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Sudirham. Insights into chlamydia and gonorrhea dynamics in Southern China: a perspective for application in Indonesia. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024; 46:e364-e365. [PMID: 38282039 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudirham
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Sport Science and Public Health, Manado State University, Tondano, North Sulawesi 95618, Indonesia
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2
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Brazo-Sayavera J, Silva DR, Lang JJ, Tomkinson GR, Agostinis-Sobrinho C, Andersen LB, García-Hermoso A, Gaya AR, Jurak G, Lee EY, Liu Y, Lubans DR, Okely AD, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Tremblay MS, Dos Santos L. Physical Fitness Surveillance and Monitoring Systems Inventory for Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review with a Global Perspective. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02038-9. [PMID: 38710913 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Surveillance of health-related physical fitness can improve decision-making and intervention strategies promoting health for children and adolescents. However, no study has comprehensively analyzed surveillance/monitoring systems for physical fitness globally. This review sought to address this gap by identifying: (1) national-level surveillance/monitoring systems for physical fitness among children and adolescents globally, (2) the main barriers and challenges to implementing surveillance/monitoring systems, and (3) governmental actions related to existing surveillance/monitoring systems. We used a scoping review to search, obtain, group, summarize, and analyze available evidence. Our review involved three stages: (1) identification of surveillance systems through a systematic literature review, with complementary search of the grey literature (e.g., reference lists, Google Scholar, webpages, recommendations), (2) systematic consultation with relevant experts using a Delphi method to confirm/add systems and to gather and analyze information on the barriers and challenges to implementing systems, and (3) Web searches for public documents on government sites and surveillance/monitoring system pages, and direct internet searches to identify relevant governmental actions related to surveillance systems. A total of 15 fitness surveillance/monitoring systems met our inclusion criteria. Experts identified a lack of government support and funding, and the low priority of fitness on the public health agenda as the main barriers/challenges to implementation. Several governmental actions related to surveillance systems were identified, including policies, strategies, programs, and guidelines. We propose a Global Observatory of Physical Fitness to help address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
| | - Danilo R Silva
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cesar Agostinis-Sobrinho
- Health Research and Innovation Science Centre, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Faculty of Teacher Education, Art and Sport, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anelise R Gaya
- Projeto Esporte Brasil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai, China
| | - David R Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anthony D Okely
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health, University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health, University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leandro Dos Santos
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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3
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Lazarus JV, Pujol-Martinez C, Kopka CJ, Batista C, El-Sadr WM, Saenz R, El-Mohandes A. Implications from COVID-19 for future pandemic global health governance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:576-581. [PMID: 37011809 PMCID: PMC10065870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limitations of current global health governance revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform the ongoing deliberations of an international treaty on pandemics. OBJECTIVES To report on WHO definitions for governance and the enforcement of treaties in the context of a proposed international treaty on pandemics. SOURCES This narrative review was based on keyword searches related to public health, global health governance, and enforcement in PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar. Snowballing for additional articles followed the keyword search review. CONTENT WHO lacks a consistent definition of global health governance. Moreover, in its current state, the proposed international treaty on pandemics lacks articulated compliance, accountability, or enforcement mechanisms. Findings reveal that humanitarian treaties often fail to achieve their aims absent clear enforcement mechanisms. The proposed international treaty on public health is garnering a range of perspectives. Decision-makers should evaluate whether a globally aligned definition of global health governance is needed. Decision-makers should also consider whether the proposed international treaty on pandemics should be opposed if it lacks sufficiently clear compliance, accountability, and enforcement mechanisms. IMPLICATIONS To our knowledge, this narrative review is believed to be the first of its kind to search scientific-oriented databases regarding governance and international pandemic treaties. The review includes several findings that advance the literature. These findings, in turn, reveal two key implications for decision-makers. First, whether an aligned definition for governance addressing compliance, accountability, and enforcement mechanisms is needed. Second, whether a draft treaty lacking enforcement mechanisms should be approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Health Systems Research Group, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York City, NY, USA; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Pujol-Martinez
- Health Systems Research Group, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Batista
- Department of Global Health Affairs, Baraka Impact Finance, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wafaa M El-Sadr
- International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rocio Saenz
- School of Public Health, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ayman El-Mohandes
- City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York City, NY, USA
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Beyrer C, Kamarulzaman A, Isbell M, Amon J, Baral S, Bassett MT, Cepeda J, Deacon H, Dean L, Fan L, Giacaman R, Gomes C, Gruskin S, Goyal R, Mon SHH, Jabbour S, Kazatchkine M, Kasoka K, Lyons C, Maleche A, Martin N, McKee M, Paiva V, Platt L, Puras D, Schooley R, Smoger G, Stackpool-Moore L, Vickerman P, Walker JG, Rubenstein L. Under threat: the International AIDS Society-Lancet Commission on Health and Human Rights. Lancet 2024; 403:1374-1418. [PMID: 38522449 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Beyrer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | - Joseph Amon
- Office of Global Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary T Bassett
- François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier Cepeda
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harriet Deacon
- Treatied Spaces Research Group and Centre of Excellence in Data Science, Artificial Intelligence and Modelling, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Lorraine Dean
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Rita Giacaman
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Carolyn Gomes
- UNAIDS HIV & Human Rights Reference Group, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Sofia Gruskin
- Institute on Inequalities in Global Health, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ravi Goyal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Carrie Lyons
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allan Maleche
- Kenya Legal & Ethical Issues Network on HIV and AIDS, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natasha Martin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vera Paiva
- Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucy Platt
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dainius Puras
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Robert Schooley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonard Rubenstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Vernon VP. Legislation targeting sexual and gender minorities: A call to action. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:345-348. [PMID: 38156456 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica P Vernon
- Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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6
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Cernega A, Nicolescu DN, Meleșcanu Imre M, Ripszky Totan A, Arsene AL, Șerban RS, Perpelea AC, Nedea MI(I, Pițuru SM. Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity (VUCA) in Healthcare. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:773. [PMID: 38610195 PMCID: PMC11011466 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Our professional activity is constantly under pressure from a multitude of elements and factors that can be classified into the four components of the VUCA phenomenon-volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity-components that define the turbulence and challenges of the external environment. Considering the general elements of this phenomenon, we designed a new VUCA dimension specific to the healthcare field within which we have identified and analyzed all the factors that can influence the main actors of the doctor-patient relationship and the effects that can occur within the healthcare system in which this relationship is born. In this context, we generated the VUCA treatment in healthcare capable of mitigating the impact of this phenomenon; this treatment involves essential elements in overcoming possible crises and vulnerabilities of the medical profession. The VUCA treatment in healthcare requires combating volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity through vision, understanding, clarity, and agility, which are grounded in the doctor's need to acquire cross-functional competencies (soft skills). These competencies are applicable by using functional mechanisms and techniques that support the doctor in developing adaptability and anticipation skills, understanding the patient's needs and addressing them, and ensuring the functionality and efficiency of the healthcare system by transferring these elements from micro-management to macro-management levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cernega
- Department of Organization, Professional Legislation and Management of the Dental Office, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.Ș.); (A.-C.P.); (S.-M.P.)
| | - Dragoș Nicolae Nicolescu
- Department of Organization, Professional Legislation and Management of the Dental Office, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.Ș.); (A.-C.P.); (S.-M.P.)
| | - Marina Meleșcanu Imre
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Calea Plevnei, 010221 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Ripszky Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Andreea Letiția Arsene
- Departament of General and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.L.A.); (M.-I.N.)
| | - Robert Sabiniu Șerban
- Department of Organization, Professional Legislation and Management of the Dental Office, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.Ș.); (A.-C.P.); (S.-M.P.)
| | - Anca-Cristina Perpelea
- Department of Organization, Professional Legislation and Management of the Dental Office, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.Ș.); (A.-C.P.); (S.-M.P.)
| | - Marina-Ionela (Ilie) Nedea
- Departament of General and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.L.A.); (M.-I.N.)
| | - Silviu-Mirel Pițuru
- Department of Organization, Professional Legislation and Management of the Dental Office, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.Ș.); (A.-C.P.); (S.-M.P.)
