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Clare K, Pan C, Kim G, Park K, Zhao J, Volkow ND, Lin Z, Du C. Cocaine Reduces the Neuronal Population While Upregulating Dopamine D2-Receptor-Expressing Neurons in Brain Reward Regions: Sex-Effects. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:624127. [PMID: 33912043 PMCID: PMC8072657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.624127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction to cocaine is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine mesocortical system including impaired dopamine-2 receptor (D2r) signaling. However, the effects of chronic cocaine on neuronal adaptations in this system have not been systematically examined and data available is mostly from males. Here, we investigated changes in the total neuronal density and relative concentration of D2r-expressing neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum (Dstr), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in both male and female mice passively exposed to cocaine for two weeks. In parallel experiments, we measured mRNA levels for Drd2 and for opioid peptides (mPenk and mPdyn). Through a combination of large field of view fluorescent imaging with BAC transgenic D2r-eGFP mice and immunostaining, we observed that cocaine exposed mice had a higher density of D2r-positive cells that was most prominent in mPFC and VTA and larger for females than for males. This occurred amidst an overall significant decrease in neuronal density (measured with NeuN) in both sexes. However, increases in Drd2 mRNA levels with cocaine were only observed in mPFC and Dstr in females, which might reflect the limited sensitivity of the method. Our findings, which contrast with previous findings of cocaine-induced downregulation of D2r binding availability, could reflect a phenotypic shift in neurons that did not previously express Drd2 and merits further investigation. Additionally, the neuronal loss particularly in mPFC with chronic cocaine might contribute to the cognitive impairments observed with cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Clare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Chelsea Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Gloria Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Kicheon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Juan Zhao
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Congwu Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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DelaCuesta-Barrutia J, Peñagarikano O, Erdozain AM. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Heteromers as Putative Pharmacotherapeutic Targets in Autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:588662. [PMID: 33192330 PMCID: PMC7662108 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.588662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in the development of pharmacotherapies for autism is the failure to identify pathophysiological mechanisms that could be targetable. The majority of developing strategies mainly aim at restoring the brain excitatory/inhibitory imbalance described in autism, by targeting glutamate or GABA receptors. Other neurotransmitter systems are critical for the fine-tuning of the brain excitation/inhibition balance. Among these, the dopaminergic, oxytocinergic, serotonergic, and cannabinoid systems have also been implicated in autism and thus represent putative therapeutic targets. One of the latest breakthroughs in pharmacology has been the discovery of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomerization. GPCR heteromers are macromolecular complexes composed of at least two different receptors, with biochemical properties that differ from those of their individual components, leading to the activation of different cellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, heteromers of the above-mentioned neurotransmitter receptors have been described (e.g., mGlu2–5HT2A, mGlu5–D2–A2A, D2–OXT, CB1–D2, D2–5HT2A, D1–D2, D2–D3, and OXT–5HT2A). We hypothesize that differences in the GPCR interactome may underlie the etiology/pathophysiology of autism and could drive different treatment responses, as has already been suggested for other brain disorders such as schizophrenia. Targeting GPCR complexes instead of monomers represents a new order of biased agonism/antagonism that may potentially enhance the efficacy of future pharmacotherapies. Here, we present an overview of the crosstalk of the different GPCRs involved in autism and discuss current advances in pharmacological approaches targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Peñagarikano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Amaia M Erdozain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
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Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements. Although the precise mechanisms of dystonia development remain unknown, the diversity of its clinical phenotypes is thought to be associated with multifactorial pathophysiology, which is linked not only to alterations of brain organization, but also environmental stressors and gene mutations. This chapter will present an overview of the pathophysiology of isolated dystonia through the lens of applications of major neuroimaging methodologies, with links to genetics and environmental factors that play a prominent role in symptom manifestation.
