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Abstract
The ATM gene is mutated in the syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), which is characterized by predisposition to cancer. Patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors Carrying mutations in ATM, patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors. An increased frequency of ATM mutations has also been reported in patients with breast and brain tumors; however, the magnitude of this risk remains uncertain. With the exception of a few common mutations, the spectrum of ATM alterations is heterogeneous in diverse populations, and appears to be remarkably dependent on the ethnicity of patients. This review aims to provide an easily accessible summary of common variants in different populations which could be useful in ATM screening programs. In addition, we have summarized previous research on ATM, including its molecular functions. We attempt to demonstrate the significance of ATM in exploration of breast and brain tumors and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Asghari Estiar
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
| | - Parvin Mehdipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
- Parvin Mehdipour
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Li MY, Liu JQ, Chen DP, Li ZY, Qi B, He L, Yu Y, Yin WJ, Wang MY, Lin L. Radiotherapy induces cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the ATM and Smad pathways. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 18:681-693. [PMID: 28799829 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1360442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant neoplasm of the head and neck which is harmful to human's health. Radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of NPC and it induces immediate cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Evidences suggested the activation of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway and Smad pathway are 2 of the important crucial mediators in the function of radiotherapy. In this study, we performed in vitro assays with human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cells and in vivo assays with nude mice to investigate the role of the ATM and Smad pathways in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with radiotherapy. The results suggested that radiation induced activation of ATM pathway by inducing expression of p-ATM, p-CHK1, p-CHK2, p15 and inhibiting expression of p-Smad3. In addition, Caspase3 expression was increased while CDC25A was decreased, leading to cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. On the other hand, activation of Smad3 can inhibited the ATM pathway and attenuated the efficacy of radiation. In summary, we suggest that both ATM and Smad pathways contribute to the cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis during nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells treated with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Li
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,b Guangzhou Institute of Oncology , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,c Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Jin-Quan Liu
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,b Guangzhou Institute of Oncology , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China.,c Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Malignant Tumor Treatment , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhou-Yu Li
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Bin Qi
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Lu He
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Yi Yu
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Wen-Jin Yin
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
| | - Ling Lin
- a The 5th Ward of Radiotherapy Department , Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , 510095 , Guangdong , China
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Rajendran BK, Deng CX. Characterization of potential driver mutations involved in human breast cancer by computational approaches. Oncotarget 2018; 8:50252-50272. [PMID: 28477017 PMCID: PMC5564847 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most frequently occurring form of cancer and is also the second most lethal cancer in women worldwide. A genetic mutation is one of the key factors that alter multiple cellular regulatory pathways and drive breast cancer initiation and progression yet nature of these cancer drivers remains elusive. In this article, we have reviewed various computational perspectives and algorithms for exploring breast cancer driver mutation genes. Using both frequency based and mutational exclusivity based approaches, we identified 195 driver genes and shortlisted 63 of them as candidate drivers for breast cancer using various computational approaches. Finally, we conducted network and pathway analysis to explore their functions in breast tumorigenesis including tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barani Kumar Rajendran
- Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Marouf C, Hajji O, Tazzite A, Jouhadi H, Benider A, Nadifi S. Germline variants in the ATM gene and breast cancer susceptibility in Moroccan women: A meta-analysis. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 2017; 18:329-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sucularli C, Arslantas M. Computational prediction and analysis of deleterious cancer associated missense mutations in DYNC1H1. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 34:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Di Domenico EG, Romano E, Del Porto P, Ascenzioni F. Multifunctional role of ATM/Tel1 kinase in genome stability: from the DNA damage response to telomere maintenance. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:787404. [PMID: 25247188 DOI: 10.1155/2014/787404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a key regulator of the DNA double-strand-break response and belongs to the evolutionary conserved phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinases. ATM deficiency causes ataxia telangiectasia (AT), a genetic disorder that is characterized by premature aging, cerebellar neuropathy, immunodeficiency, and predisposition to cancer. AT cells show defects in the DNA damage-response pathway, cell-cycle control, and telomere maintenance and length regulation. Likewise, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, haploid strains defective in the TEL1 gene, the ATM ortholog, show chromosomal aberrations and short telomeres. In this review, we outline the complex role of ATM/Tel1 in maintaining genomic stability through its control of numerous aspects of cellular survival. In particular, we describe how ATM/Tel1 participates in the signal transduction pathways elicited by DNA damage and in telomere homeostasis and its importance as a barrier to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Perlman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ma X, Yang L, Xiao L, Tang M, Liu L, Li Z, Deng M, Sun L, Cao Y. Down-regulation of EBV-LMP1 radio-sensitizes nasal pharyngeal carcinoma cells via NF-κB regulated ATM expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24647. [PMID: 22096476 PMCID: PMC3212510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by EBV is expressed in the majority of EBV-associated human malignancies and has been suggested to be one of the major oncogenic factors in EBV-mediated carcinogenesis. In previous studies we experimentally demonstrated that down-regulation of LMP1 expression by DNAzymes could increase radiosensitivity both in cells and in a xenograft NPC model in mice. Results In this study we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitization caused by the down-regulation of LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It was confirmed that LMP1 could up-regulate ATM expression in NPCs. Bioinformatic analysis of the ATM ptomoter region revealed three tentative binding sites for NF-κB. By using a specific inhibitor of NF-κB signaling and the dominant negative mutant of IkappaB, it was shown that the ATM expression in CNE1-LMP1 cells could be efficiently suppressed. Inhibition of LMP1 expression by the DNAzyme led to attenuation of the NF-κB DNA binding activity. We further showed that the silence of ATM expression by ATM-targeted siRNA could enhance the radiosensitivity in LMP1 positive NPC cells. Conclusions Together, our results indicate that ATM expression can be regulated by LMP1 via the NF-κB pathways through direct promoter binding, which resulted in the change of radiosensitivity in NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyao Deng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (LQS); (YC)