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Smallwood N. Blowing in the wind-Tobacco control legislation. Respirology 2024; 29:344-345. [PMID: 38331587 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Smallwood
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Respiratory Research @Alfred, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Heenan M, Hart AC, Cullerton K, Jan S, Shanthosh J. Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:641. [PMID: 38424545 PMCID: PMC10903077 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Public health law is an important tool in non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention. There are different approaches available for achieving policy objectives, including government, co-, quasi- and self-regulation. However, it is often unclear what legal design features drive successes or failures in particular contexts. This scoping review undertakes a descriptive analysis, exploring the design characteristics of legal instruments that have been used for NCD prevention and implemented and evaluated in OECD countries. METHODS A scoping review was conducted across four health and legal databases (Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, HeinOnline), identifying study characteristics, legal characteristics and regulatory approaches, and reported outcomes. Included studies focused on regulation of tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy foods and beverages, and environmental pollutants. FINDINGS We identified 111 relevant studies evaluating 126 legal instruments. Evaluation measures most commonly assessed implementation, compliance and changes to the built and lived environment. Few studies evaluated health or economic outcomes. When examining the design and governance mechanisms of the included legal instruments, government regulation was most commonly evaluated (n = 90) and most likely to be reported effective (64%). Self-regulation (n = 27) and quasi-regulation (n = 5) were almost always reported to be ineffective (93% and 100% respectively). There were few co-regulated instruments evaluated (n = 4) with mixed effectiveness. When examining public health risks, food and beverages including alcohol were more likely to be self- or quasi-regulated and reported as ineffective more often. In comparison, tobacco and environmental pollutants were more likely to have government mandated regulation. Many evaluations lacked critical information on regulatory design. Monitoring and enforcement of regulations was inconsistently reported, making it difficult to draw linkages to outcomes and reported effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Food and alcohol regulation has tended to be less successful in part due to the strong reliance on self- and quasi-regulation. More work should be done in understanding how government regulation can be extended to these areas. Public health law evaluations are important for supporting government decision-making but must provide more detail of the design and implementation features of the instruments being evaluated - critical information for policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddie Heenan
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Level 5/ 1 King St Newtown, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia.
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Level 3, 30C Wentworth Street, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia.
- Australian Human Rights Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Ashleigh Chanel Hart
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Level 5/ 1 King St Newtown, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Katherine Cullerton
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, 266 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Stephen Jan
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Level 5/ 1 King St Newtown, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Janani Shanthosh
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Level 5/ 1 King St Newtown, Sydney, NSW, 2042, Australia
- Australian Human Rights Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Waters AR, Easterly CW, Turner C, Ghazal L, Tovar I, Mulvaney M, Poquadeck M, Rains SA, Cloyes KG, Kirchhoff AC, Kent EE, Warner EL. LGBTQ+ inequity in crowdfunding cancer costs: The influence of online reach and LGBTQ+ state policy. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6926. [PMID: 38275010 PMCID: PMC10905337 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging literature suggests that LGBTQ+ cancer survivors are more likely to experience financial burden than non-LGBTQ+ survivors. However, LGBTQ+ cancer survivors experience with cost-coping behaviors such as crowdfunding is understudied. METHODS We aimed to assess LGBTQ+ inequity in cancer crowdfunding by combining community-engaged and technology-based methods. Crowdfunding campaigns were web-scraped from GoFundMe and classified as cancer-related and LGBTQ+ or non-LGBTQ+ using term dictionaries. Bivariate analyses and generalized linear models were used to assess differential effects in total goal amount raised by LGBTQ+ status. Stratified models were run by online reach and LGBTQ+ inclusivity of state policy. RESULTS A total of N = 188,342 active cancer-related crowdfunding campaigns were web-scraped from GoFundMe in November 2022, of which N = 535 were LGBTQ+ and ranged from 2014 to 2022. In multivariable models of recent campaigns (2019-2022), LGBTQ+ campaigns raised $1608 (95% CI: -2139, -1077) less than non-LGBTQ+ campaigns. LGBTQ+ campaigns with low (26-45 donors), moderate (46-87 donors), and high (88-240 donors) online reach raised on average $1152 (95% CI: -$1589, -$716), $1050 (95% CI: -$1737, -$364), and $2655 (95% CI: -$4312, -$998) less than non-LGBTQ+ campaigns respectively. When stratified by LGBTQ+ inclusivity of state level policy states with anti-LGBTQ+ policy/lacking equitable policy raised on average $1910 (95% CI: -2640, -1182) less than non-LGBTQ+ campaigns from the same states. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our findings revealed LGBTQ+ inequity in cancer-related crowdfunding, suggesting that LGBTQ+ cancer survivors may be less able to address financial burden via crowdfunding in comparison to non-LGBTQ+ cancer survivors-potentially widening existing economic inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin R. Waters
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Cancer Control and Population SciencesHuntsman Cancer Institute at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Caleb W. Easterly
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cindy Turner
- College of NursingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Lauren Ghazal
- Crowdfunding Cancer Costs (C3) LGBTQ+ Study Advisory BoardHuntsman Cancer Institute at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- School of NursingUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Ida Tovar
- College of NursingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Megan Mulvaney
- Crowdfunding Cancer Costs (C3) LGBTQ+ Study Advisory BoardHuntsman Cancer Institute at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- School of Public HealthIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Matt Poquadeck
- Crowdfunding Cancer Costs (C3) LGBTQ+ Study Advisory BoardHuntsman Cancer Institute at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Wilmot Cancer InstituteUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Stephen A. Rains
- Department of CommunicationUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Kristin G. Cloyes
- School of NursingOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Anne C. Kirchhoff
- Cancer Control and Population SciencesHuntsman Cancer Institute at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Erin E. Kent
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public HealthUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Echo L. Warner
- Cancer Control and Population SciencesHuntsman Cancer Institute at the University of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- College of NursingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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10
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Carter DJ, Rahmani A, Evans R, Stratigos A, Brown J. HIV-related Legal Needs, Demographic Change, and Trends in Australia since 1992: A Review of Legal Administrative Data. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:574-582. [PMID: 38085429 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
An enabling legal environment is essential for an effective HIV response. Using legal administrative data from the HIV/AIDS Legal Centre (HALC), Australia's specialist HIV community legal service, this article characterizes the nature and trends in the legal issues and needs of those with HIV-related legal issues in New South Wales, Australia since 1992. At present, approximately 40% of all PLHIV living in NSW receive a legal service from HALC during the most recent five-year period. Clients received legal services relating to immigration law at a greatly increased rate (2010: 36%; 2019: 53%), discrimination matters decreased (2010: 17%; 2019: 5.9%), wills and estates remained steady (2010: 9%; 2019: 8.3%). Most clients identify as male (76.9%), homosexual (55%) and are aged between 35 and 49 years of age (34.6%). This demographic profile of clients changed over time, becoming younger and more likely to have been born overseas, and increasingly identifying as heterosexual.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Carter
- Faculty of Law & Justice, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
| | - Adel Rahmani
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Rhys Evans
- Doctoral Candidate, Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Alexandra Stratigos
- Industry Fellow, Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- HIV/AIDS Legal Centre, 414 Elizabeth Street, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - James Brown
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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11
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Thomson S. Administrative law as a determinant of public health. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2024; 115:168-172. [PMID: 37930629 PMCID: PMC10853139 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00826-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Administrative law comprises the rules, values, and processes by which government and regulatory decision-making is subject to administrative monitoring, review, and accountability. It impacts public health in two ways: through the design, powers, and processes of institutions that enforce administrative law; and through the substantive rules of administrative law. Yet despite its fundamental regulation of the way in which public health decisions are made, insufficient research has been conducted on administrative law as a determinant of public health. Administrative law and public health operate as siloed academic disciplines with very little cross-disciplinary collaboration, engagement, or understanding. This results in major, untapped research opportunities exploring how administrative law could contribute to an optimized model of planetary health in both higher income and lower-middle income countries. Put simply, a holistic, global view of the determinants of public health must take due account of the accountability rules and controls that regulate how public health, and other, decisions are made. This commentary is a call to action to better understand how administrative law mechanisms, such as judicial review, administrative tribunals, ombudsmen, information commissioners, public auditors, and human rights monitors, can be designed or redesigned to better promote sustainable public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Thomson