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Simonyan K, Cho H, Hamzehei Sichani A, Rubien-Thomas E, Hallett M. The direct basal ganglia pathway is hyperfunctional in focal dystonia. Brain 2017; 140:3179-3190. [PMID: 29087445 PMCID: PMC5841143 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
See Fujita and Eidelberg (doi:10.1093/brain/awx305) for a scientific commentary on this article. Focal dystonias are the most common type of isolated dystonia. Although their causative pathophysiology remains unclear, it is thought to involve abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuitry. We used high-resolution research tomography with the radioligand 11C-NNC-112 to examine striatal dopamine D1 receptor function in two independent groups of patients, writer’s cramp and laryngeal dystonia, compared to healthy controls. We found that availability of dopamine D1 receptors was significantly increased in bilateral putamen by 19.6–22.5% in writer’s cramp and in right putamen and caudate nucleus by 24.6–26.8% in laryngeal dystonia (all P ≤ 0.009). This suggests hyperactivity of the direct basal ganglia pathway in focal dystonia. Our findings paralleled abnormally decreased dopaminergic function via the indirect basal ganglia pathway and decreased symptom-induced phasic striatal dopamine release in writer’s cramp and laryngeal dystonia. When examining topological distribution of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor abnormalities in these forms of dystonia, we found abnormal separation of direct and indirect pathways within the striatum, with negligible, if any, overlap between the two pathways and with the regions of phasic dopamine release. However, despite topological disorganization of dopaminergic function, alterations of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were somatotopically localized within the striatal hand and larynx representations in writer’s cramp and laryngeal dystonia, respectively. This finding points to their direct relevance to disorder-characteristic clinical features. Increased D1 receptor availability showed significant negative correlations with dystonia duration but not its severity, likely representing a developmental endophenotype of this disorder. In conclusion, a comprehensive pathophysiological mechanism of abnormal basal ganglia function in focal dystonia is built upon upregulated dopamine D1 receptors that abnormally increase excitation of the direct pathway, downregulated dopamine D2 receptors that abnormally decrease inhibition within the indirect pathway, and weakened nigro-striatal phasic dopamine release during symptomatic task performance. Collectively, these aberrations of striatal dopaminergic function underlie imbalance between direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways and lead to abnormal thalamo-motor-cortical hyperexcitability in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Cho
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Azadeh Hamzehei Sichani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Estee Rubien-Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Abstract
Aberrant communication between striatum, the main information processing unit of the basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex plays a critical role in the emergence of Huntington’s disease (HD), a fatal monogenetic condition that typically strikes in the prime of life. Although both striatum and cortex undergo substantial cell loss over the course of HD, corticostriatal circuits become dysfunctional long before neurons die. Understanding the dysfunction is key to developing effective strategies for treating a progressively worsening triad of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Cortical output neurons drive striatal activity through the release of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid. Striatal outputs, in turn, release γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and exert inhibitory control over downstream basal ganglia targets. Ample evidence from transgenic rodent models points to dysregulation of corticostriatal glutamate transmission along with corresponding changes in striatal GABA release as underlying factors in the HD behavioral phenotype. Another contributor is dysregulation of dopamine (DA), a modulator of both glutamate and GABA transmission. In fact, pharmacological manipulation of DA is the only currently available treatment for HD symptoms. Here, we review data from animal models and human patients to evaluate the role of DA in HD, including DA interactions with glutamate and GABA within the context of dysfunctional corticostriatal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George V. Rebec
- Correspondence to: George V. Rebec, PhD, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in
Neuroscience, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA. Tel.: +1 812 855 4832;
Fax: +1 812 855 4520; E-mail:
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Gagnon D, Petryszyn S, Sanchez MG, Bories C, Beaulieu JM, De Koninck Y, Parent A, Parent M. Striatal Neurons Expressing D 1 and D 2 Receptors are Morphologically Distinct and Differently Affected by Dopamine Denervation in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41432. [PMID: 28128287 PMCID: PMC5269744 DOI: 10.1038/srep41432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson’s disease induces a reduction in the number of dendritic spines on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum expressing D1 or D2 dopamine receptor. Consequences on MSNs expressing both receptors (D1/D2 MSNs) are currently unknown. We looked for changes induced by dopamine denervation in the density, regional distribution and morphological features of D1/D2 MSNs, by comparing 6-OHDA-lesioned double BAC transgenic mice (Drd1a-tdTomato/Drd2-EGFP) to sham-lesioned animals. D1/D2 MSNs are uniformly distributed throughout the dorsal striatum (1.9% of MSNs). In contrast, they are heterogeneously distributed and more numerous in the ventral striatum (14.6% in the shell and 7.3% in the core). Compared to D1 and D2 MSNs, D1/D2 MSNs are endowed with a smaller cell body and a less profusely arborized dendritic tree with less dendritic spines. The dendritic spine density of D1/D2 MSNs, but also of D1 and D2 MSNs, is significantly reduced in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. In contrast to D1 and D2 MSNs, the extent of dendritic arborization of D1/D2 MSNs appears unaltered in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Our data indicate that D1/D2 MSNs in the mouse striatum form a distinct neuronal population that is affected differently by dopamine deafferentation that characterizes Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gagnon
