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Chaulagain D, Shamabadi NS, Leslie SA, Karig DK. From Natural Microbe Screening to Sustained Chitinase Activity in Exogenous Hosts. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1165-1176. [PMID: 38587290 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Genetic parts and hosts can be sourced from nature to realize new functions for synthetic biology or to improve performance in a particular application environment. Here, we proceed from the discovery and characterization of new parts to stable expression in new hosts with a particular focus on achieving sustained chitinase activity. Chitinase is a key enzyme for various industrial applications that require the breakdown of chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on the earth. Diverse microbes exhibit chitinase activity, but for applications, the environmental conditions for optimal enzyme activity and microbe fitness must align with the application context. Achieving sustained chitinase activity under broad conditions in heterologous hosts has also proven difficult due to toxic side effects. Toward addressing these challenges, we first screen ocean water samples to identify microbes with chitinase activity. Next, we perform whole genome sequencing and analysis and select a chitinase gene for heterologous expression. Then, we optimize transformation methods for target hosts and introduce chitinase. Finally, to achieve robust function, we optimize ribosome binding sites and discover a beneficial promoter that upregulates chitinase expression in the presence of colloidal chitin in a sense-and-respond fashion. We demonstrate chitinase activity for >21 days in standard (Escherichia coli) and nonstandard (Roseobacter denitrificans) hosts. Besides enhancing chitinase applications, our pipeline is extendable to other functions, identifies natural microbes that can be used directly in non-GMO contexts, generates new parts for synthetic biology, and achieves weeks of stable activity in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptee Chaulagain
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Narges S Shamabadi
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Skylar A Leslie
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - David K Karig
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Thakur D, Chauhan A, Jhilta P, Kaushal R, Dipta B. Microbial chitinases and their relevance in various industries. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:29-53. [PMID: 35972681 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units. It is widely distributed in nature, especially as a structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and nematodes. However, the principal commercial source of chitin is the shells of marine or freshwater invertebrates. Microbial chitinases are largely responsible for chitin breakdown in nature, and they play an important role in the ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen balance. Several microbial chitinases have been characterized and are gaining prominence for their applications in various sectors. The current review focuses on chitinases of microbial origin, their diversity, and their characteristics. The applications of chitinases in several industries such as agriculture, food, the environment, and pharmaceutical sectors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kaushal
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Akram F, Akram R, Ikram Ul Haq, Nawaz A, Jabbar Z, Ahmed Z. Biotechnological Eminence of Chitinases: A Focus on Thermophilic Enzyme Sources, Production Strategies and Prominent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1009-1022. [PMID: 33602064 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210218215359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, is a constantly valuable and renewable raw material after cellulose. Due to advancement in technology, industrial interest has grown to take advantage of the chitin. OBJECTIVE Now, biomass is being treated with diverse microbial enzymes or cells for the production of desired products under best industrial conditions. Glycosidic bonds in chitin structure are degraded by chitinase enzymes, which are characterized into number of glycoside hydrolase (GHs) families. METHODS Thermophilic microorganisms are remarkable sources of industrially important thermostable enzymes, having ability to survive harsh industrial processing conditions. Thermostable chitinases have an edge over mesophilic chitinases as they can hydrolyse the substrate at relatively high temperatures and exhibit decreased viscosity, significantly reduced contamination risk, thermal and chemical stability and increased solubility. Various methods are employed to purify the enzyme and increase its yield by optimizing various parameters such as temperature, pH, agitation, and by investigating the effect of different chemicals and metal ions etc. Results: Thermostable chitinase enzymes show high specific activity at elevated temperature which distinguish them from mesophiles. Genetic engineering can be used for further improvement of natural chitinases, and unlimited potential for the production of thermophilic chitinases has been highlighted due to advancement in synthetic biological techniques. Thermostable chitinases are then used in different fields such as bioremediation, medicine, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION This review will provide information about chitinases, biotechnological potential of thermostable enzyme and the methods by which they are being produced and optimized for several industrial applications. Some of the applications of thermostable chitinases have also been briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
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Churklam W, Aunpad R. Enzymatic characterization and structure-function relationship of two chitinases, LmChiA and LmChiB, from Listeria monocytogenes. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04252. [PMID: 32642582 PMCID: PMC7334433 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Beygmoradi A, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Santos-Moriano P, Hormigo D, Fernández-Lucas J. Marine chitinolytic enzymes, a biotechnological treasure hidden in the ocean? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9937-48. [PMID: 30276711 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitinolytic enzymes are capable to catalyze the chitin hydrolysis. Due to their biomedical and biotechnological applications, nowadays chitinolytic enzymes have attracted worldwide attention. Chitinolytic enzymes have provided numerous useful materials in many different industries, such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or biomedical industry. Marine enzymes are commonly employed in industry because they display better operational properties than animal, plant, or bacterial homologs. In this mini-review, we want to describe marine chitinolytic enzymes as versatile enzymes in different biotechnological fields. In this regard, interesting comments about their biological role, reaction mechanism, production, functional characterization, immobilization, and biotechnological application are shown in this work.
