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Lim J, Hwang YS, Yoon HR, Yoo J, Yoon SR, Jung H, Cho HJ, Lee HG. PLK1 phosphorylates RhoGDI1 and promotes cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:73. [PMID: 38355643 PMCID: PMC10865702 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI1) plays an important role in diverse cellular processes by regulating Rho guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ases activity. RhoGDI1 phosphorylation regulates the spatiotemporal activation of Rho GTPases during cell migration. In this study, we identified polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a novel kinase of RhoGDI1 and investigated the molecular mechanism by which the interaction between RhoGDI1 and PLK1 regulates cancer cell migration. METHODS Immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down assay, and proximity ligation assay (PLA) were performed to analyze the interaction between RhoGDI1 and PLK1. In vitro kinase assay and immunoprecipitation were performed with Phospho-(Ser/Thr) antibody. We evaluated RhoA activation using RhoGTPases activity assay. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by transwell assays. RESULTS GST pull-down assays and PLA showed that PLK1 directly interacted with RhoGDI1 in vitro and in vivo. Truncation mutagenesis revealed that aa 90-111 of RhoGDI1 are critical for interacting with PLK1. We also showed that PLK1 phosphorylated RhoGDI1 at Thr7 and Thr91, which induces cell motility. Overexpression of the GFP-tagged RhoGDI1 truncated mutant (aa 90-111) inhibited the interaction of PLK1 with RhoGDI1 and attenuated RhoA activation by PLK1. Furthermore, the overexpression of the RhoGDI1 truncated mutant reduced cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and suppressed lung metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of RhoGDI1 by PLK1 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion through RhoA activation. This study connects the interaction between PLK1 and RhoGDI1 to the promotion of cancer cell behavior associated with malignant progression, thereby providing opportunities for cancer therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Lim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Sep Hwang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Gleason N, Kowluru A. Hyperglycemic Stress Induces Expression, Degradation, and Nuclear Association of Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor 2 (RhoGDIβ) in Pancreatic β-Cells. Cells 2024; 13:272. [PMID: 38334664 PMCID: PMC10854874 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins (e.g., Rac1) play critical regulatory roles in islet β-cell function in health (physiological insulin secretion) and in metabolic stress (cell dysfunction and demise). Multiple regulatory factors for these G proteins, such as GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), have been implicated in the functional regulation of these G proteins. The current set of investigations is aimed at understanding impact of chronic hyperglycemic stress on the expression and subcellular distribution of three known isoforms of RhoGDIs (RhoGDIα, RhoGDIβ, and RhoGDIγ) in insulin-secreting β-cells. The data accrued in these studies revealed that the expression of RhoGDIβ, but not RhoGDIα or RhoGDIγ, is increased in INS-1 832/13 cells, rat islets, and human islets. Hyperglycemic stress also promoted the cleavage of RhoGDIβ, leading to its translocation to the nuclear compartment. We also report that RhoGDIα, but not RhoGDIγ, is associated with the nuclear compartment. However, unlike RhoGDIβ, hyperglycemic conditions exerted no effects on RhoGDIα's association with nuclear fraction. Based on these observations, and our earlier findings of the translocation of Rac1 to the nuclear compartment under the duress of metabolic stress, we conclude that the RhoGDIβ-Rac1 signaling module promotes signals from the cytosolic to the nucleus, culminating in accelerated β-cell dysfunction under metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Gleason
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Rahman M, Nguyen TM, Lee GJ, Kim B, Park MK, Lee CH. Unraveling the Role of Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2): Bridging Neuronal Dynamics and Cancer Pathogenesis through Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1489. [PMID: 38338768 PMCID: PMC10855792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb1 and Rheb2), small GTPases, play a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity and have gained attention for their implications in cancer development, particularly in breast cancer. This study delves into the intricate connection between the multifaceted functions of Rheb1 in neurons and cancer, with a specific focus on the mTOR pathway. It aims to elucidate Rheb1's involvement in pivotal cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, invasion, metastasis, and inflammatory responses while acknowledging that Rheb2 has not been extensively studied. Despite the recognized associations, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between Rheb1 and Rheb2 and their roles in both nerve and cancer remains elusive. This review consolidates current knowledge regarding the impact of Rheb1 on cancer hallmarks and explores the potential of Rheb1 as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. It emphasizes the necessity for a deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying Rheb1-mediated oncogenic processes, underscoring the existing gaps in our understanding. Additionally, the review highlights the exploration of Rheb1 inhibitors as a promising avenue for cancer therapy. By shedding light on the complicated roles between Rheb1/Rheb2 and cancer, this study provides valuable insights to the scientific community. These insights are instrumental in guiding the identification of novel targets and advancing the development of effective therapeutic strategies for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafizur Rahman
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Tuan Minh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Gi Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Boram Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Department of BioHealthcare, Hwasung Medi-Science University, Hwaseong-si 18274, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (G.J.L.)
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Abstract
Rho proteins are part of the Ras superfamily, which function to modulate cytoskeletal dynamics including cell adhesion and motility. Recently, an activating mutation in Cdc42, a Rho family GTPase, was found in a patient sample of melanoma. Previously, our work had shown the PI3K was important downstream of mutationally active Cdc42. Our present study sought to determine whether PI3K was a crucial downstream partner for Cdc42 in a melanoma cells line with a BRAF mutation, which is the most common mutation in cutaneous melanoma. In this work we were able to show that Cdc42 contributes to proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, cell motility and invasion. Treatment with a pan-PI3K inhibitor was able to effectively ameliorate all these cancer phenotypes. These data suggest that PI3K may be an important target downstream of Cdc42 in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Poku
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Felix Amissah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jamie K Alan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Zheng Y, Wang J, Ling Z, Zhang J, Zeng Y, Wang K, Zhang Y, Nong L, Sang L, Xu Y, Liu X, Li Y, Huang Y. A diagnostic model for sepsis-induced acute lung injury using a consensus machine learning approach and its therapeutic implications. J Transl Med 2023; 21:620. [PMID: 37700323 PMCID: PMC10498641 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of septic patients with acute lung injury (ALI) are recognized late due to the absence of an efficient diagnostic test, leading to the postponed treatments and consequently higher mortality. Identifying diagnostic biomarkers may improve screening to identify septic patients at high risk of ALI earlier and provide the potential effective therapeutic drugs. Machine learning represents a powerful approach for making sense of complex gene expression data to find robust ALI diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS The datasets were obtained from GEO and ArrayExpress databases. Following quality control and normalization, the datasets (GSE66890, GSE10474 and GSE32707) were merged as the training set, and four machine learning feature selection methods (Elastic net, SVM, random forest and XGBoost) were applied to construct the diagnostic model. The other datasets were considered as the validation sets. To further evaluate the performance and predictive value of diagnostic model, nomogram, Decision Curve Analysis (DCA) and Clinical Impact Curve (CIC) were constructed. Finally, the potential small molecular compounds interacting with selected features were explored from the CTD database. RESULTS The results of GSEA showed that immune response and metabolism might play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced ALI. Then, 52 genes were identified as putative biomarkers by consensus feature selection from all four methods. Among them, 5 genes (ARHGDIB, ALDH1A1, TACR3, TREM1 and PI3) were selected by all methods and used to predict ALI diagnosis with high accuracy. The external datasets (E-MTAB-5273 and E-MTAB-5274) demonstrated that the diagnostic model had great accuracy with AUC value of 0.725 and 0.833, respectively. In addition, the nomogram, DCA and CIC showed that the diagnostic model had great performance and predictive value. Finally, the small molecular compounds (Curcumin, Tretinoin, Acetaminophen, Estradiol and Dexamethasone) were screened as the potential therapeutic agents for sepsis-induced ALI. CONCLUSION This consensus of multiple machine learning algorithms identified 5 genes that were able to distinguish ALI from septic patients. The diagnostic model could identify septic patients at high risk of ALI, and provide potential therapeutic targets for sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong,, China
| | - Zhaoyi Ling
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lingbo Nong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ling Sang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yonghao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yongbo Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Chen S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Choi T, Zhao Y. Activation Mechanism of RhoA Caused by Constitutively Activating Mutations G14V and Q63L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415458. [PMID: 36555100 PMCID: PMC9778661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoA, a member of Rho GTPases, regulates myriad cellular processes. Abnormal expression of RhoA has been implicated in various diseases, including cancers, developmental disorders and bacterial infections. RhoA mutations G14V and Q63L have been reported to constitutively activate RhoA. To figure out the mechanisms, in total, 1.8 μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed here on RhoAWT and mutants G14V and Q63L in GTP-bound forms, followed by dynamic analysis. Both mutations were found to affect the conformational dynamics of RhoA switch regions, especially switch I, shifting the whole ensemble from the wild type's open inactive state to different active-like states, where T37 and Mg2+ played important roles. In RhoAG14V, both switches underwent thorough state transition, whereas in RhoAQ63L, only switch I was sustained in a much more closed conformation with additional hydrophobic interactions introduced by L63. Moreover, significantly decreased solvent exposure of the GTP-binding site was observed in both mutants with the surrounding hydrophobic regions expanded, which furnished access to water molecules required for hydrolysis more difficult and thereby impaired GTP hydrolysis. These structural and dynamic differences first suggested the potential activation mechanism of RhoAG14V and RhoAQ63L. Together, our findings complemented the understanding of RhoA activation at the atomic level and can be utilized in the development of novel therapies for RhoA-related diseases.