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - S Petryszyn
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - M G Sanchez
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - C Bories
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - J M Beaulieu
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Y De Koninck
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - A Parent
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - M Parent
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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7
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Gokce O, Stanley GM, Treutlein B, Neff NF, Camp JG, Malenka RC, Rothwell PE, Fuccillo MV, Südhof TC, Quake SR. Cellular Taxonomy of the Mouse Striatum as Revealed by Single-Cell RNA-Seq. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1126-1137. [PMID: 27425622 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum contributes to many cognitive processes and disorders, but its cell types are incompletely characterized. We show that microfluidic and FACS-based single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse striatum provides a well-resolved classification of striatal cell type diversity. Transcriptome analysis revealed ten differentiated, distinct cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, immune, and vascular cells, and enabled the discovery of numerous marker genes. Furthermore, we identified two discrete subtypes of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that have specific markers and that overexpress genes linked to cognitive disorders and addiction. We also describe continuous cellular identities, which increase heterogeneity within discrete cell types. Finally, we identified cell type-specific transcription and splicing factors that shape cellular identities by regulating splicing and expression patterns. Our findings suggest that functional diversity within a complex tissue arises from a small number of discrete cell types, which can exist in a continuous spectrum of functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgun Gokce
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey M Stanley
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Barbara Treutlein
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norma F Neff
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Gray Camp
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick E Rothwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marc V Fuccillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Pérez-Fernández J, Megías M, Pombal MA. Expression of a Novel D4 Dopamine Receptor in the Lamprey Brain. Evolutionary Considerations about Dopamine Receptors. Front Neuroanat 2016; 9:165. [PMID: 26778974 PMCID: PMC4701969 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous data reported in lampreys, which belong to the phylogenetically oldest branch of vertebrates, show that the dopaminergic system was already well developed at the dawn of vertebrate evolution. The expression of dopamine in the lamprey brain is well conserved when compared to other vertebrates, and this is also true for the D2 receptor. Additionally, the key role of dopamine in the striatum, modulating the excitability in the direct and indirect pathways through the D1 and D2 receptors, has also been recently reported in these animals. The moment of divergence regarding the two whole genome duplications occurred in vertebrates suggests that additional receptors, apart from the D1 and D2 previously reported, could be present in lampreys. We used in situ hybridization to characterize the expression of a novel dopamine receptor, which we have identified as a D4 receptor according to the phylogenetic analysis. The D4 receptor shows in the sea lamprey a more restricted expression pattern than the D2 subtype, as reported in mammals. Its main expression areas are the striatum, lateral and ventral pallial sectors, several hypothalamic regions, habenula, and mesencephalic and rhombencephalic motoneurons. Some expression areas are well conserved through vertebrate evolution, as is the case of the striatum or the habenula, but the controversies regarding the D4 receptor expression in other vertebrates hampers for a complete comparison, especially in rhombencephalic regions. Our results further support that the dopaminergic system in vertebrates is well conserved and suggest that at least some functions of the D4 receptor were already present before the divergence of lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pérez-Fernández
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Uiversity of Vigo Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Megías
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Uiversity of Vigo Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel A Pombal
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Uiversity of Vigo Vigo, Spain
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9
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Abstract
Anhedonia, or the loss of pleasure in previously rewarding stimuli, is a core symptom of major depressive disorder that may reflect an underlying dysregulation in reward processing. The mesolimbic dopamine circuit, also known as the brain's reward circuit, is integral to processing the rewarding salience of stimuli to guide actions. Manifestation of anhedonia and associated depression symptoms like feelings of sadness, changes in appetite, and psychomotor effects, may reflect changes in the brain reward circuitry as a common underlying disease process. This review will synthesize the recent literature from human and rodent studies providing a circuit-level framework for understanding anhedonia in depression, with emphasis on the nucleus accumbens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Heshmati
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Icahn 10-71, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029 (212) 659- 5917
| | - Scott J Russo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Icahn 10-71, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029 (212) 659- 5917
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10
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Abstract