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Le B, Yang SH. Characterization of a chitinase fromSalinivibriosp. BAO-1801 as an antifungal activity and a biocatalyst for producing chitobiose. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:848-856. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Le
- Department of Biotechnology; Chonnam National University; Yeosu Chonnam Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology; Chonnam National University; Yeosu Chonnam Republic of Korea
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Song EJ, Lee ES, Park SL, Choi HJ, Roh SW, Nam YD. Bacterial community analysis in three types of the fermented seafood, jeotgal, produced in South Korea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1444-1454. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1469395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Jeotgal is a traditional Korean seafood fermented by indigenous microbes. The bacterial community in five myeolchi-jeot (Engraulis japonica), five meongge-jeot (Halocynthia roretzi), and six saeu-jeot (Acetes japonicas) produced in South Korea was analyzed by barcoded pyrosequencing targeting the V1/V2 hyper-variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. All samples were dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, which represented 67.7% (SD = 27.2%) of the population. Tetragenococcus halophilus and Tetragenococcus muriaticus were the predominant species in myeolchi-jeot. The LABs, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus, and Weissella koreensis were the predominant species in meongge-jeot. In myeolchi-jeot and meongge-jeot, the bacterial communities within samples were consistent in their predominance, however each of saeu-jeot samples had inter-individual variety in the bacterial community leading to the difficulties of standardization for the commercial production of saeu-jeot. The results of this study will conclusively help to expand our basic knowledge of jeotgal and the related microorganisms involved in food fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Song
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Lee
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Lim Park
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Woon Roh
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, World Institute of Kimchi , Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute , Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Cheba BA, Zaghloul TI, El-Mahdy AR, El-Massry MH. Effect of nitrogen sources and fermentation conditions on bacillus sp. R2 chitinase production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cheba BA, Zaghloul TI, EL-Mahdy AR. Demineralized crab and shrimp shell powder: Cost effective medium for bacillus Sp. R2 growth and chitinase production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Jamek SB, Nyffenegger C, Muschiol J, Holck J, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD. Characterization of two novel bacterial type A exo-chitobiose hydrolases having C-terminal 5/12-type carbohydrate-binding modules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4533-4546. [PMID: 28280871 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type A chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14), GH family 18, attack chitin ((1 → 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan) and chito-oligosaccharides from the reducing end to catalyze release of chitobiose (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose) via hydrolytic cleavage of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (1 → 4)-β-linkages and are thus "exo-chitobiose hydrolases." In this study, the chitinase type A from Serratia marcescens (SmaChiA) was used as a template for identifying two novel exo-chitobiose hydrolase type A enzymes, FbalChi18A and MvarChi18A, originating from the marine organisms Ferrimonas balearica and Microbulbifer variabilis, respectively. Both FbalChi18A and MvarChi18A were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and were confirmed to exert exo-chitobiose hydrolase activity on chito-oligosaccharides, but differed in temperature and pH activity response profiles. Amino acid sequence comparison of the catalytic β/α barrel domain of each of the new enzymes showed individual differences, but ~69% identity of each to that of SmaChiA and highly conserved active site residues. Superposition of a model substrate on 3D structural models of the catalytic domain of the enzymes corroborated exo-chitobiose hydrolase type A activity for FbalChi18A and MvarChi18A, i.e., substrate attack from the reducing end. A main feature of both of the new enzymes was the presence of C-terminal 5/12 type carbohydrate-binding modules (SmaChiA has no C-terminal carbohydrate binding module). These new enzymes may be useful tools for utilization of chitin as an N-acetylglucosamine donor substrate via chitobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariza B Jamek
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.,Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Nyffenegger
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jørn D Mikkelsen
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Wang Y, Song Q, Zhang XH. Marine Microbiological Enzymes: Studies with Multiple Strategies and Prospects. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E171. [PMID: 27669268 DOI: 10.3390/md14100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microorganisms produce a series of promising enzymes that have been widely used or are potentially valuable for our daily life. Both classic and newly developed biochemistry technologies have been broadly used to study marine and terrestrial microbiological enzymes. In this brief review, we provide a research update and prospects regarding regulatory mechanisms and related strategies of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) lactonase, which is an important but largely unexplored enzyme. We also detail the status and catalytic mechanism of the main types of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes that broadly exist among marine microorganisms but have been poorly explored. In order to facilitate understanding, the regulatory and synthetic biology strategies of terrestrial microorganisms are also mentioned in comparison. We anticipate that this review will provide an outline of multiple strategies for promising marine microbial enzymes and open new avenues for the exploration, engineering and application of various enzymes.