- ANU College of Law, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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12
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Smith H, Wojcieszek AM, Gupta S, Lavelanet A, Nihlén Å, Portela A, Schaaf M, Stahlhofer M, Tunçalp Ö, Bonet M. Integrating international policy standards in the implementation of postnatal care: a rapid review. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 8:e014033. [PMID: 38267069 PMCID: PMC10846851 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION International legal and political documents can assist policy-makers and programme managers in countries to create an enabling environment to promote maternal and newborn health. This review aimed to map and summarise international legal and political documents relevant to the implementation of the WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience. METHODS Rapid review of relevant international legal and political documents, including legal and political commitments (declarations, resolutions and treaties) and interpretations (general comments, recommendations from United Nations human rights treaty bodies, joint United Nations statements). Documents were mapped to the domains presented in the WHO postnatal care (PNC) recommendations; relating to maternal care, newborn care, and health systems and health promotion interventions, and by type of human right implied and/or stated in the documents. RESULTS Twenty-nine documents describing international legal and political commitments and interpretations were mapped, out of 45 documents captured. These 29 documents, published or entered into force between 1944 and 2020, contained content relevant to most of the domains of the PNC recommendations, most prominently the domains of breastfeeding and health systems interventions and service delivery arrangements. The most frequently mapped human rights were the right to health and the right to social security. CONCLUSION Existing international legal and political documents can inform and encourage policy and programme development at the country level, to create an enabling environment during the postnatal period and thereby support the provision and uptake of PNC and improve health outcomes for women, newborns, children and families. Governments and civil society organisations should be aware of these documents to support efforts to protect and promote maternal and newborn health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Smith
- International Health Consulting Services Ltd, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aleena M Wojcieszek
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research including UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shuchita Gupta
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent and Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Lavelanet
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research including UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Åsa Nihlén
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research including UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anayda Portela
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent and Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Stahlhofer
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent and Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Özge Tunçalp
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research including UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Bonet
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research including UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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McGovern T, Favier M, Gil L, Kitaba-Gaviglio B, Bencomo C, Memaj I, Garbers S, Maier M. Applying global lessons to protect abortion access in the United States. BMJ 2024; 384:e073833. [PMID: 38171571 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-073833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry McGovern
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Laura Gil
- Grupo Médico por el Derecho a Decidir, Colombia
| | | | - Clarisa Bencomo
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Memaj
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Garbers
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Malia Maier
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Program on Global Health Justice and Governance, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Reimer-Kirkham S, Astle B, Ero I, Beaman L, Ibhawoh B, Imafidon E, Sawatzky R, Tettey W, Buyco M, Strobell E. Mapping a research-advocacy-policy agenda on human rights and albinism: a mixed methods project. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:1. [PMID: 38167082 PMCID: PMC10762980 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-02064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with albinism face challenges to their wellbeing, safety, and security, ranging from vision impairment and skin cancer to stigma and discrimination. In some regions, they also face human rights atrocities including mutilation and murder. Research on human rights and albinism is a relatively new field that has gained momentum since the United Nations appointment of an Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism. In this paper, we present the results of a mixed methods study undertaken to identify priorities for research, advocacy, and policy on albinism and human rights. METHODS The first component was a synthesis of peer-reviewed and grey literatures at the nexus of albinism, spiritual/cultural beliefs and practices, and human rights. We then conducted a priority-setting survey, informed by Delphi methods, on extant knowledge-practice gaps and research, advocacy, and policy priorities. Inclusion criteria included demonstrated expertise in the field (e.g., peer-reviewed publications, funded research), membership on national or international associations, or advocacy (civil society organizations) of more than 2 years in albinism and human rights. Thereafter, we gathered leading researchers, policy-makers, and civil society stakeholders for a Roundtable to gain consensus on these priorities. RESULTS Access to skin and vision care, and education were not deemed high priority for research, likely because the evidence supporting the need for these is well established. However, they were priorities for advocacy and policy: what is needed is mobilization of this evidence through advocacy and implementation of such services (policy). Other social determinants of health (rurality, poverty, and gender equality) are present as subtext in the findings, more so than priorities for research, advocacy, or policy, despite their preponderance in the lives of persons with albinism. Research was prioritized on stigma and discrimination; advocacy; and witchcraft, but with some differentiation between Global North and Global South priorities. Priorities for research, advocacy, and policy vary in keeping with the explanatory frameworks at play, including how harmful practices and witchcraft are viewed. CONCLUSIONS The lived experience of albinism is profoundly shaped by the social determinants of health (SDOH). Threats to the security and well-being of persons with albinism should be viewed through a human rights lens that encompasses the explanatory frameworks at play.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Astle
- Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, BC, V2Y 1Y, Canada
| | - Ikponwosa Ero
- African Albinism Network, c/o UTSS, PO Box 32837, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lori Beaman
- University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave. E, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bonny Ibhawoh
- McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Elvis Imafidon
- SOAS University of London, 10 Thornhaugh St, London, WC1H 0XG, UK
| | - Richard Sawatzky
- Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, BC, V2Y 1Y, Canada
| | - Wisdom Tettey
- University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Meghann Buyco
- Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, BC, V2Y 1Y, Canada
| | - Emma Strobell
- Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, BC, V2Y 1Y, Canada
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15
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Ukhova D, Marionneau V, Nikkinen J, Wardle H. Public health approaches to gambling: a global review of legislative trends. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e57-e67. [PMID: 37944544 PMCID: PMC10927617 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The public health community has called for governments to recognise the harms associated with gambling, and for gambling policies to include population-based harm prevention approaches. This Health Policy explores the translation of this call into global policy action by systematically reviewing legislation of jurisdictions that introduced major gambling legislation change (ie, restricting or extending gambling provision) between Jan 1, 2018, and Dec 31, 2021. We mapped the global availability of legal gambling and changes in its provision, and conducted critical frame analysis on a sample of 33 jurisdictions introducing major policy change to assess the extent to which the protection of health and wellbeing was embedded within legislation. More than 80% of countries worldwide now legally permit gambling. Harmful gambling was recognised as a health and wellbeing issue in most of the analysed jurisdictions, but near-exclusive focus was given to individual-level harms rather than to wider social and economic harms, or harms to others. Most of the proposed prevention measures focused on individual responsibility. Gambling policies worldwide are changing, but addressing gambling as a public health issue is not yet translating into comprehensive policy action across jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Ukhova
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Virve Marionneau
- Centre for Research on Addiction, Control and Governance, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Nikkinen
- Centre for Research on Addiction, Control and Governance, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heather Wardle
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Davoren S, Zhou S, Ricafort E, Buresova D, Lucas A, Desai T, Jones H. The transformative potential of law for gender and cancer. Lancet 2023; 402:2051-2053. [PMID: 37774728 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sondra Davoren
- McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Collaborating Centre for Law and Noncommunicable Disease, East Melbourne, 3002 VIC, Australia.