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Kowluru A, Gleason NF. Underappreciated roles for Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) in cell function: Lessons learned from the pancreatic islet β-cell. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114886. [PMID: 34968495 PMCID: PMC8858860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rho subfamily of G proteins (e.g., Rac1) have been implicated in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell. Interestingly, metabolic stress (e.g., chronic exposure to high glucose) results in sustained activation of Rac1 leading to increased oxidative stress, impaired insulin secretion and β-cell dysfunction. Activation-deactivation of Rho G proteins is mediated by three classes of regulatory proteins, namely the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which facilitate the conversion of inactive G proteins to their active conformations; the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which convert the active G proteins to their inactive forms); and the GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), which prevent the dissociation of GDP from G proteins. Contrary to a large number of GEFs (82 members) and GAPs (69 members), only three members of RhoGDIs (RhoGDIα, RhoGDIβ and RhoGDIγ) are expressed in mammalian cells.Even though relatively smaller in number, the GDIs appear to play essential roles in G protein function (e.g., subcellular targeting) for effector activation and cell regulation. Emerging evidence also suggests that the GDIs are functionally regulated via post-translational modification (e.g., phosphorylation) and by lipid second messengers, lipid kinases and lipid phosphatases. We highlight the underappreciated regulatory roles of RhoGDI-Rho G protein signalome in islet β-cell function in health and metabolic stress. Potential knowledge gaps in the field, and directions for future research for the identification of novel therapeutic targets to loss of functional β-cell mass under the duress of metabolic stress are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Jakopovic B, Oršolić N, Jakopovich I. Proteomic Research on the Antitumor Properties of Medicinal Mushrooms. Molecules 2021; 26:6708. [PMID: 34771120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are increasingly being recognized as an important therapeutic modality in complementary oncology. Until now, more than 800 mushroom species have been known to possess significant pharmacological properties, of which antitumor and immunomodulatory properties have been the most researched. Besides a number of medicinal mushroom preparations being used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, several isolates from mushrooms have been used as official antitumor drugs in clinical settings for several decades. Various proteomic approaches allow for the identification of a large number of differentially regulated proteins serendipitously, thereby providing an important platform for a discovery of new potential therapeutic targets and approaches as well as biomarkers of malignant disease. This review is focused on the current state of proteomic research into antitumor mechanisms of some of the most researched medicinal mushroom species, including Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Auricularia auricula, Agrocybe aegerita, Grifola frondosa, and Lentinus edodes, as whole body extracts or various isolates, as well as of complex extract mixtures.
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Novev JK, Heltberg ML, Jensen MH, Doostmohammadi A. Spatiotemporal model of cellular mechanotransduction via Rho and YAP. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:197-209. [PMID: 34278428 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
How cells sense and respond to mechanical stimuli remains an open question. Recent advances have identified the translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) between nucleus and cytoplasm as a central mechanism for sensing mechanical forces and regulating mechanotransduction. We formulate a spatiotemporal model of the mechanotransduction signalling pathway that includes coupling of YAP with the cell force-generation machinery through the Rho family of GTPases. Considering the active and inactive forms of a single Rho protein (GTP/GDP-bound) and of YAP (non-phosphorylated/phosphorylated), we study the cross-talk between cell polarization due to active Rho and YAP activation through its nuclear localization. For fixed mechanical stimuli, our model predicts stationary nuclear-to-cytoplasmic YAP ratios consistent with experimental data at varying adhesive cell area. We further predict damped and even sustained oscillations in the YAP nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio by accounting for recently reported positive and negative YAP-Rho feedback. Extending the framework to time-varying mechanical stimuli that simulate cyclic stretching and compression, we show that the YAP nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio's time dependence follows that of the cyclic mechanical stimulus. The model presents one of the first frameworks for understanding spatiotemporal YAP mechanotransduction, providing several predictions of possible YAP localization dynamics, and suggesting new directions for experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javor K Novev
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mathias L Heltberg
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Superieure, Rue Lhomond 15, Paris 07505, France
| | - Mogens H Jensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Lee JS, Lamarche-Vane N, Richard S. Microexon alternative splicing of small GTPase regulators: Implication in central nervous system diseases. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2021; 13:e1678. [PMID: 34155820 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microexons are small sized (≤51 bp) exons which undergo extensive alternative splicing in neurons, microglia, embryonic stem cells, and cancer cells, giving rise to cell type specific protein isoforms. Due to their small sizes, microexons provide a unique challenge for the splicing machinery. They frequently lack exon splicer enhancers/repressors and require specialized neighboring trans-regulatory and cis-regulatory elements bound by RNA binding proteins (RBPs) for their inclusion. The functional consequences of including microexons within mRNAs have been extensively documented in the central nervous system (CNS) and aberrations in their inclusion have been observed to lead to abnormal processes. Despite the increasing evidence for microexons impacting cellular physiology within CNS, mechanistic details illustrating their functional importance in diseases of the CNS is still limited. In this review, we discuss the unique characteristics of microexons, and how RBPs participate in regulating their inclusion and exclusion during splicing. We consider recent findings of microexon alternative splicing and their implication for regulating the function of small GTPases in the context of the microglia, and we extrapolate these findings to what is known in neurons. We further discuss the emerging evidence for dysregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway in CNS diseases and the consequences contributed by the mis-splicing of microexons. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-San Lee
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Cancer Research Program, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Richard
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Ahmed SBM, Darling NJ, Harris M, Mott HR, Owen D. A Complete Survey of RhoGDI Targets Reveals Novel Interactions with Atypical Small GTPases. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1533-1551. [PMID: 33913706 PMCID: PMC8253491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are three RhoGDIs in mammalian cells, which were initially defined as negative regulators of Rho family small GTPases. However, it is now accepted that RhoGDIs not only maintain small GTPases in their inactive GDP-bound form but also act as chaperones for small GTPases, targeting them to specific intracellular membranes and protecting them from degradation. Studies to date with RhoGDIs have usually focused on the interactions between the "typical" or "classical" small GTPases, such as the Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 subfamily members, and either the widely expressed RhoGDI-1 or the hematopoietic-specific RhoGDI-2. Less is known about the third member of the family, RhoGDI-3 and its interacting partners. RhoGDI-3 has a unique N-terminal extension and is found to localize in both the cytoplasm and the Golgi. RhoGDI-3 has been shown to target RhoB and RhoG to endomembranes. In order to facilitate a more thorough understanding of RhoGDI function, we undertook a systematic study to determine all possible Rho family small GTPases that interact with the RhoGDIs. RhoGDI-1 and RhoGDI-2 were found to have relatively restricted activity, mainly binding members of the Rho and Rac subfamilies. RhoGDI-3 displayed wider specificity, interacting with the members of Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 subfamilies but also forming complexes with "atypical" small Rho GTPases such as Wrch2/RhoV, Rnd2, Miro2, and RhoH. Levels of RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, Rac1, RhoH, and Wrch2/RhoV bound to GTP were found to decrease following coexpression with RhoGDI-3, confirming its role as a negative regulator of these small Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Helen R. Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Darerca Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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Glogowska A, Thanasupawat T, Beiko J, Pitz M, Hombach-Klonisch S, Klonisch T. Novel CTRP8-RXFP1-JAK3-STAT3 axis promotes Cdc42-dependent actin remodeling for enhanced filopodia formation and motility in human glioblastoma cells. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:368-387. [PMID: 33960104 PMCID: PMC8763656 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q tumor necrosis factor‐related peptide 8 (CTRP8) is the least studied member of the C1Q‐TNF‐related peptide family. We identified CTRP8 as a ligand of the G protein‐coupled receptor relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The CTRP8‐RXFP1 ligand–receptor system protects human GBM cells against the DNA‐alkylating damage‐inducing temozolomide (TMZ), the drug of choice for the treatment of patients with GBM. The DNA protective role of CTRP8 was dependent on a functional RXFP1‐STAT3 signaling cascade and targeted the monofunctional glycosylase N‐methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG) for more efficient base excision repair of TMZ‐induced DNA‐damaged sites. CTRP8 also improved the survival of GBM cells by upregulating anti‐apoptotic BCl‐2 and BCL‐XL. Here, we have identified Janus‐activated kinase 3 (JAK3) as a novel member of a novel CTRP8‐RXFP1‐JAK3‐STAT3 signaling cascade that caused an increase in cellular protein content and activity of the small Rho GTPase Cdc42. This is associated with significant F‐actin remodeling and increased GBM motility. Cdc42 was critically important for the upregulation of the actin nucleation complex N‐Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein/Arp3/4 and actin elongation factor profilin‐1. The activation of the RXFP1‐JAK3‐STAT3‐Cdc42 axis by both RXFP1 agonists, CTRP8 and relaxin‐2, caused extensive filopodia formation. This coincided with enhanced activity of ezrin, a key factor in tethering F‐actin to the plasma membrane, and inhibition of the actin filament severing activity of cofilin. The F‐actin remodeling and pro‐migratory activities promoted by the novel RXFP1‐JAK3‐STAT3‐Cdc42 axis were blocked by JAK3 inhibitor tofacitinib and STAT3 inhibitor STAT3 inhibitor VI. This provides a new rationale for the design of JAK3 and STAT3 inhibitors with better brain permeability for clinical treatment of the pervasive brain invasiveness of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Glogowska
