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Liu Y, Fu Y, Yang Y, Yi G, Lian J, Xie B, Yao Y, Chen M, Niu Y, Liu L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Fan X, Tang Y, Yuan P, Zhu M, Li Q, Zhang S, Chen Y, Wang B, He J, Lu D, Liachko I, Sullivan ST, Pang B, Chen Y, He X, Li K, Tang Z. Integration of multi-omics data reveals cis-regulatory variants that are associated with phenotypic differentiation of eastern from western pigs. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:62. [PMID: 36104777 PMCID: PMC9476355 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The genetic mechanisms that underlie phenotypic differentiation in breeding animals have important implications in evolutionary biology and agriculture. However, the contribution of cis-regulatory variants to pig phenotypes is poorly understood. Therefore, our aim was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which non-coding variants cause phenotypic differences in pigs by combining evolutionary biology analyses and functional genomics.
Results
We obtained a high-resolution phased chromosome-scale reference genome with a contig N50 of 18.03 Mb for the Luchuan pig breed (a representative eastern breed) and profiled potential selective sweeps in eastern and western pigs by resequencing the genomes of 234 pigs. Multi-tissue transcriptome and chromatin accessibility analyses of these regions suggest that tissue-specific selection pressure is mediated by promoters and distal cis-regulatory elements. Promoter variants that are associated with increased expression of the lysozyme (LYZ) gene in the small intestine might enhance the immunity of the gastrointestinal tract and roughage tolerance in pigs. In skeletal muscle, an enhancer-modulating single-nucleotide polymorphism that is associated with up-regulation of the expression of the troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type (TNNC1) gene might increase the proportion of slow muscle fibers and affect meat quality.
Conclusions
Our work sheds light on the molecular mechanisms by which non-coding variants shape phenotypic differences in pigs and provides valuable resources and novel perspectives to dissect the role of gene regulatory evolution in animal domestication and breeding.
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Wang S, Tan B, Xiao L, Zhao X, Zeng J, Hong L, Yang J, Cai G, Zheng E, Wu Z, Gu T. Comprehensive Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA Modified by m 6A Methylation in Oxidative and Glycolytic Skeletal Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4600. [PMID: 35562992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common modification in eukaryotic RNAs. Accumulating evidence shows m6A methylation plays vital roles in various biological processes, including muscle and fat differentiation. However, there is a lack of research on lncRNAs’ m6A modification in regulating pig muscle-fiber-type conversion. In this study, we identified novel and differentially expressed lncRNAs in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles through RNA-seq, and further reported the m6A-methylation patterns of lncRNAs via MeRIP-seq. We found that most lncRNAs have one m6A peak, and the m6A peaks were preferentially enriched in the last exon of the lncRNAs. Interestingly, we found that lncRNAs’ m6A levels were positively correlated with their expression homeostasis and levels. Furthermore, we performed conjoint analysis of MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq data and obtained 305 differentially expressed and differentially m6A-modified lncRNAs (dme-lncRNAs). Through QTL enrichment analysis of dme-lncRNAs and PPI analysis for their cis-genes, we finally identified seven key m6A-modified lncRNAs that may play a potential role in muscle-fiber-type conversion. Notably, inhibition of one of the key lncRNAs, MSTRG.14200.1, delayed satellite cell differentiation and stimulated fast-to-slow muscle-fiber conversion. Our study comprehensively analyzed m6A modifications on lncRNAs in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles and provided new targets for the study of pig muscle-fiber-type conversion.
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Hashimoto H, Wang Z, Garry GA, Malladi VS, Botten GA, Ye W, Zhou H, Osterwalder M, Dickel DE, Visel A, Liu N, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Cardiac Reprogramming Factors Synergistically Activate Genome-wide Cardiogenic Stage-Specific Enhancers. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:69-86.e5. [PMID: 31080136 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cardiogenic transcription factors (TFs) Mef2c, Gata4, and Tbx5 can directly reprogram fibroblasts to induced cardiac-like myocytes (iCLMs), presenting a potential source of cells for cardiac repair. While activity of these TFs is enhanced by Hand2 and Akt1, their genomic targets and interactions during reprogramming are not well studied. We performed genome-wide analyses of cardiogenic TF binding and enhancer profiling during cardiac reprogramming. We found that these TFs synergistically activate enhancers highlighted by Mef2c binding sites and that Hand2 and Akt1 coordinately recruit other TFs to enhancer elements. Intriguingly, these enhancer landscapes collectively resemble patterns of enhancer activation during embryonic cardiogenesis. We further constructed a cardiac reprogramming gene regulatory network and found repression of EGFR signaling pathway genes. Consistently, chemical inhibition of EGFR signaling augmented reprogramming. Thus, by defining epigenetic landscapes these findings reveal synergistic transcriptional activation across a broad landscape of cardiac enhancers and key signaling pathways that govern iCLM reprogramming.
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Shu J, Ji G, Zhang M, Tu Y, Shan Y, Liu Y, Ju X, Zhang D. Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Temporal Expression Profile of Troponin I Type 1 (TNNI1) Gene in Skeletal Muscle During Early Development of Gaoyou Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos Domestica). Anim Biotechnol 2018; 30:118-128. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1444620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Shu
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gaige Ji
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Tu
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanju Shan
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ju
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Poultry Genetics and Breeding of Jiangsu Province, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
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He H, Hu ZG, Tserennadmid S, Chen S, Liu XL. Novel Muscle-Specific Genes TCAP, TNNI1, and FHL1 in Cattle: SNVs, Linkage Disequilibrium, Combined Genotypes, Association Analysis of Growth Performance, and Carcass Quality Traits and Expression Studies. Anim Biotechnol 2017; 29:259-268. [PMID: 29095095 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2017.1377084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
TCAP, TNNI1, and FHL1 regulate muscle growth and development. In this study, four single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were discovered in almost all of the exon and intron regions of the TCAP, TNNI1, and FHL1 genes using DNA pooled sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP, and forced-PCR-RFLP methods in 576 cattle. Four SNVs were significantly associated with the growth performance and carcass quality traits of the cattle. In addition, the haplotype, haplotype frequency, and linkage disequilibrium coefficient of three sequence variants were also evaluated in the cattle population. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that eight haplotypes were present in the Qinchuan cattle population and no haplotypes were present in the Chinese Holstein population; haplotype 1 had the highest frequency in the Qinchuan (42.7%) population. Statistical analyses of 12 combined genotypes indicated that some were significantly associated with the growth performance and carcass quality traits of the Qinchuan cattle population. Moreover, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the bovine TCAP, TNNI1, and FHL1 genes were exclusively expressed in muscle tissue. These data support the high potentials of the TCAP, TNNI1, and FHL1 as marker genes to improve the growth performance and carcass quality traits of Qinchuan cattle or other animals selection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China.,b Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Zhi-Gang Hu
- b Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Sodnompil Tserennadmid
- b Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Si Chen
- b Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- b Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China
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Herzig KH, Leppäluoto J, Jokelainen J, Meugnier E, Pesenti S, Selänne H, Mäkelä KA, Ahola R, Jämsä T, Vidal H, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S. Low level activity thresholds for changes in NMR biomarkers and genes in high risk subjects for Type 2 Diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11267. [PMID: 28924247 PMCID: PMC5603534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to determine if there are quantitative associations between amounts and intensities of physical activities (PA) on NMR biomarkers and changes in skeletal muscle gene expressions in subjects with high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) performing a 3-month PA intervention. We found that PA was associated with beneficial biomarker changes in a factor containing several VLDL and HDL subclasses and lipids in principal component analysis (P = <0.01). Division of PA into quartiles demonstrated significant changes in NMR biomarkers in the 2nd - 4th quartiles compared to the 1st quartile representing PA of less than 2850 daily steps (P = 0.0036). Mediation analysis of PA-related reductions in lipoproteins showed that the effects of PA was 4-15 times greater than those of body weight or fat mass reductions. In a subset study in highly active subjects' gene expressions of oxidative fiber markers, Apo D, and G0/G1 Switch Gene 2, controlling insulin signaling and glucose metabolism were significantly increased. Slow walking at speeds of 2-3 km/h exceeding 2895 steps/day attenuated several circulating lipoprotein lipids. The effects were mediated rather by PA than body weight or fat loss. Thus, lower thresholds for PA may exist for long term prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases in sedentary overweight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. .,Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Juhani Leppäluoto