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (LQS); (YC)
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Goldgar DE, Healey S, Dowty JG, Da Silva L, Chen X, Spurdle AB, Terry MB, Daly MJ, Buys SM, Southey MC, Andrulis I, John EM, Khanna KK, Hopper JL, Oefner PJ, Lakhani S, Chenevix-Trench G. Rare variants in the ATM gene and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R73. [PMID: 21787400 PMCID: PMC3236337 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene (MIM ID 208900) encodes a protein kinase that plays a significant role in the activation of cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks through subsequent phosphorylation of central players in the DNA damage-response pathway. Recent studies have confirmed that some specific variants in the ATM gene are associated with increased breast cancer (BC) risk. However, the magnitude of risk and the subset of variants that are pathogenic for breast cancer remain unresolved. Methods To investigate the role of ATM in BC susceptibility, we studied 76 rare sequence variants in the ATM gene in a case-control family study of 2,570 cases of breast cancer and 1,448 controls. The variants were grouped into three categories based on their likely pathogenicity, as determined by in silico analysis and analyzed by conditional logistic regression. Likely pathogenic sequence variants were genotyped in 129 family members of 27 carrier probands (15 of which carried c.7271T > G), and modified segregation analysis was used to estimate the BC penetrance associated with these rare ATM variants. Results In the case-control analysis, we observed an odds ratio of 2.55 and 95% confidence interval (CI, 0.54 to 12.0) for the most likely deleterious variants. In the family-based analyses, the maximum-likelihood estimate of the increased risk associated with these variants was hazard ratio (HR) = 6.88 (95% CI, 2.33 to 20.3; P = 0.00008), corresponding to a 60% cumulative risk of BC by age 80 years. Analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 18 breast tumors from women carrying likely pathogenic rare sequence variants revealed no consistent pattern of loss of the ATM variant. Conclusions The risk estimates from this study suggest that women carrying the pathogenic variant, ATM c.7271T > G, or truncating mutations demonstrate a significantly increased risk of breast cancer with a penetrance that appears similar to that conferred by germline mutations in BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2101, USA
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Longmate JA, Larson GP, Krontiris TG, Sommer SS. Three ways of combining genotyping and resequencing in case-control association studies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14318. [PMID: 21187953 PMCID: PMC3004857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe three statistical results that we have found to be useful in case-control genetic association testing. All three involve combining the discovery of novel genetic variants, usually by sequencing, with genotyping methods that recognize previously discovered variants. We first consider expanding the list of known variants by concentrating variant-discovery in cases. Although the naive inclusion of cases-only sequencing data would create a bias, we show that some sequencing data may be retained, even if controls are not sequenced. Furthermore, for alleles of intermediate frequency, cases-only sequencing with bias-correction entails little if any loss of power, compared to dividing the same sequencing effort among cases and controls. Secondly, we investigate more strongly focused variant discovery to obtain a greater enrichment for disease-related variants. We show how case status, family history, and marker sharing enrich the discovery set by increments that are multiplicative with penetrance, enabling the preferential discovery of high-penetrance variants. A third result applies when sequencing is the primary means of counting alleles in both cases and controls, but a supplementary pooled genotyping sample is used to identify the variants that are very rare. We show that this raises no validity issues, and we evaluate a less expensive and more adaptive approach to judging rarity, based on group-specific variants. We demonstrate the important and unusual caveat that this method requires equal sample sizes for validity. These three results can be used to more efficiently detect the association of rare genetic variants with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Longmate
- Division of Biostatistics, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America.
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Lee SA, Lee KM, Lee SJ, Yoo KY, Park SK, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Kang D. Antioxidant Vitamins Intake, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Genetic Polymorphisms, and Breast Cancer Risk. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:1087-94. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2010.492088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang L, Lu Z, Ma X, Cao Y, Sun LQ. A therapeutic approach to nasopharyngeal carcinomas by DNAzymes targeting EBV LMP-1 gene. Molecules 2010; 15:6127-39. [PMID: 20877211 PMCID: PMC6257677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15096127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been known to have oncogenic properties during latent infection in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Genetic manipulation of LMP1 expression may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of NPC. DNAzymes are synthetic, single-stranded DNA catalysts that can be engineered to bind and cleave the target mRNA of a disease-causing gene. By targeting the LMP1 mRNA, we successfully obtained a phosphorothioate-modified ‘‘10–23’’ DNAzyme namely DZ1, through screening a series of DNAzymes. DZ1 could significantly down-regulate the expression of LMP1 in NPC cells, inhibit cell proliferation, metastasis, promote apoptosis and enhance radiosensitivity of NPC through interfering signal pathways which are abnormally activated by LMP1, including NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT3 signal pathways. Together, interfering LMP1 signaling pathway could be a promising strategy to target the malignant phenotypes of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; E-Mail: yanglifang99@hotmail (L.Y.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhongxin Lu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; E-Mail: yanglifang99@hotmail (L.Y.)
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; E-Mail: yanglifang99@hotmail (L.Y.)
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; E-Mail: yanglifang99@hotmail (L.Y.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (L.Q.S.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +61-2-98886288 (L.Q.S.); +86-731-4805448 (Y.C.); Fax: +61-2-98886288 (L.Q.S.); +86-731-4470589 (Y.C.)
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (L.Q.S.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +61-2-98886288 (L.Q.S.); +86-731-4805448 (Y.C.); Fax: +61-2-98886288 (L.Q.S.); +86-731-4470589 (Y.C.)
