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Amutova F, Delannoy M, Baubekova A, Konuspayeva G, Jurjanz S. Transfer of persistent organic pollutants in food of animal origin - Meta-analysis of published data. Chemosphere 2021; 262:128351. [PMID: 33182113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of POPs in food of animal origin has been studied by a meta-analysis of 28 peer-reviewed articles using transfer rate (TR) for milk and eggs and bioconcentration factors (BCF) for eligible tissues after establishing an adapted methodology. TRs of the most toxic PCDD/Fs into milk were generally elevated and even higher into eggs. BCFs in excreting adult animals varied widely between studies complicating to hierarchize tissues or congeners, even if liver and fat seemed to bioconcentrate more than lean tissues. Short time studies have clearly shown low BCFs contrarily to field studies showing the highest BCFs. The BCFs of PCDD/Fs in growing animals were higher in liver than in fat or muscle. In contrast to easily bioconcentrating hexachlorinated congeners, octa- and heptachlorinated congeners barely bioconcentrate. PCB transfer into milk and eggs was systematically high for very lipophilic congeners. Highly ortho-chlorinated PCBs were transferred >50% into milk and eggs and even >70% for congeners 123 and 167 into eggs. BCFs of the most toxic PCBs 126 and 169 were significantly higher than for less toxic congeners. BCFs seem generally low in PBDEs except congeners 47, 153 and 154. DDT and its metabolites showed high bioconcentration. Differences between tissues appeared but were masked by a study effect. In addition to some methodologic recommendations, this analysis showed the high transfer of POPs into eggs, milk and liver when animals were exposed justifying a strong monitoring in areas with POP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Amutova
- URAFPA, University of Lorraine-INRAe, 54500, Vandoeuvre, France; Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Antigen LLP, Scientific and Production Enterprise, 040905, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Almagul Baubekova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gaukhar Konuspayeva
- Antigen LLP, Scientific and Production Enterprise, 040905, Almaty Region, Kazakhstan; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Stefan Jurjanz
- URAFPA, University of Lorraine-INRAe, 54500, Vandoeuvre, France.
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Hoogenboom RLAP, Dam GT, van Leeuwen SPJ, van Egmond H, Nicolina J, Dwarkasing AJS. High levels of dioxins and PCBs in meat, fat and livers of free ranging pigs, goats, sheep and cows from the island of Curaçao. Chemosphere 2021; 263:128057. [PMID: 33297065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Samples of adipose tissue, meat and livers from pigs, cows, sheep and goats from Curaçao were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like (dl-) and non-dioxin-like (ndl-) PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). Levels in many samples of adipose tissue were higher than the EU maximum levels (MLs) for PCDD/Fs and the sum of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs (sum-TEQ), indicating unusually high levels. Median sum-TEQ (Toxic Equivalents) levels for pigs, cows, sheep and goats were 0.9 (range 0.3-35), 3.0 (0.5-14), 5.7 (0.3-28) and 6.5 (0.5-134) pg TEQ g-1 fat. For most samples, the congener pattern pointed to the burning of waste as the major source, in line with the fact that most animals forage outside. MLs for ndl-PCBs were also exceeded in some of the samples, indicating that some areas are additionally contaminated with PCBs. Meat levels showed similar lipid based levels as adipose tissue, contrary to liver levels, which were much higher in most animals. Pigs showed liver sequestration at lower levels in adipose tissue than the ruminants. The relatively high levels observed in this study are likely to result in high exposure of consumers and measures were taken to reduce the contamination of areas where animals forage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Guillaume Ten Dam
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan P J van Leeuwen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Egmond
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jennyfer Nicolina
- Department of Veterinary Affairs of the Ministry of Health, Environment and Nature, Abattoirweg 15, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Arnold J S Dwarkasing
- Department of Veterinary Affairs of the Ministry of Health, Environment and Nature, Abattoirweg 15, Willemstad, Curaçao