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Cheba BA, Zaghloul TI, El-massry MH, El-mahdy AR. Effect of Metal Ions, Chemical Agents, and Organic Solvent on Bacillus Sp.R2 Chitinase Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:465-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shibasaki H, Uchimura K, Miura T, Kobayashi T, Usami R, Horikoshi K. Highly thermostable and surfactant-activated chitinase from a subseafloor bacterium, Laceyella putida. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7845-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kang Y, Kim H, Choi HT. Biochemical characterization of chitinase 2 expressed during the autolytic phase of the inky cap, Coprinellus congregatus. J Microbiol 2013; 51:189-93. [PMID: 23625219 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal cell walls consist of various glucans and chitin. The inky cap, Coprinellus congregatus, produces mushrooms at 25°C in a regime of 15 h light/9 h dark, and then the mushroom is autolyzed rapidly to generate black liquid droplets in which no cell walls are detected by microscopy. Chitinase cDNA from the mature mushroom tissues of C. congregatus, which consisted of 1,622 nucleotides (chi2), was successfully cloned using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction technique. The deduced 498 amino acid sequence of Chi2 had a conserved catalytic domain as in other fungal chitinase family 18 enzymes. The Chi2 enzyme was purified from the Pichia pastoris expression system, and its estimated molecular weight was 68 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of Chi2 was pH 4.0 and 35°C, respectively when 4-nitrophenyl N,N'-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside was used as the substrate. The K m value and V max for the substrate A, 4-nitrophenyl N,N'-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside, was 0.175 mM and 0.16 OD min(-1)unit(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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15
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Souza CP, Almeida BC, Colwell RR, Rivera ING. The importance of chitin in the marine environment. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2011; 13:823-830. [PMID: 21607543 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the most abundant renewable polymer in the oceans and is an important source of carbon and nitrogen for marine organisms. The process of chitin degradation is a key step in the cycling of nutrients in the oceans and chitinolytic bacteria play a significant role in this process. These bacteria are autochthonous to both marine and freshwater ecosystems and produce chitinases that degrade chitin, an insoluble polysaccharide, to a biologically useful form. In this brief review, a description of the structure of chitin and diversity of chitinolytic bacteria in the oceans is provided, in the context of the significance of chitin degradation for marine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiana P Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 1374, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av., 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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Essghaier B, Hedi A, Bejji M, Jijakli H, Boudabous A, Sadfi-zouaoui N. Characterization of a novel chitinase from a moderately halophilic bacterium, Virgibacillus marismortui strain M3-23. ANN MICROBIOL 2012; 62:835-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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17
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Tkavc R, Ausec L, Oren A, Gunde-Cimerman N. Bacteria associated with Artemia spp. along the salinity gradient of the solar salterns at Eilat (Israel). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 77:310-21. [PMID: 21492196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The crustacean genus Artemia naturally inhabits various saline and hypersaline environments and is the most frequently laboratory-hatched animal for live feed in mari- and aquaculture. Because of its high economic importance, Artemia-bacteria interactions were so far studied mostly in laboratory strains. In this study, we focused our attention on the Artemia-associated microbiota in its natural environment in the solar salterns of Eilat, Israel. We applied a culture-independent method (clone libraries) to investigate the bacterial community structure associated with Artemia in five evaporation ponds with salinities from slightly above seawater (5%) to the point of saturation (32%), in two different developmental stages: in nauplii and in the intestine of adult animals. Bacteria found in naupliar and adult stages were classified within the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria. The halophilic proteobacterial genera Halomonas spp. and Salinivibrio spp. dominated the Artemia microbiota in both stages in all ponds. We also analysed a clone library of entire adult animals, revealing a novel bacterial phylogenetic lineage. This is the first molecular study of bacteria associated with two developmental stages of Artemia along a salinity gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Tkavc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rajan L, Dharini J, Singh K, Sivvaswaam S, Sheela J, Sundar N. Identification, Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Chitinase Gene in Bacillus halodurans Isolated from Salted Fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2010.229.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Essghaier B, Rouaissi M, Boudabous A, Jijakli H, Sadfi-zouaoui N. Production and partial characterization of chitinase from a halotolerant Planococcus rifitoensis strain M2-26. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 26:977-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lim H, Choi HT. Enhanced expression of chitinase during the autolysis of mushroom in Coprinellus congregatus. J Microbiol 2009; 47:225-8. [PMID: 19412609 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal cell walls consist of various glucans and chitin. An inky cap, Coprinellus congregates, produced mushrooms at 25 degrees C in a regime of 15 h light/9 h dark, and then the mushroom was autolyzed rapidly to generate black liquid droplets where no cell wall was detected by microscopy. A chitinase cDNA from the matured mushroom cells of C. congregates that consisted of 1,541 nucleotides was successfully cloned using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR technique. Its deduced 441 amino acid sequence had the conserved catalytic domain as in other fungal chitinase family 18. Chitinase activity was higher at the matured mushroom stage than primordial and young mushroom stage. When the expression of the cloned chitinase was examined by real-time PCR using the chitinase-specific primers, it was increased more than twice to 20 times during the autolytic process of mushroom than young mushroom or primordial stages, respectively.
