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Villalba N, Sackheim AM, Lawson MA, Haines L, Chen YL, Sonkusare SK, Ma YT, Li J, Majumdar D, Bouchard BA, Boyson JE, Poynter ME, Nelson MT, Freeman K. The Polyanionic Drug Suramin Neutralizes Histones and Prevents Endotheliopathy. J Immunol 2023; 211:648-657. [PMID: 37405700 PMCID: PMC10644384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Drugs are needed to protect against the neutrophil-derived histones responsible for endothelial injury in acute inflammatory conditions such as trauma and sepsis. Heparin and other polyanions can neutralize histones but challenges with dosing or side effects such as bleeding limit clinical application. In this study, we demonstrate that suramin, a widely available polyanionic drug, completely neutralizes the toxic effects of individual histones, but not citrullinated histones from neutrophil extracellular traps. The sulfate groups on suramin form stable electrostatic interactions with hydrogen bonds in the histone octamer with a dissociation constant of 250 nM. In cultured endothelial cells (Ea.Hy926), histone-induced thrombin generation was significantly decreased by suramin. In isolated murine blood vessels, suramin abolished aberrant endothelial cell calcium signals and rescued impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation caused by histones. Suramin significantly decreased pulmonary endothelial cell ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil recruitment caused by infusion of sublethal doses of histones in vivo. Suramin also prevented histone-induced lung endothelial cell cytotoxicity in vitro and lung edema, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, and mortality in mice receiving a lethal dose of histones. Protection of vascular endothelial function from histone-induced damage is a novel mechanism of action for suramin with therapeutic implications for conditions characterized by elevated histone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Villalba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Adrian M. Sackheim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Michael A. Lawson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Laurel Haines
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Swapnil K. Sonkusare
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Yong-Tao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Dev Majumdar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Beth A. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Jonathan E. Boyson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | | | - Mark T. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kalev Freeman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
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Trotsyuk AA, Chen K, Hyung S, Ma KC, Henn D, Mermin-Bunnell AM, Mittal S, Padmanabhan J, Larson MR, Steele SR, Sivaraj D, Bonham CA, Noishiki C, Rodrigues M, Jiang Y, Jing S, Niu S, Chattopadhyay A, Perrault DP, Leeolou MC, Fischer KS, Gurusankar G, Choi Kussie H, Wan DC, Januszyk M, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Inhibiting Fibroblast Mechanotransduction Modulates Severity of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:511-523. [PMID: 34544267 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease that affects 63 in every 100,000 Americans. Its etiology remains unknown, although inflammatory pathways appear to be important. Given the dynamic environment of the lung, we examined the significance of mechanotransduction on both inflammatory and fibrotic signaling during IPF. Innovation: Mechanotransduction pathways have not been thoroughly examined in the context of lung disease, and pharmacologic approaches for IPF do not currently target these pathways. The interplay between mechanical strain and inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis remains incompletely understood. Approach: In this study, we used conditional KO mice to block mechanotransduction by knocking out Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) expression in fibroblasts, followed by induction of pulmonary fibrosis using bleomycin. We examined both normal human and human IPF fibroblasts and used immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western Blot to evaluate the effects of FAK inhibitor (FAK-I) on modulating fibrotic and inflammatory genes. Results: Our data indicate that the deletion of FAK in mice reduces expression of fibrotic and inflammatory genes in lungs. Similarly, mechanical straining in normal human lung fibroblasts activates inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. The FAK inhibition decreases these signals but has a less effect on IPF fibroblasts as compared with normal human fibroblasts. Conclusion: Administering FAK-I at early stages of fibrosis may attenuate the FAK-mediated fibrotic response pathway in IPF, potentially mediating disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Trotsyuk
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kellen Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sun Hyung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kun Cathy Ma
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dominic Henn
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alana M Mermin-Bunnell
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Smiti Mittal
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jagannath Padmanabhan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Madelyn R Larson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sydney R Steele
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dharshan Sivaraj
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Clark A Bonham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chikage Noishiki
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melanie Rodrigues
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Serena Jing
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arhana Chattopadhyay
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David P Perrault
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa C Leeolou
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katharina S Fischer
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Hudson Choi Kussie
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Chang MY, Hsu SH, Ma LY, Chou LF, Hung CC, Tian YC, Yang CW. Effects of Suramin on Polycystic Kidney Disease in a Mouse Model of Polycystin-1 Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158499. [PMID: 35955634 PMCID: PMC9369130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of the purinergic signaling pathway has been shown to promote cyst growth and fluid secretion in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Suramin is an anti-parasitic drug that has strong anti-purinergic properties. Whether suramin could have a therapeutic effect on ADPKD has not been fully investigated. We examined the effect of suramin on cyst progression in a Pkd1 microRNAs transgenic mouse model that presented stable Pkd1 knockdown and moderate disease progression. The Pkd1-deficient mice were treated with suramin (60 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection twice a week from postnatal days 35 to 90. Kidney-to-body weight ratios, cyst indices, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured. Cell proliferation and macrophage infiltration were determined by immunohistochemistry. The suramin-treated group had significantly lower renal cyst densities, cell proliferation, and macrophage infiltration compared with saline-treated controls. Suramin significantly inhibited ERK phosphorylation and the expression of Il1b, Il6, Nlrp3, Tgfb, Fn1, P2rx7, and P2ry2 mRNAs in the kidneys. However, BUN levels remained high despite the reduction in cyst growth. Furthermore, plasma cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were significantly higher in the suramin-treated group compared with the control group. Periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed degenerative changes and epithelial cell vacuolation in the non-cystic renal tubules, which indicated phospholipidosis following suramin treatment. These results suggest that suramin may reduce renal cyst growth and inflammation, but the associated tubular cell injuries could limit its therapeutic potential. Other purinergic receptor antagonists with less nephrotoxicity may deserve further investigation for the treatment of ADPKD.