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Kuzukiran O, Filazi A, Sevin S, Yurdakok-Dikmen B, Yikilmaz Y, Erdoğan E, Şen F, Totan FE, Celik C, Kirmizibayrak O. Determination of the Polychlorinated Biphenyls Distribution in Different Fat Tissues of Cattle by Age and Gender. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 78:294-302. [PMID: 31641780 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which cause environmental pollution, are found in animal-based fatty foods. Due to their long half-life and lipophilic properties, they can accumulate in the fat tissues of cattle. The study was conducted to compare the PCB levels (PCB28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in the different fat tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, spinal cord, lung, back fat, perihepatic fat, and perirenal fat) of cattle by age and gender. This information is also useful to evaluate the exposure risks for different bovine edible tissues. Therefore, 15 female and 15 male cattle under 24 months of age and 15 female and 15 male cattle over 24 months of age were used, and 480 samples were analyzed for target PCBs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Of all the samples, two (50.2 µg/kg in perihepatic fat and 51.1 µg/kg in kidney) were found above the maximum residue limit; these samples were taken from the animals in the elderly female group (over 24 months). There were more PCBs in cattle older than 2 years. Muscle, kidney, and perihepatic fat presented higher PCB concentrations than other tissues, and perirenal fat presented lower PCB concentrations than other tissues. PCB101, PCB153, and PCB138 were found to have the highest contribution to the PCB concentration. Thus, it is concluded that perihepatic fat, muscle, or kidney should be sampled, particularly in routine residue monitoring, and specifically analyzed for PCB101, PCB153, and PCB138.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgür Kuzukiran
- Veterinary Department, Eldivan Vocational School of Health Services, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Filazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sedat Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begüm Yurdakok-Dikmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yikilmaz
- Etlik Veterinary Research Control Institute, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Erdoğan
- Etlik Veterinary Research Control Institute, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Şen
- Etlik Veterinary Research Control Institute, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esra Totan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagan Celik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Fürst P, Håkansson H, Halldorsson T, Lundebye AK, Pohjanvirta R, Rylander L, Smith A, van Loveren H, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Zeilmaker M, Binaglia M, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Horváth Z, Christoph E, Ciccolallo L, Ramos Bordajandi L, Steinkellner H, Hoogenboom LR. Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05333. [PMID: 32625737 PMCID: PMC7009407 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and DL-PCBs in feed and food. The data from experimental animal and epidemiological studies were reviewed and it was decided to base the human risk assessment on effects observed in humans and to use animal data as supportive evidence. The critical effect was on semen quality, following pre- and postnatal exposure. The critical study showed a NOAEL of 7.0 pg WHO2005-TEQ/g fat in blood sampled at age 9 years based on PCDD/F-TEQs. No association was observed when including DL-PCB-TEQs. Using toxicokinetic modelling and taking into account the exposure from breastfeeding and a twofold higher intake during childhood, it was estimated that daily exposure in adolescents and adults should be below 0.25 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. The CONTAM Panel established a TWI of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week. With occurrence and consumption data from European countries, the mean and P95 intake of total TEQ by Adolescents, Adults, Elderly and Very Elderly varied between, respectively, 2.1 to 10.5, and 5.3 to 30.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, implying a considerable exceedance of the TWI. Toddlers and Other Children showed a higher exposure than older age groups, but this was accounted for when deriving the TWI. Exposure to PCDD/F-TEQ only was on average 2.4- and 2.7-fold lower for mean and P95 exposure than for total TEQ. PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs are transferred to milk and eggs, and accumulate in fatty tissues and liver. Transfer rates and bioconcentration factors were identified for various species. The CONTAM Panel was not able to identify reference values in most farm and companion animals with the exception of NOAELs for mink, chicken and some fish species. The estimated exposure from feed for these species does not imply a risk.