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Han Y, Yang B, Zhang F, Miao X, Li Z. Characterization of antifungal chitinase from marine Streptomyces sp. DA11 associated with South China Sea sponge Craniella australiensis. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2009; 11:132-40. [PMID: 18626709 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The gene cloning, purification, properties, kinetics, and antifungal activity of chitinase from marine Streptomyces sp. DA11 associated with South China sponge Craniella australiensis were investigated. Alignment analysis of the amino acid sequence deduced from the cloned conserved 451 bp DNA sequence shows the chitinase belongs to ChiC type with 80% similarity to chitinase C precursor from Streptomyces peucetius. Through purification by 80% ammonium sulfate, affinity binding to chitin and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography, 6.15-fold total purification with a specific activity of 2.95 Umg(-1) was achieved. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed a molecular weight of approximately 34 kDa and antifungal activities were observed against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The optimal pH, temperature, and salinity for chitinase activity were 8.0, 50 degrees C, and 45 g per thousand psu, respectively, which may contribute to special application of this marine microbe-derived chitinase compared with terrestrial chitinases. The chitinase activity was increased by Mn(2+), Cu(2+), and Mg(2+), while strongly inhibited by Fe(2+) and Ba(2+). Meanwhile, SDS, ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid, urea, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were found to have significantly inhibitory effect on chitinase activity. With colloidal chitin as substrates instead of powder chitin, higher V (max) (0.82 mg product/min.mg protein) and lower K (m) (0.019 mg/ml) values were achieved. The sponge's microbial symbiont with chitinase activity may contribute to chitin degradation and antifungal defense. To our knowledge, it was the first time to study sponge-associated microbial chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Itoi S, Kanomata Y, Koyama Y, Kadokura K, Uchida S, Nishio T, Oku T, Sugita H. Identification of a novel endochitinase from a marine bacterium Vibrio proteolyticus strain No. 442. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1774:1099-107. [PMID: 17690022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin binding proteins prepared from Vibrio proteolyticus were purified and the N-terminal amino-acid sequence of a protein from a 110-kDa band on SDS-PAGE was found to be 85-90% identical to the 22nd-41st residues of the N-termini of chitinase A precursor proteins from other vibrios. We cloned the corresponding gene, which encodes a putative protein of 850 amino acids containing a 26-residue signal sequence. The chitinase precursor from V. proteolyticus was 78-80% identical to those from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio carchariae. However, the proteolytic cleavage site for C-terminal processing between R597 and K598 in the chitinase precursor of other vibrios was not observed in the amino acid sequence of V. proteolyticus, which instead had the sequence R600 and A601. Subsequently, full-length and truncated chitinases were generated in Escherichia coli. The specific activity of full-length chitinase expressed in E. coli was 17- and 20-folds higher for colloidal and alpha-chitins (insoluble substrate), respectively, than that of the C-terminal truncated enzyme. However, both recombinants showed similar hydrolysis patterns of hexa-N-acetyl-chitohexaose (soluble substrate), producing di-N-acetyl-chitobiose as major product on TLC analysis. We showed that the C-terminus of the V. proteolyticus chitinase A was important for expression of high specific activity against insoluble chitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Itoi
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
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Aunpad R, Rice DW, Sedelnikova S, Panbangred W. Biochemical characterisation of two forms of halo- and thermo-tolerant chitinase C ofSalinivibrio costicola expressed inEscherichia coli. ANN MICROBIOL 2007; 57:249-57. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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