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Begeman L, van Riel D, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T. The pathogenesis of zoonotic viral infections: Lessons learned by studying reservoir hosts. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1151524. [PMID: 37056741 PMCID: PMC10086422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic viral infections that cause severe disease or even death in some people may be asymptomatic or mild in reservoir hosts. Comparison of the pathogenesis of these two host categories may potentially explain the difference in disease. However, infections in reservoir hosts are often neglected. Therefore, we compared the pathogenesis of rabies virus, macacine alphaherpesvirus, West Nile virus, Puumala orthohantavirus, monkeypox virus, Lassa mammarenavirus, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses in both humans and reservoir hosts. We showed that most aspects of the pathogeneses were remarkably similar. The remaining differences lead to the identification of tipping points in the pathogeneses that are important for explaining the disease outcome in severe human cases. Further elucidating these tipping points by studying zoonotic viral infections in their reservoir hosts may teach us how to reduce the severity of zoonotic viral diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lineke Begeman
- Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Lineke Begeman,
| | - Debby van Riel
- Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Guzman FD, Iwamoto Y, Saito N, Salva EP, Dimaano EM, Nishizono A, Suzuki M, Oloko O, Ariyoshi K, Smith C, Parry CM, Solante RM. Clinical, epidemiological, and spatial features of human rabies cases in Metro Manila, the Philippines from 2006 to 2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010595. [PMID: 35852994 PMCID: PMC9295989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains a public health problem in the Philippines despite the widespread provision of rabies vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Detailed descriptions of recent human rabies cases in the Philippines are scarce. This study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and spatial features of human rabies cases between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2015. We conducted a retrospective hospital-based case record review of all patients admitted to one referral hospital in Manila who received a clinical diagnosis of rabies. During the 10-year study period there were 575 patients (average 57.5 cases per year, range 57 to 119) with a final diagnosis of rabies. Most patients were male (n = 404, 70.3%) and aged ≥ 20 years (n = 433, 75.3%). Patients mostly came from the National Capital Region (n = 160, 28.0%) and the adjacent Regions III (n = 197, 34.4%) and IV-A (n = 168, 29.4%). Case mapping and heatmaps showed that human rabies cases were continuously observed in similar areas throughout the study period. Most patients had hydrophobia (n = 444, 95.5%) and/or aerophobia (n = 432, 93.3%). The leading causative animals were dogs (n = 421, 96.3%) and cats (n = 16, 3.7%). Among 437 patients with animal exposure history, only 42 (9.6%) had been administered at least one rabies vaccine. Two patients (0.5%), young children bitten on their face, had received and a full course of rabies vaccine. Human rabies patients were continuously admitted to the hospital, with no notable decline over the study period. The geographical area in which human rabies cases commonly occurred also did not change. Few patients received PEP and there were two suspected cases of PEP failure. The retrospective design of this study was a limitation; thus, prospective studies are required. Rabies remains a public health problem in the Philippines despite improvements in the availability of rabies vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The incidence of rabies is highest in Metro Manila and surrounding areas. We reviewed the records of all human rabies patients admitted to the national infectious disease hospital in Manila between 2006 and 2015. This hospital treats most cases in this area. During the 10-year study period, human rabies cases were continuously admitted to the hospital, with no notable decline in numbers by year. Most patients were adult men bitten by domestic dogs. The geographical areas in which cases commonly occurred during the 10-year period also did not change over time. Only 9.6% of patients had received at least one dose of a rabies vaccine as PEP. Although the risk of PEP failure is reported to be almost zero, we identified two suspected cases of PEP failure. The retrospective design of this study was a limitation, and the exact details of PEP were not reliably available. As human rabies death is a significant public health concern, the circumstances of each case should be prospectively investigated. Further research is required to understand how to reduce the number of rabies cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuta Iwamoto
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuo Saito
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Akira Nishizono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oladeji Oloko