| | - Suzanne Zhou
- McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Collaborating Centre for Law and Noncommunicable Disease, East Melbourne, 3002 VIC, Australia
| | - Evita Ricafort
- McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Collaborating Centre for Law and Noncommunicable Disease, East Melbourne, 3002 VIC, Australia
| | - Daiana Buresova
- McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Collaborating Centre for Law and Noncommunicable Disease, East Melbourne, 3002 VIC, Australia
| | - Andrea Lucas
- McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Collaborating Centre for Law and Noncommunicable Disease, East Melbourne, 3002 VIC, Australia
| | - Tarishi Desai
- McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Collaborating Centre for Law and Noncommunicable Disease, East Melbourne, 3002 VIC, Australia
| | - Hayley Jones
- McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, WHO Collaborating Centre for Law and Noncommunicable Disease, East Melbourne, 3002 VIC, Australia
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Filho LB. The Legal Determinants of Scarcity: Expanding Human Rights Advocacy for Affordability of Health Technologies. Health Hum Rights 2023; 25:205-217. [PMID: 38145133 PMCID: PMC10733761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognizing law as a determinant of scarcity in health care is vital. This paper underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to manage scarcity beyond intellectual property, using targeted regulations to promote affordability and counter market distortions. I argue that relying on law solely to ensure democratic deliberations for resource allocation overlooks market failures and economic inequalities that contribute to scarcity. I examine different "legal determinants of scarcity" that can be used, on the basis of the right to health, to improve or positively influence the availability and affordability of health technologies through complementary policies such as direct price control, competitive procurement, competition laws, and public-private partnerships. I conclude by asserting that health care affordability must be a central positive human rights obligation in economic and health policies and that states must strive to diversify their approaches to eliminate persistent economic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Bottini Filho
- Lecturer in human rights at the Helena Kennedy Center for International Justice, Sheffield Hallam University, UK, and an affiliated researcher at the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School, Cambridge, United States
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18
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Heenan M, Chung A, Howse E, Signy H, Rychetnik L. Combining public health evidence, policy experience and communications expertise to inform preventive health: reflections on a novel method of knowledge synthesis. Health Res Policy Syst 2023; 21:112. [PMID: 37907940 PMCID: PMC10617064 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge synthesis methods help summarize evidence and utilize content expertise to draw out key messages to aid knowledge mobilization and translation. Systems thinking and coproduction can support this by facilitating a multiperspective view and ensuring that knowledge is mobilized and translated in a useful and meaningful way for policy-makers and practitioners. In this paper, we describe the development of a knowledge synthesis approach that utilizes coproduction with policy-makers to combine the findings of a programme of research with policy knowledge to support decision-makers working in chronic disease prevention. The process developed by The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre combined the expertise of research, policy and science communications experts. We reflect on how we used coproduction processes to embed policy-makers as partners in the evidence synthesis process via research-policy dialogues, and embedded science communication into the development and presentation of the findings. This differs from a more common approach of researchers generating evidence for policy with limited input from policy-makers themselves. By collaborating with policy-makers and using coproduction, we can better inform policy-relevant research and generate policy-relevant knowledge. We describe the development of our knowledge synthesis approach using two case studies: the first drawing on a body of work in public health law, and the second on a body of work focused on the first 2000 days of life. We consider how these case studies demonstrate the value of working with policy partners as part of a knowledge synthesis process, and discuss how this process could be adapted and used in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddie Heenan
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sax Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Chung
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elly Howse
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sax Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Signy
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sax Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucie Rychetnik
- The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Sax Institute, Sydney, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Forman L, Jackson C. Interdependent Determinants of Health and Death? Examining the Linkages between Health Equity, Human Rights, and Democracy during COVID-19. Ann Glob Health 2023; 89:59. [PMID: 37745776 PMCID: PMC10516139 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been characterised by health inequities in differential rates of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality and differential access to essential COVID-19-related health care interventions such as vaccines. Inequities through the pandemic have deeply illuminated the interdependence between health inequities, human rights, and democratic leadership and the imperative to delve more deeply into these key determinants of health, illness, and death. Methods In this paper, we consider what COVID-19 suggests we should be learning about the relationships between democracy, human rights, and health equity. We first elaborate on the growing prominence of the framework and discourse of health equity. We turn to elaborate on a longer-standing trend of democratic backsliding and populist leadership during COVID-19. We consider human rights violations and domestic and global inequities that have characterised COVID-19 and COVID responses. Findings and conclusions The pandemic has illustrated how rights-violating, negligent, and inequitable political leadership can deeply determine health outcomes. It has equally shown how democratic norms and institutions, including human rights and equity, offer discourse, standards, and tools that can be effectively used to challenge inequitable leadership on health. More fundamentally, it underscores how great the need is for approaches to public health emergencies rooted in human rights, equity, and good governance, including through a pandemic treaty in negotiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Forman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M7, CA
| | - Carly Jackson
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, The University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 3M7, CA
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Chapman AR, Brunelli L, Forman L, Kaempf J. Promoting children's rights to health and well-being in the United States. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 25:100577. [PMID: 37650073 PMCID: PMC10462822 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The United States has a highly sophisticated pediatric healthcare system and spends more than any other country per capita on children's healthcare. However, not all children have access to needed and affordable health care and the life expectancy and health outcomes of children in the country are worse than in any other industrialized nation. These nations typically offer universal healthcare for children as part of a robust recognition of a children's rights framework. In 1989 the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child that recognizes the right of the child to the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. Currently the United States is the only United Nations member country that has not ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This paper outlines the potential benefits of adopting a child rights approach based on the principles and provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The fact that countries who invest much less in healthcare compared to the United States can achieve better health outcomes provides the certainty that a solution is possible and within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Chapman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Luca Brunelli
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Utah Health/Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Forman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Kaempf
- Providence Health System, Women and Children’s Services, Portland, OR, USA
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Tobin-Tyler E, Boyd-Caine T, Genn H, Ries NM. Health Justice Partnerships: An International Comparison of Approaches to Employing Law to Promote Prevention and Health Equity. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2023; 51:332-343. [PMID: 37655576 PMCID: PMC10881269 DOI: 10.1017/jme.2023.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This article traces the development and growth of health justice partnerships (HJPs) in three countries: the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tobin-Tyler
- BROWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND ALPERT MEDICAL SCHOOL OF BROWN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, RI, USA
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Chen Q, Tian W, Zheng L, Li T. Safeguarding the Right to Health of the Elderly in Rural China: A Legal Analysis. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:1621-1632. [PMID: 37621879 PMCID: PMC10445640 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s420954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Older people in rural China enjoy the right to health under Chinese law. However, the problems of economic difficulties, the unbalanced allocation of medical resources between urban and rural areas and the weakening of the traditional function of the family as a provider of old-age care in reality make the elderly in rural areas face a higher risk of health problems. The law is an important tool to mitigate these problems. Although China has made great efforts to legally guarantee the right to health of the rural elderly, it has not yet fully implemented the requirements of Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 14 of the Madrid Political Declaration and International Plan of Action on Ageing. China needs to further improve the relevant legislation to provide adequate legal support for the exercise of the right to health of the elderly in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Law School, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Foreign Languages, Guangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Laibin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Zheng
- Graduate School and Open Learning College, Cavite State University, Indang, Philippines
| | - Taoying Li
- Law School, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Law, Jiangxi Police College, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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Ahmed D, Benavente P, Diaz E. Food Insecurity among International Migrants during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5273. [PMID: 37047889 PMCID: PMC10093953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the measures imposed to control it have impacted food security globally, particularly among vulnerable populations. Food insecurity, in turn, has repercussions on health, exacerbating pre-existing inequalities. This scoping review maps the literature describing associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and food insecurity among migrants, with a particular view toward health. A total of 909 papers were extracted through four electronic databases, and 46 studies were included. The migrant populations described originated mainly from Latin America (11/46) and were located in North America (21/46). Most studies included refugees and asylum seekers (20/46). The main challenges described were financial hardship (28/46), the effect of migrants' documentation status on using public food aid (13/46), and the suspension of or reduction in humanitarian assistance due to the economic recession (7/46). The impact of food insecurity on migrants' mental and physical health was described in 26 of the 46 studies. Authorities in all destination countries should focus their attention and efforts into ensuring nutrition security for migrants in a holistic way, including their economic and legal integration, to be better prepared for health crises in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doua Ahmed