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thatchawan Thanasupawat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jason Beiko
- Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marshall Pitz
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH), CancerCare Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH), CancerCare Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH), CancerCare Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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13
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Fragliasso V, Tameni A, Inghirami G, Mularoni V, Ciarrocchi A. Cytoskeleton Dynamics in Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas: An Intricate Network Sustaining Lymphomagenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643620. [PMID: 33928032 PMCID: PMC8076600 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in cytoskeleton functions support tumorigenesis fostering an aberrant proliferation and promoting inappropriate migratory and invasive features. The link between cytoskeleton and tumor features has been extensively investigated in solid tumors. However, the emerging genetic and molecular landscape of peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCL) has unveiled several alterations targeting structure and function of the cytoskeleton, highlighting its role in cell shape changes and the aberrant cell division of malignant T cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence about the role of cytoskeleton in PTCLs development and progression. We also discuss how aberrant signaling pathways, like JAK/STAT3, NPM-ALK, RhoGTPase, and Aurora Kinase, can contribute to lymphomagenesis by modifying the structure and the signaling properties of cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fragliasso
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tameni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Valentina Mularoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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14
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Blaustein M, Piegari E, Martínez Calejman C, Vila A, Amante A, Manese MV, Zeida A, Abrami L, Veggetti M, Guertin DA, van der Goot FG, Corvi MM, Colman-Lerner A. Akt Is S-Palmitoylated: A New Layer of Regulation for Akt. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626404. [PMID: 33659252 PMCID: PMC7917195 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Akt/PKB participates in a great variety of processes, including translation, cell proliferation and survival, as well as malignant transformation and viral infection. In the last few years, novel Akt posttranslational modifications have been found. However, how these modification patterns affect Akt subcellular localization, target specificity and, in general, function is not thoroughly understood. Here, we postulate and experimentally demonstrate by acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) assay and 3H-palmitate metabolic labeling that Akt is S-palmitoylated, a modification related to protein sorting throughout subcellular membranes. Mutating cysteine 344 into serine blocked Akt S-palmitoylation and diminished its phosphorylation at two key sites, T308 and T450. Particularly, we show that palmitoylation-deficient Akt increases its recruitment to cytoplasmic structures that colocalize with lysosomes, a process stimulated during autophagy. Finally, we found that cysteine 344 in Akt1 is important for proper its function, since Akt1-C344S was unable to support adipocyte cell differentiation in vitro. These results add an unexpected new layer to the already complex Akt molecular code, improving our understanding of cell decision-making mechanisms such as cell survival, differentiation and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Blaustein
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía Piegari
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Martínez Calejman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Antonella Vila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Amante
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Manese
- Laboratorio de bioquímica y biología celular de parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Ari Zeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Veggetti
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Lei Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - María Martha Corvi
- Laboratorio de bioquímica y biología celular de parásitos, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Colman-Lerner
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular (DFBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Chen S, Wu W, Li QH, Xie BM, Shen F, Du YP, Zong ZH, Wang LL, Wei XQ, Zhao Y. Circ-NOLC1 promotes epithelial ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and progression by binding ESRP1 and modulating CDK1 and RhoA expression. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 33483472 PMCID: PMC7822960 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in cancer tumorigenesis and progression, representing prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this case, we demonstrated the role of circ-NOLC1 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Our results have shown that Circ-NOLC1 expression was higher in EOC tissues than in normal tissues, and was positively associated with FIGO stage, differentiation. Among ovarian cancer cell lines, circ-NOLC1 expression was the highest in A2780, and lowest in CAOV3. Overexpression of circ-NOLC1 in CAOV3 cells increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability, whereas silencing of circ-NOLC1 in A2780 cells had the opposite effect: however, neither circ-NOLC1 downregulation nor overexpression influenced NOLC1 mRNA expression. In nude mice with subcutaneous tumors, circ-NOLC1 downregulation decreased tumor growth. Bioinformatic analysis and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation showed that circ-NOLC1 could bind to ESRP1. In addition, the overexpression of circ-NOLC1 significantly increased ESRP1, RhoA, and CDK1 protein and mRNA expression level; circ-NOLC1 downregulation had the opposite effects. The tumor-promoting effect of circ-NOLC1 was inhibited by knockdown of ESRP1, CDK1, or RhoA expression in circ-NOLC1-overexpressing cells, which might act by modulating RhoA and CDK1 expression. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Circ-NOLC1 might promote EOC tumorigenesis and development by binding ESRP1 and modulating CDK1 and RhoA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine/Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Wu Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Qian-Hui Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Bu-Min Xie
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Fan Shen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yu-Ping Du
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine/Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wei
- Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, CF14 4XY, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine/Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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16
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Saadeldin IM, Tukur HA, Aljumaah RS, Sindi RA. Rocking the Boat: The Decisive Roles of Rho Kinases During Oocyte, Blastocyst, and Stem Cell Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:616762. [PMID: 33505968 PMCID: PMC7829335 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.616762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rho-associated coiled-coil-containing proteins (ROCKs or rho kinase) are effectors of the small rho-GTPase rhoA, which acts as a signaling molecule to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, adhesion, polarity, cytokinesis, and survival. Owing to the multifunctionality of these kinases, an increasing number of studies focus on understanding the pleiotropic effects of the ROCK signaling pathway in the coordination and control of growth (proliferation, initiation, and progression), development (morphology and differentiation), and survival in many cell types. There is growing evidence that ROCKs actively phosphorylate several actin-binding proteins and intermediate filament proteins during oocyte cytokinesis, the preimplantation embryos as well as the stem cell development and differentiation. In this review, we focus on the participation of ROCK proteins in oocyte maturation, blastocyst formation, and stem cell development with a special focus on the selective targeting of ROCK isoforms, ROCK1, and ROCK2. The selective switching of cell fate through ROCK inhibition would provide a novel paradigm for in vitro oocyte maturation, experimental embryology, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hammed A Tukur
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh S Aljumaah
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramya A Sindi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Cho HJ, Ryu KJ, Baek KE, Lim J, Kim T, Song CY, Yoo J, Lee HG. Cullin 3/KCTD5 Promotes the Ubiqutination of Rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor 1 and Regulates Its Stability. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1488-1494. [PMID: 32876072 PMCID: PMC9728164 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI1) plays important roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell motility, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the activity of Rho GTPases. Its expression is altered in various human cancers and is associated with malignant progression. Here, we show that RhoGDI1 interacts with Cullin 3 (CUL3), a scaffold protein for E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Ectopic expression of CUL3 increases the ubiquitination of RhoGDI1. Furthermore, potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 5 (KCTD5) also binds to RhoGDI1 and increases its interaction with CUL3. Ectopic expression of KCTD5 increases the ubiquitination of RhoGDI1, whereas its knockdown by RNA interference has the opposite effect. Depletion of KCTD5 or expression of dominant-negative CUL3 (DN-CUL3) enhances the stability of RhoGDI1. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism for controlling RhoGDI1 degradation that involves a CUL3/KCTD5 ubiquitin ligase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jun Ryu
- Division of Applied Life Science, Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Eun Baek
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewon Lim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Yeong Song
- Division of Applied Life Science, Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea,J.Y. Phone: +82-55-772-1327 Fax: +82-55-772-2553 E-mail:
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors H.G.L. Phone: +82-42-860-4182 Fax: +82-42-860-4593 E-mail:
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18