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chris Smith
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Parry
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Feige L, Zaeck LM, Sehl-Ewert J, Finke S, Bourhy H. Innate Immune Signaling and Role of Glial Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus- and Rabies Virus-Induced Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:2364. [PMID: 34960633 PMCID: PMC8708193 DOI: 10.3390/v13122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the rabies virus (RABV) bypass the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and successfully enter the CNS parenchyma via nerve endings. Despite the differences in the molecular nature of both viruses, each virus uses retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to reach the human CNS. Once inside the CNS parenchyma, HSV infection results in severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhaging, while RABV preserves the intact neuronal network by inhibiting apoptosis and limiting inflammation. During RABV neuroinvasion, surveilling glial cells fail to generate a sufficient type I interferon (IFN) response, enabling RABV to replicate undetected, ultimately leading to its fatal outcome. To date, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation or suppression of the host inflammatory responses of surveilling glial cells, which present important pathways shaping viral pathogenesis and clinical outcome in viral encephalitis. Here, we compare the innate immune responses of glial cells in RABV- and HSV-infected CNS, highlighting different viral strategies of neuroprotection or Neuroinflamm. in the context of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
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Gupta P, Singh MP, Goyal K, Tripti P, Ansari MI, Obli Rajendran V, Dhama K, Malik YS. Bats and viruses: a death-defying friendship. Virusdisease 2021; 32:467-479. [PMID: 34518804 PMCID: PMC8426161 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats have a primeval evolutionary origin and have adopted various survival methods. They have played a central role in the emergence of various viral diseases. The sustenance of a plethora of virus species inside them has been an earnest area of study. This review explains how the evolution of viruses in bats has been linked to their metabolic pathways, flight abilities, reproductive abilities and colonization behaviors. The utilization of host immune response by DNA and RNA viruses is a commencement of the understanding of differences in the impact of viral infection in bats from other mammals. Rabies virus and other lyssa viruses have had long documented history as bat viruses. While many others like Ebola virus, Nipah virus, Hantavirus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and other new emerging viruses like Sosuga virus, Menangle and Tioman virus are now being studied extensively for their transmission in new hosts. The ongoing pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus has also been implicated to be originated from bats. Certain factors have been linked to spillover events while the scope of entitlement of other conditions in the spread of diseases from bats still exists. However, certain physiological and ecological parameters have been linked to specific transmission patterns, and more definite proofs are awaited for establishing these connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakriti Gupta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P. Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kapil Goyal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pande Tripti
- Biological Standardization Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
| | - Mohd Ikram Ansari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026 India
| | - Vinodhkumar Obli Rajendran
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab 141 004 India
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5
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Williams EP, Spruill-Harrell BM, Taylor MK, Lee J, Nywening AV, Yang Z, Nichols JH, Camp JV, Owen RD, Jonsson CB. Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:1509. [PMID: 34452374 DOI: 10.3390/v13081509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents (order Rodentia), followed by bats (order Chiroptera), comprise the largest percentage of living mammals on earth. Thus, it is not surprising that these two orders account for many of the reservoirs of the zoonotic RNA viruses discovered to date. The spillover of these viruses from wildlife to human do not typically result in pandemics but rather geographically confined outbreaks of human infection and disease. While limited geographically, these viruses cause thousands of cases of human disease each year. In this review, we focus on three questions regarding zoonotic viruses that originate in bats and rodents. First, what biological strategies have evolved that allow RNA viruses to reside in bats and rodents? Second, what are the environmental and ecological causes that drive viral spillover? Third, how does virus spillover occur from bats and rodents to humans?