- Centre of International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Pandemic Centre, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Pierina Benavente
- Pandemic Centre, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Esperanza Diaz
- Pandemic Centre, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Friel S, Collin J, Daube M, Depoux A, Freudenberg N, Gilmore AB, Johns P, Laar A, Marten R, McKee M, Mialon M. Commercial determinants of health: future directions. Lancet 2023; 401:1229-1240. [PMID: 36966784 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper is about the future role of the commercial sector in global health and health equity. The discussion is not about the overthrow of capitalism nor a full-throated embrace of corporate partnerships. No single solution can eradicate the harms from the commercial determinants of health-the business models, practices, and products of market actors that damage health equity and human and planetary health and wellbeing. But evidence shows that progressive economic models, international frameworks, government regulation, compliance mechanisms for commercial entities, regenerative business types and models that incorporate health, social, and environmental goals, and strategic civil society mobilisation together offer possibilities of systemic, transformative change, reduce those harms arising from commercial forces, and foster human and planetary wellbeing. In our view, the most basic public health question is not whether the world has the resources or will to take such actions, but whether humanity can survive if society fails to make this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Friel
- Menzies Centre for Health Governance, School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
| | - Jeff Collin
- School of Political and Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mike Daube
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anneliese Depoux
- Virchow-Villermé Public Health Centre, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicholas Freudenberg
- School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna B Gilmore
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Paula Johns
- ACT Health Promotion, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amos Laar
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Robert Marten
- Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin McKee
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Melissa Mialon
- Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Dudgeon P, Bray A, Walker R. Mitigating the impacts of racism on Indigenous wellbeing through human rights, legislative and health policy reform. Med J Aust 2023; 218:203-205. [PMID: 36871199 PMCID: PMC10953442 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pat Dudgeon
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWA
| | - Abigail Bray
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWA
| | - Roz Walker
- Poche Centre for Indigenous HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWA
- Ngangk Yira Institute for ChangeMurdoch UniversityPerthWA
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Eschliman EL, Adames CN, Rosen JD. Antidiscrimination Laws as Essential Tools for Achieving LGBTQ+ Health Equity. JAMA 2023; 329:793-794. [PMID: 36780197 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.0944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses a pending US Supreme Court case to determine the extent to which people who identify as LGBTQ+ are protected under state antidiscrimination laws in the commercial marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Eschliman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christian N Adames
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Joanne D Rosen
- Department of Health Policy and Management and Center for Law and the Public's Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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27
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Chang M. Turning knowledge to action in spatial planning for health. Perspect Public Health 2023; 143:58-59. [PMID: 37002674 DOI: 10.1177/17579139231163747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, UK
- Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, UK
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28
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Elnaiem A, Mohamed-Ahmed O, Zumla A, Mecaskey J, Charron N, Abakar MF, Raji T, Bahalim A, Manikam L, Risk O, Okereke E, Squires N, Nkengasong J, Rüegg SR, Abdel Hamid MM, Osman AY, Kapata N, Alders R, Heymann DL, Kock R, Dar O. Global and regional governance of One Health and implications for global health security. Lancet 2023; 401:688-704. [PMID: 36682375 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The apparent failure of global health security to prevent or prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for closer cooperation between human, animal (domestic and wildlife), and environmental health sectors. However, the many institutions, processes, regulatory frameworks, and legal instruments with direct and indirect roles in the global governance of One Health have led to a fragmented, global, multilateral health security architecture. We explore four challenges: first, the sectoral, professional, and institutional silos and tensions existing between human, animal, and environmental health; second, the challenge that the international legal system, state sovereignty, and existing legal instruments pose for the governance of One Health; third, the power dynamics and asymmetry in power between countries represented in multilateral institutions and their impact on priority setting; and finally, the current financing mechanisms that predominantly focus on response to crises, and the chronic underinvestment for epidemic and emergency prevention, mitigation, and preparedness activities. We illustrate the global and regional dimensions to these four challenges and how they relate to national needs and priorities through three case studies on compulsory licensing, the governance of water resources in the Lake Chad Basin, and the desert locust infestation in east Africa. Finally, we propose 12 recommendations for the global community to address these challenges. Despite its broad and holistic agenda, One Health continues to be dominated by human and domestic animal health experts. Substantial efforts should be made to address the social-ecological drivers of health emergencies including outbreaks of emerging, re-emerging, and endemic infectious diseases. These drivers include climate change, biodiversity loss, and land-use change, and therefore require effective and enforceable legislation, investment, capacity building, and integration of other sectors and professionals beyond health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Elnaiem
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Olaa Mohamed-Ahmed
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Tajudeen Raji
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ammad Bahalim
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Logan Manikam
- Global Health Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK
| | - Omar Risk
- Department of Population, Policy and Practice, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | - John Nkengasong
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Simon R Rüegg
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robyn Alders
- Global Health Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK; Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David L Heymann
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard Kock
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations, London, UK; Global Health Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK
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Montel L. 'Harnessing the power of the law': a qualitative analysis of the legal determinants of health in English urban planning and recommendations for fairer and healthier decision-making. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:310. [PMID: 36774508 PMCID: PMC9921044 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban environments impact negatively on the risks of non-communicable diseases and perpetuate health inequalities. Against this, law could play a critical role, notably through implementing and securing visions of health and well-being, and evidence-based interventions. METHODS Seven teams conducted 123 interviews with 132 actors in urban planning in England. Teams had expertise in urban planning, transport, real estate, public health, public policy, administration, and management. An additional team with expertise in law analysed data from all interviews to explore how the law is perceived and used to promote health in urban planning. RESULTS Six issues were identified as preventing actors from using the law to improve health in urban planning: (i) density and complexity of the law; (ii) weak and outdated regulatory standards; (iii) absence of health from legal requirements in the decision-making process; (iv) inconsistent interpretations by actors with competing interests; (v) lack of strong health evidence-based local planning policies; and (vi) inertia of the law. CONCLUSIONS The legal determinants of health listed in the Lancet-O'Neill Commission's report need to be strengthened at the local level to effectively deploy law in English urban development. The findings call for strong, evidence-based local planning policies and decision-making frameworks, placing health as (one of the) core value(s) of urban planning and showing what types of development benefit health, i.e., prevent NCDs risks and reduce health inequalities on the long term. The legal capacity of local government should be strengthened to empower decision-makers in shaping urban development that promotes health for everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Montel
- Centre for Health, Law and Society, University of Bristol Law School, 8-10 Berkeley Square, BS8 1HH, Bristol, UK.
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Gostin LO, Friedman EA, Hossain S, Mukherjee J, Zia-Zarifi S, Clinton C, Rugege U, Buss P, Were M, Dhai A. Human rights and the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective and prospective analysis. Lancet 2023; 401:154-168. [PMID: 36403583 PMCID: PMC9671650 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When the history of the COVID-19 pandemic is written, the failure of many states to live up to their human rights obligations should be a central narrative. The pandemic began with Wuhan officials in China suppressing information, silencing whistleblowers, and violating the freedom of expression and the right to health. Since then, COVID-19's effects have been profoundly unequal, both nationally and globally. These inequalities have emphatically highlighted how far countries are from meeting the supreme human rights command of non-discrimination, from achieving the highest attainable standard of health that is equally the right of all people everywhere, and from taking the human rights obligation of international assistance and cooperation seriously. We propose embedding human rights and equity within a transformed global health architecture as the necessary response to COVID-19's rights violations. This means vastly more funding from high-income countries to support low-income and middle-income countries in rights-based recoveries, plus implementing measures to ensure equitable distribution of COVID-19 medical technologies. We also emphasise structured approaches to funding and equitable distribution going forward, which includes embedding human rights into a new pandemic treaty. Above all, new legal instruments and mechanisms, from a right to health treaty to a fund for civil society right to health advocacy, are required so that the narratives of future health emergencies-and people's daily lives-are ones of equality and human rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Gostin