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Jacobs B, Molenaar J, Deinum EE. Robust banded protoxylem pattern formation through microtubule-based directional ROP diffusion restriction. J Theor Biol 2020; 502:110351. [PMID: 32505828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In plant vascular tissue development, different cell wall patterns are formed, offering different mechanical properties optimised for different growth stages. Critical in these patterning processes are Rho of Plants (ROP) proteins, a class of evolutionarily conserved small GTPase proteins responsible for local membrane domain formation in many organisms. While te spotted metaxylem pattern can easily be understood as a result of a Turing-style reaction-diffusion mechanism, it remains an open question how the consistent orientation of evenly spaced bands and spirals as found in protoxylem is achieved. We hypothesise that this orientation results from an interaction between ROPs and an array of transversely oriented cortical microtubules that acts as a directional diffusion barrier. Here, we explore this hypothesis using partial differential equation models with anisotropic ROP diffusion and show that a horizontal microtubule array acting as a vertical diffusion barrier to active ROP can yield a horizontally banded ROP pattern. We then study the underlying mechanism in more detail, finding that it can only orient curved pattern features but not straight lines. This implies that, once formed, banded and spiral patterns cannot be reoriented by this mechanism. Finally, we observe that ROPs and microtubules together only form ultimately static patterns if the interaction is implemented with sufficient biological realism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Jacobs
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Molenaar
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva E Deinum
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Abstract
Pseudoenzymes are emerging as significant mediators and regulators of signal transduction. These proteins maintain enzyme folds and topologies, but are disrupted in the conserved motifs required for enzymatic activity. Among the pseudoenzymes, the pseudoGTPase group of atypical GTPases has recently expanded and includes the Rnd and RGK groups, RhoH and the RhoBTB proteins, mitochondrial RhoGTPase and centaurin-γ groups, CENP-M, dynein LIC, Entamoeba histolytica RabX3, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and the p190RhoGAP proteins. The wide range of cellular functions associated with pseudoGTPases includes cell migration and adhesion, membrane trafficking and cargo transport, mitosis, mitochondrial activity, transcriptional control, and autophagy, placing the group in an expanding portfolio of signaling pathways. In this review, we examine how the pseudoGTPases differ from canonical GTPases and consider their mechanistic and functional roles in signal transduction. We review the amino acid differences between the pseudoGTPases and discuss how these proteins can be classified based on their ability to bind nucleotide and their enzymatic activity. We discuss the molecular and structural consequences of amino acid divergence from canonical GTPases and use comparison with the well-studied pseudokinases to illustrate the classifications. PseudoGTPases are fast becoming recognized as important mechanistic components in a range of cellular roles, and we provide a concise discussion of the currently identified members of this group. ENZYMES: small GTPases; EC number: EC 3.6.5.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Stiegler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Titus J. Boggon
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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20
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Nicolaou O, Sokratous K, Makowska Z, Morell M, De Groof A, Montigny P, Hadjisavvas A, Michailidou K, Oulas A, Spyrou GM, Demetriou C, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Psarellis S, Kousios A, Lauwerys B, Kyriacou K. Proteomic analysis in lupus mice identifies Coronin-1A as a potential biomarker for lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:147. [PMID: 32552896 PMCID: PMC7301983 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 50% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients develop nephritis, which is among the most severe and frequent complications of the disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite intensive research, there are still no reliable lupus nephritis (LN) markers in clinical use that can assess renal damage and activity with a high sensitivity and specificity. To this end, the aim of this study was to identify new clinically relevant tissue-specific protein biomarkers and possible underlying molecular mechanisms associated with renal involvement in SLE, using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. METHODS Kidneys were harvested from female triple congenic B6.NZMsle1/sle2/sle3 lupus mice model, and the respective sex- and age-matched C57BL/6 control mice at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of age, representing pre-symptomatic, established and end-stage LN, respectively. Proteins were extracted from kidneys, purified, reduced, alkylated and digested by trypsin. Purified peptides were separated by liquid chromatography and analysed by high-resolution MS. Data were processed by the Progenesis QIp software, and functional annotation analysis was performed using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Immunofluorescence and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS methods were used to confirm prospective biomarkers in SLE mouse strains as well as human serum samples. RESULTS Proteomic profiling of kidney tissues from SLE and control mice resulted in the identification of more than 3800 unique proteins. Pathway analysis revealed a number of dysregulated molecular pathways that may be mechanistically involved in renal pathology, including phagosome and proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation pathways. Proteomic analysis supported by human transcriptomic data and pathway analysis revealed Coronin-1A, Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15, and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2, as potential LN biomarkers. These results were further validated in other SLE mouse strains using MRM-MS. Most importantly, experiments in humans showed that measurement of Coronin-1A in human sera using MRM-MS can segregate LN patients from SLE patients without nephritis with a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that serum Coronin-1A may serve as a promising non-invasive biomarker for LN and, upon validation in larger cohorts, may be employed in the future as a screening test for renal disease in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orthodoxia Nicolaou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleitos Sokratous
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Present Address: OMass Therapeutics, The Schrödinger Building, Heatley Road, The Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK
| | | | - María Morell
- Genomic Medicine Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Aurélie De Groof
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Montigny
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasis Oulas
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George M Spyrou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christiana Demetriou
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Genomic Medicine Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Immunology and Chronic Disease, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Savvas Psarellis
- Department of Rheumatology, Nicosia General Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kousios
- Renal and Transplant Centre Hammersmith Hospital Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Bernard Lauwerys
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Iroon Avenue 6, Agios Dometios, 2371, P.O. Box 23462 / 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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21
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Tebar F, Chavero A, Agell N, Lu A, Rentero C, Enrich C, Grewal T. Pleiotropic Roles of Calmodulin in the Regulation of KRas and Rac1 GTPases: Functional Diversity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3680. [PMID: 32456244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin is a ubiquitous signalling protein that controls many biological processes due to its capacity to interact and/or regulate a large number of cellular proteins and pathways, mostly in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This complex interactome of calmodulin can have pleiotropic molecular consequences, which over the years has made it often difficult to clearly define the contribution of calmodulin in the signal output of specific pathways and overall biological response. Most relevant for this review, the ability of calmodulin to influence the spatiotemporal signalling of several small GTPases, in particular KRas and Rac1, can modulate fundamental biological outcomes such as proliferation and migration. First, direct interaction of calmodulin with these GTPases can alter their subcellular localization and activation state, induce post-translational modifications as well as their ability to interact with effectors. Second, through interaction with a set of calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBPs), calmodulin can control the capacity of several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) to promote the switch of inactive KRas and Rac1 to an active conformation. Moreover, Rac1 is also an effector of KRas and both proteins are interconnected as highlighted by the requirement for Rac1 activation in KRas-driven tumourigenesis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the multiple layers how calmodulin can regulate KRas and Rac1 GTPases in a variety of cellular events, with biological consequences and potential for therapeutic opportunities in disease settings, such as cancer.
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Kardol-Hoefnagel T, van Logtestijn SALM, Otten HG. A Review on the Function and Regulation of ARHGDIB/RhoGDI2 Expression Including the Hypothetical Role of ARHGDIB/RhoGDI2 Autoantibodies in Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e548. [PMID: 32548242 DOI: 10.1097/TXD.0000000000000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenging and still unsolved problems in kidney transplantation are risk stratification and the treatment of humoral rejection. Antibody-mediated rejection is an important cause of early and chronic rejection. The impact of donor-specific HLA antibodies on antibody-mediated rejection–causing graft damage is well known, but the clinical relevance of non-HLA antibodies remains unclear. Recently, in 2 independent studies, a new correlation was found between the presence of non-HLA anti-Rho guanosine diphosphate dissociation inhibitor 2 (ARHGDIB) antibodies and increased graft failure. RhoGDI2, another name for ARHGDIB, is a negative regulator of the Rho guanosine triphosphate (RhoGTP)ases RhoA, Rac1m, and Cdc42, whose main function is regulating the actin network in a variety of cells. RhoGDI2 is mainly expressed intracellularly, and some expression is observed on the cell surface. Currently, there is no mechanism known to explain this correlation. Additionally, the reason why the antibodies are produced is unknown. In this review, we will address these questions, provide an overview of other diseases in which these antibodies are prevalent, and describe the physiological role of RhoGDI2 itself. If the mechanism and impact of RhoGDI2 antibodies in kidney graft failure are known, improved risk stratification can be provided to decrease the rate of donor kidney graft failure.