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Hollestelle A, Wasielewski M, Martens JWM, Schutte M. Discovering moderate-risk breast cancer susceptibility genes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:268-76. [PMID: 20346647 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To date, five moderate-risk breast cancer susceptibility genes have been convincingly identified: CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, PALB2, and NBS1. Moderate-risk breast cancer alleles confer increased breast cancer risks of two to fourfold compared to the 10% risk in the general population. In contrast to the high-risk BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, moderate-risk genes typically have a limited number of variants that confer breast cancer risks. The prevalence of the variants usually varies widely among different geographical or ethnic populations, ranging from essentially absent up to 1.5% (i.e. 'rare' variants). Since moderate-risk breast cancer alleles are clinically not recognizable when inherited as single mutant, one usually encounters them in a polygenic setting and consequently in incomplete cosegregation with the breast cancer phenotype. As a result, discovery of moderate-risk breast cancer genes requires conclusive statistical evidence from association studies of hundreds of breast cancer cases and population-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Hollestelle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tavtigian SV, Oefner PJ, Babikyan D, Hartmann A, Healey S, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Lesueur F, Byrnes GB, Chuang SC, Forey N, Feuchtinger C, Gioia L, Hall J, Hashibe M, Herte B, McKay-Chopin S, Thomas A, Vallée MP, Voegele C, Webb PM, Whiteman DC, Sangrajrang S, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Andrulis IL, John EM, Chenevix-Trench G. Rare, evolutionarily unlikely missense substitutions in ATM confer increased risk of breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:427-46. [PMID: 19781682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility gene for ataxia telangiectasia, ATM, is also an intermediate-risk breast-cancer-susceptibility gene. However, the spectrum and frequency distribution of ATM mutations that confer increased risk of breast cancer have been controversial. To assess the contribution of rare variants in this gene to risk of breast cancer, we pooled data from seven published ATM case-control mutation-screening studies, including a total of 1544 breast cancer cases and 1224 controls, with data from our own mutation screening of an additional 987 breast cancer cases and 1021 controls. Using an in silico missense-substitution analysis that provides a ranking of missense substitutions from evolutionarily most likely to least likely, we carried out analyses of protein-truncating variants, splice-junction variants, and rare missense variants. We found marginal evidence that the combination of ATM protein-truncating and splice-junction variants contribute to breast cancer risk. There was stronger evidence that a subset of rare, evolutionarily unlikely missense substitutions confer increased risk. On the basis of subset analyses, we hypothesize that rare missense substitutions falling in and around the FAT, kinase, and FATC domains of the protein may be disproportionately responsible for that risk and that a subset of these may confer higher risk than do protein-truncating variants. We conclude that a comparison between the graded distributions of missense substitutions in cases versus controls can complement analyses of truncating variants and help identify susceptibility genes and that this approach will aid interpretation of the data emerging from new sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ljungman
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Nguyen-Dumont T, Calvez-Kelm FL, Forey N, McKay-Chopin S, Garritano S, Gioia-Patricola L, De Silva D, Weigel R, Sangrajrang S, Lesueur F, Tavtigian SV. Description and validation of high-throughput simultaneous genotyping and mutation scanning by high-resolution melting curve analysis. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:884-90. [PMID: 19347964 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutation scanning using high-resolution melting curve analysis (HR-melt) is an effective and sensitive method to detect sequence variations. However, the presence of a common SNP within a mutation scanning amplicon may considerably complicate the interpretation of results and increase the number of samples flagged for sequencing by interfering with the clustering of samples according to melting profiles. A protocol describing simultaneous high-resolution gene scanning and genotyping has been reported. Here, we show that it can improve the sensitivity and the efficiency of large-scale case-control mutation screening. Two exons of ATM, both containing an SNP interfering with standard mutation scanning, were selected for screening of 1,356 subjects from an international breast cancer genetics study. Asymmetric PCR was performed in the presence of an SNP-specific unlabeled probe. Stratification of the samples according to their probe-target melting was aided by customized HR-melt software. This approach improved identification of rare known and unknown variants, while dramatically reducing the sequencing effort. It even allowed genotyping of tandem SNPs using a single probe. Hence, HR-melt is a rapid, efficient, and cost-effective tool that can be used for high-throughput mutation screening for research, as well as for molecular diagnostic and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tú Nguyen-Dumont
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Mitui M, Nahas SA, Du LT, Yang Z, Lai CH, Nakamura K, Arroyo S, Scott S, Purayidom A, Concannon P, Lavin M, Gatti RA. Functional and computational assessment of missense variants in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene: mutations with increased cancer risk. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:12-21. [PMID: 18634022 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The functional consequences of missense variants are often difficult to predict. This becomes especially relevant when DNA sequence changes are used to determine a diagnosis or prognosis. To analyze the consequences of 12 missense variants in patients with mild forms of ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), we employed site-directed mutagenesis of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) cDNA followed by stable transfections into a single A-T cell line to isolate the effects of each allele on the cellular phenotype. After induction of the transfected cells with CdCl2, we monitored for successful ATM transcription and subsequently assessed: 1) intracellular ATM protein levels; 2) ionizing radiation (IR)-induced ATM kinase activity; and 3) cellular radiosensitivity. We then calculated SIFT and PolyPhen scores for the missense changes. Nine variants produced little or no correction of the A-T cellular phenotype and were interpreted to be ATM mutations; SIFT/PolyPhen scores supported this. Three variants corrected the cellular phenotype, suggesting that they represented benign variants or polymorphisms. SIFT and PolyPhen scores supported the functional analyses for one of these variants (c.1709T>C); the other two were predicted to be "not tolerated" (c.6188G>A and c.6325T>G) and were classified as "operationally neutral." Genotype/phenotype relationships were compared: three deleterious missense variants were associated with an increased risk of cancer (c.6679C>T, c.7271T>G, and c.8494C>T). In situ mutagenesis represents an effective experimental approach for distinguishing deleterious missense mutations from benign or operationally neutral missense variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mitui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1732, USA
