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Carobeli LR, Santos ABC, Martins LBM, Damke E, Consolaro MEL. Recent advances in photodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2024; 24:263-282. [PMID: 38549400 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2024.2337259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the evidence that photodynamic therapy (PDT) associated with chemotherapy presents great potential to overcome the limitations of monotherapy, little is known about the current status of this combination against cervical cancer. This systematic review aimed to address the currently available advances in combining PDT and chemotherapy in different research models and clinical trials of cervical cancer. METHODS We conducted a systematic review based on PRISMA Statement and Open Science Framework review protocol using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. We selected original articles focusing on 'Uterine Cervical Neoplasms' and 'Photochemotherapy and Chemotherapy' published in the last 10 years. The risk of bias in the studies was assessed using the CONSORT and SYRCLE tools. RESULTS Twenty-three original articles were included, focusing on HeLa cells, derived from endocervical adenocarcinoma and on combinations of several chemotherapeutics. Most of the combinations used modern drug delivery systems for improved simultaneous delivery and presented promising results with increased cytotoxicity compared to monotherapy. CONCLUSION Despite the scarcity of animal studies and the absence of clinical studies, the combination of chemotherapy with PDT presents a potential option for cervical cancer therapy requiring additional studies. OSF REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WPHN5 [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara Rodrigues Carobeli
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Camillo Santos
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcia Edilaine Lopes Consolaro
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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2
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Liao WT, Chang DM, Lin MX, Lee JW, Tung YC, Hsiao JK. Indocyanine-Green-Loaded Liposomes for Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapies: Inducing Apoptosis and Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells with Implications beyond Oral Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:224. [PMID: 38399278 PMCID: PMC10891763 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer represents a global health burden, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Photodynamic and photothermal therapies using indocyanine green (ICG) have shown promise due to their distinctive near-infrared (NIR) light absorption characteristics and FDA-approved safety profiles. This study develops ICG-loaded liposomes (Lipo-ICGs) to further explore their potential in oral cancer treatments. We synthesized and characterized the Lipo-ICGs, conducted in vitro cell culture experiments to assess cellular uptake and photodynamic/photothermal effects, and performed in vivo animal studies to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy. Quantitative cell apoptosis and gene expression variation were further characterized using flow cytometry and RNA sequencing, respectively. Lipo-ICGs demonstrated a uniform molecular weight distribution among particles. The in vitro studies showed a successful internalization of Lipo-ICGs into the cells and a significant photodynamic treatment effect. The in vivo studies confirmed the efficient delivery of Lipo-ICGs to tumor sites and successful tumor growth inhibition following photodynamic therapy. Moreover, light exposure induced a time-sensitive photothermal effect, facilitating the further release of ICG, and enhancing the treatment efficacy. RNA sequencing data showed significant changes in gene expression patterns upon Lipo-ICG treatment, suggesting the activation of apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways. The findings demonstrate the potential of Lipo-ICGs as a therapeutic tool for oral cancer management, potentially extending to other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; (W.-T.L.); (M.-X.L.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Dao-Ming Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Xian Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; (W.-T.L.); (M.-X.L.)
| | - Jeng-Woei Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; (W.-T.L.); (M.-X.L.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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3
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Prince Y, Hiremath N, Vankayala R. Near-infrared light activatable niosomes loaded with indocyanine green and plasmonic gold nanorods for theranostic applications. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7759-7767. [PMID: 37877932 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Light-mediated theranostic platforms involve the use of agents (small molecules/nanomaterials), which can absorb light to produce either heat or reactive chemical species (RCS) and emit fluorescence. Such platforms are advantageous in the field of personalized medicine, as they provide enhanced diagnostic capabilities, improved therapeutic efficiencies, and can also simultaneously monitor the treatment outcomes using imaging modalities. Specifically, agents absorbing near-infrared (NIR) light can provide minimal scattering, low autofluorescence, superior spatio-temporal resolution, and deeper tissue penetration depths. Gold nanorods (GNR) and indocyanine green (ICG) are two agents known to absorb light in the NIR region. GNR can provide tunable plasmonic properties, while ICG is an FDA-approved NIR fluorophore. However, the use of ICG and GNR suffers from various limitations, such as photobleaching, non-specificity, toxicity, and aggregation in solution. To overcome these limitations, herein, we report on NIR light-activatable niosomes loaded with GNR and ICG for cancer theranostic applications. Both agents were encapsulated into non-ionic surfactant-based biocompatible niosomes to form ICG-GNR@Nio with superior loading efficiencies and enhanced properties. ICG-GNR@Nio offers excellent storage stability, photostability, elevated temperature rise and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon 1064 nm laser irradiation. Subsequently, the enhanced phototherapeutic capabilities mediated by ICG-GNR@Nio were validated in the in vitro cellular experiments. Overall, ICG-GNR@Nio-based theranostic platforms can provide a significant benchmark in the improved diagnosis and therapeutic capabilities for biomedical clinicians to tackle various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumnam Prince
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India
| | - Netra Hiremath
- Interdisciplinary research platform, Smart Health Care, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India
- Interdisciplinary research platform, Smart Health Care, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar 342030, India.
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4
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Min K, Sahu A, Jeon SH, Tae G. Emerging drug delivery systems with traditional routes - A roadmap to chronic inflammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115119. [PMID: 37898338 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is prevalent and inevitable in daily life but can generally be accommodated by the immune systems. However, incapable self-healing and persistent inflammation can progress to chronic inflammation, leading to prevalent or fatal chronic diseases. This review comprehensively covers the topic of emerging drug delivery systems (DDSs) for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs). First, we introduce the basic biology of the chronic inflammatory process and provide an overview of the main CIDs of the major organs. Next, up-to-date information on various DDSs and the associated strategies for ensuring targeted delivery and stimuli-responsiveness applied to CIDs are discussed extensively. The implementation of traditional routes of drug administration to maximize their therapeutic effects against CIDs is then summarized. Finally, perspectives on future DDSs against CIDs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoon Min
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhishek Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Sae Hyun Jeon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Gangurde P, Mahmoudzadeh M, Gounani Z, Koivuniemi A, Laurén P, Lajunen T, Laaksonen T. Development of Robust Cationic Light-Activated Thermosensitive Liposomes: Choosing the Right Lipids. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5728-5738. [PMID: 37874965 PMCID: PMC10630945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on cationic light-activated thermosensitive liposomes (CLTSLs) as a means for site-specific and controlled drug release; however, less attention has been given to the stability of these nanoparticles. Selecting the appropriate lipids is crucial for the development of a stable and responsive system. In this study, we investigated the impact of various lipids on the physical properties of cationic light-activated liposomes. Incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) PEG molecules resulted in uniform liposomes with low polydispersity index, while the addition of unsaturated lipid (DOTAP) resulted in extremely leaky liposomes, with almost 80% release in just 10 min of incubation at body temperature. Conversely, the inclusion of cholesterol in the formulation increased liposome stability too much and decreased their sensitivity to stimuli-responsive release, with only 14% release after 2 min of light exposure. To achieve stable and functional CLTSL, we substituted an equivalent amount of unsaturated lipid with a saturated lipid (DPTAP), resulting in stable liposomes at body temperature that were highly responsive to light, releasing 90% of their content in 10 s of light exposure. We also conducted two atomistic molecular dynamics simulations using lipid compositions with saturated and unsaturated lipids to investigate the effect of lipid composition on the dynamical properties of the liposomal lipid bilayer. Our findings suggest that the nature of lipids used to prepare liposomes significantly affects their properties, especially when the drug loading needs to be stable but triggered drug release properties are required at the same time. Selecting the appropriate lipids in the right amount is therefore essential for the preparation of liposomes with desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Gangurde
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudzadeh
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zahra Gounani
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artturi Koivuniemi
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Laurén
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere
University, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland
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6
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Hashida N, Nishida K. Recent advances and future prospects: current status and challenges of the intraocular injection of drugs for vitreoretinal diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114870. [PMID: 37172783 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Effective drug therapy for vitreoretinal disease is a major challenge in the field of ophthalmology; various protective systems, including anatomical and physiological barriers, complicate drug delivery to precise targets. However, as the eye is a closed cavity, it is an ideal target for local administration. Various types of drug delivery systems have been investigated that take advantage of this aspect of the eye, enhancing ocular permeability and optimizing local drug concentrations. Many drugs, mainly anti-VEGF drugs, have been evaluated in clinical trials and have provided clinical benefit to many patients. In the near future, innovative drug delivery systems will be developed to avoid frequent intravitreal administration of drugs and maintain effective drug concentrations for a long period of time. Here, we review the published literature on various drugs and administration routes and current clinical applications. Recent advances in drug delivery systems are discussed along with future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Hashida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Gu X, Shu T, Deng W, Shen C, Wu Y. An X-ray activatable gold nanorod encapsulated liposome delivery system for mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:4539-4547. [PMID: 37161717 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00608e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a mitochondria-targeted nanomaterial for neoadjuvant X-ray-triggered photodynamic therapy of rectal cancer. Herein, we designed a biodegradable liposome incorporating a photosensitizer, verteporfin, to generate X-ray-induced reactive oxygen species, gold nanorods as radiation enhancers, and triphenylphosphonium as the mitochondrial targeting moiety. The average size of the nanocarrier was about 150 nm. Due to the synergetic effect between X-ray and a combination of verteporfin and gold nanorods, as well as precise site-targeted TPP-modified liposomal nanocarriers, our nanoconjugates generated sufficient cytotoxic singlet oxygen within the mitochondria under X-ray irradiation, triggering the loss of membrane potential and mitochondria-related apoptosis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefan Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South, Wales Kensington, 2052 NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 NSW, Australia
| | - Tiantian Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chao Shen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 NSW, Australia
| | - Youshen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China.