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Eric A Friedman
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Hossain
- Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Joia Mukherjee
- Partners In Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Havard University, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Clinton
- Clinton Foundation, New York, NY, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paulo Buss
- The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Academy of Medicine Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miriam Were
- Champions for an AIDS-Free Generation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ames Dhai
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
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31
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Chen J, Wang T, Fang Z, Wang H. Research on elderly users' intentions to accept wearable devices based on the improved UTAUT model. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1035398. [PMID: 36699866 PMCID: PMC9868808 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the proportion of the world's elderly population continues to increase, wearable devices can provide ideas for solving a series of problems caused by population aging. Therefore, it is of great significance for the development of intelligent elderly care and the improvement of the quality of elderly care services to explore the factors that influence the intention of elderly users to accept wearable devices. Methods An improved unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model is constructed from the perspective of elderly individuals, and new parameters are added, including four factors related to wearable devices, including performance expectancy, perceived cost, hedonic value and aesthetic appeal, and three factors related to elderly individuals, including personal physiological conditions, health anxiety and personal innovativeness in information technology. The data analysis was accomplished with the partial least square regression structural equation modeling. Results The findings of this study revealed that performance expectancy, perceived cost, hedonic value and aesthetic appeal all have significant impact on elderly users' intention to use wearable devices. Furthermore, personal innovativeness in information technology, personal physiological condition, and intention to use all have significant impact on elderly users' actual usage behavior of wearable devices. However, there is no obvious relationship between health anxiety and actual usage behavior. Discussion Elderly adults' attention to wearable devices plays an important role in the development of the wearable device-related industry chain, which provides management suggestions for stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxun Chen
- School of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China,Junxun Chen ✉
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Fang
- School of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Economics and Management, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hongtao Wang ✉
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Suvorov VV, Ishchenko YV, Fakhrudinova ER, Kiselev AR. Regulation Of Medical Activity In Russia And Europe In The 10th – Early 20th Centuries: Correlation Between Ethical And Legal Principles. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2022.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The legal and ethical regulation of medical activity in Russia vs. European countries has common features and a number of specific differences. The regulation of medical activity in the Old Russian state and European medieval states was carried out within the framework of legal norms and Christian worldview, the main principle of which was service to one’s neighbor. For instance, these were ethical issues that came to the fore. The secular state form, began its historical path with the emergence of the first secular doctors at the courts of ancient Russian princes. From the 16th century on, it became part of the state apparatus extending its influence to the social estate of the military servicemen. In the middle of the 19th century, during the period of the Zemstvo Reform, it became the main form of servicing rural population. The specificity of zemstvo medicine was the organization of medical activities based on of local self-government bodies and medical societies. At the beginning of the 19th century, with the increasing complexity of scientific knowledge and organization of medical services, European medical codes of ethics aimed at developing the rules of conduct to be followed by the members of newly emerging national medical associations. Despite regulating medical activity, the issues of healthcare were not given due attention, and there were no specific legislative acts affecting the health care regulation in prerevolutionary Russia. In Europe, too, for a long time, the responsibility of a medical professional for mistakes was considered from the standpoint of private relationships based on contractual and commercial principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V. Suvorov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Anton R. Kiselev
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Borges LC, Zeferino de Menezes H, Crosbie E. More Pain, More Gain! The Delivery of COVID-19 Vaccines and the Pharmaceutical Industry's Role in Widening the Access Gap. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:3101-3113. [PMID: 36028975 PMCID: PMC10105197 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic entails a comprehensive strategy that ensures equitable access to all COVID-19-fighting technologies. To achieve this goal, the international community has acknowledged immunization as a public good. However, a trend of grossly unequal dose distribution emerged, owing, among other factors, to pharmaceutical companies' profit-driven actions, jeopardizing the mechanisms built to increase vaccine access. The contradiction between public health interests and corporate discretion in determining vaccine dose distribution poses critical concerns about the health risks associated with lengthening the duration of the pandemic and the eventual liability of companies for violations of human rights. METHODS To evaluate the risks posed to the COVID-19 immunization program, data on vaccine allocation and delivery, vaccine dose application, immunized populations, and the volume of Advanced Purchase Agreements (APAs) between countries and pharmaceutical companies were compiled and assessed. A descriptive analysis was then conducted to analyze the role of pharmaceutical companies in providing equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. RESULTS When the data is broken down by income (as of June 2021), it shows that high-income countries (HICs) have already crossed the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) 20% immunization threshold. However, countries of all other income levels have yet to achieve this mark for fully vaccinated people. Upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) have approximately 3%, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have approximately 2% and low-income countries (LICs) have less than 0.1% of fully vaccinated people per hundred. The supply shortage is expected to last until the second half of 2021. CONCLUSION As a result of the COVAX failure, a health gap emerged with countries living in a pre-immunization period for an extended time. The existing conflict between the international response to tackle COVID-19 and corporate profit-driven behavior contributed to prolonging pandemic, especially in Africa. Accordingly, there is a need to approve an international treaty that targets the activities of all actors, including the pharmaceutical companies, in protecting human rights and the right to health realms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Crosbie
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Ozmen Institute for Global Studies, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
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Forman L, Correa C, Perehudoff K. Interrogating the Role of Human Rights in Remedying Global Inequities in Access to COVID-19 Vaccines. Health Hum Rights 2022; 24:121-124. [PMID: 36579314 PMCID: PMC9790943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Forman
- An associate professor and Canada Research Chair in Human Rights and Global Health Equity at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada. She is affiliated with the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Governance, Accountability, and Transparency in the Pharmaceutical Sector at the University of Toronto, Canada, and the Global Health Law Consortium
| | - Carlos Correa
- Executive director of the South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland, and a former member of the UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health, and the FAO Panel of Eminent Experts on Ethics in Food and Agriculture
| | - Katrina Perehudoff
- An assistant professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. She is affiliated with the Amsterdam Institute of Global Health & Development, Netherlands; the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Governance, Accountability, and Transparency in the Pharmaceutical Sector at the University of Toronto, Canada; and Medicines Law & Policy, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Patel J, Leach-Kemon K, Curry G, Naghavi M, Sridhar D. Firearm injury—a preventable public health issue. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 7:e976-e982. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ventura M, Simas L, Lena Bastos L. Judicialisation, right to health and justice at Rio de Janeiro's 'Health Dispute Resolution Chamber': Users' conceptions. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:3204-3215. [PMID: 33573516 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1880613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses to the judicialisation are based on legal discourses and local practices that impact on access to health and justice. How citizens understand rights is key to holding government accountable. On a human right in health approach and emphasising the right to health and access to justice, this article explores these links through in-depth interviews of claimants at the Rio de Janeiro State Department, whose assist vulnerable groups. To the interviewees, the right to health was a remote, legal fiction, and entitlement and application were liable be treated 'flexibly'; judicialisation was a last resort to meet urgent demands and the impossibility of 'consuming' by their own means; the lawsuits as 'slow', 'painful' and unreliable in ensuring rights; access to health involved sacrifices and the need to fight for their rights. They understood was intimately bound up with the vulnerabilities, obstacles and service denial they had encountered previously. The bureaucratic, technological and technocratic dimensions of health care were incomprehensible and created barriers to access and conflicts. The findings suggested ineffective government responses to the main health problems of vulnerable populations and call for urgent efforts to address equitable and emancipatory implementation of health and justice policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ventura
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ/IESC/LIDHS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Simas
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ/IESC/LIDHS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Lena Bastos