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Swift M, Lukin JL. Breast Cancer Incidence and the Effect of Cigarette Smoking in Heterozygous Carriers of Mutations in the Ataxia-Telangiectasia Gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:3188-92. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Braunstein S, Formenti SC, Schneider RJ. Acquisition of stable inducible up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB by tumor necrosis factor exposure confers increased radiation resistance without increased transformation in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:78-88. [PMID: 18234964 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-grade breast cancers are better adapted to hypoxia and more resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) increases in breast tumors and in breast cancer cell lines, where it promotes chemoradiation resistance, in part by activation of antiapoptotic genes. The role for up-regulation of NF-kappaB in breast cancer progression is less clear. Here, we first show that whereas the constitutive activity of NF-kappaB is incrementally elevated from immortalized breast epithelial to frank transformed invasive ductal breast cancer cell lines (~3-fold, +/-0.1-fold, P < 0.05), inflammatory cytokine-inducible activity is further increased (up to 9-fold, +/-0.9-fold, P < 0.05). We then show that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity selectively sensitizes transformed but not immortalized cells to killing by ionizing radiation or low levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by up to 10-fold (+/-1-fold, P < 0.05) but has little effect on hypoxia-mediated cell death. Prolonged cultivation of immortalized and partially transformed cells in TNF selected for cells displaying stable constitutive and strongly inducible overexpression of NF-kappaB even in the absence of TNF. Stable acquisition of increased NF-kappaB activity conferred resistance to ionizing radiation or inflammatory cytokines, which was dependent on elevated NF-kappaB activity, but had no effect on transformation potential measured by in vitro and in vivo parameters. Thus, TNF and possibly other inflammatory cytokines in the tumor-stroma matrix likely select for breast cancer cells that stably overexpress NF-kappaB, leading to greater cancer cell survival. Greater cell survival despite increased genomic injury may permit increased acquisition of malignant genetic alterations as well as resistance to chemoradiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Arlander SJH, Greene BT, Innes CL, Paules RS. DNA protein kinase-dependent G2 checkpoint revealed following knockdown of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated in human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:89-97. [PMID: 18172300 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family, in particular the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), regulate cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks. Increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) in DNA-PKcs- or ATM-deficient cells emphasizes their important roles in maintaining genome stability. Furthermore, combined knockout of both kinases is synthetically lethal, suggesting functional complementarity. In the current study, using human mammary epithelial cells with ATM levels stably knocked down by >90%, we observed an IR-induced G(2) checkpoint that was only slightly attenuated. In marked contrast, this G(2) checkpoint was significantly attenuated with either DNA-PK inhibitor treatment or RNA interference knockdown of DNA-PKcs, the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK, indicating that DNA-PK contributes to the G(2) checkpoint in these cells. Furthermore, in agreement with the checkpoint attenuation, DNA-PK inhibition in ATM-knockdown cells resulted in reduced signaling of the checkpoint kinase CHK1 as evidenced by reduced CHK1 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results show a DNA-PK-dependent component to the IR-induced G(2) checkpoint, in addition to the well-defined ATM-dependent component. This may have important implications for chemotherapeutic strategies for breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonnet J H Arlander
- Environmental Stress and Cancer Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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22
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Seemanová E, Jarolim P, Seeman P, Varon R, Digweed M, Swift M, Sperling K. Cancer risk of heterozygotes with the NBN founder mutation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1875-80. [PMID: 18073374 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autosomal recessive chromosomal instability disorder Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is associated with increased risk of lymphoid malignancies and other cancers. Cells from NBS patients contain many double-stranded DNA breaks. More than 90% of NBS patients are homozygous for a founder mutation, 657del5, in the NBN gene. We investigated the 657del5 carrier status of cancer patients among blood relatives (i.e., first-, through fourth-degree relatives) of NBS patients in the Czech Republic and Slovakia to test the hypothesis that NBN heterozygotes have an increased cancer risk. METHODS Medical information was compiled from 344 blood relatives of NBS patients in 24 different NBS families from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2003. The 657del5 carrier status of subjects was unknown at the time of their recruitment but was later determined from blood samples collected at the time of the interview. Medical records and death certificates were used to confirm a diagnosis of cancer. For the relatives with cancer who are not obligate heterozygotes (such as parents and two grandparents in consanguineous families), the observed and expected number of mutation carriers were compared by use of the index-test method, which estimated the risk of cancer associated with carrying the mutation. All P values were two-sided. RESULTS Thirteen of the 344 blood relatives had confirmed cases of any type of cancer; 11 of these 13 cancer patients carried the NBN 657del5 mutation, compared with 6.0 expected (P = .005). Among the 56 grandparents with complete data from 14 NBS families, 10 of the 28 carriers of 657del5, but only one of the 28 noncarriers, developed cancer (odds ratio = 10.7, 95% CI = 1.4 to 81.5; P<.004). CONCLUSIONS The NBN 657del5 mutation appears to be associated with an elevated risk of cancer in heterozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Seemanová
- DrSc, Department of Clinical Genetics, Charles University Hospital, 2nd Medical School of Charles University, V úvalu 84, 150 06 Praha 5 Motol, Czech Republic.
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23
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Ho AY, Fan G, Atencio DP, Green S, Formenti SC, Haffty BG, Iyengar P, Bernstein JL, Stock RG, Cesaretti JA, Rosenstein BS. Possession of ATM sequence variants as predictor for late normal tissue responses in breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:677-84. [PMID: 17517479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ATM gene product is a central component of cell cycle regulation and genomic surveillance. We hypothesized that DNA sequence alterations in ATM predict for adverse effects after external beam radiotherapy for early breast cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 131 patients with a minimum of 2 years follow-up who had undergone breast-conserving surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy were screened for sequence alterations in ATM using DNA from blood lymphocytes. Genetic variants were identified using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group late morbidity scoring schemes for skin and subcutaneous tissues were applied to quantify the radiation-induced effects. RESULTS Of the 131 patients, 51 possessed ATM sequence alterations located within exons or in short intron regions flanking each exon that encompass putative splice site regions. Of these 51 patients, 21 (41%) exhibited a minimum of a Grade 2 late radiation response. In contrast, of the 80 patients without an ATM sequence variation, only 18 (23%) had radiation-induced adverse responses, for an odds ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.2). Fifteen patients were heterozygous for the G-->A polymorphism at nucleotide 5557, which causes substitution of asparagine for aspartic acid at position 1853 of the ATM protein. Of these 15 patients, 8 (53%) exhibited a Grade 2-4 late response compared with 31 (27%) of the 116 patients without this alteration, for an odds ratio of 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-9.4). CONCLUSION Sequence variants located in the ATM gene, in particular the 5557 G-->A polymorphism, may predict for late adverse radiation responses in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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24
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Cesaretti JA, Stock RG, Atencio DP, Peters SA, Peters CA, Burri RJ, Stone NN, Rosenstein BS. A genetically determined dose-volume histogram predicts for rectal bleeding among patients treated with prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:1410-6. [PMID: 17490827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether possession of genetic alterations in the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia) gene is associated with rectal bleeding in a dose-dependent and volume-dependent manner. METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred eight prostate cancer patients who underwent brachytherapy using either an (125)I implant, a (103)Pd implant, or the combination of external beam radiotherapy with a (103)Pd implant and had a minimum of 1 year follow-up were screened for DNA sequence variations in the 62 coding exons of the ATM gene using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Rectal dose was reported as the volume (in cubic centimeters) of rectum receiving the brachytherapy prescription dose. The two-sided Fisher exact test was used to compare differences in proportions. RESULTS A significant correlation between the presence of any ATM sequence alteration and Grade 1 to 2 proctitis was obtained when the radiation dose to rectal tissue was quantified. Rectal bleeding occurred in 4 of 13 patients (31%) with a variant versus 1 of 23 (4%) without a genetic alteration for patients who had <0.7 cm(3) of rectal tissue receiving the implant prescription dose (p = 0.05). Of patients in whom 0.7-1.4 cm(3) of the rectum received the implant prescription, 4 of 11 (36%) with an ATM alteration exhibited Grade 1 to 2 proctitis, whereas 1 of 21 (5%) without a variant (p = 0.04) developed this radiation-induced late effect. CONCLUSIONS The possession of genetic variants in the ATM gene is associated with the development of radiation-induced proctitis after prostate cancer radiotherapy for patients who receive the full prescription dose to either a low or a moderate volume of rectal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cesaretti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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25