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23
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Abstract
Glucose-induced (physiological) insulin secretion from the islet β-cell involves interplay between cationic (i.e., changes in intracellular calcium) and metabolic (i.e., generation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic second messengers) events. A large body of evidence affirms support for novel regulation, by G proteins, of specific intracellular signaling events, including actin cytoskeletal remodeling, transport of insulin-containing granules to the plasma membrane for fusion, and secretion of insulin into the circulation. This article highlights the following aspects of GPCR-G protein biology of the islet. First, it overviews our current understanding of the identity of a wide variety of G protein regulators and their modulatory roles in GPCR-G protein-effector coupling, which is requisite for optimal β-cell function under physiological conditions. Second, it describes evidence in support of novel, noncanonical, GPCR-independent mechanisms of activation of G proteins in the islet. Third, it highlights the evidence indicating that abnormalities in G protein function lead to islet β-cell dysregulation and demise under the duress of metabolic stress and diabetes. Fourth, it summarizes observations of potential beneficial effects of GPCR agonists in preventing/halting metabolic defects in the islet β-cell under various pathological conditions (e.g., metabolic stress and inflammation). Lastly, it identifies knowledge gaps and potential avenues for future research in this evolving field of translational islet biology. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:453-490, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Diabetes, Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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24
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Saewu A, Kongmanas K, Raghupathy R, Netherton J, Kadunganattil S, Linton JJ, Chaisuriyong W, Faull KF, Baker MA, Tanphaichitr N. Primary Sertoli Cell Cultures From Adult Mice Have Different Properties Compared With Those Derived From 20-Day-Old Animals. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqz020. [PMID: 31730175 PMCID: PMC7188083 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of Sertoli cells isolated from 20-day-old mice are widely used in research as substitutes for adult Sertoli cell cultures. This practice is based on the fact that Sertoli cells cease to proliferate and become mature in vivo by 16 to 20 days after birth. However, it is important to verify whether cultured Sertoli cells derived from 20-day-old mice do not proliferate ex vivo and whether they have the same properties as cultured adult Sertoli cells. Herein we described an isolation/culture method of Sertoli cells from 10-week-old adult mice with > 90% purity. Properties of these cultured adult Sertoli cells were then compared with those of cultured Sertoli cells derived from 20-day-old mice (also > 90% purity). By cell counting, bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation, and metaphase plate detection, we demonstrated that only adult Sertoli cells did not proliferate throughout 12 culture days. In contrast, Sertoli cells derived from 20-day-old mice still proliferated until Day 10 in culture. The morphology and profiles of intracellular lipidomics and spent medium proteomics of the 2 cultures were also different. Cultured adult Sertoli cells were larger in size and contained higher levels of triacylglycerols, cholesteryl esters, and seminolipid, and the proteins in their spent medium were mainly engaged in cellular metabolism. In contrast, proteins involved in cell division, including anti-Mullerian hormone, cell division cycle protein 42 (CDC42), and collagen isoforms, were at higher levels in Sertoli cell cultures derived from 20-day-old mice. Therefore, cultured Sertoli cells derived from 10-week-old mice, rather than those from 20-day-old animals, should be used for studies on properties of adult Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpornrad Saewu
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kessiri Kongmanas
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Riya Raghupathy
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob Netherton
- Department of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suraj Kadunganattil
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James-Jules Linton
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark A Baker
- Department of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nongnuj Tanphaichitr
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Gallardo M, Kemmerling U, Aguayo F, Bleak TC, Muñoz JP, Calaf GM. Curcumin rescues breast cells from epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and invasion induced by anti‑miR‑34a. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:480-493. [PMID: 31894298 PMCID: PMC6959390 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women worldwide and it is characterized by a high morbidity. Curcumin is a naturally occurring compound derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa and is known to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Emerging evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) function as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes to control invasion and migration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of curcumin on genes implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to examine the involvement of Rho-A in the migration and invasion of MCF-10F and MDA-MB-231 breast cell lines. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of curcumin on Rho-A and on genes involved in EMT, such as Axl, Slug and CD24 in order to determine whether the compound is able to prevent migration and invasion by targeting miRNAs as a regulator of such genes. Specifically, we focused on miR-34a which acts as a tumor suppressor gene in human breast cell lines. The present study demonstrated that the Axl, Slug and CD24 genes were implicated in EMT, and Rho-A was also involved in the migration and invasion of MCF-10F and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Curcumin also acted upon the miRNA as a regulator of genes implicated in EMT and upon Rho-A as well, affecting the migration and invasion of the cells. This occurred independently of their estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors in the non-malignant MCF-10F and malignant MDA-MB-231 breast cell lines, which are both negative for such receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Gallardo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1001236, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1001236, Chile
| | - Tammy C Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1001236, Chile
| | - Juan P Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1001236, Chile
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1001236, Chile
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26
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Ablondi M, Viklund Å, Lindgren G, Eriksson S, Mikko S. Signatures of selection in the genome of Swedish warmblood horses selected for sport performance. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:717. [PMID: 31533613 PMCID: PMC6751828 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A growing demand for improved physical skills and mental attitude in modern sport horses has led to strong selection for performance in many warmblood studbooks. The aim of this study was to detect genomic regions with low diversity, and therefore potentially under selection, in Swedish Warmblood horses (SWB) by analysing high-density SNP data. To investigate if such signatures could be the result of selection for equestrian sport performance, we compared our SWB SNP data with those from Exmoor ponies, a horse breed not selected for sport performance traits. Results The genomic scan for homozygous regions identified long runs of homozygosity (ROH) shared by more than 85% of the genotyped SWB individuals. Such ROH were located on ECA4, ECA6, ECA7, ECA10 and ECA17. Long ROH were instead distributed evenly across the genome of Exmoor ponies in 77% of the chromosomes. Two population differentiation tests (FST and XP-EHH) revealed signatures of selection on ECA1, ECA4, and ECA6 in SWB horses. Conclusions Genes related to behaviour, physical abilities and fertility, appear to be targets of selection in the SWB breed. This study provides a genome-wide map of selection signatures in SWB horses, and ground for further functional studies to unravel the biological mechanisms behind complex traits in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ablondi
- Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Åsa Viklund
- Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Lindgren
- Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, KU, Belgium
| | - Susanne Eriksson
- Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mikko
- Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7023, S-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Cho HJ, Kim JT, Baek KE, Kim BY, Lee HG. Regulation of Rho GTPases by RhoGDIs in Human Cancers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091037. [PMID: 31492019 PMCID: PMC6769525 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) play important roles in various cellular processes, including cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation, by regulating the functions of the Rho GTPase family. Dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs is necessary for their spatiotemporal activation and is dynamically regulated by several mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, sumoylation, and protein interaction. The expression of RhoGDIs has changed in many human cancers and become associated with the malignant phenotype, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer agents. Here, we review how RhoGDIs control the function of Rho GTPases by regulating their spatiotemporal activity and describe the regulatory mechanisms of the dissociation of Rho GTPases from RhoGDIs. We also discuss the role of RhoGDIs in cancer progression and their potential uses for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Eun Baek
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Cancer Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea.
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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28
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Thomas P, Pranatharthi A, Ross C, Srivastava S. RhoC: a fascinating journey from a cytoskeletal organizer to a Cancer stem cell therapeutic target. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:328. [PMID: 31340863 PMCID: PMC6651989 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity results in differential response to therapy due to the existence of plastic tumor cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit the property of resistance to therapy, invasion and metastasis. These cells have a distinct, signaling network active at every stage of progression. It is difficult to envisage that the CSCs will have a unique set of signaling pathways regulating every stage of disease progression. Rather, it would be easier to believe that a single pivotal pathway having significant contribution at every stage, which can further turn on a battery of signaling mechanisms specific to that stage, would be instrumental in regulating the signaling network, enabling easy transition from one state to another. In this context, we discuss the role of RhoC which has contributed to several phenotypes during tumor progression. RhoC (Ras homolog gene family member C) has been widely reported to regulate actin organization. It has been shown to impact the motility of cancer cells, resultantly affecting invasion and metastasis, and has contributed to carcinoma progression of the breast, pancreas, lung, ovaries and cervix, among several others. The most interesting finding has been its indispensable role in metastasis. Also, it has the ability to modulate various other phenotypes like angiogenesis, motility, invasion, metastasis, and anoikis resistance. These observations suggest that RhoC imparts the plasticity required by tumor cells to exhibit such diverse functions based on microenvironmental cues. This was further confirmed by recent reports which show that it regulates cancer stem cells in breast, ovary and head and neck cancers. Studies also suggest that the inhibition of RhoC results in abolition of advanced tumor phenotypes. Our review throws light on how RhoC, which is capable of modulating various phenotypes may be the apt core signaling candidate regulating disease progression. Additionally, mice studies show that RhoC is not essential for embryogenesis, giving scope for its development as a possible therapeutic target. This review thus stresses on the need to understand the protein and its functioning in greater detail to enable its development as a stem cell marker and a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavana Thomas
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), Bangalore, 560034, India.,School of Integrative Health Sciences, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Annapurna Pranatharthi
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS), Bangalore, 560041, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, 560065, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Cecil Ross
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Sweta Srivastava
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India.