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Uji M, Nakada A, Nakamura T. Intravenous administration of adipose-derived stromal cells does not ameliorate bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojrm.2013.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Taniguti APT, Matsumura CÍY, Rodrigues-Simioni LÉ, Neto HS, Marques MJ. Suramin affects metalloproteinase-9 activity and increases beta-dystroglycan levels in the diaphragm of the dystrophin-deficientmdxMOUSE. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46:810-3. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Evidence for a significant role and impact of purinergic signaling in normal and diseased airways is now beyond dispute. The present review intends to provide the current state of knowledge of the involvement of purinergic pathways in the upper and lower airways and lungs, thereby differentiating the involvement of different tissues, such as the epithelial lining, immune cells, airway smooth muscle, vasculature, peripheral and central innervation, and neuroendocrine system. In addition to the vast number of well illustrated functions for purinergic signaling in the healthy respiratory tract, increasing data pointing to enhanced levels of ATP and/or adenosine in airway secretions of patients with airway damage and respiratory diseases corroborates the emerging view that purines act as clinically important mediators resulting in either proinflammatory or protective responses. Purinergic signaling has been implicated in lung injury and in the pathogenesis of a wide range of respiratory disorders and diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. These ostensibly enigmatic actions are based on widely different mechanisms, which are influenced by the cellular microenvironment, but especially the subtypes of purine receptors involved and the activity of distinct members of the ectonucleotidase family, the latter being potential protein targets for therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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Milton PL, Dickinson H, Jenkin G, Lim R. Assessment of Respiratory Physiology of C57BL/6 Mice following Bleomycin Administration Using Barometric Plethysmography. Respiration 2012; 83:253-66. [DOI: 10.1159/000330586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Taniguti APT, Pertille A, Matsumura CY, Santo Neto H, Marques MJ. Prevention of muscle fibrosis and myonecrosis in mdx mice by suramin, a TGF-β1 blocker. Muscle Nerve 2011; 43:82-7. [PMID: 21108244 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological feature observed in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and in mdx mice, the experimental model of DMD. We evaluated the effect of suramin, a transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) blocker, on fibrosis in mdx mice. mdx mice (6 months old) received suramin for 7 weeks. Suramin- and saline-treated (control) mdx mice performed exercise on a treadmill to worsen disease progression. Immunoblotting showed an increase of TGF-β1 in mdx diaphragm, limb, and cardiac muscles. Suramin decreased creatine kinase in mdx mice and attenuated fibrosis in all muscles studied, except for cardiac muscle. Suramin protected limb muscles against damage and reduced the exercise-induced loss of strength over time. These findings support a role for TGF-β1 in fibrinogenesis and myonecrosis during the later stages of disease in mdx mice. Suramin might be a useful therapeutic alternative for the treatment of dystrophinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Tiemi Taniguti
- Departamento de Anatomia, Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SãoPaulo 13083-970, Brazil
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Sriram N, Kalayarasan S, Sudhandiran G. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibits anti-fibrotic effect by attenuating bleomycin-induced glycoconjugates, lysosomal hydrolases and ultrastructural changes in rat model pulmonary fibrosis. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:271-80. [PMID: 19497426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in the alveolar space, which hampers normal respiration process. Pathophysiological enzymes, glycoprotein moieties and matrix degrading lysosomal hydrolases are key markers and play a crucial role in the progression of fibrosis. Bleomycin is an anti-neoplastic drug, used for the treatment of various types of cancers and induces pulmonary fibrosis due its deleterious side effect. Tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is known for its wide array of beneficial effects. The present study was intended to evaluate the beneficial efficacy of EGCG against bleomycin-induced glycoconjugates, lysosomal hydrolases and ultrastructural changes in the lungs of Wistar rats. Intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (6.5 U/kg body weight) to rats increased the activities of pathophysiological enzymes such as aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, which were attenuated upon EGCG treatment. The increased level of hydroxyproline and histopathological parameters in bleomycin-induced rats were decreased upon EGCG treatment. Bleomycin-induced increase in the level of glycoconjugates was restored closer to normal levels on EGCG treatment. Furthermore, the increased activities of matrix degrading lysosomal enzymes in bleomycin-induced rats were reduced upon EGCG supplementation. Treatment with EGCG also attenuated bleomycin-induced ultrastructural changes as observed from transmission electron microscopy studies. The results of the present study put-forward EGCG as a potential anti-fibrotic agent due to its attenuating effect on potential fibrotic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Sriram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