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Hirsch AE, Atencio DP, Rosenstein BS. Screening for ATM sequence alterations in African-American women diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 107:139-44. [PMID: 17333338 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women who are heterozygous for variants in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, ATM carriers, have been reported to be at increased risk for breast cancer compared with women who do not posses an alteration in this gene. Aside from BRCA1 and BRCA2, there are few data on breast cancer susceptibility genes in African-American women. The goal of this study was to determine whether there is evidence that ATM is a breast cancer susceptibility gene in African-American women. METHODS One hundred thirty two African-American women were screened for ATM sequence alterations. Thirty-seven (28%) were women with a histological diagnosis of breast cancer (cases). These women were not selected on the basis of a breast cancer family history. Ninety-five (72%) were age-matched women who had not been diagnosed with breast cancer (controls). Genetic variants were identified using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). RESULTS Twenty-three of the 37 (62%) cases possessed at least one ATM variant. Fifty-eight of the 95 (61%) (P = 0.54) age-matched controls harbored at least one ATM variant. For subjects specifically possessing missense variants, 46% of cases and 48% of controls had these types of sequence variants. In addition, 19% of cases and 34% of controls possessed multiple ATM sequence variants (P = 0.07). The most common polymorphisms were the 378 T --> A which was seen in 19% of cases and 27% of controls (P = 0.22), 5557 G --> A identified in 22% of cases and 18% of controls (p = 0.40), 2685 A --> G which was detected in 11% of cases and 6% of controls (P = 0.22), and 1254 A --> G which was found in 3% of cases and 9% of controls (P = 0.36). Hence, there were no significant differences in any of the genetic variants detected between the case and control subjects. CONCLUSION We found no statistically significant differences in the overall frequency of ATM variants, nor any specific variant type or group, between African-American women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer compared with an age-matched cohort of African-American women who did not have breast cancer. ATM, therefore, does not appear to represent a breast cancer susceptibility gene in the general African-American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Hirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Einarsdóttir K, Rosenberg LU, Humphreys K, Bonnard C, Palmgren J, Li Y, Li Y, Chia KS, Liu ET, Hall P, Liu J, Wedrén S. Comprehensive analysis of the ATM, CHEK2 and ERBB2 genes in relation to breast tumour characteristics and survival: a population-based case-control and follow-up study. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 8:R67. [PMID: 17132159 PMCID: PMC1797028 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) genes and amplification of the v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ERBB2) gene have been suggested to have an important role in breast cancer aetiology. However, whether common variation in these genes has a role in the development of breast cancer or breast cancer survival in humans is still not clear. METHODS We performed a comprehensive haplotype analysis of the ATM, CHEK2 and ERBB2 genes in a Swedish population-based study, which included 1,579 breast cancer cases and 1,516 controls. We followed the cases for 8.5 years, on average, and retrieved information on the date and cause of death during that period from the nationwide Swedish causes of death registry. We selected seven haplotype-tagging SNPs (tagSNPs) in the ATM gene, six tagSNPs in the CHEK2 gene and seven tagSNPs in the ERBB2 gene that predicted both haplotypic and single locus variations in the respective genes with R2 values > or = 0.8. These tagSNPs were genotyped in the complete set of cases and controls. We computed expected haplotype dosages of the tagSNP haplotypes and included the dosages as explanatory variables in Cox proportional hazards or logistic regression models. RESULTS We found no association between any genetic variation in the ATM, CHEK2 or ERBB2 genes and breast cancer survival or the risk of developing tumours with certain characteristics. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that common variants in the ATM, CHEK2 or ERBB2 genes are not involved in modifying breast cancer survival or the risk of tumour-characteristic-defined breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjana Einarsdóttir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Lena U Rosenberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Carine Bonnard
- Population Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore 138672
| | - Juni Palmgren
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Roslagsvägen 101, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuqing Li
- Population Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore 138672
| | - Yi Li
- Information and Mathematical Sciences, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore 138672
| | - Kee S Chia
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
| | - Edison T Liu
- Population Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore 138672
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Population Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore 138672
| | - Sara Wedrén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 12A, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
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Waddell N, Jonnalagadda J, Marsh A, Grist S, Jenkins M, Hobson K, Taylor M, Lindeman GJ, Tavtigian SV, Suthers G, Goldgar D, Oefner PJ, Taylor D, Grimmond S, Khanna KK, Chenevix-Trench G. Characterization of the breast cancer associated ATM 7271T>G (V2424G) mutation by gene expression profiling. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:1169-81. [PMID: 17001622 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATM are responsible for the autosomal recessive disorder ataxia telangiectasia. Heterozygous mutations in ATM have been associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer. We previously reported one breast cancer family in which ATM 7271T>G (V2424G) segregated with disease, and apparently acted in a dominant negative manner. We now report the screening of 782 multiple-case breast cancer families that identified two additional index cases with ATM 7271T>G. Phylogenetic sequence analysis showed that V2424 is a highly conserved residue, and that the 2424G variant is likely to interfere with function. To elucidate the consequences of this mutation, we expression profiled wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from Scottish and Australian families using an oligonucleotide microarray. Cluster analysis revealed 77 genes that were differentially expressed in homozygous and heterozygous V2424G cells (compared to wild-type) and 11 genes differentially expressed in the homozygous cells. We also evaluated the profiles of LCLs after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and identified 77 genes that were differentially expressed in wild-type cells, but not in homozygous or heterozygous V2424G cells. We validated the expression differences by RT-PCR in additional heterozygous V2424G LCLs from another breast cancer family. We found no consistent cytotoxicity or abrogation of ATM kinase activity after IR in seven heterozygous V2424G LCLs, compared to wild-type LCLs, but did find an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations. These data suggest that the V2424G missense mutation acts largely as a dominant negative in terms of the associated expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic Waddell
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
ATM was originally identified by positional cloning as the gene that underlies the autosomal recessive condition ataxia-telangiectasia. The encoded protein plays a central role in the complex processes that repair DNA double-strand breaks. Nearly 20 years ago, epidemiological surveys of relatives of ataxia-telangiectasia cases suggested that female relatives were at modestly increased risk of breast cancer. Subsequently, many studies have tried to clarify the role of ATM in breast cancer susceptibility, but have produced inconclusive and/or inconsistent results. Recently, large epidemiological and molecular studies have finally provided conclusive evidence that ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmed