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Chirollo C, Ceruso M, Pepe T, Vassallo A, Marrone R, Severino L, Anastasio A. Levels and congeners distribution of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in buffaloes adipose tissues sampled in vivo and milk. CyTA - Journal of Food 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2018.1531938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Chirollo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marina Ceruso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Marrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorella Severino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aniello Anastasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Bogdal C, Züst S, Schmid P, Gyalpo T, Zeberli A, Hungerbühler K, Zennegg M. Dynamic Transgenerational Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins/Furans in Lactating Cows and Their Offspring. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:10536-10545. [PMID: 28876910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on two farms in Switzerland heavily contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins (PCDD/Fs), occurring in the first case from diffuse sources and in the second case from PCB-containing wall paint. Extensive measurements of PCBs and PCDD/Fs on site (soil, forage, and paint) and in cattle (blood, fat, and milk) allowed validation of our novel dynamic toxicokinetic model, which includes the transfer of contaminants from the mother cows to their suckling calf and the uptake of soil by grazing cattle. We show that for calves, the mother milk is the main uptake route of contaminants. For both cows and calves, ingestion of contaminated soil, although often overlooked, is an appreciable uptake path. The remediation of the contaminated stable lead to a 2-3 fold reduction of the PCB levels in animals within one year. The transfer of animals to an uncontaminated mountain site during summer proved to be an effective decontamination procedure with up to 50% reduction of the levels within three months. Our study calls for a rapid removal of PCB-containing materials in animal husbandry farms and shows that the diffuse contamination of soils will remain a source for PCBs and PCDD/Fs in our food chain for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Selina Züst
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schmid
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tenzing Gyalpo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anicia Zeberli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Zennegg
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Adamse P, Schoss S, Theelen RMC, Hoogenboom RLAP. Levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food of animal origin in the Netherlands during the period 2001-2011. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:78-92. [PMID: 27782773 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1252065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess levels of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (DL-PCBs) in food of animal origin produced in the Netherlands, including potential trends in time. Test results from about 2500 samples of animal derived food products (beef, veal, lamb, chicken, pork, deer, milk and eggs), sampled for the National Residue Monitoring Plan from 2001-2011, were evaluated. Most samples were screened with a bioassay and, if suspected, analysed by GC-HRMS. The fraction of samples which were non-compliant with European maximum levels was rather low, being below 1% for most food products, except for lamb. Exceedance of action levels was particularly observed for lamb and beef. To obtain an insight into background levels, a randomly taken part of the samples was directly analysed by GC-HRMS. In general, only minor decreases in mean PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations could be observed for the period 2001-2011. This may be due to a plateauing of current background levels but also to factors like the sensitivity of the analytical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien Adamse
- a RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Institute of Food Safety , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Schoss
- a RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Institute of Food Safety , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rob M C Theelen
- b Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority , NVWA , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- a RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Institute of Food Safety , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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Benedetto A, Brizio P, Guaraldo P, Stella C, Cappa C, Baioni E, Spalenza V, Nebbia C, Abete MC. Dioxins, DL-PCB and NDL-PCB accumulation profiles in livers from sheep and cattle reared in North-western Italy. Chemosphere 2016; 152:92-98. [PMID: 26963240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Products of animal origin represent the main route of human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (DL-compounds). Recently, concerns have been raised about ovine products, particularly the liver, in which relatively high levels of DL-compounds have been reported. We surveyed ovine and bovine livers in areas with no known sources of dioxin or DL-PCB contamination, in order to assess accumulation patterns for both DL-compounds and non-DL (NDL-) PCBs. None of the ovine and bovine samples exceeded the current Maximum Limits (MLs) for DL-compounds. Liver DL-compound TEQ concentrations were up to 5-fold higher in sheep than in cows. No statistically significant differences in total NDL-PCBs levels were found. The main contributors to TEQ levels were the Penta- and Hexa-chlorinated PCDFs and PCB 126. The results confirm the increased bioaccumulation in ovine liver towards specific DL-compounds even in ewes reared in areas with no known sources of PCDD/Fs or DL-PCBs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benedetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy.