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29
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Abstract
Small GTPases (e.g., Rac1) play key roles in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in the β-cell. We investigated regulation by RhoGDIβ of glucose-induced activation of Rac1 and insulin secretion. RhoGDIβ is expressed in INS-1 832/13 cells, rodent and human islets. siRNA-mediated knockdown of RhoGDIβ in INS-1 832/13 cells significantly attenuated glucose-induced Rac1 activation without affecting its translocation and membrane association. Further, suppression of RhoGDIβ expression exerted minimal effects on GSIS at the height of inhibition of Rac1 activation, suggesting divergent effects of RhoGDIβ on Rac1 activation and insulin secretion in the glucose-stimulated β-cell. We provide the first evidence for the expression of RhoGDIβ in rodent and human β-cells, and its differential regulatory roles of this protein in G protein activation and GSIS. Abbreviations: Arf6: ADP ribosylation factor; Cdc42: Cell Division Cycle; GAP: GTPase-activating protein; GDI: GDP dissociation inhibitor; GDIα: GDP dissociation inhibitorα; GDIβ: GDP dissociation inhibitorβ; GEF: Guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GSIS: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; Rac1: Ras-Related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Thamilselvan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, USA
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Diabetes, Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center , Detroit, MI, USA
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30
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Møller LLV, Klip A, Sylow L. Rho GTPases-Emerging Regulators of Glucose Homeostasis and Metabolic Health. Cells 2019; 8:E434. [PMID: 31075957 PMCID: PMC6562660 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are key regulators in a number of cellular functions, including actin cytoskeleton remodeling and vesicle traffic. Traditionally, Rho GTPases are studied because of their function in cell migration and cancer, while their roles in metabolism are less documented. However, emerging evidence implicates Rho GTPases as regulators of processes of crucial importance for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Thus, the time is now ripe for reviewing Rho GTPases in the context of metabolic health. Rho GTPase-mediated key processes include the release of insulin from pancreatic β cells, glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and muscle mass regulation. Through the current review, we cast light on the important roles of Rho GTPases in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the pancreas and discuss the proposed mechanisms by which Rho GTPases act to regulate glucose metabolism in health and disease. We also describe challenges and goals for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Liliendal Valbjørn Møller
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark.
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Oe, Denmark.
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31
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Abstract
Many biological processes have to occur at specific locations on the cell membrane. These locations are often specified by the localised activity of small GTPase proteins. Some processes require the formation of a single cluster of active GTPase, also called unipolar polarisation (here “polarisation”), whereas others need multiple coexisting clusters. Moreover, sometimes the pattern of GTPase clusters is dynamically regulated after its formation. This raises the question how the same interacting protein components can produce such a rich variety of naturally occurring patterns. Most currently used models for GTPase-based patterning inherently yield polarisation. Such models may at best yield transient coexistence of at most a few clusters, and hence fail to explain several important biological phenomena. These existing models are all based on mass conservation of total GTPase and some form of direct or indirect positive feedback. Here, we show that either of two biologically plausible modifications can yield stable coexistence: including explicit GTPase turnover, i.e., breaking mass conservation, or negative feedback by activation of an inhibitor like a GAP. Since we start from two different polarising models our findings seem independent of the precise self-activation mechanism. By studying the net GTPase flows among clusters, we provide insight into how these mechanisms operate. Our coexistence models also allow for dynamical regulation of the final pattern, which we illustrate with examples of pollen tube growth and the branching of fungal hyphae. Together, these results provide a better understanding of how cells can tune a single system to generate a wide variety of biologically relevant patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Jacobs
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Molenaar
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva E Deinum
- Biometris, Department for Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Bernardi L, Pinto AFM, Mendes E, Yates JR, Lamers ML. Lonomia obliqua bristle extract modulates Rac1 activation, membrane dynamics and cell adhesion properties. Toxicon 2019; 162:32-39. [PMID: 30849455 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lonomia obliqua is a caterpillar of potential therapeutic interest whose venom is able to induce severe blood leakage and modulate leukocyte migration. Since both phenotypes are associated with changes in cytoskeleton dynamics and cell adhesion properties, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Lonomia obliqua bristle extract (LOBE) in cell adhesion and migration signaling. Proteomic analysis revealed that epithelial cells (CHO-K1) exposed to LOBE (30 μg/mL, 30 min) exhibited changes in levels of actin regulatory proteins, including RhoGTPases. These changes correlated with an increase in the activity of the RhoGTPase family member Rac as measured by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). When plated in migration promoting conditions, CHO-K1 cells exposed to LOBE (10 μg/mL) showed an increase in membrane ruffling after short (30 min) period of incubation that was accompanied by changes in the distribution of the adhesion markers paxillin, vinculin and an increase of focal adhesion kinase autophosphorylation levels (Y397), suggesting changes in cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion properties and signaling. These data suggest that LOBE possesses bioactive molecules that are capable to modulated cell migration signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics and cell-ECM properties of several cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernardi
- Basic Research Center, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande of Sul, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Peptide Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
| | - E Mendes
- Basic Research Center, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande of Sul, Brazil
| | - J R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, USA
| | - M L Lamers
- Basic Research Center, Dentistry School, Federal University of Rio Grande of Sul, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Abstract
The International Diabetes Federation predicts that by 2045 the number of individuals afflicted with diabetes will increase to 629 million. Furthermore, ∼352 million individuals with impaired glucose tolerance are at increased risk for developing diabetes. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the onset of metabolic dysfunction and demise of the islet β-cell leading to the pathogenesis of diabetes. It is widely accepted that the onset of type 2 diabetes is due to an intricate interplay between genetic expression of the disease and a multitude of factors including increased oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress consequential to glucolipotoxicity and inflammation. Compelling experimental evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies implicates intracellular generation of ceramide (CER), a biologically-active sphingolipid, as a trigger in the onset of β-cell demise under above pathological conditions. Recent pharmacological and molecular biological evidence affirms regulatory roles for Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a small G protein, in the islet β-cell function in health and diabetes. In this Commentary, we overviewed the emerging evidence implicating potential cross-talk between Rac1 and ceramide signaling pathways in the onset of metabolic dysregulation of the islet β-cell culminating in impaired physiological insulin secretion, loss of β-cell mass and the onset of diabetes. Further, we propose a model depicting contributory roles of defective protein lipidation (prenylation) pathway in the induction of metabolic defects in the β-cell under metabolic stress conditions. Potential avenues for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for the prevention/treatment of diabetes and its associated complications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Biomedical Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
The endocytic compartment is not only the functional continuity of the plasma membrane but consists of a diverse collection of intracellular heterogeneous complex structures that transport, amplify, sustain, and/or sort signaling molecules. Over the years, it has become evident that early, late, and recycling endosomes represent an interconnected vesicular-tubular network able to form signaling platforms that dynamically and efficiently translate extracellular signals into biological outcome. Cell activation, differentiation, migration, death, and survival are some of the endpoints of endosomal signaling. Hence, to understand the role of the endosomal system in signal transduction in space and time, it is therefore necessary to dissect and identify the plethora of decoders that are operational in the different steps along the endocytic pathway. In this chapter, we focus on the regulation of spatiotemporal signaling in cells, considering endosomes as central platforms, in which several small GTPases proteins of the Ras superfamily, in particular Ras and Rac1, actively participate to control cellular processes like proliferation and cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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López-Posadas R, Stürzl M, Atreya I, Neurath MF, Britzen-Laurent N. Interplay of GTPases and Cytoskeleton in Cellular Barrier Defects during Gut Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1240. [PMID: 29051760 PMCID: PMC5633683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential role of the intestine is to build and maintain a barrier preventing the luminal gut microbiota from invading the host. This involves two coordinated physical and immunological barriers formed by single layers of intestinal epithelial and endothelial cells, which avoid the activation of local immune responses or the systemic dissemination of microbial agents, and preserve tissue homeostasis. Accordingly, alterations of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions have been associated with gut inflammation, for example during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The discriminative control of nutriment uptake and sealing toward potentially pathological microorganisms requires a profound regulation of para- and transcellular permeability. On the subcellular level, the cytoskeleton exerts key regulatory functions in the maintenance of cellular barriers. Increased epithelial/endothelial permeability occurs primarily as a result of a reorganization of cytoskeletal–junctional complexes. Pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines can induce cytoskeletal rearrangements, causing inflammation-dependent defects in gut barrier function. In this context, small GTPases of the Rho family and large GTPases from the Dynamin superfamily appear as major cellular switches regulating the interaction between intercellular junctions and actomyosin complexes, and in turn cytoskeleton plasticity. Strikingly, some of these proteins, such as RhoA or guanylate-binding protein-1 (GBP-1) have been associated with gut inflammation and IBD. In this review, we will summarize the role of small and large GTPases for cytoskeleton plasticity and epithelial/endothelial barrier in the context of gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imke Atreya