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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Prokopcova J, Kleibl Z, Banwell CM, Pohlreich P. The role of ATM in breast cancer development. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 104:121-8. [PMID: 17061036 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complete or partial inability to sense and repair DNA damage increases the risk of developing cancer. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase has a crucial role in response to DNA double-strand breaks. Hereditary mutations in the ATM gene are the cause of a rare genomic instability syndrome ataxia telangiectasia (AT) characterized, among others, by elevated cancer risk. Although clear in homozygotes, numerous studies have failed to find a link between heterozygotes and cancer. However, there is increasing evidence that ATM heterozygotes have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. First, epidemiological studies conferred an increased risk of breast cancer among AT relatives. Second, in vitro studies of heterozygous cells provide strong evidence of hyperradiosensitivity. Third, some clinical studies found an increased frequency of ATM mutations among high-risk breast cancer families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prokopcova
- Department of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lee K, Wang T, Paszczynski AJ, Daoud SS. Expression proteomics to p53 mutation reactivation with PRIMA-1 in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:1117-24. [PMID: 16970918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PRIMA-1 has emerged as a small molecule that restores the wild type function to mutant p53. To identify molecular targets that are involved in PRIMA-1-induced apoptosis, we used a proteomics approach with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for protein identification. By comparing the proteome of the PRIMA-1-treated MDA-231 breast carcinoma cells with that of MCF-7 cells, we have identified seven proteins that upregulated only in MDA-231 cells as a result of PRIMA-1-induced apoptosis. The identified proteins are involved in anaerobic glycolysis and in mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis. Treatment of MDA-231 cells with PRIMA-1 resulted in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c as well as the activation of caspase-3, which are essential for the execution of apoptosis. We present evidence to suggest that PRIMA-1-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells with mutated p53 function involved the expression of proteins required for the activation of mitochondrial intrinsic pathway that is glycolysis-relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, 259 Wegner Hall, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, USA
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31
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Tommiska J, Jansen L, Kilpivaara O, Edvardsen H, Kristensen V, Tamminen A, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Børresen-Dale AL, Nevanlinna H. ATM variants and cancer risk in breast cancer patients from Southern Finland. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:209. [PMID: 16914028 PMCID: PMC1592307 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals heterozygous for germline ATM mutations have been reported to have an increased risk for breast cancer but the role for ATM genetic variants for breast cancer risk has remained unclear. Recently, a common ATM variant, ATMivs38 -8T>C in cis with the ATMex39 5557G>A (D1853N) variant, was suggested to associate with bilateral breast cancer among familial breast cancer patients from Northern Finland. We have here evaluated the 5557G>A and ivs38-8T>C variants in an extensive case-control association analysis. We also aimed to investigate whether there are other ATM mutations or variants contributing to breast cancer risk in our population. Methods Two common ATM variants, 5557G>A and ivs38-8T>C, previously suggested to associate with bilateral breast cancer, were genotyped in an extensive set of 786 familial and 884 unselected breast cancer cases as well as 708 healthy controls. We also screened the entire coding region and exon-intron boundaries of the ATM gene in 47 familial breast cancer patients and constructed haplotypes of the patients. The identified variants were also evaluated for increased breast cancer risk among additional breast cancer cases and controls. Results Neither of the two common variants, 5557G>A and ivs38-8T>C, nor any haplotype containing them, was significantly associated with breast cancer risk, bilateral breast cancer or multiple primary cancers in any of the patient groups or subgoups. Three rare missense alterations and one intronic change were each found in only one patient of over 250 familial patients studied and not among controls. The fourth missense alteration studied further was found with closely similar frequencies in over 600 familial cases and controls. Conclusion Altogether, our results suggest very minor effect, if any, of ATM genetic variants on familial breast cancer in Southern Finland. Our results do not support association of the 5557G>A or ivs38-8T>C variant with increased breast cancer risk or with bilateral breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tommiska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laila Jansen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Outi Kilpivaara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hege Edvardsen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway
- Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anitta Tamminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway
- Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
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Renwick A, Thompson D, Seal S, Kelly P, Chagtai T, Ahmed M, North B, Jayatilake H, Barfoot R, Spanova K, McGuffog L, Evans DG, Eccles D, Easton DF, Stratton MR, Rahman N. ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat Genet 2006; 38:873-5. [PMID: 16832357 DOI: 10.1038/ng1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We screened individuals from 443 familial breast cancer pedigrees and 521 controls for ATM sequence variants and identified 12 mutations in affected individuals and two in controls (P = 0.0047). The results demonstrate that ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia in biallelic carriers are breast cancer susceptibility alleles in monoallelic carriers, with an estimated relative risk of 2.37 (95% confidence interval (c.i.) = 1.51-3.78, P = 0.0003). There was no evidence that other classes of ATM variant confer a risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Renwick
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Gumy-Pause F, Wacker P, Maillet P, Betts DR, Sappino AP. ATM alterations in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 166:101-11. [PMID: 16631465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ATM gene alterations and impaired ATM protein expression have been described in various adult lymphoproliferative malignancies, suggesting that ATM contributes to lymphomagenesis. The present study investigated the prevalence of ATM gene and ATM protein expression alterations in sporadic childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Twenty-seven cases of NHL were screened for ATM mutations by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Direct and indirect criteria, including in silico tools, were used to classify the gene alterations. The methylation status of the ATM promoter CpG island was determined in 25 samples; ATM protein expression was assessed by Western blot in 9 lymphomas. ATM alterations were detected in 12 NHLs (44%). Ten different heterozygous base substitutions were identified in 10 NHLs (37%). Five samples (19%) were found to harbor a gene alteration considered to be a mutation or a rare variant potentially pathogenic. In one case, an ATM mutation was found in the germline. Four NHLs (44%) showed reduced or absent ATM protein expression. Except for one sample, no definite genetic or epigenetic alteration was identified to account for impaired ATM protein expression. These observations document a high prevalence of ATM gene and protein expression alterations, suggesting that ATM is involved in childhood NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gumy-Pause