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Wobessi JNS, Kenmoe S, Mahamat G, Belobo JTE, Emoh CPD, Efietngab AN, Bebey SRK, Ngongang DT, Tchatchouang S, Nzukui ND, Modiyinji AF, Simo REG, Ka'e AC, Tazokong HR, Ngandji AB, Mbaga DS, Kengne-Nde C, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Njouom R. Incidence and seroprevalence of rabies virus in humans, dogs and other animal species in Africa, a systematic review and meta-analysis. One Health 2021; 13:100285. [PMID: 34258372 PMCID: PMC8254041 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is transmitted to humans mainly by dogs but also by other animal species. Reliable data on the incidence of Rabies virus (RABV) in humans, dogs, and other animal species in Africa, could be essential in the implementation of a global strategic plan to eliminate the RABV by 2030 as adopted by the WHO, OIE, and FAO. We searched the Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, African Journal Online, and African Index Medicus databases for relevant studies that report data on the incidence of RABV in Africa up to February 17, 2020. Information on active and past RABV exposures in various categories of dogs, humans and other animal species were extracted. Incidence and seroprevalence estimates were pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis. We included 73 articles which provided 142 RABV incidence and seroprevalence records in 21 African countries. The estimated incidence of RABV in 222 humans, 15,600 dogs, and 12,865 other animal species was 83.4% (95% CI = 64.6–96.5), 44.1% (95% CI = 35.1–53.4), and 41.4% (95% CI = 29.6–53.8), respectively. The estimated seroprevalence of RABV in 420 humans, 3577 dogs, and 8,55 other animal species was 33.8% (95% CI = 21.9–46.8), 19.8% (95% CI = 13.3–27.3), and 3.6% (95% CI = 0.3–9.2), respectively. The incidence of RABV in general was higher in suspected rabid dogs, other animal species of the Orders Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla and Carnivora. The incidence of RABV was higher for humans in regions of West and East Africa, for dogs in urban areas and in regions of Central and South Africa, and for animals of the order Perissodactyla in urban areas. This meta-analysis demonstrated a high incidence of RABV in Africa. Itis necessary to improve surveillance system to provide reliable data on RABV in Africa, essential for the implementation of an effective control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Noel Sowe Wobessi
- Virology Department, Centre, Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Ecole Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Virology Department, Centre, Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Gadji Mahamat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo Belobo
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Atembeh Noura Efietngab
- Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Dimitri Tchami Ngongang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Nathalie Diane Nzukui
- School of Health Sciences-Catholic University of Central Africa, Department of Medical Microbiology, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon.,Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Aude Christelle Ka'e
- Virology Department, Chantal Biya International Reference Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hervé Raoul Tazokong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Arnol Bowo Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Donatien Serge Mbaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cyprien Kengne-Nde
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Department, Centre, Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Abstract
The paper presents the epizootic and epidemiological situation of rabies in European countries during the last decade. The presented results indicate that the oral immunisation of fox anti-rabies (ORV), used in many European countries, significantly reduced the number of rabies cases found in ground mammals, but did not eliminate the virus at all. Currently, the largest reservoir of the virus are Eastern European countries where there are no immunisation activities or their effectiveness is low. Due to the absence of geographical barriers, the virus reappears in countries that have been described as free from rabies. As a rule, it is dragged into these areas along with the movement of companion animals and by people travelling to countries where the prevalence of the virus is common. It should be emphasised that due to the significant elimination of the virus in wild and domestic animals, it found quite quickly found a new reservoir in a specific group of mammals, having the ability to fly, like bats. Currently there is no possibility of carrying out any preventive measures in bats, so all the virus strains found in this group of animals are dangerous to humans, raising possibilities of epidemiological threat. It should be noted that despite the significant elimination of rabies in many European countries, given the almost unlimited possibilities of virus transmission to new areas, it still poses a serious threat to public health. Thus, it is necessary to constantly monitor the occurrence of the virus and possibly take preventive actions in terms of its elimination from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Flis