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Jokelainen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Unit of General Practice, and Health Center of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, University of Lyon, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Sandra Pesenti
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, University of Lyon, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Harri Selänne
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari A Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Ahola
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Jämsä
- Medical Research Center and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hubert Vidal
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, University of Lyon, 69600, Oullins, France
| | - Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Unit of General Practice, and Health Center of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Park S, Choi Y, Kwak G, Hong YB, Jung N, Kim J, Choi BO, Jung SC. Application of differentiated human tonsil-derived stem cells to trembler-J mice. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:478-486. [PMID: 28796340 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various cell types. METHODS In this study we investigated the potential of human tonsil-derived MSCs (T-MSCs) for neuromuscular regeneration in trembler-J (Tr-J) mice, a model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A). RESULTS T-MSCs differentiated toward skeletal myocytes with increased expression of skeletal muscle-related markers (including troponin I type 1, and myogenin), and the formation of myotubes in vitro. In-situ transplantation of T-MSC-derived myocytes (T-MSC myocytes) into the gastrocnemius muscle in Tr-J mice enhanced motor function, with recovery of compound muscle action potential amplitudes. Morphology of the sciatic nerve and skeletal muscle recovered without the formation of teratomas, and the expression levels of nerve growth factor and glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor were increased significantly in T-MSC myocytes compared with T-MSCs in vitro. DISCUSSION Transplantation of T-MSC myocytes could enable neuromuscular regeneration in patients with CMT1A. Muscle Nerve 57: 478-486, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeyoung Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-Ro, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonyoung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-Ro, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Kwak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-Ro, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-Ro, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-Ro, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea
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Sun Y, Wang G, Ji Z, Chao T, Liu Z, Wang X, Liu G, Wu C, Wang J. Three slow skeletal muscle troponin genes in small-tailed Han sheep (Ovis aries): molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:999-1010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lamar KM, Bogdanovich S, Gardner BB, Gao QQ, Miller T, Earley JU, Hadhazy M, Vo AH, Wren L, Molkentin JD, McNally EM. Overexpression of Latent TGFβ Binding Protein 4 in Muscle Ameliorates Muscular Dystrophy through Myostatin and TGFβ. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006019. [PMID: 27148972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent TGFβ binding proteins (LTBPs) regulate the extracellular availability of latent TGFβ. LTBP4 was identified as a genetic modifier of muscular dystrophy in mice and humans. An in-frame insertion polymorphism in the murine Ltbp4 gene associates with partial protection against muscular dystrophy. In humans, nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in LTBP4 associate with prolonged ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To better understand LTBP4 and its role in modifying muscular dystrophy, we created transgenic mice overexpressing the protective murine allele of LTBP4 specifically in mature myofibers using the human skeletal actin promoter. Overexpression of LTBP4 protein was associated with increased muscle mass and proportionally increased strength compared to age-matched controls. In order to assess the effects of LTBP4 in muscular dystrophy, LTBP4 overexpressing mice were bred to mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In this model, increased LTBP4 led to greater muscle mass with proportionally increased strength, and decreased fibrosis. The increase in muscle mass and reduction in fibrosis were similar to what occurs when myostatin, a related TGFβ family member and negative regulator of muscle mass, was deleted in mdx mice. Supporting this, we found that myostatin forms a complex with LTBP4 and that overexpression of LTBP4 led to a decrease in myostatin levels. LTBP4 also interacted with TGFβ and GDF11, a protein highly related to myostatin. These data identify LTBP4 as a multi-TGFβ family ligand binding protein with the capacity to modify muscle disease through overexpression. Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease with muscle weakness, replacement of muscle tissue with fibrosis, and premature death. The gene for latent TGFβ binding protein 4 (LTBP4) was previously found to modify muscular dystrophy in both mice and humans with variants that confer protection from disease. In order to better understand this modifier gene, the protective version of LTBP4 was overexpressed specifically in the skeletal muscles of mice. Increased levels of LTBP4 protein resulted in increased muscle mass. Overexpression of LTBP4 in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy alleviated many disease-associated features producing larger muscles, increased strength, and reduced fibrosis in muscle. LTBP4 formed a complex with myostatin, a protein that when inhibited leads to muscle growth. In LTBP4-overexpressing mice, active myostatin protein was decreased. This study shows that LTBP4 modifies muscular dystrophy based on its ability to scaffold and regulate multiple TGFβ family members including myostatin.
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Sheng JJ, Jin JP. TNNI1, TNNI2 and TNNI3: Evolution, regulation, and protein structure-function relationships. Gene 2015; 576:385-94. [PMID: 26526134 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Troponin I (TnI) is the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex in the sarcomeric thin filament of striated muscle and plays a central role in the calcium regulation of contraction and relaxation. Vertebrate TnI has evolved into three isoforms encoded by three homologous genes: TNNI1 for slow skeletal muscle TnI, TNNI2 for fast skeletal muscle TnI and TNNI3 for cardiac TnI, which are expressed under muscle type-specific and developmental regulations. To summarize the current knowledge on the TnI isoform genes and products, this review focuses on the evolution, gene regulation, posttranslational modifications, and structure-function relationship of TnI isoform proteins. Their physiological and medical significances are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Ma X, Zheng C, Hu Y, Wang L, Yang X, Jiang Z. Dietary L-arginine supplementation affects the skeletal longissimus muscle proteome in finishing pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117294. [PMID: 25635834 PMCID: PMC4311982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight Duroc x Landrace x Large White gilts were used to determine the relationship between proteome changes of longissimus muscle and intramuscular fat (IMF) content in arginine-supplemented pigs. Beginning at 60 kg BW, pigs were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet supplemented or not with 1% L-arginine until they reached a BW of 100 kg. Supplementation with 1% L-arginine did not affect the growth performance or carcass traits, while it increased IMF content by 32% (P < 0.01), it also decreased the drip loss at 48 h post-mortem and the b* meat color value at 24 h post-mortem; supplementation with 1% dietary L-arginine did not change the proportion of SFA and MUFA in muscle lipids. The proteome changes in longissimus muscle between the control and supplemented pigs showed that L-arginine significantly influenced the abundance of proteins related to energy metabolism, fiber type and structure. The increase in IMF content was positively correlated with the increased abundance of slow twitch troponin I (TNNI1) protein and negatively correlated with myosin heavy chain IIb (MyHC IIb) protein content. It is suggested that the proteome changes in longissimus muscle contributed to the greater IMF content in L-arginine supplemented pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuntian Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youjun Hu
- Institute of Animal Science; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Animal Science; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science; Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Xu ZY, Yang H, Li Y, Xiong YZ, Zuo B. Temporal expression of TnI fast and slow isoforms in biceps femoris and masseter muscle during pig growth. Animal 2010; 4:1541-6. [PMID: 22444701 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731110000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biceps femoris (BF) and masseter muscle (MM) are the mixture of slow oxidative and fast-twitch fibres. Compared with MM, BF had the significantly higher expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) fast IIx and IIb isoforms (MyHCIIx and MyHCIIb), but lower expression of MyHC slow isoform (MyHCI) and fast IIa isoform (MyHCIIa). The objective of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of troponin I (TnI) slow-twitch isoform (TNNI1) and fast-twitch isoform (TNNI2) in BF and MM of Yorkshire and Meishan pigs which differed significantly in the growth rate. The expression of the TNNI1 and TNNI2 peaked at the postnatal 35 days in Yorkshire pigs and postnatal 60 days in Meishan pigs. The expression of TNNI1 and TNNI2 in Meishan pigs was significantly higher than that in Yorkshire pigs at the foetal 60 days, while the opposite occurred at postnatal 35 days. The expression ratio of TNNI1 relative to TNNI2 favoured TNNI2 expression in BF and MM regardless of Yorkshire and Meishan pigs. TNNI1 expression in MM was significantly higher than that in BF at 60, 120 and 180 days in Meishan pigs and at 120 and 180 days in Yorkshire pigs. On the contrary, no significant difference of TNNI2 expression in BF and MM was found except for Yorkshire pigs of 180 days. This study provided the foundation for future research on TnI isoforms as the model gene to study mechanisms of muscle fibre-specific gene regulation in pigs.