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8
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Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani S, Yazdani M, Nikpoor AR, Hatamipour M, Ajami A, Jaafari MR, Badiee A, Rafiei A. Targeting the tumor microenvironment by liposomal Epacadostat in combination with liposomal gp100 vaccine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5802. [PMID: 37037839 PMCID: PMC10086071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) pathway has vital role in cancer immune escape and its upregulation leads to immunosuppressive environment which is associated with poor prognosis and progression in various cancers like melanoma. Previously, we showed the antitumoral efficacy of nanoliposomal form of Epacadostat (Lip-EPA), as an IDO1 inhibitor. Herein, we used Lip-EPA as a combination approach with liposomal gp100 (Lip-gp100) anti-cancer vaccine in melanoma model. Here, we showed that B16F10 tumor express IDO1 so using Lip-EPA will enhance the efficacy of vaccine therapy. The biodistribution of ICG-labelled liposomal form of EPA showed the remarkable accumulation of drug at tumor site. In an in vivo study, Lip-EPA enhanced the antitumor efficacy of Lip-gp100 in which the IDO mRNA expression was decreased (~ fourfold) in tumor samples. Also, we identified a significant increase in the number of infiltrated T lymphocytes (p < 0.0001) with enhanced in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production (p < 0.0001). Additionally, Lip-EPA + Lip-gp100 significantly modulated intratumoral regulatory T cells which altogether resulted in the highest delay in tumor growth (TGD = 56.54%) and increased life span (ILS > 47.36%) in treated mice. Our study demonstrated that novel combination of Lip-EPA and Lip-gp100 was effective treatment with capability of being used in further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Tahaghoghi-Hajghorbani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Yazdani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hatamipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Ajami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Abstract
The instability in solution and aggregation-induced self-quenching of indocyanine green (ICG) have weakened its fluorescence and photothermal properties, thus inhibiting its application in practice. In this study, the cationic and anionic liposomes containing ICG were prepared based on 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-glycerol (DPPG), respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that ICG molecules are better distributed in the membranes of cationic DOTAP-based liposomes, leading to a superior fluorescence and photothermal performance. The liposomal ICG also shows the physical and photothermal stability during irradiation and long-term storage. On this basis, the prepared DOTAP-based liposomal ICG was encapsulated in the self-healing hydrogel formed by guar gum through the borate/diol interaction. The proposed liposomal ICG-loaded hydrogel can not only convert near-infrared (NIR) light into heat effectively but also repair itself without external assistance, which will realize potent photothermal therapy (PTT) against bacterial infection and provide the possibility for meeting the rapidly growing needs of modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyao Ni
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiajie Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhicheng Ye
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yazhuo Shang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Vargas-Nadal G, Köber M, Nsamela A, Terenziani F, Sissa C, Pescina S, Sonvico F, Gazzali AM, Wahab HA, Grisanti L, Olivera ME, Palena MC, Guzman ML, Luciani-Giacobbe LC, Jimenez-Kairuz A, Ventosa N, Ratera I, Belfield KD, Maoz BM. Fluorescent Multifunctional Organic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Bioimaging: A Tutorial Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 36432688 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) are a large family of nanostructures constituted by organic components that emit light in different spectral regions upon excitation, due to the presence of organic fluorophores. FONs are of great interest for numerous biological and medical applications, due to their high tunability in terms of composition, morphology, surface functionalization, and optical properties. Multifunctional FONs combine several functionalities in a single nanostructure (emission of light, carriers for drug-delivery, functionalization with targeting ligands, etc.), opening the possibility of using the same nanoparticle for diagnosis and therapy. The preparation, characterization, and application of these multifunctional FONs require a multidisciplinary approach. In this review, we present FONs following a tutorial approach, with the aim of providing a general overview of the different aspects of the design, preparation, and characterization of FONs. The review encompasses the most common FONs developed to date, the description of the most important features of fluorophores that determine the optical properties of FONs, an overview of the preparation methods and of the optical characterization techniques, and the description of the theoretical approaches that are currently adopted for modeling FONs. The last part of the review is devoted to a non-exhaustive selection of some recent biomedical applications of FONs.
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Abstract
The potential of photoactivating certain molecules, photosensitizers (PS), resulting in photochemical processes, has long been realized in the form of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the management of several cancerous and noncancerous pathologies. With an improved understanding of the photoactivation process and its broader implications, efforts are being made to exploit the various facets of photoactivation, PDT, and the associated phenomenon of photodynamic priming in enhancing treatment outcomes, specifically in cancer therapeutics. The parallel emergence of nanomedicine, specifically liposome-based nanoformulations, and the convergence of the two fields of liposome-based drug delivery and PDT have led to the development of unique hybrid systems, which combine the exciting features of liposomes with adequate complementation through the photoactivation process. While initially liposomes carrying photosensitizers (PSs) were developed for enhancing the pharmacokinetics and the general applicability of PSs, more recently, PS-loaded liposomes, apart from their utility in PDT, have found several applications including enhanced targeting of drugs, coloading multiple therapeutic agents to enhance synergistic effects, imaging, priming, triggering drug release, and facilitating the escape of therapeutic agents from the endolysosomal complex. This review discusses the design strategies, potential, and unique attributes of these hybrid systems, with not only photoactivation as an attribute but also the ability to encapsulate multiple agents for imaging, biomodulation, priming, and therapy referred to as photoactivatable multiagent/inhibitor liposomes (PMILS) and their targeted versions─targeted PMILS (TPMILS). While liposomes have formed their own niche in nanotechnology and nanomedicine with several clinically approved formulations, we try to highlight how using PS-loaded liposomes could address some of the limitations and concerns usually associated with liposomes to overcome them and enhance their preclinical and clinical utility in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Abstract
Indocyanine Green (ICG) is a clinically approved organic dye with near-infrared absorption and fluorescence. Over the years, many efforts to improve the photophysical and pharmacokinetic properties of ICG have investigated numerous nanoparticle formulations, especially liposomes with membrane-embedded ICG. A series of systematic absorption and fluorescence experiments, including FRET experiments using ICG as a fluorescence energy acceptor, found that ICG transfers spontaneously from liposomes to albumin protein residing in the external solution with a half-life of ∼10 min at 37 °C. Moreover, transfer of ICG from liposome membranes to external albumin reduces light-activated leakage from thermosensitive liposomes with membrane-embedded ICG. A survey of lipophilic liposome additives discovered that the presence of clinically approved antioxidant, α-tocopherol, greatly increases ICG retention in the liposomes (presumably by forming favorable aromatic stacking interactions), inhibits ICG photobleaching and prevents albumin-induced reduction of light-triggered liposome leakage. This new insight will help researchers with the specific task of optimizing ICG-containing liposomes for fluorescence imaging or phototherapeutics. More broadly, the results suggest a broader design concept concerning light triggered liposome leakage, that is, proximity of the light absorbing dye to the bilayer membrane is a critical design feature that impacts the extent of liposome leakage.