| | - P Brizio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - P Guaraldo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - C Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - C Cappa
- Dipartimento Provinciale di Torino Arpa Piemonte, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - E Baioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - V Spalenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M C Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e valle D'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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Holma-Suutari A, Ruokojärvi P, Komarov AA, Makarov DA, Ovcharenko VV, Panin AN, Kiviranta H, Laaksonen S, Nieminen M, Viluksela M, Hallikainen A. Biomonitoring of selected persistent organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs) in Finnish and Russian terrestrial and aquatic animal species. Environ Sci Eur 2016; 28:5. [PMID: 27752440 PMCID: PMC5044956 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Finnish and Russian animal species (semi-domesticated reindeer, Finnish wild moose, Baltic grey seal and Baltic herring) samples were biomonitored in terrestrial and aquatic environments for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). RESULTS Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) was clearly the most contaminated species. The mean PBDE concentration in grey seal was 115 ng/g fat, and the highest WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ (toxic equivalent set by WHO) was 327 pg/g fat. In Finnish, reindeer WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ varied from 0.92 pg/g fat in muscle to 90.8 pg/g fat in liver. WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ in moose liver samples was in the range of 0.7-4.26 pg/g fat, and WHO-PCB-TEQ in the range of 0.42-3.34 pg/g fat. Overall moose had clearly lower PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations in their liver than reindeer. CONCLUSIONS Terrestrial animals generally had low POP concentrations, but in reindeer liver dioxin levels were quite high. All Finnish and Russian reindeer liver samples exceeded the EU maximum level [8] for PCDD/Fs (10 pg/g fat), which is currently set for bovine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Holma-Suutari
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - P. Ruokojärvi
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - A. A. Komarov
- The All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), Zvenigorodskoe Highway 5, Moscow, Russian Federation 123022
| | - D. A. Makarov
- The All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), Zvenigorodskoe Highway 5, Moscow, Russian Federation 123022
| | - V. V. Ovcharenko
- The All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), Zvenigorodskoe Highway 5, Moscow, Russian Federation 123022
| | - A. N. Panin
- The All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Veterinary Drugs and Feed (VGNKI), Zvenigorodskoe Highway 5, Moscow, Russian Federation 123022
| | - H. Kiviranta
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - S. Laaksonen
- University of Helsinki, Nurminiementie 2, 93600 Kuusamo, Finland
| | - M. Nieminen
- Reindeer Research Station, Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Toivoniementie 246, 99100 Kaamanen, Finland
| | - M. Viluksela
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - A. Hallikainen
- Risk Assessment Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Lake IR, Foxall CD, Fernandes A, Lewis M, White O, Mortimer D, Dowding A, Rose M. The effects of river flooding on dioxin and PCBs in beef. Sci Total Environ 2014; 491-492:184-91. [PMID: 24530185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2008-2010, samples of meat from 40 beef cattle, along with grass, soil and commercial feed, taken from ten matched pairs of flood-prone and control farms, were analysed for PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Concentrations were higher in soil and grass from flood-prone farms. The beef samples from flood-prone farms had total TEQ levels about 20% higher than on control farms. A majority of flood-prone farms (7/10) had higher median levels in beef than on the corresponding control farm. This first controlled investigation into PCDD/F and PCB contamination in beef produced on flood-prone land, presents robust evidence that flooding is a contaminant transfer mechanism to cattle raised on river catchments with a history of urbanisation and industrialisation. PCDD/F and PCB sources in these river systems are likely to be a result of the legacy of contamination from previous industrialisation, as well as more recent combustion activity or pollution events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Christopher D Foxall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alwyn Fernandes
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Mervyn Lewis
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - Oliver White
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - David Mortimer
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - Alan Dowding
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - Martin Rose