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Dalmarco EM, Medeiros YS, Fröde TS. Cyclosporin A inhibits CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecules due to inhibition of TNFalpha and IL-1 beta levels in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. Cell Adh Migr 2008; 2:231-5. [PMID: 19262158 DOI: 10.4161/cam.2.4.7251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan is characterized by a significant enhancement of cell migration due to neutrophils 4 h after pleurisy induction. Forty-eight hours after pleurisy induction, a significant increase in cell migration due to mononuclear cells occurs. Recently, studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that cyclosporine A (CsA) inhibits leukocyte migration in the pleural cavity and lungs in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. In the present work we evaluated whether CsA was able to downregulate CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecule in the lungs, as well as TNFalpha and IL-1 beta levels in the fluid leakage of the pleural cavity in this model. Our results showed that CsA significantly decreased CD11a/CD18 in the lungs, as well as TNFalpha and IL-1 beta levels in the fluid leakage of the pleural cavity 4 h and 48 h after pleurisy induction. It is our hypothesis that the inhibitory effect elicited by CsA upon these adhesion molecules may be also be attributed to the downregulation of TNFalpha and IL-1 beta cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regional University of Blumenau, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Segel MJ, Aqeilan R, Zilka K, Lorberboum-Galski H, Wallach-Dayan SB, Conner MW, Christensen TG, Breuer R. Effect of IL-2-Bax, a novel interleukin-2-receptor-targeted chimeric protein, on bleomycin lung injury. Int J Exp Pathol 2005; 86:279-88. [PMID: 16191100 PMCID: PMC2517439 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis is not clear, but the weight of the evidence supports a pro-fibrotic effect for lymphocytes. The high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor (haIL-2R) is expressed on activated, but not quiescent, T lymphocytes. This selective expression of haIL-2R provides the basis for therapeutic strategies that target IL-2R-expressing cells. We hypothesized that elimination of activated lymphocytes by IL-2R-targeted chimeric proteins might ameliorate lung fibrosis. We investigated the effects of IL-2-Bax, a novel apoptosis-inducing IL-2R-targeted chimeric protein, on bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. Treatment groups included (i) a single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin and twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of IL-2-Bax; (ii) intratracheal bleomycin and intraperitoneal IL-2-PE66(4Glu), an older-generation chimeric protein; (iii) intratracheal bleomycin/intraperitoneal PBS; (iv) intratracheal saline/intraperitoneal PBS. Lung injury was evaluated 14 days after intratracheal instillation by cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, semi-quantitative and quantitative histomorphological measurements and by biochemical analysis of lung hydroxyproline. Bleomycin induced a BAL lymphocytosis that was significantly attenuated by IL-2-Bax and IL-2-PE66(4Glu). However, morphometric parameters and lung hydroxyproline were unaffected by the chimeric proteins. These results show that IL-2-Bax reduces the lymphocytic infiltration of the lungs in response to bleomycin, but this effect is not accompanied by a decrease in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Segel
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonology, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
Lysyl oxidase catalyzes oxidative deamination of peptidyl-lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagens and lysine residues in elastin to form peptidyl aldehydes that are required for the formation of covalent cross-links in normal extracellular matrix biosynthesis. Lysyl oxidase in addition has tumor suppressor activity, and phenotypic reversion of transformed cell lines is accompanied by increased lysyl oxidase expression. The mechanism of low expression of lysyl oxidase in tumor cells is unknown. The present study investigates the hypothesis that autocrine growth factor pathways maintain low lysyl oxidase expression levels in c-H-ras-transformed fibroblasts (RS485 cell line). Autocrine pathways were blocked with suramin, a general inhibitor of growth factor receptor binding, and resulted in more than a 10-fold increase in lysyl oxidase expression and proenzyme production. This regulation was found to be reversible and occurred at the transcriptional level determined using lysyl oxidase promoter/reporter gene assays. Function blocking anti-fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) antibody enhanced lysyl oxidase expression in the absence of suramin. Finally, the addition of FGF-2 to suramin-treated cells completely reversed suramin stimulation of lysyl oxidase mRNA levels. Data support that an FGF-2 autocrine pathway inhibits lysyl oxidase transcription in the tumorigenic-transformed RS485 cell line. This finding may be of therapeutic significance and, in addition, provides a new experimental approach to investigate the mechanism of the tumor suppressor activity of lysyl oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha H Palamakumbura