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ/IESC/LIDHS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cancedda C, Bonds MH, Nkomazana O, Abimbola S, Binagwaho A. Sustainability in global health: a low ceiling, a star in the sky, or the mountaintop? BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-011132. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Xu J, Wang Y. Measures to address the stalled development of health law education in Chinese universities. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:39. [PMID: 36280889 PMCID: PMC9589818 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Health law education, an important part of global health education, is beneficial for both medical and law schools. This field can help lawyers and policy makers to develop their careers and equip traditional health professionals, such as doctors and nurses, with a basic knowledge of health law. However, unlike in western universities, health law education in China is still at its infant stage and, as such, lacks a systematic pedagogical approach among institutions of higher education in China. Considering the advancements in the field of health law education, this study systematically reviews the status of health law education in institutions of higher learning in China and suggests ways to make the pedagogical approach more consistent. This systematic review revealed that, between 2012 and 2021, major law schools and medical schools that have developed the subject of health law education in China lack consensus on the aim, scope, mode, and methods of health law education. The first problem is that Chinese universities are unable to agree on how to classify the subject of health law. Another set of problems relate to institutions themselves. Not only do universities lack qualified health law faculty, but they also rely on relatively uninspiring teaching materials. This leads to ineffective, generic pedagogical approaches in both medical and law schools. These problems leave future lawyers, future doctors and nurses unclear about their choices for health law study at the graduate level and their ultimate career development. We therefore propose four preliminary solutions to continue to develop this new interdisciplinary subject—health law education—in Chinese universities: clearly classify the subject of health law, equip the health law field with more professional textbooks, enact joint degree programs between medical schools and law schools, and establish a health law research center in either law schools or medical schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xu
- grid.213910.80000 0001 1955 1644Georgetown University Law Center/O’Neil Institute for National and Global Health Law, 600 New Jersey Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA
| | - Yue Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Health Humanities, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
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Alarcão V, Virgolino A, Stefanovska-Petkovska M, Neves J. Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Well-Being of Migrant Populations in Europe: An Equity-Focused Scoping Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12100393. [PMID: 36285962 PMCID: PMC9598275 DOI: 10.3390/bs12100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic is aggravating health inequalities, particularly mental health inequalities, while revealing the social determinants of these inequalities, including migration as a social determinant that mediates the interaction of social, economic, cultural, institutional, and structural factors with health indicators. Therefore, it is of most relevance to identify the multiple interconnected factors that influence the mental health and well-being of migrant populations. A scoping review was developed to map the research performed in this area and to identify any gaps in knowledge, following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. MEDLINE, Scopus, and WHO Global Health research databases on COVID-19 were searched from January 2020 to October 2021. The review followed the inclusion criteria Population/Concept/Context (PCC): Population-Adult International migrants (including refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants); Concept-determinants of (and factors influencing) mental health and well-being; Context-COVID-19 anywhere in the world. Of the sixty-five selected studies, eleven were from European countries and were the focus of this review with special attention to health inequalities experienced by migrants in Europe. The results cover a diversity of themes related to the effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of migrants (country-level environmental factors, social determinants of mental health, mental health indicators and outcomes), responses (such as solidarity and resilience), populations, and study methods. The evidence found can inform recommendations and interventions focused on health promotion and mitigation of the inequalities accentuated by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Alarcão
- Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia, Iscte—Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Virgolino
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miodraga Stefanovska-Petkovska
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Júlia Neves
- Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia, Iscte—Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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Amul GGH, Etter JF. Comparing Tobacco and Alcohol Policies From a Health Systems Perspective: The Cases of the Philippines and Singapore. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1605050. [PMID: 36312317 PMCID: PMC9606809 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1605050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To provide a comparative analysis of current tobacco and alcohol control laws and policies in the Philippines and Singapore Methods: We used a public health law framework that incorporates a systems approach using a scorecard to assess the progress of the Philippines and Singapore in tobacco and alcohol control according to SDG indicators, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the WHO Global Strategy to Reduce Harmful Use of Alcohol. We collected data from the scientific literature and government documents. Results: Despite health system differences, both the Philippines (73.5) and Singapore (86.5) scored high for tobacco control, but both countries received weak and moderate scores for alcohol control: the Philippines (34) and Singapore (52.5). Both countries have policy avenues to reinforce restrictions on marketing and corporate social responsibility programs, protect policies from the influence of the industry, and reinforce tobacco cessation and preventive measures against alcohol harms. Conclusion: Using a health system-based scorecard for policy surveillance in alcohol and tobacco control helped set policy benchmarks, showed the gaps and opportunities in these two countries, and identified avenues for strengthening current policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- Research for Impact Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Government, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jean-Francois Etter
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Montel L, Ssenyonga N, Coleman MP, Allemani C. How should implementation of the human right to health be assessed? A scoping review of the public health literature from 2000 to 2021. Int J Equity Health 2022; 21:139. [PMID: 36138460 PMCID: PMC9502920 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human right to health is a critical legal tool to achieve health justice, and universal health coverage is included among the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the content and meaning of the right to health may not be used adequately in public health research. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to discover the extent to which the legal principles underlying the right to health are used in public health. We mapped the various attempts to assess implementation of this right since its legal content was clarified in 2000. The first studies emerged in 2006, with an increase and a wider variety of investigations since 2015. We observe that some key principles do form the basis of right-to-health assessments, but some concepts remain unfamiliar. Critically, public health academics may have limited access to human rights research on health, which creates a gap in knowledge between the two disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Montel
- Cancer Survival Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. .,Centre for Health, Law and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Naomi Ssenyonga
- Cancer Survival Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michel P Coleman
- Cancer Survival Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Cancer Division, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Claudia Allemani
- Cancer Survival Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Freudenberg N. Integrating Social, Political and Commercial Determinants of Health Frameworks to Advance Public Health in the twenty-first Century. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES : PLANNING, ADMINISTRATION, EVALUATION 2022; 53:207314221125151. [PMID: 36113468 DOI: 10.1177/00207314221125151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Existing frameworks seek to elucidate the social, political, and commercial determinants of health in order to inform practice, policy, and research that can improve health and reduce health inequities. Each approach has widened the scope of public health practice and research and identified new partners and targets for intervention. But as the public health crises of the past decade have shown, these frameworks have not yet yielded insights that have enabled the public health profession and movement to prevent or overcome dominant threats to global health and health equity. This report explores the value of an integrated framework that combines insights from previous scholarship and practice using the social, political, and commercial determinants of health. It proposes the questions such an integration would need to answer and suggests processes and tasks that could lead to the creation of a blended framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- Distinguished Professor of Public Health, 2009City University of New York School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
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Social and structural determinants of health associated with police violence victimization: A latent class analysis of female sex workers who use drugs in Kazakhstan. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 106:103750. [PMID: 35667193 PMCID: PMC10024805 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Punitive legal environments remain a challenge to HIV prevention efforts in Central Asia, and female sex workers who use drugs are vulnerable to police violence. Little is known about the heterogeneity of police violence against female sex workers who use drugs and factors associated with HIV risk in Central Asia, despite the growing HIV epidemic. METHODS We recruited a community-based sample of 255 female sex workers who use drugs in Almaty, Kazakhstan between February 2015 and May 2017. We used latent class analysis to differentiate women into distinct classes of police violence victimization, and multinomial logistic regression to identify individual-level health outcomes, HIV risk behaviors, and social and structural factors within the risk environment associated with class membership. RESULTS A three-class model emerged: Low Victimization (51%), Discrimination and Extortion (15%), and Poly-Victimization (34%). Relative to Low Victimization, factors associated with Poly-Victimization included being positive for HIV and/or sexually-transmitted infections (STI) (aOR: 1.78 (95% CI: 1.01, 3.14)), prior tuberculosis diagnosis (2.73 (1.15, 6.50)), injection drug use (IDU) (2.00 (1.12, 3.58)), greater number of unsafe IDU behaviors (1.21 (1.08, 1.35)), homelessness (1.92 (1.06, 3.48)), greater drug use (1.22 (1.07, 1.39)) and sex work stigma (1.23 (1.06, 1.43)), greater number of sex work clients (2.40 (1.33, 4.31)), working for a boss/pimp (2.74 (1.16, 6.50)), client violence (2.99 (1.65, 5.42)), economic incentives for condomless sex (2.77 (1.42, 5.41)), accessing needle/syringe exchange programs (3.47 (1.42, 8.50)), recent arrest (2.99 (1.36, 6.55)) and detention (2.93 (1.62, 5.30)), and negative police perceptions (8.28 (4.20, 16.3)). Compared to Low Violence, Discrimination and Extortion was associated with lower odds of experiencing intimate partner violence (aOR= 0.26 (0.12, 0.59)), but no other significant associations with the risk environment upon adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics. CONCLUSION Police violence against female sex workers who use drugs is pervasive in Kazakhstan. Patterns of police violence vary, with greater HIV susceptibility associated with a higher probability of experiencing multiple forms of police violence. Police sensitization workshops that integrate policing and harm reduction, and drug policy reforms that decriminalize drug use may help mitigate the HIV epidemic in Kazakhstan.