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Tlustos C, Anderson W, Flynn A, Pratt I. Additional exposure of the Irish adult population to dioxins and PCBs from the diet as a consequence of the 2008 Irish dioxin food contamination incident. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:889-904. [PMID: 24512325 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.893399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, the discovery of elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs in a porcine fat sample taken as part of the national residues monitoring programme led to the detection of a major feed contamination incidence in the Republic of Ireland. To estimate additional exposure to dioxins and PCBs due to the contamination incident, all data associated with the contamination incident were collected and reviewed. An exposure model was devised that took into account the proportion of contaminated product reaching the final consumer during the contamination incident window and which utilised all additional information that became available after the incident occurred. Exposure estimates derived for both dioxins and PCBs showed that the body burden of the general population remained largely unaffected by the contamination incident and only approximately 10% were exposed to elevated levels of dioxins and PCBs. Whilst this proportion of the population experienced quite a significant additional load to the existing body burden, the estimated exposure values do not suggest that these would be associated with adverse health effects, based on current knowledge. The exposure period was also limited in time to approximately 3 months, following the recall of contaminated meat immediately on detection of the contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tlustos
- a Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Abbey Court , Dublin , Ireland
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Lake IR, Foxall CD, Fernandes A, Lewis M, Rose M, White O, Dowding A. Seasonal variations in the levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in cows' milk. Chemosphere 2013; 90:72-79. [PMID: 22921437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The first detailed investigation into seasonal variations in PCDD/F, PCB and PBDE concentrations in cows' milk from individual farms was conducted. From August 2009 milk samples were taken at 6 weeks intervals from the bulk tank of 2 farms over a period of one year. Samples of dietary inputs including commercial feed, grass, silage and soil were also collected at 6 weekly intervals from each farm. Detailed animal husbandry information was additionally obtained. For all these samples total TEQ, ∑ICES6 and the ∑7 PBDE congeners was calculated. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of these sets of compounds fluctuate notably over short periods in cows' milk. This variability was such that the highest observed concentrations were nearly double the lowest concentrations detected for both PCDD/Fs and PCBs and PBDEs. Fluctuations between extremes were observed over time periods as short as 6 weeks. Some, but not all, of these variations may be explained by changes in the contaminant concentrations of dietary inputs consumed by the cattle. Changes in contaminant inputs from grass and silage were identified as being the most important source of these fluctuations. Given this variability, the results from PCDD/F and PCB and PBDE monitoring studies may be highly dependent upon when the individual samples were taken. The results have important implications for total diet studies and sampling design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Shen H, Henkelmann B, Rambeck WA, Mayer R, Wehr U, Schramm KW. Physiologically based persistent organic pollutant accumulation in pig tissues and their edible safety differences: An in vivo study. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Shen H, Henkelmann B, Rambeck WA, Mayer R, Wehr U, Schramm KW. The predictive power of the elimination of dioxin-like pollutants from pigs: an in vivo study. Environ Int 2012; 38:73-78. [PMID: 21982036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pigs accidentally given feed contaminated by dioxin-like pollutants are a serious public health issue. We have examined whether pigs with limited exposure during early periods of fattening would be categorized as non-compliant with the EU limit at slaughtering when growth-dilution, excretion and metabolism effects are considered. Sixteen female and sixteen castrated male weaned pigs were divided into four groups (e.g. DG0, DG1, DG2 and DG3) in week 2 after birth. From weeks 3 to 13, groups DG1, DG2, and DG3 pigs were fed with a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture at dosages of 1, 10 and 100ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ) per kg dry mass feed in capsules, respectively. From weeks 13 to 23, the animals were nourished with clear feed. Control group DG0 was always fed with clear feed. Subcutaneous fat samples were collected at weeks 13, 18 and 23 by biopsies. The pollutant residues were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and quantified by a (13)C-isotope dilution method. The results showed the following: (1) when slaughtered at week 23, the TEQ for DG1 pigs (0.66±0.21pg/g fat) was under the EU limit of 1pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat; (2) PCDD/F congener-specific first-order elimination rates were linearly correlated with their toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs), and the rates were significantly dose-dependent for the more toxic congeners (TEF≥0.1). Therefore, the pigs' exposure above the EU limit during the early fattening stage did not necessarily lead to their categorization as non-compliant pork; and the residual TEQ for pork can be predicted from early exposure concentrations based on the models established here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, PR China.