Anhedonia, or the loss of pleasure in previously rewarding stimuli, is a core symptom of major depressive disorder that may reflect an underlying dysregulation in reward processing. The mesolimbic dopamine circuit, also known as the brain's reward circuit, is integral to processing the rewarding salience of stimuli to guide actions. Manifestation of anhedonia and associated depression symptoms like feelings of sadness, changes in appetite, and psychomotor effects, may reflect changes in the brain reward circuitry as a common underlying disease process. This review will synthesize the recent literature from human and rodent studies providing a circuit-level framework for understanding anhedonia in depression, with emphasis on the nucleus accumbens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Heshmati
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Icahn 10-71, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029 (212) 659- 5917
| | - Scott J Russo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Icahn 10-71, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029 (212) 659- 5917
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Abstract
Dopamine D(3) receptors have a pre- and postsynaptic localization in brain stem nuclei, limbic parts of the striatum, and cortex. Their widespread influence on dopamine release, on dopaminergic function, and on several other neurotransmitters makes them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. The signaling pathways of D(3) receptors are distinct from those of other members of the D(2)-like receptor family. There is increasing evidence that D(3) receptors can form heteromers with dopamine D(1), D(2), and probably other G-protein-coupled receptors. The functional consequences remain to be characterized in more detail but might open new interesting pharmacological insight and opportunities. In terms of behavioral function, D(3) receptors are involved in cognitive, social, and motor functions, as well as in filtering and sensitization processes. Although the role of D(3) receptor blockade for alleviating positive symptoms is still unsettled, selective D(3) receptor antagonism has therapeutic features for schizophrenia and beyond as demonstrated by several animal models: improved cognitive function, emotional processing, executive function, flexibility, and social behavior. D(3) receptor antagonism seems to contribute to atypicality of clinically used antipsychotics by reducing extrapyramidal motor symptoms; has no direct influence on prolactin release; and does not cause anhedonia, weight gain, or metabolic dysfunctions. Unfortunately, clinical data with new, selective D(3) antagonists are still incomplete; their cognitive effects have only been communicated in part. In vitro, virtually all clinically used antipsychotics are not D(2)-selective but also have affinity for D(3) receptors. The exact D(3) receptor occupancies achieved in patients, particularly in cortical areas, are largely unknown, mainly because only nonselective or agonist PET tracers are currently available. It is unlikely that a degree of D(3) receptor antagonism optimal for antipsychotic and cognitive function can be achieved with existing antipsychotics. Therefore, selective D(3) antagonism represents a promising mechanism still to be fully exploited for the treatment of schizophrenia, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and comorbid conditions such as substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gross
- Abbott, Neuroscience Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Simonyan K, Horwitz B, Jarvis ED. Dopamine regulation of human speech and bird song: a critical review. Brain Lang 2012; 122:142-50. [PMID: 22284300 PMCID: PMC3362661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To understand the neural basis of human speech control, extensive research has been done using a variety of methodologies in a range of experimental models. Nevertheless, several critical questions about learned vocal motor control still remain open. One of them is the mechanism(s) by which neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, modulate speech and song production. In this review, we bring together the two fields of investigations of dopamine action on voice control in humans and songbirds, who share similar behavioral and neural mechanisms for speech and song production. While human studies investigating the role of dopamine in speech control are limited to reports in neurological patients, research on dopaminergic modulation of bird song control has recently expanded our views on how this system might be organized. We discuss the parallels between bird song and human speech from the perspective of dopaminergic control as well as outline important differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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Ramiro-Fuentes S, Fernandez-Espejo E. Sensitization to cocaine is inhibited after intra-accumbal GR103691 or rimonabant, but it is enhanced after co-infusion indicating functional interaction between accumbens D(3) and CB1 receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:949-59. [PMID: 21128069 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D(3) receptors and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors are both expressed in the nucleus accumbens, and they have been involved in motor sensitization to cocaine. The objectives were: (1) to study the effects of blockade of these receptors on sensitization to repeated cocaine, by using GR103691, D(3) receptor blocker, and rimonabant, CB(1) receptor ligand, and (2) to discern if both receptors interact by co-infusing them. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cocaine (10 mg/kg) was injected daily for 3 days (induction phase) and later on day 8 (expression phase), and locomotor activity was measured during 2 h after cocaine. GR103691 and rimonabant were bilaterally injected (0.5 μl volume of each infusion) in the nucleus accumbens through cannulae (GR103691, 0, 4.85, and 9.7 μg/μl; rimonabant, 0, 0.5, and 1.5 μg/μl), before cocaine, during either induction or expression phases of sensitization. RESULTS The findings indicated that sensitizing effects of cocaine were abolished after D(3) receptor blocking during both induction and expression phases, as well as rimonabant infusion during the expression (not induction) phase. A functional interaction between both receptors was also observed, because if GR103691 was injected during induction and rimonabant during expression, sensitizing effects of cocaine were observed to be normal or further enhanced. CONCLUSION Dopamine D(3) receptors within the nucleus accumbens are critical for the development and consolidation of sensitization, and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors are critical for the expression of sensitization. Co-blockade of D(3) and CB(1) receptors exert opposite effects to blockade of these receptors separately, revealing the existence of a functional interaction between them.