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Ravenscroft G, Jackaman C, Sewry CA, McNamara E, Squire SE, Potter AC, Papadimitriou J, Griffiths LM, Bakker AJ, Davies KE, Laing NG, Nowak KJ. Actin nemaline myopathy mouse reproduces disease, suggests other actin disease phenotypes and provides cautionary note on muscle transgene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28699. [PMID: 22174871 PMCID: PMC3235150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the skeletal muscle α-actin gene (ACTA1) cause congenital myopathies including nemaline myopathy, actin aggregate myopathy and rod-core disease. The majority of patients with ACTA1 mutations have severe hypotonia and do not survive beyond the age of one. A transgenic mouse model was generated expressing an autosomal dominant mutant (D286G) of ACTA1 (identified in a severe nemaline myopathy patient) fused with EGFP. Nemaline bodies were observed in multiple skeletal muscles, with serial sections showing these correlated to aggregates of the mutant skeletal muscle α-actin-EGFP. Isolated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles were significantly weaker than wild-type (WT) muscle at 4 weeks of age, coinciding with the peak in structural lesions. These 4 week-old mice were ~30% less active on voluntary running wheels than WT mice. The α-actin-EGFP protein clearly demonstrated that the transgene was expressed equally in all myosin heavy chain (MHC) fibre types during the early postnatal period, but subsequently became largely confined to MHCIIB fibres. Ringbinden fibres, internal nuclei and myofibrillar myopathy pathologies, not typical features in nemaline myopathy or patients with ACTA1 mutations, were frequently observed. Ringbinden were found in fast fibre predominant muscles of adult mice and were exclusively MHCIIB-positive fibres. Thus, this mouse model presents a reliable model for the investigation of the pathobiology of nemaline body formation and muscle weakness and for evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions. The occurrence of core-like regions, internal nuclei and ringbinden will allow analysis of the mechanisms underlying these lesions. The occurrence of ringbinden and features of myofibrillar myopathy in this mouse model of ACTA1 disease suggests that patients with these pathologies and no genetic explanation should be screened for ACTA1 mutations.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Myopathies, Nemaline/pathology
- Myopathies, Nemaline/physiopathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Transgenes/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ravenscroft
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Connie Jackaman
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Caroline A. Sewry
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Diseases, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom
| | - Elyshia McNamara
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Squire
- MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Allyson C. Potter
- MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Papadimitriou
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Griffiths
- Neuropathology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Anatomical Pathology, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Bakker
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kay E. Davies
- MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel G. Laing
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Kristen J. Nowak
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
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Ravenscroft G, Jackaman C, Bringans S, Papadimitriou JM, Griffiths LM, McNamara E, Bakker AJ, Davies KE, Laing NG, Nowak KJ. Mouse models of dominant ACTA1 disease recapitulate human disease and provide insight into therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:1101-15. [PMID: 21303860 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the skeletal muscle α-actin gene (ACTA1) cause a range of pathologically defined congenital myopathies. Most patients have dominant mutations and experience severe skeletal muscle weakness, dying within one year of birth. To determine mutant ACTA1 pathobiology, transgenic mice expressing ACTA1(D286G) were created. These Tg(ACTA1)(D286G) mice were less active than wild-type individuals. Their skeletal muscles were significantly weaker by in vitro analyses and showed various pathological lesions reminiscent of human patients, however they had a normal lifespan. Mass spectrometry revealed skeletal muscles from Tg(ACTA1)(D286G) mice contained ∼25% ACTA1(D286G) protein. Tg(ACTA1)(D286G) mice were crossed with hemizygous Acta1(+/-) knock-out mice to generate Tg(ACTA1)(D286G)(+/+).Acta1(+/-) offspring that were homozygous for the transgene and hemizygous for the endogenous skeletal muscle α-actin gene. Akin to most human patients, skeletal muscles from these offspring contained approximately equal proportions of ACTA1(D286G) and wild-type actin. Strikingly, the majority of these mice presented with severe immobility between postnatal Days 8 and 17, requiring euthanasia. Their skeletal muscles contained extensive structural abnormalities as identified in severely affected human patients, including nemaline bodies, actin accumulations and widespread sarcomeric disarray. Therefore we have created valuable mouse models, one of mild dominant ACTA1 disease [Tg(ACTA1)(D286G)], and the other of severe disease, with a dramatically shortened lifespan [Tg(ACTA1)(D286G)(+/+).Acta1(+/-)]. The correlation between mutant ACTA1 protein load and disease severity parallels effects in ACTA1 families and suggests altering this ratio in patient muscle may be a therapy for patients with dominant ACTA1 disease. Furthermore, ringbinden fibres were observed in these mouse models. The presence of such features suggests that perhaps patients with ringbinden of unknown genetic origin should be considered for ACTA1 mutation screening. This is the first experimental, as opposed to observational, evidence that mutant protein load determines the severity of ACTA1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ravenscroft
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia.
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15
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Yang H, Xu ZY, Lei MG, Li FE, Deng CY, Xiong YZ, Zuo B. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR expression profiling of porcine troponin I family in three different types of muscles during development. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:827-32. [PMID: 20376701 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the expression profiling of three troponin I isoforms (TNNI1, TNNI2 and TNNI3) was investigated in two pig breeds differing in muscularity (Yorkshire and Meishan) at six stages (fetal 60 days and postnatal 3, 35, 60, 120, and 180 days) and three types of muscles (longissimus dorsi muscle, LD; semitendinosus, ST; cardiac muscle, CM) using relative real-time quantitative PCR. Significant differences of troponin I expression in three muscles were found between Yorkshire and Meishan breeds at some stages. The expression peak of TNNI1 and TNNI2 in LD and ST was at postnatal 35 or 60 days in Yorkshire and at postnatal 120 or 180 days in Meishan pigs, while it occurred in CM at postnatal 3 days in two pig breeds. The relative expression values of TNNI1 and TNNI2 were significantly higher in LD than ST at most of stages after birth. The expression ratio of TNNI2 versus TNNI1 favoured TNNI2 expression in ST and LD, but on the contrary in CM. The expression peak of TNNI3 occurred at postnatal 60 and 120 days in Yorkshire and Meishan pigs, respectively. TNNI1 and TNNI3 were co-expressed in CM during the fetal and earlier stages after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yang H, Xu ZY, Lei MG, Li FE, Deng CY, Xiong YZ, Zuo B. Association of 3 polymorphisms in porcine troponin I genes (TNNI1 andTNNI2) with meat quality traits. J Appl Genet 2010; 51:51-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03195710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Xu ZY, Yang H, Xiong YZ, Deng CY, Li FE, Lei MG, Zuo B. Identification of three novel SNPs and association with carcass traits in porcine TNNI1 and TNNI2. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3609-13. [PMID: 20182806 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two novel SNPs (EU743939:g.5174T>C in intron 4 and EU743939:g.8350C>A in intron 7) in TNNI1 and one SNP (EU696779:g.1167C>T in intron 3) in TNNI2 were identified by PCR-RFLP (PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism) using XbaI, MspI and SmaI restriction enzyme, respectively. The allele frequencies of three novel SNPs were determined in the genetically diverse pig breeds including ten Chinese indigenous pigs and three Western commercial pig breeds. Association analysis of the SNPs with the carcass traits were conducted in a Large White × Meishan F(2) pig population. The linkage of two SNPs (g.5174T>C and g.8350C>A) in TNNI1 gene had significant effect on fat percentage. Besides these, the g.5174T>C polymorphism was also significantly associated with skin percentage (P < 0.05), shoulder fat thickness (P < 0.05) and backfat thickness between sixth and seventh ribs (P < 0.05). The significant effects of g.1167C>T polymorphism in TNNI2 gene on fat percentage (P < 0.01), lean meat percentage (P < 0.05), lion eye area (P < 0.05), thorax-waist backfat thickness (P < 0.01) and average backfat thickness (P < 0.05) were also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Xu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