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15
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Scientific Opinion on the risk to public health related to the presence of high levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like PCBs in liver from sheep and deer. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Marchand P, Cariou R, Vénisseau A, Brosseaud A, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B. Predicting PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination levels in bovine edible tissues from in vivo sampling. Chemosphere 2010; 80:634-640. [PMID: 20537684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
European Union regulation has defined maximum levels for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in food from animal origin. In case of particular event where livestock is potentially exposed to a specific source of contamination, the possibility of accurate estimation of the PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB levels in edible tissues of the animals from in vivo and weakly invasive biological matrices (fast animal recovery, no major side effects) may be of clear valuable interest. This study investigated the correlations between contamination levels determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue and blood samples obtained from living animals and those measured after slaughtering in muscle and liver. The obtained results demonstrated very good correlations between these in vivo and ex vivo samples in terms of PCDD/F and PCB contamination levels. Finally, it seems to be demonstrated that a weakly invasive biopsy of subcutaneous adipose tissue performed on living animal (potentially completed by a blood sample) can be used in order to predict contamination levels in muscle and liver destined to human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Marchand
- ONIRIS, USC 2013, LABERCA, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, BP 50707, Nantes F-44307, France
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Shih SI, Wang IC, Wu KY, Li HW, Wang LC, Chang-Chien GP. Uptake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in laying ducks. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2009; 44:799-807. [PMID: 19731837 DOI: 10.1080/10934520902928644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in laying ducks was determined at different degree of feed contamination. To observe the extent of the transfer of 17 PCDD/Fs from feed to the duck eggs and duck meat, 18 ducks were divided into 3 groups (6 in each group) and fed feed with two different levels of PCDD/Fs. As a control, one group of ducks was fed with the non-contaminated feed for comparison, while the other 2 groups were exposed to the feed doped with EAF dusts (fly ash). The experiment lasted for 60 days, with an exposure duration of 41 days and the subsequent non-contaminated feed being given for an additional 19 days. PCDD/F levels in the eggs of the all 3 groups were observed to increase significantly on the 15th day. For the low contaminated group, PCDD/F levels reached 2.61 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid at day 41, whereas those of the high contaminated group accounted exceeded 3 pg/g lipid on the 15th day. Furthermore, PCDD/Fs levels in the duck meat were analyzed before and after exposure duration, and at the end of the experiment. The results showed that the level of PCDD/F in the duck eggs and the duck meat may reach unacceptable levels due to the effect of accumulation, although the PCDD/Fs in the duck feed were at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-I Shih
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Yung Kung, Tainan County, Taiwan.
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Hirako M. Transfer and accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds from bovine dams to newborn and suckling calves. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:6768-6774. [PMID: 18616264 DOI: 10.1021/jf8010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The maternal-fetal and neonatal transfers of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in the blood and milk of dams and in the blood of newborn and suckling calves. Calf blood toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) were drastically increased by suckling. Blood concentrations of individual congeners were greater in suckling calves than in newborn calves, excluding octachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (O 8CDD); O 8CDD did not readily transfer to milk but was readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and remained in systemic circulation longer than other congeners. Congener concentrations in milk were correlated with maternal blood levels, and those in suckling calf blood were dependent on their concentrations in milk. These results suggest that neonatal calves absorb more lipophilic organochlorine compounds than prenatal fetuses, that those compounds that are transferred from dams to calves are associated not only with lipid transport but also with other carriers, and that the distribution of congeners is structure-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirako
- Reproductive Biology and Technology Research Team, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