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Frank MJ, Fossella JA. Neurogenetics and pharmacology of learning, motivation, and cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:133-52. [PMID: 20631684 PMCID: PMC3055524 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many of the individual differences in cognition, motivation, and learning-and the disruption of these processes in neurological conditions-are influenced by genetic factors. We provide an integrative synthesis across human and animal studies, focusing on a recent spate of evidence implicating a role for genes controlling dopaminergic function in frontostriatal circuitry, including COMT, DARPP-32, DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4. These genetic effects are interpreted within theoretical frameworks developed in the context of the broader cognitive and computational neuroscience literature, constrained by data from pharmacological, neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and patient studies. In this framework, genes modulate the efficacy of particular neural computations, and effects of genetic variation are revealed by assays designed to be maximally sensitive to these computations. We discuss the merits and caveats of this approach and outline a number of novel candidate genes of interest for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912-1978, USA.
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Yamamoto N, Soghomonian JJ. Time-course of SKF-81297-induced increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 mRNA levels in striatonigral neurons and decrease in GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit mRNA levels in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata, in adult rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. Neuroscience 2008; 154:1088-99. [PMID: 18495353 PMCID: PMC2483836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Striatal projection neurons use GABA as their neurotransmitter and express the rate-limiting synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the vesicular GABA transporter vGAT. The chronic systemic administration of an agonist of dopamine D1/D5-preferring receptors is known to alter GAD mRNA levels in striatonigral neurons in intact and dopamine-depleted rats. In the present study, the effects of a single or subchronic systemic administration of the dopamine D1/D5-preferring receptor agonist SKF-81297 on GAD65, GAD67, PPD and vGAT mRNA levels in the striatum and GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit mRNA levels in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata, were measured in rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. After a single injection of SKF-81297, striatal GAD65 mRNA levels were significantly increased at 3 but not 72 h. In contrast, striatal GAD67 mRNA levels were increased and nigral alpha1 mRNA levels were decreased at 72 but not 3 h. Single cell analysis on double-labeled sections indicated that increased GAD or vGAT mRNA levels after acute SKF-81297 occurred in striatonigral neurons identified by their lack of preproenkephalin expression. Subchronic SKF-81297 induced significant increases in striatal GAD67, GAD65, preprodynorphin and vGAT mRNA levels and decreases in nigral alpha1 mRNA levels. In the striatum contralateral to the 6-OHDA lesion, subchronic but not acute SKF-81297 induced a significant increase in GAD65 mRNA levels. The other mRNA levels were not significantly altered. Finally, striatal GAD67 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with nigral alpha1 mRNA levels in the dopamine-depleted but not dopamine-intact side. The results suggest that different signaling pathways are involved in the modulation by dopamine D1/D5 receptors of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA levels in striatonigral neurons. They also suggest that the down-regulation of nigral GABA(A) receptors is linked to the increase in striatal GAD67 mRNA levels in the dopamine-depleted striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Room L1004, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Cabrera-Vera TM, Hernandez S, Earls LR, Medkova M, Sundgren-Andersson AK, Surmeier DJ, Hamm HE. RGS9-2 modulates D2 dopamine receptor-mediated Ca2+ channel inhibition in rat striatal cholinergic interneurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16339-44. [PMID: 15534226 PMCID: PMC528982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407416101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins negatively regulate receptor-mediated second messenger responses by enhancing the GTPase activity of Galpha subunits. We describe a receptor-specific role for an RGS protein at the level of an individual brain neuron. RGS9-2 and Gbeta(5) mRNA and protein complexes were detected in striatal cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons. Dialysis of cholinergic