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Li J, Miao L, Zhao C, Shaikh Qureshi WM, Shieh D, Guo H, Lu Y, Hu S, Huang A, Zhang L, Cai CL, Wan LQ, Xin H, Vincent P, Singer HA, Zheng Y, Cleaver O, Fan ZC, Wu M. CDC42 is required for epicardial and pro-epicardial development by mediating FGF receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane. Development 2017; 144:1635-1647. [PMID: 28465335 PMCID: PMC5450847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The epicardium contributes to multiple cardiac lineages and is essential for cardiac development and regeneration. However, the mechanism of epicardium formation is unclear. This study aimed to establish the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the dissociation of pro-epicardial cells (PECs) from the pro-epicardium (PE) and their subsequent translocation to the heart to form the epicardium. We used lineage tracing, conditional deletion, mosaic analysis and ligand stimulation in mice to determine that both villous protrusions and floating cysts contribute to PEC translocation to myocardium in a CDC42-dependent manner. We resolved a controversy by demonstrating that physical contact of the PE with the myocardium constitutes a third mechanism for PEC translocation to myocardium, and observed a fourth mechanism in which PECs migrate along the surface of the inflow tract to reach the ventricles. Epicardial-specific Cdc42 deletion disrupted epicardium formation, and Cdc42 null PECs proliferated less, lost polarity and failed to form villous protrusions and floating cysts. FGF signaling promotes epicardium formation in vivo, and biochemical studies demonstrated that CDC42 is involved in the trafficking of FGF receptors to the cell membrane to regulate epicardium formation. Highlighted article: During epicardial formation in mice, four different mechanisms of pro-epicardial cell translocation to the myocardium can be identified, with CDC42 playing a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lianjie Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | - David Shieh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Saiyang Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th street, Biotech 2147, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hongbo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Peter Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhen-Chuan Fan
- International Collaborative Research Center for Health Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Lai MC, Zhu QQ, Owusu-Ansah KG, Zhu YB, Yang Z, Xie HY, Zhou L, Wu LM, Zheng SS. Prognostic value of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1395-1402. [PMID: 28789355 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) are pivotal regulators of Rho GTPases, which are essential for tumor progression, yet their role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to assess the role of RhoGDIs in the invasiveness and migration of liver cancer, and to determine their clinical prognostic significances in HCC following liver transplantation (LT). In the present study, the expression of RhoGDIs was assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by western-blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Their prognostic values were also analyzed, and determined in patients treated with LT. In addition, the functions of RhoGDIs in liver cancer cell line were studied in vitro. As a result, the downregulation of RhoGDI1 and RhoGDI2 at mRNA and protein levels were detected in HCC when compared with that of adjacent noncancerous tissues (P<0.05). However, the level of RhoGDI3 was identified to be similar in tumor and para-carcinoma tissues. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that patients with lower expression of RhoGDI1 or RhoGDI2 exhibited significantly increased risk of tumor recurrence following LT (P=0.007 and P=0.006, respectively). Cox proportional hazards model analysis revealed that the decreased expression level of RhoGDI2 was an unfavorable independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 3.306; P=0.001). In vitro studies involving the silencing of RhoGDI1 or RhoGDI2 demonstrated a significant increase in the migratory and invasive ability of tumor cells upon the silencing of these genes. Results from the present study indicate that RhoGDI dysregulation is a frequent event in human HCC, and that it promotes cancer progression by stimulating cell migration and invasion. RhoGDI2 may be a prognostic biomarker for patients with HCC following LT, and act as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Lai
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Kwabena-Gyabaah Owusu-Ansah
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Bo Zhu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ming Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Marei H, Malliri A. Rac1 in human diseases: The therapeutic potential of targeting Rac1 signaling regulatory mechanisms. Small GTPases 2017; 8:139-163. [PMID: 27442895 PMCID: PMC5584733 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1211398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Rac1 signaling is linked to a number of debilitating human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. As such, Rac1 represents an attractive therapeutic target, yet the search for effective Rac1 inhibitors is still underway. Given the adverse effects associated with Rac1 signaling perturbation, cells have evolved several mechanisms to ensure the tight regulation of Rac1 signaling. Thus, characterizing these mechanisms can provide invaluable information regarding major cellular events that lead to aberrant Rac1 signaling. Importantly, this information can be utilized to further facilitate the development of effective pharmacological modulators that can restore normal Rac1 signaling. In this review, we focus on the pathological role of Rac1 signaling, highlighting the benefits and potential drawbacks of targeting Rac1 in a clinical setting. Additionally, we provide an overview of available compounds that target key Rac1 regulatory mechanisms and discuss future therapeutic avenues arising from our understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadir Marei
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Angeliki Malliri
- Cell Signaling Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, but little progress has been achieved in the treatment of advanced or metastatic GC. GC is highly heterogeneous and more studies are needed to elucidate the metastatic mechanisms. Epithelial cell transforming 2 (ECT2) has been reported to be up-regulated in GC tissues, but its signaling mechanisms remain unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, we used Western blot analysis to compare the expression level of ECT2 in 2 GC cell lines: MKN1 and MKN45. Mutagenesis and transfections were conducted to investigate the oncogenic mechanisms of ECT2 in GC cells. RESULTS ECT2 was expressed at higher levels in MKN1 than in MKN45. Immunoblotting results showed that MKN1 expression was suppressed by p53-WT but was enhanced by p53-mutant. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that ECT2 positively regulated the proliferation and invasion of GC cells. To better explore the mechanisms of ECT2 in promoting GC progression, we introduced site-directed mutants of ECT2, and found that the phosphor-mimic mutant T359D enhanced its oncogenic activity. In contrast, activation of RhoA was inhibited in cells transfected with ECT2 phosphor-deficient mutant T359A. We found that the epithelial cell biomarker E-cadherin was down-regulated by ECT2-T359D, highlighting the role of phosphorylation in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified p53 as a novel up-stream signaling molecule of ECT2 in GC cells, and the post-translational modifications of ECT2 play important roles in regulating cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Lee JY, Lee LJ, Fan CC, Chang HC, Shih HA, Min MY, Chang MS. Important roles of Vilse in dendritic architecture and synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45646. [PMID: 28368047 DOI: 10.1038/srep45646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vilse/Arhgap39 is a Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) and utilizes its WW domain to regulate Rac/Cdc42-dependent morphogenesis in Drosophila and murine hippocampal neurons. However, the function of Vilse in mammalian dendrite architecture and synaptic plasticity remained unclear. In the present study, we aimed to explore the possible role of Vilse in dendritic structure and synaptic function in the brain. Homozygous knockout of Vilse resulted in premature embryonic lethality in mice. Changes in dendritic complexity and spine density were noticed in hippocampal neurons of Camk2a-Cre mediated forebrain-specific Vilse knockout (VilseΔ/Δ) mice. VilseΔ/Δ mice displayed impaired spatial memory in water maze and Y-maze tests. Electrical stimulation in hippocampal CA1 region revealed that the synaptic transmission and plasticity were defected in VilseΔ/Δ mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Vilse is essential for embryonic development and required for spatial memory.
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41
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Huang GH, Sun ZL, Li HJ, Feng DF. Rho GTPase-activating proteins: Regulators of Rho GTPase activity in neuronal development and CNS diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 80:18-31. [PMID: 28163190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of small GTPases was considered as molecular switches in regulating multiple cellular events, including cytoskeleton reorganization. The Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs) are one of the major families of Rho GTPase regulators. RhoGAPs were initially considered negative mediators of Rho signaling pathways via their GAP domain. Recent studies have demonstrated that RhoGAPs also regulate numerous aspects of neuronal development and are related to various neurodegenerative diseases in GAP-dependent and GAP-independent manners. Moreover, RhoGAPs are regulated through various mechanisms, such as phosphorylation. To date, approximately 70 RhoGAPs have been identified; however, only a small portion has been thoroughly investigated. Thus, the characterization of important RhoGAPs in the central nervous system is crucial to understand their spatiotemporal role during different stages of neuronal development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of RhoGAPs in the brain with an emphasis on their molecular function, regulation mechanism and disease implications in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China; Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China.