Troponin I (TnI) is a family of three muscle-specific myofibrillar proteins involved in calcium-sensitive regulation of contraction in cardiac and skeletal muscle. In this study, the full-length cDNA and genomic sequence of three genes of porcine TnI family were cloned and sequenced. The full-length cDNA of TNNI1, TNNI2, and TNNI3 genes were 989 bp, 734 bp, and 831 bp in length, which contained an open reading frame of 564, 549, and 636 nucleotides, respectively. Three Troponin I shared 54.4 approximately 58.3% similarity with each other in their predicted amino acid sequences. The TNNI1, TNNI2, and TNNI3 displayed the same genomic structure as other vertebrates and spanned over 9785 bp, 2373 bp, and 3648 bp genomic regions, respectively. The regulatory elements in the proximal promoter of TNNI2 and TNNI3 were conserved among human, mouse, and pig, but regulatory element differences existed in the TNNI1 promoter among them. Expression profiling showed that TnI genes were widely expressed in the tissues studied, with the highest expression level of TNNI1 and TNNI2 in skeletal muscle, and TNNI3 in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Nowak KJ, Ravenscroft G, Jackaman C, Filipovska A, Davies SM, Lim EM, Squire SE, Potter AC, Baker E, Clément S, Sewry CA, Fabian V, Crawford K, Lessard JL, Griffiths LM, Papadimitriou JM, Shen Y, Morahan G, Bakker AJ, Davies KE, Laing NG. Rescue of skeletal muscle alpha-actin-null mice by cardiac (fetal) alpha-actin. J Cell Biol 2009; 185:903-15. [PMID: 19468071 PMCID: PMC2711600 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200812132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle alpha-actin (ACTA1) is the major actin in postnatal skeletal muscle. Mutations of ACTA1 cause mostly fatal congenital myopathies. Cardiac alpha-actin (ACTC) is the major striated actin in adult heart and fetal skeletal muscle. It is unknown why ACTC and ACTA1 expression switch during development. We investigated whether ACTC can replace ACTA1 in postnatal skeletal muscle. Two ACTC transgenic mouse lines were crossed with Acta1 knockout mice (which all die by 9 d after birth). Offspring resulting from the cross with the high expressing line survive to old age, and their skeletal muscles show no gross pathological features. The mice are not impaired on grip strength, rotarod, or locomotor activity. These findings indicate that ACTC is sufficiently similar to ACTA1 to produce adequate function in postnatal skeletal muscle. This raises the prospect that ACTC reactivation might provide a therapy for ACTA1 diseases. In addition, the mouse model will allow analysis of the precise functional differences between ACTA1 and ACTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Nowak
- Centre for Medical Research, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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20
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Tavichakorntrakool R, Sriboonlue P, Prasongwattana V, Puapairoj A, Yenchitsomanus PT, Sinchaikul S, Chen ST, Wongkham C, Thongboonkerd V. Metabolic Enzymes, Antioxidants, and Cytoskeletal Proteins Are Significantly Altered in Vastus Lateralis Muscle of K-Depleted Cadaveric Subjects. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2586-93. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800941g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratree Tavichakorntrakool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Pote Sriboonlue
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Vitoon Prasongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Anucha Puapairoj
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Pa-thai Yenchitsomanus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Supachok Sinchaikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Shui-Tein Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Chaisiri Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Bangkok, Thailand, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomic Research Center,
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Nan C, Huang X. Transcription factor Yin Yang 1 represses fetal troponin I gene expression in neonatal myocardial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 378:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Du J, Nan C, Huang JJ, Zhang C, Liu J, Jia P, Abers M, Huang XP. Functional characterization of mouse fetal TnI gene promoters in myocardial cells. J Biomed Sci 2008; 15:605-13. [PMID: 18357515 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-008-9246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major troponin I (TnI) genes, fetal TnI (ssTnI) and adult TnI (cTnI), are expressed in the mammalian heart under the control of a developmentally regulated program. In this study, the up-stream domain ( approximately 1,800 bp) of mouse fetal TnI gene has been cloned and characterized. There is a high homology of this region among mouse, rat and human. Analysis of the sequence revealed several putative regulatory domains and binding sites (Sp1 binding sites, GATA binding site, MyoD, CREB, MEF2, AP1, NFkappaB, etc). Transfection assays indicated that conserved GA-rich sequences, CREB and a CCAAT box within the first 300 bp upstream of the transcription start site were critical for the gene expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed binding proteins to CREB site in nuclear extracts from myocardial cells. An inhibitory domain was revealed within the sequence between -1,700 to -1,780. Thyroid hormone (T(3)) caused a significant inhibitory effect on ssTnI expression in myocardial cells whereas this effect was not evident in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Du
- Department of Biomedical Science, Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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23
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Hill MR, Papafili A, Booth H, Lawson P, Hubner M, Beynon H, Read C, Lindahl G, Marshall RP, McAnulty RJ, Laurent GJ. Functional Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 Polymorphism Predicts Poor Outcome in Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:915-22. [PMID: 16840740 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200512-1839oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The majority of patients with sarcoidosis resolve their condition; however 5-10% of patients with sarcoidosis develop pulmonary fibrosis with poor prognosis. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) is a key regulatory enzyme in the synthesis of the antifibrotic agent prostaglandin E(2) and is reduced in sarcoidosis lung. A promoter polymorphism in PTGS2, -765G>C, is reported to reduce its expression. OBJECTIVES To investigate if -765G>C is associated with susceptibility to, and poorer outcome within, sarcoidosis and to examine a possible mechanism by which -765G>C reduces PTGS2 expression. METHODS We used a case-control design study and genotyped -765G>C in a white British population of 198 patients with sarcoidosis and 166 control subjects. Patients with sarcoidosis were classified before genotyping as having persistent or nonpersistent disease using clinical criteria that included chest radiography staging, need for treatment, lung function, and longitudinal follow-up. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to identify changes in transcription factor binding caused by the -765G>C polymorphism. RESULTS Carriage of the -765C allele was strongly associated with susceptibility to sarcoidosis (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-4.13; p=0.006) and, within this disease, with poorer outcome (odds ratio, 3.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-7.13; p=0.008). The association with sarcoidosis was replicated in a second Austrian population. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the -765C allele causes a loss of Sp1/Sp3 transcription factor binding and an increase in Egr-1 binding to the region. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the -765G>C polymorphism identifies individuals who are susceptible to sarcoidosis and, more importantly, at risk of pulmonary fibrotic disease. An altered Sp1/Sp3 binding to the -765 region may contribute to the mechanism by which -765G>C reduces PTGS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hill
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, The Rayne Institute, and Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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Bean C, Salamon M, Raffaello A, Campanaro S, Pallavicini A, Lanfranchi G. The Ankrd2, Cdkn1c and Calcyclin Genes are Under the Control of MyoD During Myogenic Differentiation. J Mol Biol 2005; 349:349-66. [PMID: 15890200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle development requires the coordinated expression of numerous transcription factors to control the specification of the muscle fate in mesodermal cells and the differentiation of the committed myoblasts into functional contractile fibers. The bHLH transcription factor MyoD plays a key role in these processes, since its forced expression is sufficient to induce the myogenesis in a variety of non-muscle cells in culture. Consistent with this observation, the majority of skeletal muscle genes require MyoD to activate their own transcription. In order to identify novel MyoD-target genes we generated C2C12 MyoD-silenced clones, and used a muscle-specific cDNA microarray to study the induced modifications of the transcriptional profile. Gene expression was analyzed at three different stages in differentiating MyoD(-)C2C12 myoblasts. These microarray data sets identified many additional uncharacterized downstream MyoD transcripts that may play important functions in muscle cell differentiation. Among these genes, we concentrated our study on the cell cycle regulators Cdkn1c and calcyclin and on the muscle-specific putative myogenic regulator Ankrd2. Bioinformatic and functional studies on the promoters of these genes clarified their dependence on MyoD activity. Clues of other regulatory mechanisms that might interact with the principal bHLH transcription factor have been revealed by the unexpected up-regulation in MyoD(-) cells of these novel (and other) target transcripts, at the differentiation stage in which MyoD became normally down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bean
- Dipartimento di Biologia and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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25
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Wallace KB, Hausner E, Herman E, Holt GD, MacGregor JT, Metz AL, Murphy E, Rosenblum IY, Sistare FD, York MJ. Serum troponins as biomarkers of drug-induced cardiac toxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2004; 32:106-21. [PMID: 14713555 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490261302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B Wallace
- Department of Biochemitry & Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth 55812, USA.