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13
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Li L, Liang X, He T, Li X, Huang X, Wang N, Shen M, Shu Y, Wu R, Zhang M, Wu Q, Gong C. Multifunctional light-activatable nanocomplex conducting temperate-heat photothermal therapy to avert excessive inflammation and trigger augmented immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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De Clerck K, Accou G, Sauvage F, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K, Peynshaert K. Photodisruption of the Inner Limiting Membrane: Exploring ICG Loaded Nanoparticles as Photosensitizers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1716. [PMID: 36015342 PMCID: PMC9416162 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner limiting membrane (ILM) represents a major bottleneck hampering efficient drug delivery to the retina after intravitreal injection. To overcome this barrier, we intend to perforate the ILM by use of a light-based approach which relies on the creation of vapor nanobubbles (VNBs) when irradiating photosensitizers with high intensity laser pulses. Upon collapse of these VNBs, mechanical effects can disrupt biological structures. As a photosensitizer, we explore indocyanine green (ICG) loaded nanoparticles (NPs) specifically designed for our application. In light of this, ICG liposomes and PLGA ICG NPs were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, ICG incorporation and VNB formation. ICG liposomes were found to encapsulate significantly higher amounts of ICG compared to PLGA ICG NPs which is reflected in their VNB creating capacity. Since only ICG liposomes were able to induce VNB generation, this class of NPs was further investigated on retinal explants. Here, application of ICG liposomes followed by laser treatment resulted in subtle disruption effects at the ILM where zones of fully ablated ILM were alternated by intact regions. As the interaction between the ICG liposomes and ILM might be insufficient, active targeting strategies or other NP designs might improve the concept to a further extent.
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15
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Rathod AK, Poojari CS, Manna M. Is Lipid Specificity Key to the Potential Antiviral Activity of Mouthwash Reagent Chlorhexidine against SARS-CoV-2? Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:616. [PMID: 35736323 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX), a popular antibacterial drug, is widely used for oral health. Emerging pieces of evidence suggest that commercially available chlorhexidine mouthwash formulations are effective in suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, possibly through destabilization of the viral lipid envelope. CHX is known for its membrane-active properties; however, the molecular mechanism revealing how it damages the viral lipid envelope is yet to be understood. Here we used extensive conventional and umbrella sampling simulations to quantify the effects of CHX on model membranes mimicking the composition of the SARS-CoV-2 outer lipid membrane as well as the host plasma membrane. Our results show that the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane play an important role in binding and insertion, with CHX binding favorably to the viral membrane over the plasma membrane. Among the simulated lipids, CHX preferentially binds to anionic lipids, PS and PI, which are more concentrated in the viral membrane. The deeper and stable binding of CHX to the viral membrane results in more pronounced swelling of the membrane laterally with a thinning of the bilayer. The overall free energies of pore formation are strongly reduced for the viral membrane compared to the plasma membrane; however, CHX has a larger concentration-dependent effect on free energies of pore formation in the plasma membrane than the viral membrane. The results indicate that CHX is less toxic to the human plasma membrane at low concentrations. Our simulations reveal that CHX facilitates pore formation by the combination of thinning the membrane and accumulation at the water defect. This study provides insights into the mechanism underlying the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potency of CHX, supporting its potential for application as an effective and safe oral rinse agent for preventing viral transmission.
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16
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Liao K, Pan Y, Wu Z, Yao W, Miao X, Lu X, Fan Q, Hu W. Viscosity Effects on the Excited-State Dynamics of Indocyanine Green for Phototheranostic. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200112. [PMID: 35243773 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The excited-state dynamics of indocyanine green (ICG) fundamentally determine its photophysical properties for phototheranostic. However, its dynamics are predictable to be susceptible toward intracellular viscosity due to its almost freely rotating structure, making the precise phototheranostic very challenging. Therefore, correlating the viscosity with the dynamics of ICG is of great importance and urgency for precise phototheranostic prospects. This study presents systemic investigations on the viscosity-dependent dynamics of ICG for phototheranostic. Femtosecond transient absorption experiments elucidate a prolonged radiative transition (225 ps vs 152 ps) for ICG in a viscous environment, which benefits fluorescence. Viscosity remarkably extends the triplet excited-state lifetime of ICG but reduces its internal conversion (6.2 ps vs 2.2 ps). The extended triplet lifetime affords sufficient photosensitization time to enhance photodynamic therapy. A moderative internal conversion is unfavorable for heat production, resulting in inferior photothermal therapy. With this clear picture of excitation energy state dissipation in mind, we readily identified the safety laser power density for precise phototheranostic. This work provides an insightful understanding of viscosity-relevant excited-state dynamics toward phototheranostic, which is also beneficial for designing novel ICG derivatives with improved phototheranostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Liao
- Nanjing Tech University, Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), CHINA
| | - Yonghui Pan
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), CHINA
| | - Zizi Wu
- Nanjing Tech University, Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials(IAM), CHINA
| | - Weiyun Yao
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, CHINA
| | - Xiaofei Miao
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), CHINA
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Nanjing Tech University, Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), CHINA
| | - Quli Fan
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), CHINA
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, 127 West Youyi Road, 710072, Xi'an, CHINA
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17
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Liu C, Liu YY, Chang Q, Shu Q, Shen N, Wang H, Xie Y, Deng X. Pressure-Controlled Encapsulation of Graphene Quantum Dots into Liposomes by the Reverse-Phase Evaporation Method. Langmuir 2021; 37:14096-14104. [PMID: 34808057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall nanoparticles (USNPs) with sizes below 10 nm have shown great potentials in medical applications owing to their outstanding physical, chemical, optical, and biological properties. However, they suffer from a rapid renal clearance and biodegradation rate in the biological environment due to the small size. Liposomes are one of the most promising delivery nanocarriers for loading USNPs because of their excellent biocompatibility and lipid bilayer structure. Encapsulation of USNPs into liposomes in an efficient and controllable manner remains a challenge. In this study, we achieved a high loading of graphene quantum dots (GQDs, ∼4 nm), a typical USNP, into the aqueous core of liposomes (45.68 ± 1.44%), which was controllable by the pressure. The GQDs-loaded liposomes (GQDs-LPs) exhibited a very good aqueous stability for over a month. Furthermore, indocyanine green (ICG), an efficient near-infrared (NIR) photothermal agent, was introduced in the GQDs-LP system that could convert NIR laser energy into thermal energy and break down the liposomes, causing the release of GQDs in 6 min. Moreover, this NIR light-controlled release system (GQDs-ICG-LPs) also exhibited a good photothermal therapeutic performance in vitro, and 75% of cancer cells were killed at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Overall, the successful development of the NIR light-controlled release system has laid a solid foundation for the future biomedical application of USNPs-loaded liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingfeng Shu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yijun Xie
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyong Deng
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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18
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Shen X, Liu X, Li T, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wang P, Zheng L, Yang H, Wu C, Deng S, Liu Y. Recent Advancements in Serum Albumin-Based Nanovehicles Toward Potential Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Front Chem 2021; 9:746646. [PMID: 34869202 PMCID: PMC8636905 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.746646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, drug delivery vehicles based on nanotechnology have significantly attracted the attention of researchers in the field of nanomedicine since they can achieve ideal drug release and biodistribution. Among the various organic or inorganic materials that used to prepare drug delivery vehicles for effective cancer treatment, serum albumin-based nanovehicles have been widely developed and investigated due to their prominent superiorities, including good biocompatibility, high stability, nontoxicity, non-immunogenicity, easy preparation, and functionalization, allowing them to be promising candidates for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This article reviews the recent advances on the applications of serum albumin-based nanovehicles in cancer diagnosis and therapy. We first introduce the essential information of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA), and discuss their drug loading strategies. We then discuss the different types of serum albumin-based nanovehicles including albumin nanoparticles, surface-functionalized albumin nanoparticles, and albumin nanocomplexes. Moreover, after briefly discussing the application of serum albumin-based nanovehicles used as the nanoprobes in cancer diagnosis, we also describe the serum albumin-based nanovehicle-assisted cancer theranostics, involving gas therapy, chemodynamic therapy (CDT), phototherapy (PTT/PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), and other therapies as well as cancer imaging. Numerous studies cited in our review show that serum albumin-based nanovehicles possess a great potential in cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Shen
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipments of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipments of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury of PLA, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipments of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipments of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengqi Deng
- Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceuticals and Equipments of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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19
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Róg T, Girych M, Bunker A. Mechanistic Understanding from Molecular Dynamics in Pharmaceutical Research 2: Lipid Membrane in Drug Design. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1062. [PMID: 34681286 PMCID: PMC8537670 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation as a drug design tool in the context of the role that the lipid membrane can play in drug action, i.e., the interaction between candidate drug molecules and lipid membranes. In the standard "lock and key" paradigm, only the interaction between the drug and a specific active site of a specific protein is considered; the environment in which the drug acts is, from a biophysical perspective, far more complex than this. The possible mechanisms though which a drug can be designed to tinker with physiological processes are significantly broader than merely fitting to a single active site of a single protein. In this paper, we focus on the role of the lipid membrane, arguably the most important element outside the proteins themselves, as a case study. We discuss work that has been carried out, using MD simulation, concerning the transfection of drugs through membranes that act as biological barriers in the path of the drugs, the behavior of drug molecules within membranes, how their collective behavior can affect the structure and properties of the membrane and, finally, the role lipid membranes, to which the vast majority of drug target proteins are associated, can play in mediating the interaction between drug and target protein. This review paper is the second in a two-part series covering MD simulation as a tool in pharmaceutical research; both are designed as pedagogical review papers aimed at both pharmaceutical scientists interested in exploring how the tool of MD simulation can be applied to their research and computational scientists interested in exploring the possibility of a pharmaceutical context for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Alex Bunker
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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20
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Pan P, Svirskis D, Rees SWP, Barker D, Waterhouse GIN, Wu Z. Photosensitive drug delivery systems for cancer therapy: Mechanisms and applications. J Control Release 2021; 338:446-461. [PMID: 34481021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, various photosensitive nanoparticles have been developed as potential therapies in human health, ranging from photodynamic therapy technologies that have already reached clinical use, to drug delivery systems that are still in the preclinical stages. Many of these systems are designed to achieve a high spatial and temporal on-demand drug release via phototriggerable mechanisms. This review examines the current clinical and experimental applications in cancer treatment of photosensitive drug release systems, including nanocarriers such as liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and hydrogels. We will focus on the three main physicochemical mechanisms of imparting photosensitivity to a delivery system: i) photochemical reactions (oxidation, cleavage, and polymerization), ii) photoisomerization, iii) and photothermal reactions. Photosensitive nanoparticles have a multitude of different applications including controlled drug release, resulting from physical/conformational changes in the delivery systems in response to light of specific wavelengths. Most of the recent research in these delivery systems has primarily focused on improving the efficacy and safety of cancer treatments such as photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Combinations of multiple treatment modalities using photosensitive nanoparticulate delivery systems have also garnered great interest in combating multi-drug resistant cancers due to their synergistic effects. Finally, the challenges and future potential of photosensitive drug delivery systems in biomedical applications is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Shaun W P Rees
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- School of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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21
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Sarkar A, Junnuthula V, Dyawanapelly S. Ocular Therapeutics and Molecular Delivery Strategies for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10594. [PMID: 34638935 PMCID: PMC8508687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in geriatric population. Intravitreal (IVT) injections are popular clinical option. Biologics and small molecules offer efficacy but relatively shorter half-life after intravitreal injections. To address these challenges, numerous technologies and therapies are under development. Most of these strategies aim to reduce the frequency of injections, thereby increasing patient compliance and reducing patient-associated burden. Unlike IVT frequent injections, molecular therapies such as cell therapy and gene therapy offer restoration ability hence gained a lot of traction. The recent approval of ocular gene therapy for inherited disease offers new hope in this direction. However, until such breakthrough therapies are available to the majority of patients, antibody therapeutics will be on the shelf, continuing to provide therapeutic benefits. The present review aims to highlight the status of pre-clinical and clinical studies of neovascular AMD treatment modalities including Anti-VEGF therapy, upcoming bispecific antibodies, small molecules, port delivery systems, photodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, gene therapy, cell therapy, and combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aira Sarkar
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | | | - Sathish Dyawanapelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai 400019, India
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22
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Abstract
In this work, a novel light activatable micron-sized liposomal drug carrier that has a unique capability to release drug repetitively in proportion to the cycle number of short irradiation (5 s) of near-infrared (NIR) pulsed laser is reported. We synthesized methotrexate (MTX)-loaded liposomes based on a modified reverse-phase evaporation method. Gold nanorods (AuNR) were attached to the liposomal surfaces, enabling the liposomes to release drug under short NIR irradiation via the photothermal effect. The concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) released from the liposomes were 10.6, 29.8, 43.7 and 65.9 μg/mL after one, two, three or four NIR laser cycles (1.1 W at 1064 nm, 5 s per cycle), respectively. The current finding will provide possible solution to the previously reported inconsistency in drug release from light activatable liposomal drug carriers at each activation cycle. The repeatability of drug release described in this work is believed to be due to reversible nature of the liposomes. The liposomes release drug via lipid bilayer melting when irradiated by laser due to gold nanorods' plasmonic heat on the lipid bilayer surface and quickly regain their original structure once the laser source is removed. We provided evidence of the reversible liposomal structures by monitoring the change of number densities of liposomes using a microelectrode sensor with different laser irradiation durations and powers. We also assessed the micron-sized liposome with respect to long-term stability, drug encapsulation efficiency, and drug-releasing efficiency, demonstrating the possibility of utilizing these liposomes as long-term drug delivery vehicles for various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yuan
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Saikat Das
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Ryan J White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Yoonjee C Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
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23
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Cheng X, Gao J, Ding Y, Lu Y, Wei Q, Cui D, Fan J, Li X, Zhu E, Lu Y, Wu Q, Li L, Huang W. Multi-Functional Liposome: A Powerful Theranostic Nano-Platform Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2100876. [PMID: 34085415 PMCID: PMC8373168 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has promising advantages in almost non-invasion, low drug resistance, and low dark toxicity, it still suffers from limitations in the lipophilic nature of most photosensitizers (PSs), short half-life of PS in plasma, poor tissue penetration, and low tumor specificity. To overcome these limitations and enhance PDT, liposomes, as excellent multi-functional nano-carriers for drug delivery, have been extensively studied in multi-functional theranostics, including liposomal PS, targeted drug delivery, controllable drug release, image-guided therapy, and combined therapy. This review provides researchers with a useful reference in liposome-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Cheng
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Qiancheng Wei
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Cui
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Jiali Fan
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Ershu Zhu
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Yongna Lu
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
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24
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Refaat A, Del Rosal B, Palasubramaniam J, Pietersz G, Wang X, Moulton SE, Peter K. Near-infrared light-responsive liposomes for protein delivery: Towards bleeding-free photothermally-assisted thrombolysis. J Control Release 2021; 337:212-23. [PMID: 34284049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Smart drug delivery systems represent state-of-the-art approaches for targeted therapy of life-threatening diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Stimuli-responsive on-demand release of therapeutic agents at the diseased site can significantly limit serious adverse effects. In this study, we engineered a near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive liposomal gold nanorod-containing platform for on-demand delivery of proteins using a hybrid formulation of ultrasmall gold nanorods (AuNRs), thermosensitive phospholipid (DPPC) and non-ionic surfactant (Brij58). In light-triggered release optimization studies, 55.6% (± 4.8) of a FITC-labelled model protein, ovalbumin (MW 45 kDa) was released in 15 min upon NIR irradiation (785 nm, 1.35 W/cm2 for 5 min). This platform was then utilized to test on-demand delivery of urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA) for bleeding-free photothermally-assisted thrombolysis, where the photothermal effect of AuNRs would synergize with the released uPA in clot lysis. Urokinase light-responsive liposomes showed 80.7% (± 4.5) lysis of an in vitro halo-clot model in 30 min following NIR irradiation (785 nm, 1.35 W/cm2 for 5 min) compared to 36.3% (± 4.4) and 15.5% (± 5.5) clot lysis from equivalent free uPA and non-irradiated liposomes respectively. These results show the potential of low-dose, site-specific thrombolysis via the combination of light-triggered delivery/release of uPA from liposomes combined with photothermal thrombolytic effects from gold nanorods. In conclusion, newly engineered, gold nanorod-based, NIR light-responsive liposomes represent a promising drug delivery system for site-directed, photothermally-stimulated therapeutic protein release.