- Department of Animal Ethology and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Begeman L, Suu-Ire R, Banyard AC, Drosten C, Eggerbauer E, Freuling CM, Gibson L, Goharriz H, Horton DL, Jennings D, Marston DA, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Riesle Sbarbaro S, Selden D, Wise EL, Kuiken T, Fooks AR, Müller T, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Experimental Lagos bat virus infection in straw-colored fruit bats: A suitable model for bat rabies in a natural reservoir species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008898. [PMID: 33320860 PMCID: PMC7771871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neurologic disease caused by lyssavirus infection. Bats are important natural reservoir hosts of various lyssaviruses that can be transmitted to people. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of rabies in bats are poorly understood, making it difficult to prevent zoonotic transmission. To further our understanding of lyssavirus pathogenesis in a natural bat host, an experimental model using straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) and Lagos bat virus, an endemic lyssavirus in this species, was developed. To determine the lowest viral dose resulting in 100% productive infection, bats in five groups (four bats per group) were inoculated intramuscularly with one of five doses, ranging from 100.1 to 104.1 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). More bats died due to the development of rabies after the middle dose (102.1 TCID50, 4/4 bats) than after lower (101.1, 2/4; 101.1, 2/4) or higher (103.1, 2/4; 104.1, 2/4) doses of virus. In the two highest dose groups, 4/8 bats developed rabies. Of those bats that remained healthy 3/4 bats seroconverted, suggesting that high antigen loads can trigger a strong immune response that abrogates a productive infection. In contrast, in the two lowest dose groups, 3/8 bats developed rabies, 1/8 remained healthy and seroconverted and 4/8 bats remained healthy and did not seroconvert, suggesting these doses are too low to reliably induce infection. The main lesion in all clinically affected bats was meningoencephalitis associated with lyssavirus-positive neurons. Lyssavirus antigen was detected in tongue epithelium (5/11 infected bats) rather than in salivary gland epithelium (0/11), suggesting viral excretion via the tongue. Thus, intramuscular inoculation of 102.1 TCID50 of Lagos bat virus into straw-colored fruit bats is a suitable model for lyssavirus associated bat rabies in a natural reservoir host, and can help with the investigation of lyssavirus infection dynamics in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (LB); (AAC)
| | - Richard Suu-Ire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Island of Riems, Germany
- Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, Bad Langensalza, Thüringen, Germany
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Island of Riems, Germany
| | - Louise Gibson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hooman Goharriz
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Jennings
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Denise A. Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Centre for African Wetlands / Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Silke Riesle Sbarbaro
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Selden
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Wise
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Island of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LB); (AAC)
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Potratz M, Zaeck LM, Weigel C, Klein A, Freuling CM, Müller T, Finke S. Neuroglia infection by rabies virus after anterograde virus spread in peripheral neurons. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:199. [PMID: 33228789 PMCID: PMC7684951 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly neurotropic rabies virus (RABV) enters peripheral neurons at axon termini and requires long distance axonal transport and trans-synaptic spread between neurons for the infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent 3D imaging of field RABV-infected brains revealed a remarkably high proportion of infected astroglia, indicating that highly virulent field viruses are able to suppress astrocyte-mediated innate immune responses and virus elimination pathways. While fundamental for CNS invasion, in vivo field RABV spread and tropism in peripheral tissues is understudied. Here, we used three-dimensional light sheet and confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate the in vivo distribution patterns of a field RABV clone in cleared high-volume tissue samples after infection via a natural (intramuscular; hind leg) and an artificial (intracranial) inoculation route. Immunostaining of virus and host markers provided a comprehensive overview of RABV infection in the CNS and peripheral nerves after centripetal and centrifugal virus spread. Importantly, we identified non-neuronal, axon-ensheathing neuroglia (Schwann cells, SCs) in peripheral nerves of the hind leg and facial regions as a target cell population of field RABV. This suggests that virus release from axons and infected SCs is part of the RABV in vivo cycle and may affect RABV-related demyelination of peripheral neurons and local innate immune responses. Detection of RABV in axon-surrounding myelinating SCs after i.c. infection further provided evidence for anterograde spread of RABV, highlighting that RABV axonal transport and spread of infectious virus in peripheral nerves is not exclusively retrograde. Our data support a new model in which, comparable to CNS neuroglia, SC infection in peripheral nerves suppresses glia-mediated innate immunity and delays antiviral host responses required for successful transport from the peripheral infection sites to the brain.