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26
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Li Q, Liu Y, Shen PY, Dai XQ, Wang S, Smillie LB, Sandford R, Chen XZ. Troponin I binds polycystin-L and inhibits its calcium-induced channel activation. Biochemistry 2003; 42:7618-25. [PMID: 12809519 DOI: 10.1021/bi034210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-L (PCL) is an isoform of polycystin-2, the product of the second gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and functions as a Ca(2+)-regulated nonselective cation channel. We recently demonstrated that polycystin-2 interacts with troponin I, an important regulatory component of the actin microfilament complex in striated muscle cells and an angiogenesis inhibitor. In this study, using the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique and Xenopus oocyte expression system, we showed that the calcium-induced PCL channel activation is substantially inhibited by the skeletal and cardiac troponin I (60% and 31% reduction, respectively). Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that PCL physically associates with the skeletal and cardiac troponin I isoforms in overexpressed Xenopus oocytes and mouse fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells. Furthermore, both native PCL and cardiac troponin I were present in human heart tissues where they indeed associate with each other. GST pull-down and microtiter binding assays showed that the C-terminus of PCL interacts with the troponin I proteins. The yeast two-hybrid assay further verified this interaction and defined the corresponding interacting domains of the PCL C-terminus and troponin I. Taken together, this study suggests that troponin I acts as a regulatory subunit of the PCL channel complex and provides the first direct evidence that PCL is associated with the actin cytoskeleton through troponin I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
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Chin ER, Grange RW, Viau F, Simard AR, Humphries C, Shelton J, Bassel-Duby R, Williams RS, Michel RN. Alterations in slow-twitch muscle phenotype in transgenic mice overexpressing the Ca2+ buffering protein parvalbumin. J Physiol 2003; 547:649-63. [PMID: 12562945 PMCID: PMC2342652 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether induced expression of the Ca2+ buffering protein parvalbumin (PV) in slow-twitch fibres would lead to alterations in physiological, biochemical and molecular properties reflective of a fast fibre phenotype. Transgenic (TG) mice were generated that overexpressed PV in slow (type I) muscle fibres. In soleus muscle (SOL; 58 % type I fibres) total PV expression was 2- to 6-fold higher in TG compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Maximum twitch and tetanic tensions were similar in WT and TG but force at subtetanic frequencies (30 and 50 Hz) was reduced in TG SOL. Twitch time-to-peak tension and half-relaxation time were significantly decreased in TG SOL (time-to-peak tension: 39.3 +/- 2.6 vs. 55.1 +/- 4.7 ms; half-relaxation time: 42.1 +/- 3.5 vs. 68.1 +/- 9.6 ms, P < 0.05 for TG vs. WT, respectively; n = 8-10). There was a significant increase in expression of type IIa myosin heavy chain (MHC) and ryanodine receptor at the mRNA level in TG SOL but there were no differences in MHC expression at the protein level and thus no difference in fibre type. Whole muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 12 +/- 0.4 % in TG SOL and single fibre glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was decreased in a subset of type IIa fibres. These differences were associated with a 64 % reduction in calcineurin activity in TG SOL. These data show that overexpression of PV, resulting in decreased calcineurin activity, can alter the functional and metabolic profile of muscle and influence the expression of key marker genes in a predominantly slow-twitch muscle with minimal effects on the expression of muscle contractile proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, NB11.200, Dallas, TX 75235-8573, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Polycystin-2 (PC2), encoded by the PKD2 gene, is mutated in 10-15% of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients. PC2 is a Ca(2+)-permeable nonselective cation channel and is present in kidney and many other organs. Likewise, PKD2-mutated patients and mice exhibit extrarenal abnormalities. In comparison with cysts in the kidney, liver, and pancreas, abnormalities in the heart, brain, and vascular vessels are less understood. In particular, roles of PC2 in muscle and endothelia remain largely unknown. In the present study, using a yeast two-hybrid screening, we discovered that the PC2 carboxyl terminal domain (D682-V968) interacts with the cardiac troponin I, an important regulatory component of the actin microfilament in cardiac muscle cells. This interaction was demonstrated by GST pull-down and microtiter binding assays. Dose-dependent binding between PC2 and troponin I followed a Michaelis-Menten relationship, indicating a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. The interacting domains were located to the R872-H927 segment of PC2 and the M1-V107 and K106-L158 segments of troponin I. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the cardiac and two skeletal isoforms of troponin I were all associated with PC2, when coexpressed in mouse fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells and Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation verified the interaction between the native polycystin-2 and troponin I in human adult heart tissues. This study thus provides new evidence for a direct attachment of PC2 to the actin microfilament network, in addition to the recently identified association between PC2 and trypomyosin-1. Troponin I functions as an inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex for calcium-dependent regulation of muscle contraction and as an inhibitor of angiogenesis seen in ADPKD. It is possible that altered interaction due to pathogenic polycystin-1 or -2 mutations can account for angiogenesis in ADPKD and may be corrected to some extent by exogenous troponin I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
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29
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Abstract
To identify developmental steps leading to adult skeletal muscle fiber-type-specific gene expression, we carried out transgenic mouse studies of the IRE enhancer of the quail TnIfast gene. Histochemical analysis of IRE/herpesvirus tk promoter/beta-galactosidase reporter transgene expression in adult muscle directly demonstrated IRE-driven fast vs. slow fiber-type specificity, and IIB>IIX>IIA differential expression among the fast fiber types: patterns similar to those of native-promoter TnIfast constructs. These tissue- and cell-type specificities are autonomous to the IRE and do not depend on interactions with a muscle gene promoter. Developmental studies showed that the adult pattern of IRE-driven transgene expression emerges in three steps: (1) activation during the formation of primary embryonic (presumptive slow) muscle fibers; (2) activation, to markedly higher levels, during formation of secondary (presumptive fast) fibers, and (3) differential augmentation of expression during early postnatal maturation of the IIB, IIX, IIA fast fiber types. These results provide insight into the roles of gene activation and gene repression mechanisms in fiber-type specificity and can account for apparently disparate results obtained in previous studies of TnI isoform expression in development. Each of the three IRE-driven developmental steps is spatiotemporally associated with a different major regulatory event at the fast myosin heavy chain gene cluster, suggesting that diverse muscle gene families respond to common, or tightly integrated, regulatory signals during multiple steps of muscle fiber differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multigene Family
- Muscle Development
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Quail
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transgenes
- Troponin I/genetics
- Troponin I/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Hallauer
- Montreal Neurological Institute, and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Abstract
In a tail suspension rat model, we investigated changes in myofilament protein during cardiac adaptation in simulated microgravity. Contractile force and velocity of cardiac muscle were decreased in the tail suspension rats as compared with the control. Ca(2+)-dependent actomyosin ATPase activity was also decreased; however, sensitivity of cardiac muscle to Ca(2+) activation was unchanged. There was no change in expression of myosin heavy chain, tropomyosin, troponin T, or troponin I isoforms in hearts of tail suspension rats. A novel finding is a fragment of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) that had increased amounts in the heart of tail suspension rats. Binding of this cTnI fragment by a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the COOH terminus indicates an intact COOH terminus. NH(2)-terminal sequence analysis of the cTnI fragment revealed truncations primarily of amino acids 1-26 and 1-27 and smaller amounts of 1-30, including Ser(23) and Ser(24), which are substrates of protein kinase A phosphorylation. This cTnI fragment is present in normal cardiac muscle and incorporated into myofibrils, indicating a role in regulating contractility. This proteolytic modification of cTnI up-regulated during simulated microgravity suggests a potential role of the NH(2)-terminal segment of cTnI in functional adaptations of cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970, USA
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31
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Jin JP, Yang FW, Yu ZB, Ruse CI, Bond M, Chen A. The highly conserved COOH terminus of troponin I forms a Ca2+-modulated allosteric domain in the troponin complex. Biochemistry 2001; 40:2623-31. [PMID: 11327886 DOI: 10.1021/bi002423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of the COOH-terminal region of troponin I (TnI) is highly conserved among the cardiac, slow, and fast skeletal muscle TnI isoforms and across species. Although no binding site for the other thin filament proteins is found at the COOH terminus of TnI, truncations of the last 19-23 amino acid residues reduce the activity of TnI in the inhibition of actomyosin ATPase and result in cardiac muscle malfunction. We have developed a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), TnI-1, against the conserved COOH terminus of TnI. Using this mAb, isolation of the troponin complex by immunoaffinity chromatography from muscle homogenate and immunofluorescence microscopic staining of myofibrils indicate that the COOH terminus of TnI forms an exposed structure in the muscle thin filament. Binding of this mAb to the COOH terminus of cardiac TnI induced extensive conformational changes in the protein, suggesting an allosteric role of this region in the functional integrity of troponin. In the absence of Ca2+, the binding of troponin C and troponin T to TnI had very little effect on the conformation of the COOH terminus of TnI as indicated by the unaffected mAb affinity for the TnI-1 epitope. However, Ca2+ significantly increased the accessibility of the TnI-1 epitope on TnI in the presence of troponin C and troponin T. The results provide evidence that the COOH terminus is an essential structure in TnI and participates in the allosteric switch during Ca2+ activation of contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970, USA.