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25
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Gowsalya K, Yasothamani V, Vivek R. Emerging indocyanine green-integrated nanocarriers for multimodal cancer therapy: a review. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:3332-3352. [PMID: 36133722 PMCID: PMC9418715 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a branch of science dealing with the development of new types of nanomaterials by several methods. In the biomedical field, nanotechnology is widely used in the form of nanotherapeutics. Therefore, the current biomedical research pays much attention to nanotechnology for the development of efficient cancer treatment. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a near-infrared tricarbocyanine dye approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human clinical use. ICG is a biologically safe photosensitizer and it can kill tumor cells by producing singlet oxygen species and photothermal heat upon NIR irradiation. ICG has some limitations such as easy aggregation, rapid aqueous degradation, and a short half-life. To address these limitations, ICG is further formulated with nanoparticles. Therefore, ICG is integrated with organic nanomaterials (polymers, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers and protein), inorganic nanomaterials (magnetic, gold, mesoporous, calcium, and LDH based), and hybrid nanomaterials. The combination of ICG with nanomaterials provides highly efficient therapeutic effects. Nowadays, ICG is used for various biomedical applications, especially in cancer therapeutics. In this review, we mainly focus on ICG-based combined cancer nanotherapeutics for advanced cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Gowsalya
- Bio-Nano Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Cancer Research Program (CRP), School of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University Coimbatore-641 046 India
| | - Vellingiri Yasothamani
- Bio-Nano Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Cancer Research Program (CRP), School of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University Coimbatore-641 046 India
| | - Raju Vivek
- Bio-Nano Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Cancer Research Program (CRP), School of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University Coimbatore-641 046 India
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26
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Ma G, Kostevšek N, Monaco I, Ruiz A, Markelc B, Cheung CCL, Hudoklin S, Kreft ME, Hassan HAFM, Barker M, Conyard J, Hall C, Meech S, Mayes AG, Serša I, Čemažar M, Marković K, Ščančar J, Franchini MC, Al-Jamal WT. PD1 blockade potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of photothermally-activated and MRI-guided low temperature-sensitive magnetoliposomes. J Control Release 2021; 332:419-33. [PMID: 33677010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of PD1 blockade on the therapeutic efficacy of novel doxorubicin-loaded temperature-sensitive liposomes. Herein, we report photothermally-activated, low temperature-sensitive magnetoliposomes (mLTSL) for efficient drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mLTSL were prepared by embedding small nitrodopamine palmitate (NDPM)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IO NPs) in the lipid bilayer of low temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSL), using lipid film hydration and extrusion. Doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded mLTSL were characterized using dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, spectrofluorimetry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Photothermal experiments using 808 nm laser irradiation were conducted. In vitro photothermal DOX release studies and cytotoxicity was assessed using flow cytometry and resazurin viability assay, respectively. In vivo DOX release and tumor accumulation of mLTSL(DOX) were assessed using fluorescence and MR imaging, respectively. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of PD1 blockade in combination with photothermally-activated mLTSL(DOX) in CT26-tumor model was evaluated by monitoring tumor growth, cytokine release and immune cell infiltration in the tumor tissue. Interestingly, efficient photothermal heating was obtained by varying the IO NPs content and the laser power, where on-demand burst DOX release was achievable in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, our mLTSL exhibited promising MR imaging properties with high transverse r2 relaxivity (333 mM-1 s-1), resulting in superior MR imaging in vivo. Furthermore, mLTSL(DOX) therapeutic efficacy was potentiated in combination with anti-PD1 mAb, resulting in a significant reduction in CT26 tumor growth via immune cell activation. Our study highlights the potential of combining PD1 blockade with mLTSL(DOX), where the latter could facilitate chemo/photothermal therapy and MRI-guided drug delivery.
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Huang X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Cai HH, Li T, Jin H, Cai J, Zhou H, Pi J. GE11 Peptide Conjugated Liposomes for EGFR-Targeted and Chemophotothermal Combined Anticancer Therapy. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:5534870. [PMID: 33868396 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5534870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How to actively target tumor sites manipulating the controllable release of the encapsulated anticancer drugs and photosensitizers for synergistic anticancer therapy remains a big challenge. In this study, a cancer cell-targeted, near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered and anticancer drug loaded liposome system (LPs) was developed for synergistic cancer therapy. Photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) and chemotherapy drug Curcumin (CUR) were coencapsulated into the liposomes, followed by the surface conjugation of GE11 peptide for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting on the cancer cell surface. Strictly controlled by NIR light, GE11 peptide modified and CUR/ICG-loaded LPs (GE11-CUR/ICG-LPs) could introduce hyperthermia in EGFR overexpressed A549 cancer cells for photothermal therapy, which could also trigger the increased release of CUR for enhanced cancer cell inhibition. GE11-CUR/ICG-LPs synergized photochemotherapy could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytoskeleton disruption to activate stronger apoptotic signaling events than the photothermal therapy or chemotherapy alone by regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. This EGFR-targeted drug-delivery nanosystem with NIR sensitivity may potentially serve in more effective anticancer therapeutics with reduced off-target effects.
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28
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Godard J, Chapron D, Bregier F, Rosilio V, Sol V. Synthesis and supramolecular arrangement of new stearoyl acid-based phenalenone derivatives. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Tavakoli S, Kari OK, Turunen T, Lajunen T, Schmitt M, Lehtinen J, Tasaka F, Parkkila P, Ndika J, Viitala T, Alenius H, Urtti A, Subrizi A. Diffusion and Protein Corona Formation of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in the Vitreous Humor: Profiling and Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:699-713. [PMID: 32584047 PMCID: PMC7856631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The vitreous humor is the first barrier encountered by intravitreally injected nanoparticles. Lipid-based nanoparticles in the vitreous are studied by evaluating their diffusion with single-particle tracking technology and by characterizing their protein coronae with surface plasmon resonance and high-resolution proteomics. Single-particle tracking results indicate that the vitreal mobility of the formulations is dependent on their charge. Anionic and neutral formulations are mobile, whereas larger (>200 nm) neutral particles have restricted diffusion, and cationic particles are immobilized in the vitreous. PEGylation increases the mobility of cationic and larger neutral formulations but does not affect anionic and smaller neutral particles. Convection has a significant role in the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles, whereas diffusion drives the transport of antibodies. Surface plasmon resonance studies determine that the vitreal corona of anionic formulations is sparse. Proteomics data reveals 76 differentially abundant proteins, whose enrichment is specific to either the hard or the soft corona. PEGylation does not affect protein enrichment. This suggests that protein-specific rather than formulation-specific factors are drivers of protein adsorption on nanoparticles in the vitreous. In summary, our findings contribute to understanding the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles in the vitreous and help advance the development of nanoparticle-based treatments for eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Kalevi Kari
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Turunen
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mechthild Schmitt
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Lehtinen
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fumitaka Tasaka
- Pharmaceutics
& Pharmacology Department, Global R&D, Santen Pharmaceutical
Co., Ltd., 8916-16 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Petteri Parkkila
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human
Microbiome Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human
Microbiome Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergof, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Astrid Subrizi
- School
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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30
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Nicolson F, Kircher MF. Theranostics: Agents for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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31
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Drescher S, van Hoogevest P. The Phospholipid Research Center: Current Research in Phospholipids and Their Use in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121235. [PMID: 33353254 PMCID: PMC7766331 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the research on phospholipids and their use for drug delivery related to the Phospholipid Research Center Heidelberg (PRC). The focus is on projects that have been approved by the PRC since 2017 and are currently still ongoing or have recently been completed. The different projects cover all facets of phospholipid research, from basic to applied research, including the use of phospholipids in different administration forms such as liposomes, mixed micelles, emulsions, and extrudates, up to industrial application-oriented research. These projects also include all routes of administration, namely parenteral, oral, and topical. With this review we would like to highlight possible future research directions, including a short introduction into the world of phospholipids.