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 was cloned in 1994 based on its linkage to early-onset breast and ovarian cancer. Although the BRCA1 protein has been implicated in multiple cellular functions, the precise mechanism that determines its tumor suppressor activity is not defined. Currently, the emerging picture is that BRCA1 plays an important role in maintaining genomic integrity by protecting cells from double-strand breaks (DSB) that arise during DNA replication or after DNA damage. The DSB repair pathways available in mammalian cells are homologous recombination and nonhomologous end-joining. BRCA1 function seems to be regulated by specific phosphorylations in response to DNA damage and we will focus this review on the roles played by BRCA1 in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints. Finally, we will explore the idea that tumor suppression by BRCA1 depends on its control of DNA DSB repair, resulting in the promotion of error-free and the inhibition of error-prone recombinational repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, 4511 Forest Park Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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Buchholz TA, Garg AK, Chakravarti N, Aggarwal BB, Esteva FJ, Kuerer HM, Singletary SE, Hortobagyi GN, Pusztai L, Cristofanilli M, Sahin AA. The Nuclear Transcription Factor κB/bcl-2 Pathway Correlates with Pathologic Complete Response to Doxorubicin-Based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Human Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8398-402. [PMID: 16322301 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular factors involved in apoptosis may affect breast cancer response to chemotherapy. Herein, we studied the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)/bcl-2 pathway to determine whether or not activation of this antiapoptotic pathway was associated with a poor response of human breast cancer to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied 82 human breast cancer samples from patients treated with neoadjuvant doxorubicin-based chemotherapy and studied whether or not nuclear location of the transcription factor NF-kappaB was associated with expression of bcl-2 and bax and whether or not expression of these proteins correlated with chemotherapy response. Protein expression was measured with immunohistochemical staining. A dedicated breast cancer pathologist who was unaware of the clinical outcome data dichotomized the slides as positive or negative based on the presence or absence of cytoplasmic staining for bcl-2 and bax or nuclear staining for NF-kappaB. RESULTS Sixty-one percent of the tumors were positive for bcl-2, 85% were positive for bax, and 16% were positive for NF-kappaB. All bcl-2-positive tumors were also bax positive (P < 0.0001) and all NF-kappaB-positive tumors were both bcl-2 positive (P = 0.001) and bax positive (P = 0.113). Eleven of the 82 patients (13%) had a pathologic complete response (pCR) to chemotherapy. Patients with positive staining tumors for any of the markers less commonly achieved a pCR to chemotherapy than those with negative tumor staining. The pCR rates were NF-kappaB positive 0% (0 of 13) versus NF-kappaB negative 13% (11 of 69; P = 0.130); bcl-2 positive 4% (2 of 49) versus bcl-2 negative 27% (9 of 33; P = 0.004); and bax positive 6% (4 of 69) versus bax negative 58% (7 of 12; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We conclude that nuclear localization of NF-kappaB correlates with bcl-2 and bax expression and that the NF-kappaB/bcl-2 pathway may be associated with a poor response to neoadjuvant doxorubicin-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Buchholz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Breast Medical Oncology, Surgical Oncology, and Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Hall J. The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene and breast cancer: gene expression profiles and sequence variants. Cancer Lett 2005; 227:105-14. [PMID: 16112413 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of the Ataxia-telangiectaisa mutated (ATM) gene, as a risk factor for breast cancer has been a consistent theme in the literature since the first reports by Swift and colleagues who reported that ATM heterozygotes in AT families had increased risks of developing breast cancer. Loss of heterozygosity at the ATM locus has been reported in 30-40% of breast tumours and 50-70% show altered ATM protein levels. Germline ATM sequence variants have been reported in breast cancer cases, however, it is difficult to fully evaluate the increased risk associated with their presence. The potential role of such variants needs to be further assessed, together with functional studies to model their impact on ATM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hall
- DNA Repair Team, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon cedex, France.
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Swift M. Re: Gutiérrez-Enriquez S, Fernet M, Dörk T, Bremer M, Lauge A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Moullan N, Angèle S, Hall J, "Functional consequences of the ATM sequence variants for chromosomal radiosensitivity". Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 42:200-1; author reply 202-3. [PMID: 15543621 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Lee KM, Choi JY, Park SK, Chung HW, Ahn B, Yoo KY, Han W, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Kim H, Wei Q, Kang D. Genetic polymorphisms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:821-5. [PMID: 15824150 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in the etiology of breast cancer, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Korea. Nine-hundred ninety-six histologically confirmed incident breast cancer cases and 1,181 cancer-free controls were recruited in Seoul between 1995 and 2003. Genotypes of the ATM polymorphisms-5144A > T, IVS21 + 1049T > C, IVS33 - 55T > C, IVS34 + 60G > A, and 3393T > G were determined by the 5'-nuclease assay. Individual haplotypes were estimated from genotype data by a Bayesian method. Five ATM alleles were found to be in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' > 0.82; P < 0.001). Haplotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls (chi2 test, P < 0.001). The ATM IVS21 + 1049 TC or CC, IVS34 + 60 GA or AA, and 3393 TG or GG genotypes were associated with increased breast cancer risk, particularly in premenopausal women [odds ratios (OR), 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-2.05; OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08-1.88; and OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04-1.80, respectively]. Compared with diploid of TCCAG:TCCAG, the most common haplotype, the ATTGT:ATTGT was associated with decreased risk of breast cancer with borderline significance (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.58-1.04) and TCCAG:ATCGT and ATTGT:ACCAG were associated with increased breast cancer risk (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.18-4.48 and OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.1.07-5.52, respectively) after adjusting for age, education, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, family history of breast cancer, alcohol consumption, and smoking. As the number of ATTGT haplotype decreased, the risk of breast cancer increased (P for trend < 0.01). Our results thus suggest that genetic polymorphisms of ATM play an important role in the development of breast cancer in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Mu Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Truman JP, Gueven N, Lavin M, Leibel S, Kolesnick R, Fuks Z, Haimovitz-Friedman A. Down-regulation of ATM protein sensitizes human prostate cancer cells to radiation-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23262-72. [PMID: 15837784 PMCID: PMC1855286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503701200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with the protein kinase C activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 12-acetate (TPA) enables radiation-resistant LNCaP human prostate cancer cells to undergo radiation-induced apoptosis, mediated via activation of the enzyme ceramide synthase (CS) and de novo synthesis of the sphingolipid ceramide (Garzotto, M., Haimovitz-Friedman, A., Liao, W. C., White-Jones, M., Huryk, R., Heston, D. W. W., Cardon-Cardo, C., Kolesnick, R., and Fuks, Z. (1999) Cancer Res. 59, 5194-5201). Here, we show that TPA functions to decrease the cellular level of the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein, known to repress CS activation (Liao, W.-C., Haimovitz-Friedman, A., Persaud, R., McLoughlin, M., Ehleiter, D., Zhang, N., Gatei, M., Lavin, M., Kolesnick, R., and Fuks, Z. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 17908-17917). Gel shift analysis in LNCaP and CWR22-Rv1 cells demonstrated a significant reduction in DNA binding of the Sp1 transcription factor to the ATM promoter, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed a 50% reduction of ATM mRNA between 8 and 16 h of TPA treatment, indicating that TPA inhibits ATM transcription. Furthermore, treatment of LNCaP, CWR22-Rv1, PC-3, and DU-145 human prostate cells with antisense-ATM oligonucleotides, which markedly reduced cellular ATM levels, significantly enhanced radiation-induced CS activation and apoptosis, leading to apoptosis at doses as a low as 1 gray. These data suggest that the CS pathway initiates a generic mode of radiation-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells, regulated by a suppressive function of ATM, and that ATM might represent a potential target for pharmacologic inactivation with potential clinical applications in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philip Truman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Cesaretti JA, Stock RG, Lehrer S, Atencio DA, Bernstein JL, Stone NN, Wallenstein S, Green S, Loeb K, Kollmeier M, Smith M, Rosenstein BS. ATM sequence variants are predictive of adverse radiotherapy response among patients treated for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61:196-202. [PMID: 15629612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether the presence of sequence variants in the ATM (mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia) gene