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32
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Abstract
We report the discovery of mRNA 5'-leader trans-splicing (SL trans-splicing) in the chordates. In the ascidian protochordate Ciona intestinalis, the mRNAs of at least seven genes undergo trans-splicing of a 16-nucleotide 5'-leader apparently derived from a 46-nucleotide RNA that shares features with previously characterized splice donor SL RNAs. SL trans-splicing was known previously to occur in several protist and metazoan phyla, however, this is the first report of SL trans-splicing within the deuterostome division of the metazoa. SL trans-splicing is not known to occur in the vertebrates. However, because ascidians are primitive chordates related to vertebrate ancestors, our findings raise the possibility of ancestral SL trans-splicing in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Vandenberghe
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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33
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Abstract
Calcineurin-dependent pathways have been implicated in the hypertrophic response of skeletal muscle to functional overload (OV) (Dunn, S.E., J.L. Burns, and R.N. Michel. 1999. J. Biol. Chem. 274:21908-21912). Here we show that skeletal muscles overexpressing an activated form of calcineurin (CnA*) exhibit a phenotype indistinguishable from wild-type counterparts under normal weightbearing conditions and respond to OV with a similar doubling in cell size and slow fiber number. These adaptations occurred despite the fact that CnA* muscles displayed threefold higher calcineurin activity and enhanced dephosphorylation of the calcineurin targets NFATc1, MEF2A, and MEF2D. Moreover, when calcineurin signaling is compromised with cyclosporin A, muscles from OV wild-type mice display a lower molecular weight form of CnA, originally detected in failing hearts, whereas CnA* muscles are spared this manifestation. We also show that OV-induced growth and type transformations are prevented in muscle fibers of transgenic mice overexpressing a peptide that inhibits calmodulin from signaling to target enzymes. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that both calcineurin and its activity-linked upstream signaling elements are crucial for muscle adaptations to OV and that, unless significantly compromised, endogenous levels of this enzyme can accommodate large fluctuations in upstream calcium-dependent signaling events.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Body Weight
- Calcineurin/chemistry
- Calcineurin/genetics
- Calcineurin/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Cell Size
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Hypertrophy
- MEF2 Transcription Factors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Weight
- Muscle Development
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Myogenic Regulatory Factors
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Nuclear Proteins
- Organ Size
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Weight-Bearing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dunn
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada
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34
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Abstract
Three troponin I genes have been identified in vertebrates that encode the isoforms expressed in adult cardiac muscle (TNNI3), slow skeletal muscle (TNNI1) and fast skeletal muscle (TNNI2), respectively. While the organization and regulation of human cardiac and slow skeletal muscle genes have been investigated in detail, the fast skeletal troponin I gene has to date only been examined in birds. Here, we describe the structure and complete sequence of the human fast skeletal muscle troponin I gene (TNNI2) and identify putative regulatory elements within both the 5' flanking region and the first intron. In particular, a region containing MEF-2, E-box, CCAC and CAGG elements was identified in intron 1 that closely resembles the fast internal regulatory element (FIRE) of the quail intronic enhancer. We have previously shown that the fast skeletal muscle troponin I gene is located at 11p15.5 and noted potential close linkage with the fast skeletal muscle troponin T gene (TNNT3). Here, we have isolated two independent human PAC genomic clones that contain either TNNI2 or TNNT3 and demonstrate by interphase FISH mapping that they are less than 100 kb apart in the genome. The results demonstrate that the human TNNI2 gene is closely related to its avian counterparts with conserved elements within both the putative promoter and first intron. Our data further confirm close physical linkage of TNNI2 and TNNI3 on 11p15.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mullen
- Imperial College School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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35
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Bhavsar PK, Dellow KA, Yacoub MH, Brand NJ, Barton PJ. Identification of cis-acting DNA elements required for expression of the human cardiac troponin I gene promoter. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32:95-108. [PMID: 10652194 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.1999.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human cardiac troponin I (TnIc) gene exhibits both cardiac-specific and developmentally regulated expression. The structure and expression of this gene as well as the identification of putative regulatory elements have been described previously. This study shows that a minimal promoter containing 98 bp of sequence is sufficient to drive transcription in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. This region contains several putative cis -regulatory elements including an Initiator element surrounding the start site of transcription, an A/T-rich (TATA/MEF-2) element, two GATA elements and a cytosine-rich region containing overlapping CACC box and Sp1 elements. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) this study demonstrates the binding of MEF-2, Oct-1, and recombinant TBP to the A/T-rich element and of GATA-4 to both GATA elements. The CACC/Sp element binds the zinc finger transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 in addition to an unidentified complex present in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Mutation of each of these sites has a deleterious effect on promoter activity as assayed by transient transfection into cardiac myocytes. The data suggest that transcriptional activity of the human TnIc gene can be driven by a compact promoter region and that within this region GATA, MEF-2 Sp1 and CACC box-binding factors are required for optimal activity. Furthermore, a comparison with data obtained for identical elements in the promoters of rodent TnIc genes identifies differences between species which may be of consequence for species-specific promoter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
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36
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Fentzke RC, Buck SH, Patel JR, Lin H, Wolska BM, Stojanovic MO, Martin AF, Solaro RJ, Moss RL, Leiden JM. Impaired cardiomyocyte relaxation and diastolic function in transgenic mice expressing slow skeletal troponin I in the heart. J Physiol 1999; 517 ( Pt 1):143-57. [PMID: 10226156 PMCID: PMC2269324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0143z.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
1. To assess the specific functions of the cardiac isoform of troponin I (cTnI), we produced transgenic mice that expressed slow skeletal troponin I (ssTnI) specifically in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes from these mice displayed quantitative replacement of cTnI with transgene-encoded ssTnI. 2. The ssTnI transgenic mice were viable and fertile and did not display increased mortality or detectable cardiovascular histopathology. They exhibited normal ventricular weights and heart rates. 3. Permeabilized transgenic cardiomyocytes demonstrated an increased Ca2+ sensitivity of tension and a lack of contractile responsiveness to cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Isolated cardiomyocytes from transgenic mice had normal velocities of unloaded shortening but unlike wild-type controls exhibited no enhancement of the velocity of shortening in response to treatment with isoprenaline. Transgenic cardiomyocytes exhibited greater extents of shortening than non-transgenic cardiomyocytes at baseline and after treatment with isoprenaline. 4. The rates of rise of intracellular [Ca2+] and the peak amplitudes of the intracellular [Ca2+] transients were similar in transgenic and wild-type myocytes. However, the half-time of intracellular [Ca2+] decay was significantly greater in the transgenic myocytes. This change in decay of intracellular [Ca2+] was correlated with an increase in the re-lengthening time of the transgenic cells. 5. These changes in cardiomyocyte function in vitro were manifested in vivo as impaired diastolic function both at baseline and after stimulation with isoprenaline. 6. Thus, cTnI has important roles in regulating the Ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac myofibrils and controlling cardiomyocyte relaxation and cardiac diastolic function. cTnI is also required for the normal responsiveness of cardiomyocytes to beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Fentzke
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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37
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Calvo S, Venepally P, Cheng J, Buonanno A. Fiber-type-specific transcription of the troponin I slow gene is regulated by multiple elements. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:515-25. [PMID: 9858575 PMCID: PMC83909 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.1.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory elements that restrict transcription of genes encoding contractile proteins specifically to either slow- or fast-twitch skeletal muscles are unknown. As an initial step towards understanding the mechanisms that generate muscle diversity during development, we have identified a 128-bp troponin I slow upstream element (SURE) and a 144-bp troponin I fast intronic element (FIRE) that confer fiber type specificity in transgenic mice (M. Nakayama et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2408-2417, 1996). SURE and FIRE have maintained the spatial organization of four conserved motifs (3' to 5'): an E box, an AT-rich site (A/T2) that binds MEF-2, a CACC site, and a novel CAGG motif. Troponin I slow (TnIs) constructs harboring mutations in these motifs were analyzed in transiently and stably transfected Sol8 myocytes and in transgenic mice to assess their function. Mutations of the E-box, A/T2, and CAGG motifs completely abolish transcription from the TnI SURE. In contrast, mutation of the CACC motif had no significant effect in transfected myocytes or on the slow-specific transcription of the TnI SURE in transgenic mice. To assess the role of E boxes in fiber type specificity, a chimeric enhancer was constructed in which the E box of SURE was replaced with the E box from FIRE. This TnI E box chimera, which lacks the SURE NFAT site, confers essentially the same levels of transcription in transgenic mice as those conferred by wild-type SURE and is specifically expressed in slow-twitch muscles, indicating that the E box on its own cannot determine the fiber-type-specific expression of the TnI promoter. The importance of the 5' half of SURE, which bears little homology to the TnI FIRE, in muscle-specific expression was analyzed by deletion and linker scanning analyses. Removal of the 5' half of SURE (-846 to -811) results in the loss of expression in stably transfected but not in transiently expressing myocytes. Linker scanning mutations identified sequences in this region that are necessary for the function of SURE when integrated into chromatin. One of these sites (GTTAATCCG), which is highly homologous to a bicoid consensus site, binds to nuclear proteins from several mesodermal cells. These results show that multiple elements are involved in the muscle-specific activity of the TnIs promoter and that interactions between upstream and downstream regions of SURE are important for transcription in the context of native chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calvo