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32
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Cao D, Li H, Luo Y, Feng N, Ci T. Heparin modified photosensitizer-loaded liposomes for tumor treatment and alleviating metastasis in phototherapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:526-536. [PMID: 33310104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy holds promise in cancer treatment for its prominent antitumor efficacy and low systematic toxicity compared with traditional chemotherapy. However, the higher risk of tumor metastasis caused by the severe hypoxic state during phototherapy is a threat in practical use. Here, in order to tackle this challenge, we developed a delivery system via loading the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) into the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) modified liposomes (LMWH-ICG-Lip) to realize the synergistic effects between photosensitizer and drug vehicle, achieving better phototherapeutic efficacy and meanwhile alleviating the potential risk of tumor metastasis caused by phototherapy. In this system, besides elongating the photosensitizers' circulation time and enhancing their accumulating efficacy to tumor tissues, LMWH itself also exhibited anti-metastasis efficacy via inhibiting adhesion of platelets to tumor cells and decreasing migration and invasion capability of tumor cells. In vivo efficacy evaluation was conducted on orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer model, and the system of LMWH-ICG-Lip could alleviate metastasis potential of residual tumor cells after irradiation, and elicit optimistic antitumor and anti-metastasis efficacy for phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglingge Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huangjuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Tianyuan Ci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, China.
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33
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Bunker A, Róg T. Mechanistic Understanding From Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Pharmaceutical Research 1: Drug Delivery. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:604770. [PMID: 33330633 PMCID: PMC7732618 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.604770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we outline the growing role that molecular dynamics simulation is able to play as a design tool in drug delivery. We cover both the pharmaceutical and computational backgrounds, in a pedagogical fashion, as this review is designed to be equally accessible to pharmaceutical researchers interested in what this new computational tool is capable of and experts in molecular modeling who wish to pursue pharmaceutical applications as a context for their research. The field has become too broad for us to concisely describe all work that has been carried out; many comprehensive reviews on subtopics of this area are cited. We discuss the insight molecular dynamics modeling has provided in dissolution and solubility, however, the majority of the discussion is focused on nanomedicine: the development of nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Here we focus on three areas where molecular dynamics modeling has had a particularly strong impact: (1) behavior in the bloodstream and protective polymer corona, (2) Drug loading and controlled release, and (3) Nanoparticle interaction with both model and biological membranes. We conclude with some thoughts on the role that molecular dynamics simulation can grow to play in the development of new drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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34
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Paliwal SR, Kenwat R, Maiti S, Paliwal R. Nanotheranostics for Cancer Therapy and Detection: State of the Art. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5503-5517. [PMID: 33200696 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201116120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotheranostics, an approach of combining both diagnosis and therapy, is one of the latest advances in cancer therapy particularly. Nanocarriers designed and derived from inorganic materials such as like gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have been explored for tremendous applications in this area. Similarly, nanoparticles composed of some organic material alone or in combination with inorganic nano-cargos have been developed pre-clinically and possess excellent features desired. Photothermal therapy, MRI, simultaneous imaging and delivery, and combination chemotherapy with a diagnosis are a few of the known methods exploring cancer therapy and detection at organ/tissue/molecular/sub-cellular level. This review comprises an overview of the recent reports meant for nano theranostics purposes. Targeted cancer nanotheranostics have been included for understating tumor micro-environment or cell-specific targeting approach employed. A brief account of various strategies is also included for the readers highlighting the mechanism of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Rai Paliwal
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilapsur, CG, India
| | - Rameshroo Kenwat
- Nanomedicine and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP, India
| | - Sabyasachi Maiti
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP, India
| | - Rishi Paliwal
- Nanomedicine and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP, India
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35
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Tavakoli S, Peynshaert K, Lajunen T, Devoldere J, Del Amo EM, Ruponen M, De Smedt SC, Remaut K, Urtti A. Ocular barriers to retinal delivery of intravitreal liposomes: Impact of vitreoretinal interface. J Control Release 2020; 328:952-961. [PMID: 33091527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is challenging due to several anatomical and physiological barriers. Thus, there is a need for prolonged action and targeted drug delivery to treat retinal diseases. Intravitreal injections avoid anterior eye barriers, but the vitreoretinal interface and inner limiting membrane (ILM) may prevent access of drug delivery systems to the retina. Existing data on retinal permeation of intravitreal nanoparticles are sparse and probably misleading due to the inter-species differences of retinal structures in rodents and humans. To bridge this gap, retinal permeation of light-activated liposomes was studied in an ex vivo bovine explant system that simulates the structure of vitreoretinal interface and intact ILM. Our findings indicate that the particle size plays a significant role in determining the retinal penetration as the liposomes of >100 nm sized failed to overcome the ILM and could not permeate into the retina. In addition, our results demonstrate the impact of surface charge and PEG-coating on retinal penetration. Small (≈ 50 nm) anionic liposomes with PEG coating showed the most extensive distribution and cellular localization in the retina. In summary, this study extends understanding of ocular barriers, and provides valuable information to augment design of retinal drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karen Peynshaert
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Hachioji, 192-0392 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joke Devoldere
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, Petergoff, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
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36
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Kari OK, Tavakoli S, Parkkila P, Baan S, Savolainen R, Ruoslahti T, Johansson NG, Ndika J, Alenius H, Viitala T, Urtti A, Lajunen T. Light-Activated Liposomes Coated with Hyaluronic Acid as a Potential Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E763. [PMID: 32806740 PMCID: PMC7465487 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-activated liposomes permit site and time-specific drug delivery to ocular and systemic targets. We combined a light activation technology based on indocyanine green with a hyaluronic acid (HA) coating by synthesizing HA-lipid conjugates. HA is an endogenous vitreal polysaccharide and a potential targeting moiety to cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44)-expressing cells. Light-activated drug release from 100 nm HA-coated liposomes was functional in buffer, plasma, and vitreous samples. The HA-coating improved stability in plasma compared to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated liposomes. Liposomal protein coronas on HA- and PEG-coated liposomes after dynamic exposure to undiluted human plasma and porcine vitreous samples were hydrophilic and negatively charged, thicker in plasma (~5 nm hard, ~10 nm soft coronas) than in vitreous (~2 nm hard, ~3 nm soft coronas) samples. Their compositions were dependent on liposome formulation and surface charge in plasma but not in vitreous samples. Compared to the PEG coating, the HA-coated liposomes bound more proteins in vitreous samples and enriched proteins related to collagen interactions, possibly explaining their slightly reduced vitreal mobility. The properties of the most abundant proteins did not correlate with liposome size or charge, but included proteins with surfactant and immune system functions in plasma and vitreous samples. The HA-coated light-activated liposomes are a functional and promising alternative for intravenous and ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto K. Kari
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Petteri Parkkila
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Simone Baan
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosa Savolainen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Teemu Ruoslahti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
| | - Niklas G. Johansson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human Microbiome Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.N.); (H.A.)
| | - Harri Alenius
- Human Microbiome Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.N.); (H.A.)
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Petergof, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (O.K.K.); (S.T.); (P.P.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (T.R.); (T.V.); (A.U.)