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Mollentze N, Streicker DG, Murcia PR, Hampson K, Biek R. Virulence mismatches in index hosts shape the outcomes of cross-species transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28859-66. [PMID: 33122433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006778117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging disease epidemics often result from a pathogen establishing transmission in a novel host species. However, for reasons that remain poorly understood, most cross-species transmissions fail to establish in the newly infected species. Examining experimental cross-species inoculations of rabies virus, we show that host and viral factors predict differences in disease progression in ways that are expected to impact the likelihood of onward transmission. Disease progression was accelerated and virus excretion decreased when the reservoir and novel host were physiologically or genetically more dissimilar. These insights may help to explain and predict host shifts in rabies and other zoonotic viruses and highlight meta-analyses of experimental inoculation data as a powerful and generalizable approach for understanding the dynamics of index infections. Whether a pathogen entering a new host species results in a single infection or in onward transmission, and potentially an outbreak, depends upon the progression of infection in the index case. Although index infections are rarely observable in nature, experimental inoculations of pathogens into novel host species provide a rich and largely unexploited data source for meta-analyses to identify the host and pathogen determinants of variability in infection outcomes. We analyzed the progressions of 514 experimental cross-species inoculations of rabies virus, a widespread zoonosis which in nature exhibits both dead-end infections and varying levels of sustained transmission in novel hosts. Inoculations originating from bats rather than carnivores, and from warmer- to cooler-bodied species caused infections with shorter incubation periods that were associated with diminished virus excretion. Inoculations between distantly related hosts tended to result in shorter clinical disease periods, which are also expected to impede onward transmission. All effects were modulated by infection dose. Taken together, these results suggest that as host species become more dissimilar, increased virulence might act as a limiting factor preventing onward transmission. These results can explain observed constraints on rabies virus host shifts, describe a previously unrecognized role of host body temperature, and provide a potential explanation for host shifts being less likely between genetically distant species. More generally, our study highlights meta-analyses of experimental infections as a tractable approach to quantify the complex interactions between virus, reservoir, and novel host that shape the outcome of cross-species transmission.
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11
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Qiao YC, Wang F, He YL, Yang Q, Yang J, Wei YS. Regional and age difference of human rabies prevalence of the past fourteen years in China. Prev Vet Med 2020; 187:105161. [PMID: 33418517 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological characteristics about regional and age difference of human rabies in the past fourteen years in China, and provide a reliable epidemiology basis for further control and prevention of human rabies. METHODS The database of "China Public Health Science Data Center" affiliated Chinese CDC was searched with the key words of "rabies" or "epidemiology" or "morbidity" or "mortality" from 2004 to 2018 and the corresponding data about human rabies cases was collected referred to regional and age difference for describing the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies. RESULTS In this study, a total of nearly 26,315 rabies cases (1754 ± 253) and 25,691 rabies-related deaths (1712 ± 255) (Mean ± SE) were reported, and a decreasing trend about the morbidity and mortality of human rabies existed from 0.2039 and 0.2039 (1/100,000) in 2004 to 0.0304 and 0.0295 in 2018. Otherwise, regional difference of human rabies prevalence significantly existed, and juvenile and middle-aged population especially in 50-60 years old were more easily attacked and infected with rabies (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study proved that human rabies still is a major public health problem in China though a decreasing trend about the morbidity and mortality of human rabies existed in the past fourteen years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong-Ling He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ye-Sheng Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China.
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12
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Benavides JA, Velasco-Villa A, Godino LC, Satheshkumar PS, Nino R, Rojas-Paniagua E, Shiva C, Falcon N, Streicker DG. Abortive vampire bat rabies infections in Peruvian peridomestic livestock. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008194. [PMID: 32598388 PMCID: PMC7351222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus infections normally cause universally lethal encephalitis across mammals. However, 'abortive infections' which are resolved prior to the onset of lethal disease have been described in bats and a variety of non-reservoir species. Here, we surveyed rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in 332 unvaccinated livestock of 5 species from a vampire bat rabies endemic region of southern Peru where livestock are the main food source for bats. We detected rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in 11, 5 and 3.6% of cows, goats and sheep respectively and seropositive animals did not die from rabies within two years after sampling. Seroprevalence was correlated with the number of local livestock rabies mortalities reported one year prior but also one year after sample collection. This suggests that serological status of livestock can indicate the past and future levels of rabies risk to non-reservoir hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anti-rabies antibodies among goats and sheep, suggesting widespread abortive infections among livestock in vampire bat rabies endemic areas. Future research should resolve the within-host biology underlying clearance of rabies infections. Cost-effectiveness analyses are also needed to evaluate whether serological monitoring of livestock can be a viable complement to current monitoring of vampire bat rabies risk based on animal mortalities alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A. Benavides