- Unit on Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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38
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O'Mahoney JV, Guven KL, Lin J, Joya JE, Robinson CS, Wade RP, Hardeman EC. Identification of a novel slow-muscle-fiber enhancer binding protein, MusTRD1. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:6641-52. [PMID: 9774679 PMCID: PMC109249 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.11.6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms which are responsible for restricting skeletal muscle gene expression to specific fiber types, either slow or fast twitch, are unknown. As a first step toward defining the components which direct slow-fiber-specific gene expression, we identified the sequence elements of the human troponin I slow upstream enhancer (USE) that bind muscle nuclear proteins. These include an E-box, a MEF2 element, and two other elements, USE B1 and USE C1. In vivo analysis of a mutation that disrupts USE B1 binding activity suggested that the USE B1 element is essential for high-level expression in slow-twitch muscles. This mutation does not, however, abolish slow-fiber specificity. A similar analysis indicated that the USE C1 element may play only a minor role. We report the cloning of a novel human USE B1 binding protein, MusTRD1 (muscle TFII-I repeat domain-containing protein 1), which is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. Significantly, MusTRD1 contains two repeat domains which show remarkable homology to the six repeat domains of the recently cloned transcription factor TFII-I. Furthermore, both TFII-I and MusTRD1 bind to similar but distinct sequences, which happen to conform with the initiator (Inr) consensus sequence. Given the roles of MEF2 and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins in muscle gene expression, the similarity of TFII-I and MusTRD1 is intriguing, as TFII-I is believed to coordinate the interaction of MADS-box proteins, bHLH proteins, and the general transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V O'Mahoney
- Muscle Development Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Wentworthville, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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39
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Abstract
Previous investigations have shown that expression of the muscle-specific intermediate filament desmin gene in skeletal muscle is controlled in part by a 5' muscle-specific enhancer. This enhancer activity can be divided into myoblast-specific and myotube-specific activation domains. The myotube-specific region contains a MyoD and MEF2 sites, whereas the myoblast-specific region contains Sp1, Krox, and Mb sites. In the present study, we designed mutations in the conserved portion of the myotube-specific region; transfection analysis of these mutations showed that a novel site located between the MyoD and MEF2 sites, named Mt (GGTATTT), is required for full transcriptional activity of the desmin enhancer in skeletal muscle. Although gel mobility shift assays demonstrate that myotube, myoblast, fibroblast, and HeLa nuclear extracts contain a nuclear factor that binds specifically to Mt, four copies of the Mt site function as the native enhancer only in myotubes. Functional synergism among the MyoD, MEF2, and Mt sites in myotubes has been demonstrated. These results show that the novel Mt site cooperates with MyoD and MEF2 to give maximal expression of the desmin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gao
- Laboratoire de Biologie Mol culaire de la Différentiation Cellulaire, Université Paris VII, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris cedex 15, France
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40
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MacLean DW, Meedel TH, Hastings KE. Tissue-specific alternative splicing of ascidian troponin I isoforms. Redesign of a protein isoform-generating mechanism during chordate evolution. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:32115-20. [PMID: 9405409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, troponin I (TnI) exists as shorter and longer isoforms encoded by distinct genes expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle, respectively. We report that the protochordate ascidian Ciona intestinalis expresses a homologous set of shorter and longer TnI isoforms in body wall muscle and heart, respectively. The heart-specific segment of the ascidian longer TnI isoform shares several sequence features with vertebrate cardiac TnI but lacks the protein kinase A phosphorylation sites implicated in sympatho-adrenal control of cardiac function. In contrast with vertebrates, the ascidian longer and shorter TnI isoforms are produced from a single gene by tissue-specific alternative RNA splicing; remarkably, the molecular mechanism of TnI isoform generation has been entirely reworked during ascidian/vertebrate evolution. Because alternative splicing is the more probable chordate ancestral condition, the long/cardiac versus short/somatic muscle pattern of TnI isoforms likely existed before the occurrence of the gene duplication events that created the vertebrate TnI gene family. Thus, gene duplication was apparently not the primary engine of isoform diversity in this aspect of TnI gene family evolution; rather, it simply provided an alternative (transcriptional) means of maintaining a previously established system of isoform diversity and tissue specificity based on alternative RNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W MacLean
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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Matsumoto N, Nakamura T, Yasui Y, Torii J. Immunohistochemical differentiation of fiber types in human skeletal muscle using monoclonal antibodies to slow and fast isoforms of troponin I subunit. Biotech Histochem 1997; 72:191-7. [PMID: 9290908 DOI: 10.3109/10520299709082237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cDNA sequence of troponin I (TnI), one of the subunits of the skeletal muscle regulatory protein, differs between slow-twitch muscle and fast-twitch muscle. We prepared monoclonal antibodies to the slow and fast isoforms of human TnI for the purpose of differentiating muscle fiber types in human neuromuscular disorders. Slow TnI antibody was labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate while fast TnI antibody was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate; then these two antibodies were mixed. This mixture was then used to stain biopsied muscle from patients with neuromuscular disorders. It was possible to differentiate muscle fibers into slow, fast and intermediate fibers having various contents of slow and fast TnI. In tissue composed of small muscle fibers, this method facilitated differentiation of types of muscle fibers by allowing staining of only a single section. The usefulness of our technique using slow and fast TnI antibodies is discussed in comparison with ATPase staining. Because our staining method can distinguish slow and fast fiber components, it is useful for clinical application.
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Pearlstone JR, Sykes BD, Smillie LB. Interactions of structural C and regulatory N domains of troponin C with repeated sequence motifs in troponin I. Biochemistry 1997; 36:7601-6. [PMID: 9200712 DOI: 10.1021/bi970200w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The actomyosin ATPase inhibitory protein troponin I (TnI) plays a central regulatory role in skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and relaxation through its calcium-dependent interactions with troponin C (TnC) and actin. Previously we have demonstrated the utility of F29W and F105W mutants of TnC for measurement of binding affinities of inhibitory peptide TnI(96-116) to its regulatory N and structural C domains, both in isolation and in the intact TnC molecule [Pearlstone, J. R. & Smillie, L. B. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6932-6940]. This approach is now extended to fragment TnI(96-148). Curve-fitting analyses of fluorescence changes induced in the intact TnC mutants and the isolated N and C domains by increasing [TnI(96-148)] have permitted the assignments of K(D) values (designated K(D,N) and K(D,C)) to the interaction of TnI(96-148) with the N and C domains, respectively, of intact TnC. Taken together with the previous data for TnI(96-116) binding, it can be concluded that, within TnI(96-148), residues 96-116 are primarily responsible for binding to C domain of intact TnC and residues 117-148 to its N domain. Inspection of the available mammalian and avian skeletal muscle TnI amino acid sequences reveals a previously unrecognized conserved motif repeated 3-fold, once in the inhibitory peptide region (approximately residues 101-114; designated alpha) and twice more in the region of residues approximately 121-132 (beta) and approximately 135-146 (gamma). The number and distribution of these motifs have important structural implications for the TnI x C complex. In the beta motif of cardiac TnI, as compared with skeletal, several changes in charged amino acids are suggested as candidates responsible for the greater sensitivity of cardiac Ca2+-regulated actomyosin to acidic pH as in ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pearlstone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Hastings KE. Strong evolutionary conservation of broadly expressed protein isoforms in the troponin I gene family and other vertebrate gene families. J Mol Evol 1996; 42:631-40. [PMID: 8662015 DOI: 10.1007/bf02338796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that different protein classes undergo molecular evolution at different rates, presumably reflecting differing functional constraints. However, it is also the case that different isoforms of the "same" protein, encoded by a multigene family, may evolve at different rates. Here I report a relationship within gene families between isoform evolutionary rate and gene expression profile: Broadly expressed isoforms show stronger sequence conservation than do narrowly expressed isoforms. This observation emerged initially from cDNA cloning and sequencing studies, described here, of a vertebrate gene family encoding three differentially expressed isoforms of the muscle protein troponin I. However, the expression breadth/sequence conservation relationship applies to vertebrate gene families in general. In a broad and arbitrary survey sampling of sequence data on well-characterized vertebrate gene families, I found that in 14/15 families the most strongly conserved isoform was the most broadly expressed isoform, or one of several similarly broadly expressed isoforms. Broadly expressed isoforms are presumably subjected to greater negative selection pressure because they must function in a more diverse biochemical environment than do narrowly expressed isoforms. The expression breadth/evolutionary rate relationship has several interesting implications regarding the overall process of gene family evolution by duplication/divergence from ancestral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hastings