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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37
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Chen W, Goldys EM, Deng W. Light-induced liposomes for cancer therapeutics. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Gu X, Shen C, Li H, Goldys EM, Deng W. X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a mitochondria-targeted liposome delivery system. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:87. [PMID: 32522291 PMCID: PMC7288491 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we constructed multifunctional liposomes with preferentially mitochondria-targeted feature and gold nanoparticles-assisted synergistic photodynamic therapy. We systemically investigated the in vitro X-ray triggered PDT effect of these liposomes on HCT 116 cells including the levels of singlet oxygen, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell apoptosis/necrosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. The results corroborated that synchronous action of PDT and X-ray radiation enhance the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species produced from the engineered liposomes, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and increasing the levels of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefan Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Chao Shen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Wei Deng
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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39
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Lee H. Molecular Simulations of PEGylated Biomolecules, Liposomes, and Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E533. [PMID: 32531886 PMCID: PMC7355693 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated protein was approved by the FDA in 1990, PEGylation has been successfully applied to develop drug delivery systems through experiments, but these experimental results are not always easy to interpret at the atomic level because of the limited resolution of experimental techniques. To determine the optimal size, structure, and density of PEG for drug delivery, the structure and dynamics of PEGylated drug carriers need to be understood close to the atomic scale, as can be done using molecular dynamics simulations, assuming that these simulations can be validated by successful comparisons to experiments. Starting with the development of all-atom and coarse-grained PEG models in 1990s, PEGylated drug carriers have been widely simulated. In particular, recent advances in computer performance and simulation methodologies have allowed for molecular simulations of large complexes of PEGylated drug carriers interacting with other molecules such as anticancer drugs, plasma proteins, membranes, and receptors, which makes it possible to interpret experimental observations at a nearly atomistic resolution, as well as help in the rational design of drug delivery systems for applications in nanomedicine. Here, simulation studies on the following PEGylated drug topics will be reviewed: proteins and peptides, liposomes, and nanoparticles such as dendrimers and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwankyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Korea
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40
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Wu D, Zhao Z, Wang N, Zhang X, Yan H, Chen X, Fan Y, Liu W, Liu X. Fluorescence imaging-guided multifunctional liposomes for tumor-specific phototherapy for laryngeal carcinoma. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3443-3453. [PMID: 32412569 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reliable diagnosis and efficient targeted therapy are important and may lead to the effective treatment of laryngeal carcinoma. Multifunctional nano-theranostic agents demonstrate great potential in tumor theranostic applications. Thus, herein, we report novel targeting multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles, internalized RGD (iRGD)-modified indocyanine green (ICG) encapsulated liposomes (iLIPICG), for imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma. The iRGD-PEG-DSPE lipid endowed iLIPICG with high affinity for tumor vascular targeting, tumor-penetration and tumor cell targeting. The in vivo results showed that iLIPICG exhibited excellent blood circulation and tumor accumulation. iLIPICG could be spatially and temporally controlled, simultaneously producing hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species as well as a fluorescence-guided effect through ICG to ablate laryngeal carcinoma cells under irradiation from an 808 nm laser. iLIPICG generated synergistic photodynamic-photothermal cytotoxicity against Hep-2 cells, resulting in the efficient ablation of laryngeal carcinoma. Thus, the iLIPICG system provides a promising strategy to improve the precision imaging and effective phototherapy for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China.
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41
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Das S, Lazenby RA, Yuan Z, White RJ, Park YC. Effect of Laser Irradiation on Reversibility and Drug Release of Light-Activatable Drug-Encapsulated Liposomes. Langmuir 2020; 36:3573-3582. [PMID: 32188250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have demonstrated repetitive drug release using light-activatable liposomes, inconsistent drug release at each activation limits widespread usage. Here, we report reversible plasmonic material-coated encapsulated liposomes for proportional controlled delivery of methotrexate (MTX), which is a common drug for cancer and autoimmune diseases, using repetitive laser irradiation. Our results suggest a proportional increase in total drug release after repetitive laser irradiation. We hypothesize that the drug is released via "melted" lipid bilayers when the plasmonic materials on the liposome surface are heated by laser irradiation followed by reversible formation of the liposome. To evaluate our hypothesis, the number density of liposomes after laser irradiation was measured using single-particle (liposome) collision experiments at an ultramicroelectrode. Collisional frequency data suggest that the number density of liposomes remains unaltered even after 60 s of laser irradiation at 1.1 and 1.8 W, indicating that the liposome structure is reversible. The results were further compared with gold nanorod-coated nanodroplets where drug is released via irreversible phase transition. In contrast to what was observed with the liposome particles, the number density of the nanodroplets decreased with increasing laser irradiation duration. The structure reversibility of our liposome particles may be responsible for repetitive drug release with laser heating. We also studied the temperature rise in the lipid bilayer by incorporating polymerized 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) in the lipid composition. The red shift in the UV-vis spectrum due to the structural change in PCDA lipids after laser irradiation indicates a rise in temperature above 75 °C, which is also above the chain-melting temperature of the main lipid used in the liposomes. All these results indicate that drug is released from the light-activatable liposomes due to reversible nanostructural alteration in the lipid bilayer by plasmonic resonance heating. The liposomes have potential to be a drug carrier for dose-controlled repetitive drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Das
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Ryan J White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Yoonjee C Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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42
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Shakirova JR, Sadeghi A, Koblova AA, Chelushkin PS, Toropainen E, Tavakoli S, Kontturi LS, Lajunen T, Tunik SP, Urtti A. Design and synthesis of lipid-mimetic cationic iridium complexes and their liposomal formulation for in vitro and in vivo application in luminescent bioimaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14431-14440. [PMID: 35498460 PMCID: PMC9051922 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two iridium [Ir(N^C)2(N^N)]+ complexes with the diimine N^N ligand containing a long polymethylene hydrophobic chain were synthesized and characterized by using NMR and ESI mass-spectrometry: N^N – 2-(1-hexadecyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine, N^C – methyl-2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylate (Ir1) and 2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (Ir2). These complexes were used to prepare the luminescent PEGylated DPPC liposomes (DPPC/DSPE-PEG2000/Ir-complex = 95/4.5/1 mol%) using a thin film hydration method. The narrowly dispersed liposomes had diameters of about 110 nm. The photophysics of the complexes and labeled liposomes were carefully studied. Ir1 and Ir2 give red emission (λem = 667 and 605 nm) with a lifetime in the microsecond domain and quantum yields of 4.8% and 10.0% in degassed solution. Incorporation of the complexes into the liposome lipid bilayer results in shielding of the emitters from interaction with molecular oxygen and partial suppression of excited state nonradiative relaxation due to the effect of the relatively rigid bilayer matrix. Delivery of labeled liposomes to the cultured ARPE-19 cells demonstrated the usefulness of Ir1 and Ir2 in cellular imaging. Labeled liposomes were then injected intravitreally into rat eyes and imaged successfully with optical coherence tomography and funduscopy. In conclusion, iridium complexes enabled the successful labeling and imaging of liposomes in cells and animals. Novel lipoidal Ir(iii) phosphorescent labels were embedded into liposomes and used for imaging in cells and animals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Shakirova
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1C 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Alla A Koblova
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Pavel S Chelushkin
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1C 70211 Kuopio Finland
| | - Shirin Tavakoli
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland
| | - Leena-Stiina Kontturi
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences 1432-1 Hachioji 192-0392 Tokyo Japan
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Arto Urtti
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry Universitetskii pr., 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia .,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland Yliopistonranta 1C 70211 Kuopio Finland .,Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 E 00710 Helsinki Finland
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43
