number of aspects of pathogenicity. This chapter reviews the molecular mechanisms of adhesion in yersiniae. The enteropathogenic species share three adhesins: invasin, YadA and Ail. Invasin is the first adhesin required for enteric infection; it binds to β(1) integrins on microfold cells in the distal ileum, leading to the ingestion of the bacteria and allows them to cross the intestinal epithelium. YadA is the major adhesin in host tissues. It is a multifunctional protein, conferring adherence to cells and extracellular matrix components, serum and phagocytosis resistance, and the ability to autoagglutinate. Ail has a minor role in adhesion and serum resistance. Y. pestis lacks both invasin and YadA, but expresses several other adhesins. These include the pH 6 antigen and autotransporter adhesins. Also the plasminogen activator of Y. pestis can mediate adherence to host cells. Although the adhesins of the pathogenic yersiniae have been studied extensively, their exact roles in the biology of infection remain elusive.
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Pinta E, Duda KA, Hanuszkiewicz A, Salminen TA, Bengoechea JA, Hyytiäinen H, Lindner B, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Holst O, Skurnik M. Characterization of the six glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 lipopolysaccharide outer core. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28333-42. [PMID: 20595390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is a gram-negative bacterium; Ye serotype O:3 expresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a hexasaccharide branch known as the outer core (OC). The OC is important for the resistance of the bacterium to cationic antimicrobial peptides and also functions as a receptor for bacteriophage phiR1-37 and enterocoliticin. The biosynthesis of the OC hexasaccharide is directed by the OC gene cluster that contains nine genes (wzx, wbcKLMNOPQ, and gne). In this study, we inactivated the six OC genes predicted to encode glycosyltransferases (GTase) one by one by nonpolar mutations to assign functions to their gene products. The mutants expressed no OC or truncated OC oligosaccharides of different lengths. The truncated OC oligosaccharides revealed that the minimum structural requirements for the interactions of OC with bacteriophage phiR1-37, enterocoliticin, and OC-specific monoclonal antibody 2B5 were different. Furthermore, using chemical and structural analyses of the mutant LPSs, we could assign specific functions to all six GTases and also revealed the exact order in which the transferases build the hexasaccharide. Comparative modeling of the catalytic sites of glucosyltransferases WbcK and WbcL followed by site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify Asp-182 and Glu-181, respectively, as catalytic base residues of these two GTases. In general, conclusive evidence for specific GTase functions have been rare due to difficulties in accessibility of the appropriate donors and acceptors; however, in this work we were able to utilize the structural analysis of LPS to get direct experimental evidence for five different GTase specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pinta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Infection Biology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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De Castro C, Skurnik M, Molinaro A, Holst O. Characterization of the specific O-polysaccharide structure and biosynthetic gene cluster of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:15. Innate Immun 2010; 15:351-9. [PMID: 19723831 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotyping scheme contains 21 serotypes based on the distribution of about 30 different O-factors within the species. The chemical structures of LPSs and the genetic basis of their biosynthesis has been determined for a number of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains representing different serotypes; thus, an overall picture of the relationship between genetics and structures is emerging. In this work, we have performed a structural and genetic analysis of the Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O:15 O-specific polysaccharide. Our results showed that the set-up of the Y. pseudotuberculosis O:15 gene cluster is a hybrid between those of Y. pseudotuberculosis serotypes O:1b and O:5a, possibly due to a single recombination event. The hybrid nature could also be seen in the structure of the O-specific polysaccharide repeating unit pentasaccharide. It contains a tetrameric backbone identical to that of O:5a while the branching paratofuranose residue is identical to that of O:1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina De Castro
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
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Suomalainen M, Lobo LA, Brandenburg K, Lindner B, Virkola R, Knirel YA, Anisimov AP, Holst O, Korhonen TK. Temperature-induced changes in the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pestis affect plasminogen activation by the pla surface protease. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2644-52. [PMID: 20368351 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01329-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pla surface protease of Yersinia pestis activates human plasminogen and is a central virulence factor in bubonic and pneumonic plague. Pla is a transmembrane beta-barrel protein and member of the omptin family of outer membrane proteases which require bound lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to be proteolytically active. Plasminogen activation and autoprocessing of Pla were dramatically higher in Y. pestis cells grown at 37 degrees C than in cells grown at 20 degrees C; the difference in enzymatic activity by far exceeded the increase in the cellular content of the Pla protein. Y. pestis modifies its LPS structure in response to growth temperature. We purified His(6)-Pla under denaturing conditions and compared various LPS types for their capacity to enhance plasmin formation by His(6)-Pla solubilized in detergent. Reactivation of His(6)-Pla was higher with Y. pestis LPSs isolated from bacteria grown at 37 degrees C than with LPSs from cells grown at 25 degrees C. Lack of O antigens and the presence of the outer core region as well as a lowered level of acylation in LPS were found to enhance the Pla-LPS interaction. Genetic substitution of arginine 138, which is part of a three-dimensional protein motif for binding to lipid A phosphates, decreased both the enzymatic activity of His(6)-Pla and the amount of Pla in Y. pestis cells, suggesting the importance of the Pla-lipid A phosphate interaction. The temperature-induced changes in LPS are known to help Y. pestis to avoid innate immune responses, and our results strongly suggest that they also potentiate Pla-mediated proteolysis.