neurons with RGS9 constructs enhanced basal Ca(2+) channel currents and reduced D(2) dopamine receptor modulation of Cav2.2 channels. These constructs did not alter M(2) muscarinic receptor modulation of Cav2.2 currents in the same neuron. The noncatalytic DEP-GGL domain of RGS9 antagonized endogenous RGS9-2 activity, enhancing D(2) receptor modulation of Ca(2+) currents. In vitro, RGS9 constructs accelerated GTPase activity, in agreement with electrophysiological measurements, and did so more effectively at Go than Gi. These results implicate RGS9-2 as a specific regulator of dopamine receptor-mediated signaling in the striatum and identify a role for GAP activity modulation by the DEP-GGL domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Cabrera-Vera
- Institute for Neuroscience and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Taymans JM, Kia HK, Claes R, Cruz C, Leysen J, Langlois X. Dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of RGS2 and RGS4 mRNA differentially depends on ascending dopamine projections and time. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:2249-60. [PMID: 15090051 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RGS2 and RGS4 mRNAs are regulated in the rat striatum by dopaminergic agents. The present study further characterizes this regulation in three experiments. First, dopamine type 1 (receptor) (D1)- and dopamine type 2 (receptor) (D2)-mediated regulator of G-protein signalling (RGS) gene regulation was investigated in animals with deleted ascending dopaminergic pathways. We showed that RGS2 expression is controlled by D1 receptors either by direct action on D1 receptors or indirectly by presynaptic D2 receptors. Conversely, RGS4 gene expression is independent of presynaptic D2 receptors. Second, the study of colocalization between RGS2 or RGS4 and D1 or D2 by double labelling in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed broad expression of RGS2 and RGS4 mRNA in striatal subpopulations with colocalization of RGS2 and RGS4 with both D1 and D2 receptors. Finally, to test how far their gene regulation is temporally concerted, changes in RGS2 and RGS4 mRNA levels were measured in parallel with receptor occupancy by specific dopaminergic drugs at different time-points. RGS2 was rapidly/transiently up-regulated by the D1 agonist SKF82958 and the D2 antagonist haloperidol (peak at 0.5 h) and down-regulated by the D1 antagonist SCH23390 and the D2 agonist quinpirole (trough at 1 and 2 h). RGS4 showed a delayed/transient up-regulation with SCH23390 and quinpirole (peak at 4 and 2 h) and down-regulation with haloperidol (trough at 8 h). Depending on the drug used, the degree of receptor occupancy did (D1 agonist and RGS2) or did not (D2 antagonist and RGS2) run parallel to RGS gene expression changes, indicating that certain drug effects are direct and others indirect. The precise control of RGS2 and RGS4 expression by dopamine receptors pleads in favour of their potential contribution to the fine-tuning of D1 and D2 receptor signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Taymans
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Central Nervous System Discovery Research, Psychiatry One Department, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Davila V, Yan Z, Craciun LC, Logothetis D, Sulzer D. D3 dopamine autoreceptors do not activate G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel currents in substantia nigra dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 2003; 23:5693-7. [PMID: 12843272 [PMID: 12843272 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05693.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantia nigra (SN) dopamine neurons express D2 and D3 dopamine autoreceptors. A physiological role for the D3 receptor has not been identified, but an activation of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK; also known as Kir3) channels is strongly implicated because D3 receptors activate channels composed of GIRK2 subunits in cell lines. We confirmed that acutely dissociated SN dopamine neurons indeed contain D3 and GIRK2 subunit mRNA using single-cell RT-PCR. We then tested whether D3 receptors activate GIRK currents in SN dopamine neurons by comparing acutely dissociated neurons from D2-/- receptor knock-out and congenic wild-type mice. In nearly all (14 of 15) wild-type SN dopamine neurons, the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole activated GIRK currents that were blocked by cesium. Quinpirole, however, elicited no GIRK currents in any SN dopamine neuron (0 of 13) derived from D2-/- receptor knock-out mice. The absence of quinpirole response was not caused by a lack of GIRK activity, because the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen continued to elicit these currents in the mutant neurons. Thus, it appears that D3 activation of GIRK currents in SN neurons does not occur or is exceedingly rare.