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42
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Quispe-Soto ET, Calaf GM. Effect of curcumin and paclitaxel on breast carcinogenesis. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2569-2577. [PMID: 27779649 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Global cancer burden increased to 14.1 million new cases in 2012; and breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7 million new cases diagnosed in 2012. Curcumin is the major bioactive ingredient extracted from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa (turmeric). Paclitaxel is a microtubule-stabilizing agent originally isolated from the bark of Taxus brevifolia. Curcumin and paclitaxel were evaluated with two human breast cancer cell lines as the luminal MCF-7 and the basal-like MDA-MB-231 that are either positive or negative for hormonal receptors estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2, respectively. Results indicated that curcumin combined with paclitaxel decreased c-Ha-Ras, Rho-A, p53 and Bcl-xL gene expression in comparison to control and substances alone in MCF-7 cell line. These two substances alone and combined decreased gene expression of Bcl-2 and NF-κB. However, CCND1 increased when both substances were combined in MCF-7 cells. Such substances decreased Bcl-2 and increased Bax protein expression. However, curcumin alone decreased IκBα and Stat-3 gene expression. Paclitaxel alone and combined increased IκBα and Stat-3. Curcumin alone and combined with paclitaxel increased p53, Bid, caspase-3, caspase-8 and Bax gene expression in MDA-MB-231, whereas Bcl-xL decreased such expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. When paclitaxel and curcumin were combined the expression of Bcl-2 protein was decreased. However, either substance alone and combined increased Bax protein expression corroborating the apoptotic effect of these substances. It can be concluded that curcumin may be of considerable value in synergistic therapy of breast cancer reducing the associated toxicity with use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 8097877, Chile
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Wu T, Feng JJ. Modeling the Mechanosensitivity of Neutrophils Passing through a Narrow Channel. Biophys J 2015; 109:2235-45. [PMID: 26636935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments have found that neutrophils may be activated after passing through microfluidic channels and filters. Mechanical deformation causes disassembly of the cytoskeleton and a sudden drop of the elastic modulus of the neutrophil. This fluidization is followed by either activation of the neutrophil with protrusion of pseudopods or a uniform recovery of the cytoskeleton network with no pseudopod. The former occurs if the neutrophil traverses the narrow channel at a slower rate. We propose a chemo-mechanical model for the fluidization and activation processes. Fluidization is treated as mechanical destruction of the cytoskeleton by sufficiently rapid bending. Loss of the cytoskeleton removes a pathway by which cortical tension inhibits the Rac protein. As a result, Rac rises and polarizes through a wave-pinning mechanism if the chemical reaction rate is fast enough. This leads to recovery and reinforcement of the cytoskeleton at the front of the neutrophil, and hence protrusion and activation. Otherwise the Rac signal returns to a uniform pre-deformation state and no activation occurs. Thus, mechanically induced neutrophil activation is understood as the competition between two timescales: that of chemical reaction and that of mechanical deformation. The model captures the main features of the experimental observation.
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44
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López-Posadas R, Neurath MF, Atreya I. Molecular pathways driving disease-specific alterations of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:803-826. [PMID: 27624395 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fact that chronic inflammation as well as tumorigenesis in the gut is crucially impacted by the fate of intestinal epithelial cells, our article provides a comprehensive overview of the composition, function, regulation and homeostasis of the gut epithelium. In particular, we focus on those aspects which were found to be altered in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer and also discuss potential molecular targets for a disease-specific therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Pranatharthi A, Ross C, Srivastava S. Cancer Stem Cells and Radioresistance: Rho/ROCK Pathway Plea Attention. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5785786. [PMID: 27597870 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5785786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is the most potent mode of cancer therapy; however, resistance to radiation therapy results in tumor relapse and subsequent fatality. The cancer stem cell (CSC), which has better DNA repair capability, has been shown to contribute to tumor resistance and is an important target for treatment. Signaling molecules such as Notch, Wnt, and DNA repair pathways regulate molecular mechanisms in CSCs; however, none of them have been translated into therapeutic targets. The RhoGTPases and their effector ROCK-signaling pathway, though important for tumor progression, have not been well studied in the context of radioresistance. There are reports that implicate RhoA in radioresistance. ROCK2 has also been shown to interact with BRCA2 in the regulation of cell division. Incidentally, statins (drug for cardiovascular ailment) are functional inhibitors of RhoGTPases. Studies suggest that patients on statins have a better prognosis in cancers. Data from our lab suggest that ROCK signaling regulates radioresistance in cervical cancer cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that Rho/ROCK signaling may be important for radiation resistance. In this review, we enumerate the role of Rho/ROCK signaling in stemness and radioresistance and highlight the need to explore these molecules for a better understanding of radioresistance and development of therapeutics.
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Abstract
Twenty years ago, Rho-kinase was identified as an important downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein, RhoA. Thereafter, a series of studies demonstrated the important roles of Rho-kinase in the cardiovascular system. The RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway is now widely known to play important roles in many cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, and its excessive activity induces oxidative stress and promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the important role of Rho-kinase has been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. Cyclophilin A is secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory cells and activated platelets in a Rho-kinase-dependent manner, playing important roles in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays crucial roles under both physiological and pathological conditions and is an important therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. Recently, functional differences between ROCK1 and ROCK2 have been reported in vitro. ROCK1 is specifically cleaved by caspase-3, whereas granzyme B cleaves ROCK2. However, limited information is available on the functional differences and interactions between ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the cardiovascular system in vivo. Herein, we will review the recent advances about the importance of RhoA/Rho-kinase in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
Rho GTPases regulate cellular morphology and dynamics, and some are key drivers of cancer progression. This superfamily offers attractive potential targets for therapeutic intervention, with RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 being prime examples. The challenges in developing agents that act on these signaling enzymes include the lack of obvious druggable pockets and their membrane-bound activities. However, progress in targeting the similar Ras protein is illuminating new strategies for specifically inhibiting oncogenic GTPases. The structures of multiple signaling and regulatory states of Rho proteins have been determined, and the post-translational modifications including acylation and phosphorylation points have been mapped and their functional effects examined. The development of inhibitors to probe the significance of overexpression and mutational hyperactivation of these GTPases underscores their importance in cancer progression. The ability to integrate in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations of drug-like molecules indicates the growing tractability of GTPase systems for lead optimization. Although no Rho-targeted drug molecules have yet been clinically approved, this family is clearly showing increasing promise for the development of precision medicine and combination cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Smithers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Abstract
The NOXs are a family of flavocytochromes whose basic structure has been largely conserved from algae to man. This is a very simple system. NADPH is generally available, in plants it is a direct product of photosynthesis, and oxygen is a largely ubiquitous electron acceptor, and the electron-transporting core of an FAD and two haems is the minimal required to pass electrons across the plasma membrane. These NOXs have been shown to be essential for diverse functions throughout the biological world and, lacking a clear mechanism of action, their effects have generally been attributed to free radical reactions. Investigation into the function of neutrophil leucocytes has demonstrated that electron transport through the prototype NOX2 is accompanied by the generation of a charge across the membrane that provides the driving force propelling protons and other ions across the plasma membrane. The contention is that the primary function of the NOXs is to supply the driving force to transport ions, the nature of which will depend upon the composition and characteristics of the local ion channels, to undertake a host of diverse functions. These include the generation of turgor in fungi and plants for the growth of filaments and invasion by appressoria in the former, and extension of pollen tubes and root hairs, and stomatal closure, in the latter. In neutrophils, they elevate the pH in the phagocytic vacuole coupled to other ion fluxes. In endothelial cells of blood vessels, they could alter luminal volume to regulate blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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Fujiwara M, Okamoto M, Hori M, Suga H, Jikihara H, Sugihara Y, Shimamoto F, Mori T, Nakaoji K, Hamada K, Ota T, Wiedemuth R, Temme A, Tatsuka M. Radiation-Induced RhoGDIβ Cleavage Leads to Perturbation of Cell Polarity: A Possible Link to Cancer Spreading. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2493-505. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fujiwara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masato Hori
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jikihara
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Minami-ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yuka Sugihara
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Minami-ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fumio Shimamoto
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Human Culture and Science; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Minami-ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshio Mori
- Radioisotope Research Center; Nara Medical University School of Medicine; Kashihara Nara Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoji
- Research & Development Division; Pias Corporation; Kobe Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hamada
- Research & Development Division; Pias Corporation; Kobe Japan
| | - Takahide Ota
- Department of Life Science; Medical Research Institute; Kanazawa Medical University; Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
| | - Ralf Wiedemuth
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Department of Life Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shoubara Hiroshima Japan
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Abstract
Vascular-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) serves as an important signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system and contributes to vascular homeostasis. H2O2 is a second messenger, transducing the oxidative signal into biological responses through posttranslational protein modification. The balance between oxidant and antioxidant systems regulates intracellular redox status, and their imbalance causes oxidative or reductive stress, leading to cellular damage in cardiovascular systems. Excessive H2O2 deteriorates vascular functions and promotes vascular disease through multiple pathways. The RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays an important role in various fundamental cellular functions, including production of excessive reactive oxygen species, leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Rho-kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) belongs to the family of serine/threonine kinases and is an important downstream effector of the small GTP-binding protein RhoA. Rho-kinase plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, and heart failure. Thus, Rho-kinase inhibitors may be useful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in humans. In this review, we will briefly discuss the roles of vascular-derived H2O2 and review the recent progress in the translational research on the therapeutic importance of the Rho-kinase pathway in cardiovascular medicine.
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