is predictive for the development of radiation-induced adverse responses resulting from (125)I prostate brachytherapy for early-stage prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-seven patients with a minimum of 1-year follow-up who underwent (125)I prostate brachytherapy of early-stage prostate cancer were screened for DNA sequence variations in all 62 coding exons of the ATM gene using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. The clinical course and postimplant dosimetry for each genetically characterized patient were obtained from a database of 2,020 patients implanted at Mount Sinai Hospital after 1990. RESULTS Twenty-one ATM sequence alterations located within exons, or in short intronic regions flanking each exon, were found in 16 of the 37 patients screened. For this group, 10 of 16 (63%) exhibited at least one form of adverse response. In contrast, of the 21 patients who did not harbor an ATM sequence variation, only 3 of 21 (14%) manifested radiation-induced adverse responses (p = 0.005). Nine of the patients with sequence alterations specifically possessed missense mutations, which encode for amino acid substitutions and are therefore more likely to possess functional importance. For this group, 7 of 9 (78%) exhibited at least one form of adverse response. In contrast, of the 28 patients who did not have a missense alteration, only 6 of 28 (21%) manifested any form of adverse response to the radiotherapy (p = 0.004). Of the patients with missense variants, 5 of 9 (56%) exhibited late rectal bleeding vs. 1 of 28 (4%) without such alterations (p = 0.002). Of those patients who were at risk for developing erectile dysfunction, 5 of 8 (63%) patients with missense mutations developed prospectively evaluated erectile dysfunction as opposed to 2 of 20 (10%) without these sequence alterations (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Possession of sequence variants in the ATM gene, particularly those that encode for an amino acid substitution, is predictive for the development of adverse radiotherapy responses among patients treated with (125)I prostate brachytherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cesaretti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
In this review, selected immunodeficiency disorders are presented in which the cutaneous signs are distinctive and contribute to the diagnosis of the condition. Among these cutaneous abnormalities are alopecia, cutaneous granulomas, cutaneous infections, atopic-like or seborrheic-like dermatitis, petechiae or purpura, silvery pigmentation, poor wound healing, and telangiectasias. Immunodeficiency should be considered in children with a history of infections that are recurrent, respond poorly to antibiotics, are of increased duration and severity, and/or result from unusual organisms. In addition to their high risk of infection, patients with immunodeficiency disorders have a risk of the development of malignancy that is 10,000 times higher than that of healthy age-matched controls. The underlying molecular basis for most genetic immunodeficiencies is now understood, allowing improved genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Paller
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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Umesako S, Fujisawa K, Iiga S, Mori N, Takahashi M, Hong DP, Song CW, Haga S, Imai S, Niwa O, Okumoto M. Atm heterozygous deficiency enhances development of mammary carcinomas in p53 heterozygous knockout mice. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 7:R164-70. [PMID: 15642165 PMCID: PMC1064114 DOI: 10.1186/bcr968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ataxia-telangiectasia is an autosomal-recessive disease that affects neuro-immunological functions, associated with increased susceptibility to malignancy, chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Although ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) heterozygous deficiency has been proposed to increase susceptibility to breast cancer, some studies have not found excess risk. In experimental animals, increased susceptibility to breast cancer is not observed in the Atm heterozygous deficient mice (Atm+/-) carrying a knockout null allele. In order to determine the effect of Atm heterozygous deficiency on mammary tumourigenesis, we generated a series of Atm+/- mice on the p53+/- background with a certain predisposition to spontaneous development of mammary carcinomas, and we examined the development of the tumours after X-irradiation. Methods BALB/cHeA-p53+/- mice were crossed with MSM/Ms-Atm+/- mice, and females of the F1 progeny ([BALB/cHeA × MSM/Ms]F1) with four genotypes were used in the experiments. The mice were exposed to X-rays (5 Gy; 0.5 Gy/min) at age 5 weeks. Results We tested the effect of haploinsufficiency of the Atm gene on mammary tumourigenesis after X-irradiation in the p53+/- mice of the BALB/cHeA × MSM/Ms background. The singly heterozygous p53+/- mice subjected to X-irradiation developed mammary carcinomas at around 25 weeks of age, and the final incidence of mammary carcinomas at 39 weeks was 31% (19 out of 61). The introduction of the heterozygous Atm knockout alleles into the background of the p53+/- genotype significantly increased the incidence of mammary carcinoma to 58% (32 out of 55) and increased the average number of mammary carcinomas per mouse. However, introduction of Atm alleles did not change the latency of development of mammary carcinoma. Conclusion Our results indicate a strong enhancement in mammary carcinogenesis by Atm heterozygous deficiency in p53+/- mice. Thus, doubly heterozygous mice represent a useful model system with which to analyze the interaction of heterozygous genotypes for p53, Atm and other genes, and their effects on mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Umesako
- Graduate school of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kae Fujisawa
- Research Institute of New Medicines, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayoko Iiga
- Graduate school of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuko Mori
- Graduate school of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takahashi
- Graduate school of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Doo-Pyo Hong
- Graduate school of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chang-Woo Song
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon, Korea
| | - Satomi Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Imai
- Nara Prefecture Institute for Hygiene and Environment, Nara, Japan
| | - Otsura Niwa
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okumoto
- Graduate school of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
The ATM gene is mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a genetic instability syndrome characterized by increased cancer risk, as well as other features. Recent studies have shown that the ATM protein kinase plays a critical role in maintaining genome integrity by activating a biochemical chain reaction that in turn leads to cell cycle checkpoint activation and repair of DNA damage. ATM targets include well-known tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and BRCA1, both of which play an important role in predisposition to breast cancer. Studies of A-T families have consistently reported an increased risk of breast cancer in women with one mutated ATM gene, but so far an increased frequency of ATM mutations has not been found in women with breast cancer. Some specific missense and protein truncating variants of ATM have been reported to confer increased breast cancer risk, but the magnitude of this risk remains uncertain. A more comprehensive analysis of ATM is needed in large case-control studies, and in multiple-case breast cancer families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kum Kum Khanna
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the links of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) to treatment-induced signaling in breast cancer and to propose further studies to elucidate the role of NF-kappa B in breast cancer response to chemotherapy and radiation. RECENT FINDINGS The authors' group and others have investigated the clinical relevance of ubiquitously expressed NF-kappa B in breast cancer. Possibly through its effects on apoptosis, NF-kappa B has been implicated in tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation in many types of tumors. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that targeted inhibition of NF-kappa B can sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiation. SUMMARY The molecular mechanisms involved in chemotherapy-induced and radiation-induced cell death in breast cancer are not fully known, nor are the mechanisms of treatment resistance. NF-kappa B is a transcription factor for a number of genes involved in tumor progression and resistance to systemic therapies and is a major regulator of the apoptotic pathway. Gaining further insights into molecular factors such as NF-kappa B as biomarkers for treatment response may help clinicians predict treatment outcome and lead to the development of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Garg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
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