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Iwamoto T, Okumura S, Iwatsubo K, Kawabe JI, Ohtsu K, Sakai I, Hashimoto Y, Izumitani A, Sango K, Ajiki K, Toya Y, Umemura S, Goshima Y, Arai N, Vatner SF, Ishikawa Y. Motor dysfunction in type 5 adenylyl cyclase-null mice. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:16936-40. [PMID: 12665504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c300075200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, stimulate adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP, which regulates neuronal functions. Genetic disruption of the type 5 adenylyl cyclase isoform led to a major loss of adenylyl cyclase activity in a striatum-specific manner with a small increase in the expression of a few other adenylyl cyclase isoforms. D1 dopaminergic agonist-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was attenuated, and this was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of the D1 dopaminergic receptor and G(s)alpha. D2 dopaminergic agonist-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity was also blunted. Type 5 adenylyl cyclase-null mice exhibited Parkinsonian-like motor dysfunction, i.e. abnormal coordination and bradykinesia detected by Rotarod and pole test, respectively, and to a lesser extent locomotor impairment was detected by open field tests. Selective D1 or D2 dopaminergic stimulation improved some of these disorders in this mouse model, suggesting the partial compensation of each dopaminergic receptor signal through the stimulation of remnant adenylyl cyclase isoforms. These findings extend our knowledge of the role of an effector enzyme isoform in regulating receptor signaling and neuronal functions and imply that this isoform provides a site of convergence of both D1 and D2 dopaminergic signals and balances various motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Iwamoto
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Wang Q, Bardgett ME, Wong M, Wozniak DF, Lou J, McNeil BD, Chen C, Nardi A, Reid DC, Yamada K, Ornitz DM. Ataxia and paroxysmal dyskinesia in mice lacking axonally transported FGF14. Neuron 2002; 35:25-38. [PMID: 12123606 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) belongs to a distinct subclass of FGFs that is expressed in the developing and adult CNS. We disrupted the Fgf14 gene and introduced an Fgf14(N-beta-Gal) allele that abolished Fgf14 expression and generated a fusion protein (FGF14N-beta-gal) containing the first exon of FGF14 and beta-galactosidase. Fgf14-deficient mice were viable, fertile, and anatomically normal, but developed ataxia and a paroxysmal hyperkinetic movement disorder. Neuropharmacological studies showed that Fgf14-deficient mice have reduced responses to dopamine agonists. The paroxysmal hyperkinetic movement disorder phenocopies a form of dystonia, a disease often associated with dysfunction of the putamen. Strikingly, the FGF14N-beta-gal chimeric protein was efficiently transported into neuronal processes in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Together, these studies identify a novel function for FGF14 in neuronal signaling and implicate FGF14 in axonal trafficking and synaptosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis 63110, USA
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Giuffrida A, Parsons LH, Kerr TM, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Navarro M, Piomelli D. Dopamine activation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in dorsal striatum. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2:358-63. [PMID: 10204543 DOI: 10.1038/7268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We measured endogenous cannabinoid release in dorsal striatum of freely moving rats by microdialysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Neural activity stimulated the release of anandamide, but not of other endogenous cannabinoids such as 2-arachidonylglycerol. Moreover, anandamide release was increased eightfold over baseline after local administration of the D2-like (D2, D3, D4) dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole, a response that was prevented by the D2-like receptor antagonist raclopride. Administration of the D1-like (D1, D5) receptor agonist SKF38393 had no such effect. These results suggest that functional interactions between endocannabinoid and dopaminergic systems may contribute to striatal signaling. In agreement with this hypothesis, pretreatment with the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A enhanced the stimulation of motor behavior elicited by systemic administration of quinpirole. The endocannabinoid system therefore may act as an inhibitory feedback mechanism countering dopamine-induced facilitation of motor activity.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Amides
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Corpus Striatum/physiology
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Endocannabinoids
- Ethanolamines/pharmacology
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- Glycerides/pharmacology
- Hyperkinesis/chemically induced
- Male
- Microdialysis
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Oleic Acids
- Palmitic Acids/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides
- Potassium/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Raclopride
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cannabinoid
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Drug/drug effects
- Receptors, Drug/physiology
- Rimonabant
- Salicylamides/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Single-Blind Method
- Sodium/physiology
- Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giuffrida
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Irvine, 92697-4625, USA
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