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Izbicki G, Or R, Christensen TG, Segel MJ, Fine A, Goldstein RH, Breuer R. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in IL-4-overexpressing and knockout mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L1110-6. [PMID: 12376365 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00107.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-4 in the development of lung fibrosis is as yet unclear. Bleomycin (Bleo) or saline (Sal) was injected intratracheally into three groups of C57BL/6J mice: transgenic animals that overexpressed IL-4 (IL-4 TG, n = 14), mice with a targeted knockout mutation of the IL-4 gene (IL-4 KO, n = 11), and wild-type (WT, n = 13) mice. At 14 days, lung fibrosis was evaluated by hydroxyproline measurement and by quantitative image analysis of fibrosis fraction and alveolar wall area fraction. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts in all Bleo-treated groups demonstrated an increased percentage of lymphocytes with a corresponding decrease in the percentage of macrophages. Comparing Bleo- to Sal-treated controls within each group of mice showed increases in all lung fibrosis parameters in IL-4 KO and WT, but not in any of the parameters in IL-4 TG mice. The severity of Bleo-induced fibrotic response was decreased in overexpressed IL-4 TG compared with IL-4 KO mice. These data negate a critical profibrotic role for IL-4 in Bleo-induced lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Izbicki
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonology, Hadassah University Hospital and The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Halofuginone, a coccidiostatic alkaloid, has anti-fibrotic properties, and may be useful as a therapeutic agent in lung fibrosis. To test this hypothesis we investigated the effect of halofuginone on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment groups included: (1) a single intratracheal (IT) instillation of 1.2U bleomycin, and intraperitoneal (IP) injection of halofuginone (0.5 mg/dose), every other day; (2) IT 1.2U bleomycin and IP distilled water (D.W.), every other day; (3) IT 0.8U bleomycin and daily IP halofuginone (0.5 mg/dose); (4) IT 0.8U bleomycin and daily IP D.W.; (5) IT saline and IP halofuginone, every other day; (6) IT saline and daily IP D.W.; (7) IT 0.625U bleomycin and oral halofuginone (10 mg/kg rodent lab chow); (8) IT 0.625U bleomycin and standard lab chow. Animals were studied 14 days after IT instillation. Lung injury was evaluated by total and differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, by a semi-quantitative morphological index of lung injury, and by biochemical analysis of lung hydroxyproline content. Overt signs of lung injury were apparent in bleomycin-treated rats by all measures. These changes were not affected by treatment with halofuginone, irrespective of the treatment regimen used. This study does not support the use of halofuginone to prevent or ameliorate lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Tzurel
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory-Institute of Pulmonology, Hadassah University Hospital and the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Intratracheal instillation (IT) of bleomycin is a widely used experimental model for lung fibrosis. In this study we describe the time-course of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice using computer-assisted morphometry. C57Bl/6J mice were treated with a single IT dose of bleomycin or control saline. Animals were killed 3, 6, 14 and 21 days post-IT. Lung injury was evaluated by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, hydroxyproline concentration in the lung, routine light microscopic examination resulting in a semiquantitative morphological index (SMI) of lung injury, and quantitative morphological measurements (fibrosis fraction and alveolar wall area fraction) aided by optimas image analysis software. Changes in BAL fluid attributed to bleomycin treatment include increased total cell count (days 14 and 21), and increased percentage of neutrophils (days 3 and 6) followed by a sustained increase in lymphocytes (days 6, 14 and 21). Hydroxyproline levels increased in bleomycin-treated mice on days 14 and 21. Median SMI grades were significantly elevated on days 3, 14 and 21. Computer-assisted morphometry demonstrated a 3-fold increase in fibrosis fraction and a 1.3-fold increase in wall area fraction in bleomycin-treated mice on day 14, with no further increase on day 21. These data also demonstrate that the most suitable time point for assessing lung fibrosis in this model is 14 days after IT instillation of bleomycin, based on the observation that at 14 days the animals developed extensive fibrosis, but had less variability in the fibrotic response and lower mortality than later at 21 days. Computer-assisted morphometry provides objective and quantitative measurements that are a useful tool for the evaluation of bleomycin-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Izbicki
- Lung Cellular & Molecular Biology Laboratory - Institute of Pulmonology, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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