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Giordano F, Carbone P, Nori F, Mantovani A, Taruscio D, Figà-Talamanca I. Maternal diet and the risk of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in the offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008; 22:249-60. [PMID: 18426520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Male genital tract birth defects have been associated in previous studies with several prenatal exposures to environmental and dietary risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and the dietary habits of an agricultural population in Italy. A population-based case-control study was conducted in the Sicilian Province of Ragusa. Cases (n = 90) and controls (n = 202) included births for the period 1998-2002. Data on dietary habits of the mothers, as well as health-related social, occupational and environmental exposures prior to and during the index birth, were collected through interviews. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression after adjustment for confounding variables. Increased ORs were observed for mothers of children with hypospadias who, during pregnancy, frequently consumed fish (OR = 2.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 5.31]) and market-purchased fruit (OR = 5.10 [95% CI 1.31, 19.82]). For cryptorchidism, increased risk was observed in mothers consuming liver (OR = 5.21 [95% CI 1.26, 21.50]), and smoked products (OR = 2.46 [95% CI 1.15, 5.29]). For the two malformations pooled together, increased risk was associated with maternal consumption of liver (OR = 4.38 [95% CI 1.34, 14.26]) and with frequent consumption of wine (OR = 1.98 [95% CI 1.01, 3.86]). This study suggests that some maternal dietary factors may play a role in the development of congenital defects of the male reproductive tract. In particular, our data indicate that further research may be warranted on the endocrine-disrupting effects resulting from the bioaccumulation of contaminants (fish, liver), pesticides (marketed fruit, wine) and/or potentially toxic food components (smoked products, wine, liver).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Giordano
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Brambilla G, Iamiceli AL, Ferri F, di Domenico A. Normative and pre-normative aspects for the management of actual and perspective POPs in meat and meat products. Meat Sci 2008; 78:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The human risk assessment of feed contaminants has often been hampered by a lack of knowledge concerning their behaviour when consumed by livestock. To gain a better understanding of the transfer of contaminants from animal feed to animal products, a meta-analysis of public literature was made. Data concerning feed contaminant concentrations, feeding periods, residue levels in animal products, and other parameters were gathered and recorded. For each case a 'transfer factor', which was defined as the ratio of the concentration of a chemical in an animal product to the concentration of the chemical in animal feed, was calculated. Scientifically founded transfer factors were calculated and analysed for groups of chemicals based on their contaminant classes or physicochemical properties. These database-derived transfer factors enable a more accurate risk assessment in the case of a feed contamination, and enable rapid risk management decision-making and/or intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Leeman
- TNO Quality of Life, Food and Chemical Risk Analysis Department, PO Box 360, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Dioxins and related compounds are undesirable and unintended contaminants in the food supply, and dietary intake is the major route of exposure. Reducing dietary exposure to dioxins among the most vulnerable segments of the population (i.e., pregnant women, infants, and young girls) is an effective strategy for reducing body burdens in future generations. Exposure to dioxins through foods can be minimized by selecting lower-fat versions of meats, poultry, and dairy products. Consuming all foods, including fatty fish, in recommended amounts is congruent with the goal of reducing dioxin intake exposure and maintaining good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Yaktine
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, The National Academies, 500 Fifth Street NW, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the presence of non dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in feed and food. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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25
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the contamination of finishing pigs with polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) after feeding either uncontaminated feed or feed contaminated with 0.75, 2 or 4 ng/kg toxic equivalents (TEQ; calculated by multiplying individual congener concentrations by congener-specific toxicity equivalency factors). The feed was mixed with pure substances of PCDD/Fs to get the intended contamination. Five groups of six piglets each were fed contaminated feed, one group of five piglets served as control. One group was fed contaminated feed (4 ng TEQ/kg) only for the rearing period (6 weeks), and another group for the first 8 weeks of the fattening period (4 ng TEQ/kg feed). The other groups received the contaminated feed during the 12-weeks fattening period. After slaughtering, the edible parts of the belly, loin and fore-end were collected and homogenized. The samples of group 2 and 4a were investigated uncooked as well as roasted. Fattening yield and feed conversion (kg feed/kg weight gain) of the animals of all groups were in the normal range (final weight 109.7 kg; feed conversion 2.55-2.69 kg). The PCDD/F-content in 1 kg fat of the belly, loin and fore-end in relation to the intake was between 0.016 (4 ng TEQ/kg feed for a 6-weeks rearing period) and 1.39% (fore-end; 2 ng TEQ/kg feed for 12-weeks fattening period). There was a decrease in dioxin residues after a 12-weeks period but not after a 4-weeks period of feeding an uncontaminated feed. When feed contaminated with 0.75, 2 and 4 ng TEQ/kg was given for a 12-weeks fattening period, the residue concentrations of PCDD/F-TEQ in 1 kg belly was 0.455, 1.07 and 1.55 ng, in 1 kg fore-end 0.04 ng, 0.32 ng and 0.34 ng and in 1 kg loin 0.015 ng, 0.07 ng and 0.30 ng respectively. Roasting had no influence on the dioxin-residues. The residues per g belly fat exceed the maximum limits for dioxin in food of 0.6 pg WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat (EC Recommendations 2002/201/EC), when feed containing 0.75 ng PCDD/F-TEQ/kg is given for 12 weeks. When feed containing 0.4 ng TEQ (maximum content; EC recommendations 2002/201/EC) is given for 12 weeks, approximately 0.55 pg TEQ/g fat can be expected in the food. This value is within the action level of 0.6 pg/g fat of porks. In conclusion, the results of the study allow prediction of dioxin residues in the edible tissue of pork, if the feed contamination is known and the amount of feed intake can be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spitaler