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Velasco-Villa
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NE, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren C. Godino
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NE, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NE, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruby Nino
- Colegio Médico Veterinario de Apurimac, Abancay, Peru
| | | | - Carlos Shiva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nestor Falcon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Henry Wellcome Building, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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13
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Dalton MF, Siepker CL, Maboni G, Sanchez S, Rissi DR. Ocular and Lacrimal Gland Lesions in Naturally Occurring Rabies of Domestic and Wild Mammals. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:409-417. [PMID: 32202218 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820911458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations describing the ocular and lacrimal gland lesions associated with rabies are sparse. Here we characterize the pathological changes and distribution of rabies viral antigen in the eye, optic nerve, and lacrimal gland of 18 rabies cases from different mammalian species. Histology and immunohistochemistry for rabies virus, CD3, CD20, and Iba1 were performed on tissue sections of eye, optic nerve, and lacrimal gland. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rabies was performed on all cases, including 7 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and 11 frozen tissue samples of eye and lacrimal gland. Pathological changes in the eye consisted of retinal necrosis (12/18 cases) with occasional viral inclusions within ganglion cells (8/12 cases). Immunohistochemically, viral antigen was detected within the nerve fiber layer, ganglion cells, and inner plexiform layer in all 12 cases with retinal lesions and in 2 cases with no retinal lesions, as well as optic nerve (6/18 cases) and lacrimal gland epithelium (3/18 cases). CD3+ T lymphocytes were present in the retina (11/18 cases), optic nerve (2/18 cases), and lacrimal gland (11/18 cases). No CD20+ B lymphocytes or Iba1+ macrophages were detected. PCR for rabies virus was positive in 9 of 11 frozen samples but in only 2 of 7 FFPE samples. Five samples that were negative for rabies by PCR were positive by immunohistochemistry, and 2 samples were negative by both tests. These results provide evidence that rabies virus infection extends to the eye, likely via the ocular nerve, and that the lacrimal gland might be a source of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha F Dalton
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chris L Siepker
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Gibson AD, Wallace RM, Rahman A, Bharti OK, Isloor S, Lohr F, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ, King A, Day MJ. Reviewing Solutions of Scale for Canine Rabies Elimination in India. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E47. [PMID: 32210019 PMCID: PMC7157614 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies elimination can be achieved through mass vaccination of the dog population, as advocated by the WHO, OIE and FAO under the 'United Against Rabies' initiative. Many countries in which canine rabies is endemic are exploring methods to access dogs for vaccination, campaign structures and approaches to resource mobilization. Reviewing aspects that fostered success in rabies elimination campaigns elsewhere, as well as examples of largescale resource mobilization, such as that seen in the global initiative to eliminate poliomyelitis, may help to guide the planning of sustainable, scalable methods for mass dog vaccination. Elimination of rabies from the majority of Latin America took over 30 years, with years of operational trial and error before a particular approach gained the broad support of decision makers, governments and funders to enable widespread implementation. The endeavour to eliminate polio now enters its final stages; however, there are many transferrable lessons to adopt from the past 32 years of global scale-up. Additionally, there is a need to support operational research, which explores the practicalities of mass dog vaccination roll-out and what are likely to be feasible solutions at scale. This article reviews the processes that supported the scale-up of these interventions, discusses pragmatic considerations of campaign duration and work-force size and finally provides an examples hypothetical resource requirements for implementing mass dog vaccination at scale in Indian cities, with a view to supporting the planning of pilot campaigns from which expanded efforts can grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Abdul Rahman
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association 123, 7th B Main Road, 4th Block West, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560011, Karnataka, India
| | - Omesh K. Bharti
- State Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Parimahal, Kasumpti, Shimla 171009, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Bangalore Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Frederic Lohr
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | | | - Michael J. Day
- World Small Animal Veterinary Association and School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
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15
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Siepker CL, Dalton MF, McHale BJ, Sakamoto K, Rissi DR. Neuropathology and diagnostic features of rabies in a litter of piglets, with a brief review of the literature. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:166-168. [PMID: 31916501 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719898687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rabies is exceedingly rare worldwide. We describe herein the neuropathology and the diagnostic features of an outbreak of rabies in a litter of piglets attacked by a skunk in Georgia, United States. Rabies viral infection was confirmed in 2 of 3 piglets submitted for testing. Inflammatory and degenerative changes were more prominent in the brainstem and consisted of lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with glial nodules, neuronal necrosis, and neuronophagia. No viral inclusions (Negri bodies) were observed in multiple sections of brain. A fluorescent antibody test on fresh samples of brainstem and cerebellum was confirmatory for the eastern United States raccoon rabies virus variant. Immunoreactivity for rabies virus was detected across all brain sections in both cases but was more prominent in the thalamic and brainstem nuclei, as well as in the medial lemniscus. Rabies is an important differential diagnosis in pigs with neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Siepker
- Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA (Siepker).,Department of Pathology (Dalton, Sakamoto, Rissi) and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (McHale), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Martha F Dalton
- Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA (Siepker).,Department of Pathology (Dalton, Sakamoto, Rissi) and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (McHale), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Brittany J McHale
- Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA (Siepker).,Department of Pathology (Dalton, Sakamoto, Rissi) and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (McHale), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA (Siepker).,Department of Pathology (Dalton, Sakamoto, Rissi) and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (McHale), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA (Siepker).,Department of Pathology (Dalton, Sakamoto, Rissi) and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Rissi), and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (McHale), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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16
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Colunga‐Salas P, Sánchez‐Montes S, Grostieta E, Verde‐Arregoitia LD, Cabrera‐Garrido MY, Becker I, León‐Paniagua L. What do studies in wild mammals tell us about human emerging viral diseases in Mexico? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:33-45. [PMID: 31461573 PMCID: PMC7168564 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species of viruses circulate in wild mammals, some of them potentially causing zoonosis. Most of the suspected viral zoonotic diseases affecting human patients remain unidentified with regard to their aetiological agent. The aim of this study is to summarize the state of knowledge of the viral richness associated with wild mammals in Mexico throughout 1900-2018 and their relationship with human cases. We compiled two databases, one of them containing all available published studies on potentially zoonotic viruses in wild mammals and another with human cases related to zoonotic viruses. The database on wild mammals covers the period of 1900-2018; the human case database spans 2000-2013. We calculated the richness of viral potential zoonotic agents and evaluated their geographical distribution. We found 262 records of 42 potential zoonotic viral species associated with 92 wild mammal species in 28 states across Mexico. Records of human viral cases were only found in 29 states, which did not overlap with the reports in wild mammals. We detected 25.6% (42/164) of viral zoonotic agents reported worldwide. This analysis opens a relevant topic of discussion for public health attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Colunga‐Salas
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
- Centro de Medicina TropicalFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Sokani Sánchez‐Montes
- Centro de Medicina TropicalFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Estefania Grostieta
- Centro de Medicina TropicalFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | | | - Martín Y. Cabrera‐Garrido
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina TropicalFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Livia León‐Paniagua
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
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17
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Begeman L, Kooi EA, van Weezep E, van de Bildt MWG, Reusken CBEM, Lina PHC, Koopmans MPG, van den Brand JMA, Kuiken T. Faeces as a novel material to estimate lyssavirus prevalence in bat populations. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:198-202. [PMID: 31814288 PMCID: PMC7027462 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is caused by infection with a lyssavirus. Bat rabies is of concern for both public health and bat conservation. The current method for lyssavirus prevalence studies in bat populations is by oral swabbing, which is invasive for the bats, dangerous for handlers, time-consuming and expensive. In many situations, such sampling is not feasible, and hence, our understanding of epidemiology of bat rabies is limited. Faeces are usually easy to collect from bat colonies without disturbing the bats and thus could be a practical and feasible material for lyssavirus prevalence studies. To further explore this idea, we performed virological analysis on faecal pellets and oral swabs of seven serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) that were positive for European bat 1 lyssavirus in the brain. We also performed immunohistochemical and virological analyses on digestive tract samples of these bats to determine potential sources of lyssavirus in the faeces. We found that lyssavirus detection by RT-qPCR was nearly as sensitive in faecal pellets (6/7 bats positive, 86%) as in oral swabs (7/7 bats positive, 100%). The likely source of lyssavirus in the faeces was virus excreted into the oral cavity from the salivary glands (5/6 bats positive by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR) or tongue (3/4 bats positive by immunohistochemistry) and swallowed with saliva. Virus could not be isolated from any of the seven faecal pellets, suggesting the lyssavirus detected in faeces is not infectious. Lyssavirus detection in the majority of faecal pellets of infected bats shows that this novel material should be further explored for lyssavirus prevalence studies in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Engbert A Kooi
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Health and Youth Care Inspectorate, National Authority for Containment, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Weezep