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Schmoelzl S, Leeb T, Brinkmeier H, Brem G, Brenig B. Regulation of tissue-specific expression of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:4763-9. [PMID: 8617743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.4763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ryanodine receptors (RYR) are a family of calcium release channels that are expressed in a variety of tissues. Three genes, i. e. ryr1, ryr2, and ryr3, have been identified coding for a skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain isoform, respectively. Although, the skeletal muscle isoform (RYR1) was shown to be expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle, expression was also detected in the esophagus and brain. To analyze the transcriptional regulation of the RYR1 gene, we have constructed chimeric genes composed of the upstream region of the RYR1 gene and the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and transiently transfected them into primary cultured porcine myoblasts, myotubes, and fibroblasts. A 443-base pair region upstream from the transcription start site was sufficient to direct CAT activity without tissue specificity. Deletion of a 61-base pair fragment from the 5'-end of the promoter resulted in a marked reduction of CAT activity in all three tissue types. A similar reduction of expression was observed when using a construct with the first intron in antisense orientation upstream from the promoter. In contrast, the first intron in sense orientation enhanced expression only in myotubes, while expression was repressed in fibroblasts and myoblasts. Gel retardation analyses showed DNA binding activity in nuclear extracts for two upstream DNA sequence elements. Our data suggest that (i) RYR1 gene expression is regulated by at least two novel transcription factors (designated RYREF-1 and RYREF-2), and (ii) tissue specificity results from a transcriptional repression in nonmuscle cells mediated by the first intron.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmoelzl
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buonanno
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Guenet JL, Simon-Chazottes D, Gravel M, Hastings KE, Schiaffino S. Cardiac and skeletal muscle troponin I isoforms are encoded by a dispersed gene family on mouse chromosomes 1 and 7. Mamm Genome 1996; 7:13-5. [PMID: 8903721 DOI: 10.1007/s003359900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We mapped the locations of the genes encoding the slow skeletal muscle, fast skeletal muscle, and cardiac isoforms of troponin I (Tnni) in the mouse genome by interspecific hybrid backcross analysis of species-specific (C57BL/6 vs Mus spretus) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The slow skeletal muscle troponin I locus (Tnni1) mapped to Chromosome (Chr) 1. The fast skeletal muscle troponin I locus (Tnni2), mapped to Chr 7, approximately 70 cM from the centromere. The cardiac troponin I locus (Tnni3) also mapped to Chr 7, approximately 5-10 cM from the centromere and unlinked to the fast skeletal muscle troponin I locus. Thus, the troponin I gene family is dispersed in the mouse genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Guenet
- Institut Pasteur de Paris, Unite de Genetique des mammiferes, Paris, France
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Abstract
Plasticity of the skeletal muscle phenotype can result from the selective repression and activation of gene expression in response to innervation patterns. Motoneurons, eliciting different patterns of depolarization, regulate the contractile properties of the myofibers they innervate by selectively activating expression of genes encoding fiber-type-specific (fast vs. slow) contractile proteins. We have analyzed the regulation of the troponin I slow (TnIs) and fast (TnIf) genes as a model to study the molecular mechanisms regulating fiber-type plasticity. We found that expression of the two TnI isoforms is downregulated by denervation. Moreover, TnI expression is upregulated by specific patterns of electrical activity [10 Hz vs. 100 Hz] used to depolarize muscle. We previously isolated the rat TnIs gene and demonstrated that regulatory sequences reside in its upstream region and second intron [Banerjee-Basu S, Buonanno A (1993), Mol Cell Biol 12:5024-5032]. Using transgenic mice, we show that the upstream region of the TnIs gene extending from -949 to +50 is sufficient to confer transcription specifically in slowtwitch muscles. Serial deletions of the TnIs upstream and intronic regions were generated in a CAT reporter vector to delineate transcriptional regulatory elements in transiently transfected Sol8 myotubes. Sequences necessary to confer the highest levels of TnIs transcription mapped to the upstream region between -0.95 and -0.72 kb, and to a 56 bp sequence located in the second intron. Comparison of the at sequence between -0.95 and -0.72 to the human TnIs gene identified a highly homologous region of 128 bp that we named the TnI SURE (slow upstream regulatory element). Alignment of these two SURE sequences with the quail TnI fast intronic regulatory element identified common motifs, namely, two A/T-rich sequences (A/T1 and A/T2) with homology to homeotic protein and MEF2 binding sites, a CACC box, an E box, and a novel motif (GCAGGCA) that we denoted the CAGG box. Mutation of either the A/T2 site, E box, or CAGG box practically abolish the SURE function in transfected myotubes; mutation of the A/T1 and CACC sites has a lesser effect. Using competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts derived from Sol8 myotubes, we demonstrate specific binding to these motifs. The A/T1 and A/T2 sites are shown to form different complexes. The A/T2 site, which bears extensive homology to a MEF2 site, forms complexes that are super shifted by MEF2A antisera and that are competed by a consensus MEF2 site present in the MCK enhancer. Our results demonstrate that the linear arrangement of DNA sequence motifs is conserved in the regulatory elements of the TnI slow and fast genes and suggest that the interaction of multiple protein-DNA complexes are necessary for enhancer function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Coturnix/genetics
- Electric Stimulation
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Muscle Denervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sciatic Nerve/injuries
- Sequence Alignment
- Species Specificity
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Troponin I/biosynthesis
- Troponin I/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Calvo
- Unit on Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4480, USA
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Levitt LK, O'Mahoney JV, Brennan KJ, Joya JE, Zhu L, Wade RP, Hardeman EC. The human troponin I slow promoter directs slow fiber-specific expression in transgenic mice. DNA Cell Biol 1995; 14:599-607. [PMID: 7626219 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1995.14.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Troponin I (TnI) is a muscle-specific protein involved in the calcium-mediated contraction of striated muscle. Three TnI isoforms have been identified, each encoded by a separate gene and expressed in specific striated muscles in the adult. The slow isoform gene (TnIs) is transcriptionally regulated during skeletal muscle development such that its expression in the adult is restricted to muscle fibers innervated by a slow nerve. To delineate regions of this gene that are responsive to information imparted by the slow nerve, we generated transgenic mice carrying -4,200 to +12 bp of the human TnIs gene linked to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding region. By Northern blot analysis, we detected transgene transcripts only in muscles containing slow-twitch fibers. CAT histochemical analysis revealed that expression of the transgene is restricted solely to slow-twitch fibers as characterized by type I myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) expression. Using regeneration as a model for neural influenced expression, we show that this gene construct also contains sequences necessary to respond to cues from the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Levitt
- Muscle Development Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Wentworthville, NSW Australia
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Dahler A, Wade RP, Muscat GE, Waters MJ. Expression vectors encoding human growth hormone (hGH) controlled by human muscle-specific promoters: prospects for regulated production of hGH delivered by myoblast transfer or intravenous injection. Gene 1994; 145:305-10. [PMID: 8056348 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report here the construction of vectors that produce and secrete human growth hormone (hGH) in a muscle-specific manner. The promoter regions of the genes encoding human skeletal alpha-actin (HSA) and troponin I slow (HTnIs) were linked to the hGH-encoding gene. These vectors were designated pHSA2000GH and pHTnIs4200GH, respectively. The HSA and HTnIs promoters linked to the cat gene have previously been shown to be necessary and sufficient for developmentally regulated muscle-specific expression. Furthermore, these promoters function in a fibre-type-specific manner in transgenic animals. Transient and stable transfection analyses with pHSA2000GH and pHTnIs4200GH indicated that: (i) these vectors efficiently synthesized hGH in a muscle-specific manner; (ii) the myogenic master regulatory gene, myoD, a determinant of cell fate, trans-activated expression of hGH in pluripotential non-muscle cells; and (iii) these hGH expression vectors were developmentally regulated during myogenic differentiation. These regulated tissue/fibre-type-specific hGH-containing plasmids are suitable vectors for the delivery and stable production of GH in livestock and GH-deficient hosts by either transgenesis, myoblast transfer or liposome-mediated intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dahler
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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