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Sijing W. The Collaborative Governance Between Public and Private Companies to Address Climate Issues to Foster Environmental Performance: Do Environmental Innovation Resistance and Environmental Law Matter? Front Psychol 2022; 13:936290. [PMID: 35874386 PMCID: PMC9305388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.936290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent decade, the environmental problem is increasing significantly worldwide. With the decrease in environmental health, the environmental performance is decreasing continuously having adverse consequences for the societies. Therefore, to address the environmental problem in China, the current study examined the role of collaborative governance in environmental performance. Consequently, this study examined the relationship between collaborative governance, innovative methods, performance, availability of resources, environmental innovation resistance, environmental law, and environmental performance. Both the public and private companies of environmental protection working in China are considered. To address the objective of the study, a quantitative research approach is used along with the cross-sectional research design. A questionnaire survey is carried out among the public and private companies working in China for data collection. A total of 290 valid questionnaires were returned and used in data analysis. Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) is used for data analysis. Results of this study reported important findings which have a contribution to the literature and practice. Collaborative governance has major importance to enhance environmental performance. The collaboration between public and private companies has the potential to enhance environmental performance. It is found that an increase in collaborative governance can increase the innovative methods, performance, and availability of resources which can enhance environmental performance. The improvement in innovative methods, performance, and availability of resources can foster environmental performance. Furthermore, environmental innovation resistance can decrease environmental performance. Most significantly, environmental law is crucial to enhancing environmental performance. The better implementation of environmental law can enhance the environmental performance in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sijing
- Anyang Normal University Law School, Anyang, China
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Baum F, Townsend B, Fisher M, Browne-Yung K, Freeman T, Ziersch A, Harris P, Friel S. Creating Political Will for Action on Health Equity: Practical Lessons for Public Health Policy Actors. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:947-960. [PMID: 33327689 PMCID: PMC9808180 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite growing evidence on the social determinants of health and health equity, political action has not been commensurate. Little is known about how political will operates to enact pro-equity policies or not. This paper examines how political will for pro-health equity policies is created through analysis of public policy in multiple sectors. METHODS Eight case studies were undertaken of Australian policies where action was either taken or proposed on health equity or where the policy seemed contrary to such action. Telephone or face-to-face interviews were conducted with 192 state and non-state participants. Analysis of the cases was done through thematic analysis and triangulated with document analysis. RESULTS Our case studies covered: trade agreements, primary healthcare (PHC), work conditions, digital access, urban planning, social welfare and Indigenous health. The extent of political will for pro-equity policies depended on the strength of path dependency, electoral concerns, political philosophy, the strength of economic and biomedical framings, whether elite interests were threatened and the success or otherwise of civil society lobbying. CONCLUSION Public health policy actors may create political will through: determining how path dependency that exacerbates health inequities can be broken, working with sympathetic political forces committed to fairness; framing policy options in a way that makes them more likely to be adopted, outlining factors to consider in challenging the interests of elites, and considering the extent to which civil society will work in favour of equitable policies. A shift in norms is required to stress equity and the right to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Baum
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Belinda Townsend
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matt Fisher
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Toby Freeman
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Ziersch
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society & Equity, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patrick Harris
- Menzies Centre for Health Governance, School of Regulation and Global Governance, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sharon Friel
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jecker NS. Achieving Global Vaccine Equity: The Case for an International Pandemic Treaty. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 95:271-280. [PMID: 35782474 PMCID: PMC9235252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an ethical argument in support of an international Pandemic Treaty. It argues that an international Pandemic Treaty is the best way to mark progress on global vaccine equity and broader issues of global pandemic preparedness and response which came to light during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Section I evaluates principles of multilateral charity, national security, and international diplomacy standardly invoked in debates about global vaccine allocation and argues that these approaches fall short. Section II explicates notions of solidarity, duties to the least well-off, and mutual aid as ethical values more fitting for an era of emerging infectious diseases. Section III relates the discussion to an international Pandemic Treaty and presents legal, pragmatic, and ethical reasons to support it. The paper concludes that in an interconnected world, fair sharing of vaccines between nations is morally mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S. Jecker
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Nancy S. Jecker, PhD, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
98195-7120; ; ORCID iD:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5642-748X
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Toolan N, Marcus H, Hanna EG, Wannous C. Legal implications of the climate-health crisis: A case study analysis of the role of public health in climate litigation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268633. [PMID: 35704601 PMCID: PMC9200309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strong scientific evidence affirms that climate change is now a public health emergency. Increasingly, climate litigation brought against governments and corporations utilizes international human rights, environmental and climate laws and policies to seek accountability for climate-destructive and health-harming actions. The health impacts of climate change make litigation an important means of pursuing justice and strategically challenging legal systems. Yet there is scant documentation in the literature of the role that public health has played in climate litigation and the legal weight public health narratives are given in such contexts. Therefore, we assessed to what extent courts of law have used public health harm in legal adjudication and sought to provide practical recommendations to address barriers to positioning legal arguments in public health-centric frames. Methods We reviewed legal databases to identify all publicly reported, documented, cases of climate litigation filed in any country or jurisdiction between 1990 and September 2020. For the 1641 cases identified, we quantified the frequency of cases where health concerns were explicitly or implicitly raised. Findings Case numbers are trending upwards, notably in high income countries. Resolution remains pending in over half of cases as the majority were initiated in the past three years. Cases were primarily based in climate and human rights law and brought by a wide range of groups and individuals predominantly against governments. About half of the decided cases found in favour for the plaintiffs. Based on this, we selected the 65 cases that were directly linked to public health. We found economic forces and pricing of health risks play a key role, as courts are challenged by litigants to adjudicate on the responsibility for health impacts. Conclusions While courts of law are receptive to public health science, significant legal reform is needed to enhance leveraging of public health evidence in legal judgements of climate litigation cases. The integration of a public health mandate into a new eco-centric legal paradigm will optimize its potential to promote human well-being—the core objective underpinning both international law, human rights, and public health. Existing legal doctrines and practices can be enhanced to increase the weight of public health arguments in climate legal action and consequently ensure legal rulings in climate litigation prioritize, protect and promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Toolan
- UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- World Federation of Public Health Associations–Environmental Health Working Group
- * E-mail: (NT); (HM)
| | - Hannah Marcus
- World Federation of Public Health Associations–Environmental Health Working Group
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (NT); (HM)
| | - Elizabeth G. Hanna
- Australian National University, Fenner School for Environment and Society, Canberra, Australia
- WG Chair, World Federation of Public Health Associations–Environmental Health Working Group
| | - Chadia Wannous
- World Federation of Public Health Associations–Environmental Health Working Group
- Towards A Safer World Network and Future Earth Health-Knowledge Action Network, Stockholm, Sweden
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Agbafe V, Alexander M, Ke J. Addressing Legal Determinants of Health Through Medical-Legal Partnerships. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:777-778. [PMID: 34469351 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Agbafe
- Medical student, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ; Twitter: @VictorAgbafe
| | - Mathew Alexander
- Medical student, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-3745
| | - Jesper Ke
- Medical student, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 cities. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e882-e894. [PMID: 35561723 PMCID: PMC9906636 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
City planning policies influence urban lifestyles, health, and sustainability. We assessed policy frameworks for city planning for 25 cities across 19 lower-middle-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and high-income countries to identify whether these policies supported the creation of healthy and sustainable cities. We systematically collected policy data for evidence-informed indicators related to integrated city planning, air pollution, destination accessibility, distribution of employment, demand management, design, density, distance to public transport, and transport infrastructure investment. Content analysis identified strengths, limitations, and gaps in policies, allowing us to draw comparisons between cities. We found that despite common policy rhetoric endorsing healthy and sustainable cities, there was a paucity of measurable policy targets in place to achieve these aspirations. Some policies were inconsistent with public health evidence, which sets up barriers to achieving healthy and sustainable urban environments. There is an urgent need to build capacity for health-enhancing city planning policy and governance, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.
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Kheir-Mataria WAE, El-Fawal H, Bhuiyan S, Chun S. Global Health Governance and Health Equity in the Context of COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:540. [PMID: 35327017 PMCID: PMC8949542 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health equity is an important aspect of responsible governance. COVID-19 exposed existing shortfalls of Global Health Governance (GHG). A considerable amount of related literature is produced. This scoping review aims at mapping the present knowledge and at identifying research gaps. METHODS This scoping review is based on the Joanna Briggs Institute's guideline for standardized methods and PRISMA-ScR guidelines for reporting. Documents published from December 2019 to October 2021 were searched using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, World cat, and WHO-Global Index Medicus. Two reviewers screened and reviewed eligible studies in three stages: duplicates identification and elimination, title and abstract screening, and full-text assessment. Data was charted and results were classified into conceptual categories. Analysis was done in three stages: open descriptive coding, focused thematic analysis, and frequency, commonality and significance analysis. RESULTS forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Areas of research were grouped into seven themes: "human rights and inequities", "solidarity, collaboration and partnership", "GHG structure change", "political and economic power and finance", "approaches to address inequity", "law and regulations", and "private investment and public-private partnerships (PPPs) in GHG". The highest number of papers were in the first theme, "human rights and inequities". However, the themes are interrelated. Authors who contributed to research were mostly affiliated to developed countries indicating a gap in knowledge and expertise in developing countries. CONCLUSION Through this scoping review we found that the seven themes are interconnected. Disciplinary collaboration in research relating GHG to health inequities is solicited. Collaboration in research, information sharing, and research capacity development are in needed in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Abu El Kheir-Mataria
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; (W.A.E.K.-M.); (H.E.-F.)
| | - Hassan El-Fawal
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; (W.A.E.K.-M.); (H.E.-F.)
| | - Shahjahan Bhuiyan
- Department of Public Policy and Administration, School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Sungsoo Chun
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt; (W.A.E.K.-M.); (H.E.-F.)
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