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Rideout K, Teschke K. Potential for increased human foodborne exposure to PCDD/F when recycling sewage sludge on agricultural land. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:959-69. [PMID: 15198915 PMCID: PMC1247188 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment is used in agriculture as a nutrient source and to aid in moisture retention. To examine the potential impact of sludge-amended soil on exposures to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from plant and animal foods, we conducted a review of published empirical data from international sources. Levels of PCDD/F in municipal sewage sludge ranged from 0.0005 to 8300 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/g. Background levels in soil ranged from 0.003 to 186 pg TEQ/g. In sludge-amended soils, levels of PCDD/F ranged from 1.4 to 15 pg TEQ/g. Studies that measured levels before and after sludge treatment showed an increase in soil concentration after treatment. Relationships between PCDD/F levels in soil and resulting concentrations in plants were very weakly positive for unpeeled root crops, leafy vegetables, tree fruits, hay, and herbs. Somewhat stronger relationships were observed for plants of the cucumber family. In all cases, large increases in soil concentration were required to achieve a measurable increase in plant contamination. A considerably stronger positive relationship was observed between PCDD/F in feed and resulting levels in cattle tissue, suggesting bioaccumulation. Although PCDD/Fs are excreted in milk, no association was found between feed contamination and levels of PCDD/Fs measured in milk. There is a paucity of realistic data describing the potential for entry of PCDD/Fs into the food supply via sewage sludge. Currently available data suggest that sewage sludge application to land used for most crops would not increase human exposure. However, the use of sludge on land used to graze animals appears likely to result in increased human exposure to PCDD/F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rideout
- School of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Richter W, McLachlan MS. Uptake and transfer of PCDD/Fs by cattle fed naturally contaminated feedstuffs and feed contaminated as a result of sewage sludge application. 2. Nonlactating cows. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:5857-5865. [PMID: 11743775 DOI: 10.1021/jf010859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The dietary absorption and tissue distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was investigated in 4 nonlactating Simmental cows. During Phase 1 the dietary uptake and fecal excretion of these chemicals were measured over 10 days using feed containing background levels of PCDD/Fs that were primarily of atmospheric origin. Following this, two of the animals were sacrificed and samples of different fat, muscle, and organ tissues were collected. In Phase 2 the remaining two animals were fed grass silage from a field which had a history of repeated sewage sludge applications. During the last 10 days of the 27-day feeding period, the dietary uptake and fecal excretion of PCDD/Fs were again quantified, after which these two animals were also sacrificed and sampled. The dietary absorption of the PCDD/Fs in the nonlactating cows agreed well with values reported in Part I of this series for lactating cows. In the two animals sacrificed at the end of Phase 1 that were close to a contaminant steady state, the lipid-normalized concentrations were similar in almost all tissues. The exceptions were the liver, and to a lesser extent the lungs and the spleen, which had higher levels; and the degree of elevation increased with the degree of chlorination of the PCDD/Fs. During Phase 2, the animals' body burden of several of the PCDD/F congeners increased markedly. The tissue analyses indicated that the chemicals were initially sequestered primarily in the liver, from where they were redistributed to the other tissues and organs. The rate of redistribution was related to the perfusion of the organ/tissue and decreased in the order lung>spleen>kidney>muscle>fat tissue. The rate of redistribution also decreased with increasing degree of chlorination of the PCDD/F congeners. Whereas virtually all of the 1,2,3,7,8-Cl(5)DD taken up during Phase 2 had been deposited in fat tissue by the end of the 27-day feeding period, three-quarters of the Cl(8)DD was still in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Richter
- Bavarian Center for Animal Husbandry (Bayerische Landesanstalt für Tierzucht), Prof. Dürrwaechter Pl. 1, D-85586 Poing, Germany
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Rose M, Thorpe S, Kelly M, Harrison N, Startin J. Changes in concentration of five PCDD/F congeners after cooking beef from treated cattle. Chemosphere 2001; 43:861-868. [PMID: 11372878 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A large piece of meat taken from a single animal, which had been dosed with five selected PCDD/Fs, was prepared and cooked by a selection of different methods; burgers (fried, grilled, barbecued), roasts (cooked using conventional and microwave ovens) and stews (open pan and pressure cooked). For some of the cooking methods, concentration changes, on a whole product basis, were observed between raw and cooked product. However, in all cases these could be explained simply through changes arising from loss of water and elimination of PCDD/Fs with released fat. The total amounts of PCDD/Fs present in the system (including in released fat) remained unchanged. Dietary intake of PCDD/Fs could therefore be reduced by the removal of visible fat from meat before cooking and by discarding any fat released from foods during the cooking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rose
- Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, UK.
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