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W G van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control-RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Yamada K, Noguchi K, Kimitsuki K, Kaimori R, Saito N, Komeno T, Nakajima N, Furuta Y, Nishizono A. Reevaluation of the efficacy of favipiravir against rabies virus using in vivo imaging analysis. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104641. [PMID: 31672666 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a highly neurotropic virus and the causative agent of rabies, an encephalitis with an almost 100% case-fatality rate that remains incurable after the onset of symptoms. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad-spectrum antiviral drug against RNA viruses, has been shown to be effective against RABV in vitro but ineffective in vivo. We hypothesized that favipiravir is effective in infected mice when RABV replicates in the peripheral tissues/nerves but not after virus neuroinvasion. We attempted to clarify this point in this study using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We generated a recombinant RABV from the field isolate 1088, which expressed red firefly luciferase (1088/RFLuc). This allowed semiquantitative detection and monitoring of primary replication at the inoculation site and viral spread in the central nervous system (CNS) in the same mice. Bioluminescence imaging revealed that favipiravir (300 mg/kg/day) treatment commencing 1 h after intramuscular inoculation of RABV efficiently suppressed viral replication at the inoculation site and the subsequent replication in the CNS. However, virus replication in the CNS was not inhibited when the treatment began 2 days after inoculation. We also found that higher doses (600 or 900 mg/kg/day) of favipiravir could suppress viral replication in the CNS even when administration started 2 days after inoculation. These results support our hypothesis and suggest that a highly effective drug-delivery system into the CNS and/or the enhancement of favipiravir conversion to its active form are required to improve favipiravir treatment of rabies. Furthermore, the bioluminescence imaging system established in this study will facilitate the development of treatment for symptomatic rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Research Promotion Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kazuko Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan; Department of Food Science and Technology, Minami Kyushu University, 5-1-2 Kirishima, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 880-0031, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimitsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ryo Kaimori
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Nobuo Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takashi Komeno
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co.,Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nakajima
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co.,Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Yousuke Furuta
- FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co.,Ltd, 2-4-1 Shimookui, Toyama City, Toyama, 930-8508, Japan
| | - Akira Nishizono
- Research Promotion Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
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19
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Rupprecht CE, Kuzmin IV, Yale G, Nagarajan T, Meslin FX. Priorities in applied research to ensure programmatic success in the global elimination of canine rabies. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A77-A84. [PMID: 30685249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of human rabies mediated by dogs is attainable in concept, based upon current sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, existing safe and effective human and veterinary vaccines and a sound virological, pathological and epidemiological understanding of the disease. Globally, all developed countries achieved this goal. Regionally, major progress occurred throughout the Americas. However, less advancement is evident in Africa and Asia. Our objective was to concentrate upon those salient improvements to extant tools and methods over the next five years which could assist and simplify the task for both those developing countries that have already begun the process, as well as other localities in the earlier stages of consideration. We considered several categories of applied research which could be accomplished in the short term, based upon the available scientific evidence and recent recommendations from subject matter experts and key opinion leaders, focused upon perceived major limitations to prior program success. Areas of concentration included: laboratory-based surveillance, pathogen detection and characterization; human rabies prophylaxis; veterinary biologics; implementation of canine vaccination; and oral vaccination of free-ranging community dogs. Further real-time application in these core areas with proven techniques and technology would simplify attaining not only the global goal focused subtly upon human mortality, but the actual elimination of canine rabies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Panaji, Goa 403002, India
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Abstract
Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease that is caused by lyssaviruses, most often rabies virus. Despite control efforts, sporadic outbreaks in wildlife populations are largely unpredictable, underscoring our incomplete knowledge of what governs viral transmission and spread in reservoir hosts. Furthermore, the evolutionary history of rabies virus and related lyssaviruses remains largely unclear. Robust surveillance efforts combined with diagnostics and disease modelling are now providing insights into the epidemiology and evolution of rabies virus. The immune status of the host, the nature of exposure and strain differences all clearly influence infection and transmission dynamics. In this Review, we focus on rabies virus infections in the wildlife and synthesize current knowledge in the rapidly advancing fields of rabies virus epidemiology and evolution, and advocate for multidisciplinary approaches to advance our understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthias J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Vaccine Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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