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Imelbaeva KM, Stepanova DA. Unexpected Influence of the Neutral Lipid Nature on pH-Regulated Release of Salt from the Anionic Fliposomes. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036322004026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Huang TY, Huang GL, Zhang CY, Zhuang BW, Liu BX, Su LY, Ye JY, Xu M, Kuang M, Xie XY. Supramolecular Photothermal Nanomedicine Mediated Distant Tumor Inhibition via PD-1 and TIM-3 Blockage. Front Chem 2020; 8:1. [PMID: 32117862 PMCID: PMC7034522 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular nanoparticles for photothermal therapy (PTT) have shown promising therapeutic efficacy in the primary tumor and great potential for turning the whole-body immune microenvironment from "cold" to "hot," which allows for the simultaneous treatment of the primary tumor and the metastatic site. In this work, we develop a liposome-based PTT nanoparticle through the self-assembly of FDA-approved intravenous injectable lipids and a photothermal agent, indocyanine green (ICG). The obtained ICG-liposome shows long-term storage stability, high ICG encapsulation efficiency (>95%), and enhanced near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered photothermal reaction both in vitro and in vivo. The ICG-liposome efficiently eradicated the primary tumor upon laser irradiation in two colon cancer animal models (CT26 and MC38) and promoted the infiltration of CD8 T cells to distant tumors. However, PTT from ICG-liposome shows only a minimal effect on the inhibition of distant tumor growth in long-term monitoring, predicting other immunosuppressive mechanisms that exist in the distant tumor. By immune-profiling of the tumor microenvironment, we find that the distant tumor growth after PTT highly correlates to compensatory upregulation of immune checkpoint biomarkers, including program death-1 (PD-1), T-cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), in tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. Based on this mechanism, we combine dual PD-1 and TIM-3 blockade with PTT in an MC38 tumor model. This combo successfully clears the primary tumor, generates a systemic immune response, and inhibits the growth of the distant tumor. The ICG-liposome-combined PD-1/TIM-3 blockade strategy sheds light on the future clinical use of supramolecular PTT for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Liang Huang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhuang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Xian Liu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ya Su
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Yi Ye
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Kuang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xie
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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45
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Kari OK, Ndika J, Parkkila P, Louna A, Lajunen T, Puustinen A, Viitala T, Alenius H, Urtti A. In situ analysis of liposome hard and soft protein corona structure and composition in a single label-free workflow. Nanoscale 2020; 12:1728-1741. [PMID: 31894806 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08186k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methodological constraints have limited our ability to study protein corona formation, slowing nanomedicine development and their successful translation into the clinic. We determined hard and soft corona structural properties along with the corresponding proteomic compositions on liposomes in a label-free workflow: surface plasmon resonance and a custom biosensor for in situ structure determination on liposomes and corona separation, and proteomics using sensitive nanoliquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with open-source bioinformatics platforms. Undiluted human plasma under dynamic flow conditions was used for in vivo relevance. Proof-of-concept is presented with a regular liposome formulation and two light-triggered indocyanine green (ICG) liposome formulations in preclinical development. We observed formulation-dependent differences in corona structure (thickness, protein-to-lipid ratio, and surface mass density) and protein enrichment. Liposomal lipids induced the enrichment of stealth-mediating apolipoproteins in the hard coronas regardless of pegylation, and their preferential enrichment in the soft corona of the pegylated liposome formulation with ICG was observed. This suggests that the soft corona of loosely interacting proteins contributes to the stealth properties as a component of the biological identity modulated by nanomaterial surface properties. The workflow addresses significant methodological gaps in biocorona research by providing truly complementary hard and soft corona compositions with corresponding in situ structural parameters for the first time. It has been designed into a convenient and easily reproducible single-experiment format suited for preclinical development of lipid nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto K Kari
- Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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46
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Mastrotto F, Brazzale C, Bellato F, De Martin S, Grange G, Mahmoudzadeh M, Magarkar A, Bunker A, Salmaso S, Caliceti P. In Vitro and in Vivo Behavior of Liposomes Decorated with PEGs with Different Chemical Features. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:472-487. [PMID: 31789523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The colloidal stability, in vitro toxicity, cell association, and in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of liposomes decorated with monomethoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-lipids (mPEG-lipids) with different chemical features were comparatively investigated. Structural differences of the mPEG-lipids used in the study included: (a) surface-anchoring moiety [1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE), cholesterol (Chol), and cholane (Chln)]; (b) mPEG molecular weight (2 kDa mPEG45 and 5 kDa mPEG114); and (c) mPEG shape (linear and branched PEG). In vitro results demonstrated that branched (mPEG114)2-DSPE confers the highest stealth properties to liposomes (∼31-fold lower cell association than naked liposomes) with respect to all PEGylating agents tested. However, the pharmacokinetic studies showed that the use of cholesterol as anchoring group yields PEGylated liposomes with longer permeance in the circulation and higher systemic bioavailability among the tested formulations. Liposomes decorated with mPEG114-Chol had 3.2- and ∼2.1-fold higher area under curve (AUC) than naked liposomes and branched (mPEG114)2-DSPE-coated liposomes, respectively, which reflects the high stability of this coating agent. By comparing the PEGylating agents with same size, namely, linear 5 kDa PEG derivatives, linear mPEG114-DSPE yielded coated liposomes with the best in vitro stealth performance. Nevertheless, the in vivo AUC of liposomes decorated with linear mPEG114-DSPE was lower than that obtained with liposomes decorated with linear mPEG114-Chol. Computational molecular dynamics modeling provided additional insights that complement the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mastrotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , via F. Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Chiara Brazzale
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , via F. Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Federica Bellato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , via F. Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , via F. Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Guillaume Grange
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mohamad Mahmoudzadeh
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Aniket Magarkar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Academy of the Sciences of the Czech Republic , 166 10 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Alex Bunker
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , via F. Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , via F. Marzolo 5 , 35131 Padova , Italy
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47
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Lin W, Ma X, Zhou C, Yang H, Yang Y, Xie X, Yang C, Han C. Development and characteristics of novel sonosensitive liposomes for vincristine bitartrate. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:724-731. [PMID: 31293182 PMCID: PMC6691763 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1639845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of drug delivery is to increase therapeutic efficacy. Externally triggered drug delivery systems enable site-specific and time-controlled drug release. To achieve this goal, our strategy was based on ultrasound-triggered release of an anticancer agent from sonosensitive liposomes (SL). To realize the ultrasound-triggered drug release, a lipophilic sonosensitizer, hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) was incorporated into the lipid bilayer of liposomes. Once irradiated by the ultrasound in tumor tissues, the sonodynamic effect generated by HMME could lead to an efficient disruption of the lipid bilayer in the SL. After encapsulating vincristine bitartrate (VIN) as the model drug, the ultrasound-triggered lipid bilayer breakdown can trigger the instant release of VIN, enabling ultrasound-controlled chemotherapy with great specificity. In the in vitro and in vivo studies, by integrating tumor-specific targeting and stimuli-responsive controlled release into one system, VIN-loaded SL showed excellent antitumor efficacy. The SL could potentially produce viable clinical strategies for improved targeting efficiency of VIN for the treatment of related cancer. More importantly, this report provides an example of controlled release by means of a novel class of ultrasound triggering system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- Department of clinical laboratory, Huangshi Love & Health Hospital of Hubei province, Huangshi, China
| | - Xiaoxing Ma
- College Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Chaopei Zhou
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Hong Yang
- The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Central Theater of the PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Central Theater of the PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Cuiyan Han
- College Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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48
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Hardiansyah A, Destyorini F, Irmawati Y, Yang M, Liu C, Chaldun ER, Yung M, Liu TY. Characterizations of doxorubicin-loaded PEGylated magnetic liposomes for cancer cells therapy. J Polym Res 2019; 26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Lee EH, Lim SJ, Lee MK. Chitosan-coated liposomes to stabilize and enhance transdermal delivery of indocyanine green for photodynamic therapy of melanoma. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Synaptic neurotransmission is generally considered as a function of membrane-embedded receptors and ion channels in response to the neurotransmitter (NT) release and binding. This perspective aims to widen the protein-centric view by including another vital component—the synaptic membrane—in the discussion. A vast set of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and biophysical experiments indicate that NTs are divided into membrane-binding and membrane-nonbinding categories. The binary choice takes place at the water-membrane interface and follows closely the positioning of the receptors’ binding sites in relation to the membrane. Accordingly, when a lipophilic NT is on route to a membrane-buried binding site, it adheres on the membrane and, then, travels along its plane towards the receptor. In contrast, lipophobic NTs, which are destined to bind into receptors with extracellular binding sites, prefer the water phase. This membrane-based sorting splits the neurotransmission into membrane-independent and membrane-dependent mechanisms and should make the NT binding into the receptors more efficient than random diffusion would allow. The potential implications and notable exceptions to the mechanisms are discussed here. Importantly, maintaining specific membrane lipid compositions (MLCs) at the synapses, especially regarding anionic lipids, affect the level of NT-membrane association. These effects provide a plausible link between the MLC imbalances and neurological diseases such as depression or Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, the membrane plays a vital role in other phases of the NT life cycle, including storage and release from the synaptic vesicles, transport from the synaptic cleft, as well as their synthesis and degradation.
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