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Abstract
The potential application of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism emphasizes the urgent need to develop more effective vaccines against airborne infection. The current status of plague vaccines has been reviewed. The present emphasis is on subunit vaccines based on the F1 and LcrV antigens. These provide good protection in animal models but may not protect against F1 strains with modifications to the type III secretion system. The duration of protection against pneumonic infection is also uncertain. Other strategies under investigation include defined live-attenuated vaccines, DNA vaccines, mucosal delivery systems and heterologous immunization. The live-attenuated strain Y. pestis EV NIIEG protects against aerosol challenge in animal models and, with further modification to reduce residual virulence and to optimize respiratory protection, it could provide a shortcut to improved vaccines. The regulatory problems inherent in licensing vaccines for which efficacy data are unavailable and their possible solutions are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Feodorova
- Scientific and Research Institute for Medical and Veterinary Biotechnologies, Russia-Switzerland, Branch in Saratov, 9 Proviantskaya Street, Box 1580, Saratov 410028, Russia.
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Abstract
The O antigen, consisting of many repeats of an oligosaccharide unit, is part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It is on the cell surface and appears to be a major target for both immune system and bacteriophages, and therefore becomes one of the most variable cell constituents. The variability of the O antigen provides the major basis for serotyping schemes of Gram-negative bacteria. The genes responsible for the synthesis of O antigen are usually in a single cluster known as O antigen gene cluster, and their location on the chromosome within a species is generally conserved. Three O antigen biosynthesis pathways including Wzx/Wzy, ABC-transporter and Synthase have been discovered. In this chapter, the traditional and molecular O serotyping schemes are compared, O antigen structures and gene clusters of well-studied species are described, processes for formation and distribution of the variety of O antigens are discussed, and finally, the role of O antigen in bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Felek S, Muszyński A, Carlson RW, Tsang TM, Hinnebusch BJ, Krukonis ES. Phosphoglucomutase of Yersinia pestis is required for autoaggregation and polymyxin B resistance. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1163-75. [PMID: 20028810 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00997-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, autoaggregates within a few minutes of cessation of shaking when grown at 28 degrees C. To identify the autoaggregation factor of Y. pestis, we performed mariner-based transposon mutagenesis. Autoaggregation-defective mutants from three different pools were identified, each with a transposon insertion at a different position within the gene encoding phosphoglucomutase (pgmA; y1258). Targeted deletion of pgmA in Y. pestis KIM5 also resulted in loss of autoaggregation. Given the previously defined role for phosphoglucomutase in antimicrobial peptide resistance in other organisms, we tested the KIM5 DeltapgmA mutant for antimicrobial peptide sensitivity. The DeltapgmA mutant displayed >1,000-fold increased sensitivity to polymyxin B compared to the parental Y. pestis strain, KIM5. This sensitivity is not due to changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) since the LPSs from both Y. pestis KIM5 and the DeltapgmA mutant are identical based on a comparison of their structures by mass spectrometry (MS), tandem MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Furthermore, the ability of polymyxin B to neutralize LPS toxicity was identical for LPS purified from both KIM5 and the DeltapgmA mutant. Our results indicate that increased polymyxin B sensitivity of the DeltapgmA mutant is due to changes in surface structures other than LPS. Experiments with mice via the intravenous and intranasal routes did not demonstrate any virulence defect for the DeltapgmA mutant, nor was flea colonization or blockage affected. Our findings suggest that the activity of PgmA results in modification and/or elaboration of a surface component of Y. pestis responsible for autoaggregation and polymyxin B resistance.
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Gratacap RML, Thompson KD, Bricknell IR, Adams A. Lipopolysaccharide extraction: a phenol alternative. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:811-814. [PMID: 19490391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M L Gratacap
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
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Cunneen MM, De Castro C, Kenyon J, Parrilli M, Reeves PR, Molinaro A, Holst O, Skurnik M. The O-specific polysaccharide structure and biosynthetic gene cluster of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:11. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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