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Chen X, Tian J, Wang S, Wang C, Zong L. Toward Bicalutamide Analogues with High Structural Diversity Using Catalytic Asymmetric Oxohydroxylation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3907-3911. [PMID: 38427963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
A catalytic enantioselective synthesis of bicalutamide derivatives with promising potentials in prostate cancer treatment has been disclosed. The key intermediates, α-hydroxy-β-keto esters, were efficiently constructed through cinchoninium-mediated asymmetric oxohydroxylation of easily accessible alkenes with potassium permanganate. Good yields and high levels of asymmetric induction are achieved. This method provides a new synthetic route to bicalutamide analogues with high structural diversity, which will beneficially support subsequent structure-activity relationship studies and boost prostate cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinxin Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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2
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Hwang DJ, He Y, Ponnusamy S, Thiyagarajan T, Mohler ML, Narayanan R, Miller DD. Metabolism-Guided Selective Androgen Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation for Activity against Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3372-3392. [PMID: 36825758 PMCID: PMC10243532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for new drug discovery in the area of androgen receptor (AR) antagonists lies in predicting the druggable properties that will enable small molecules to retain their potency and stability during further studies in vitro and in vivo. Indole (compound 8) is a first-in-class AR antagonist with very high potency (IC50 = 0.085 μM) but is metabolically unstable. During the metabolic studies described herein, we synthesized new small molecules that exhibit significantly improved stability while retaining potent antagonistic activity for an AR. This structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of more than 50 compounds classified with three classes (Class I, II, and III) and discovered two compounds (32c and 35i) that are potent AR antagonists (e.g., IC50 = 0.021 μM, T1/2 = 120 min for compound 35i). The new antagonists exhibited improved in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) with high efficacy antiandrogen activity in Hershberger and antiandrogen Enz-Res tumor xenograft models that overexpress AR (LNCaP-AR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Michael L Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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3
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone and the support of male sexual-related functions, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Accordingly, AR-targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of related human diseases and conditions. AR agonists are an important class of drugs in the treatment of bone loss and muscle atrophy. AR antagonists have also been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Additionally, selective AR degraders (SARDs) have been reported. More recently, heterobifunctional degrader molecules of AR have been developed, and four such compounds are now in clinical development for the treatment of human prostate cancer. This review attempts to summarize the different types of compounds designed to target AR and the current frontiers of research on this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Kandil SB, Kariuki BM, McGuigan C, Westwell AD. Synthesis, biological evaluation and X-ray analysis of bicalutamide sulfoxide analogues for the potential treatment of prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127817. [PMID: 33513386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a pivotal target for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) even when the disease progresses toward androgen-independent or castration-resistant forms. In this study, a series of sulfoxide derivatives were prepared and their antiproliferative activity evaluated in vitro against four different human prostate cancer cell lines (22Rv1, DU-145, LNCaP and VCap). Bicalutamide and enzalutamide were used as positive controls. Compound 28 displayed significant enhancement in anticancer activity across the four PC cell lines with IC50 = 9.09 - 31.11 µM compared to the positive controls: bicalutamide (IC50 = 45.20 -51.61 µM) and enzalutamide (IC50 = 11.47 - 53.04 µM). Sulfoxide derivatives of bicalutamide were prepared efficiently from the corresponding sulfides using only one equivalent of mCPBA, limiting the reaction time to 15-30 min and maintaining the temperature at 0 °C. Interestingly, three pairs of sulfoxide diastereomers were separated and NMR comparison of their diastereotopic methylene (CH2) group is presented. X-ray diffraction crystal structure analysis provided relative configuration assignment at the chiral sulfur and carbon centres. Molecular modelling study of the four diastereoisomers of compound 28 is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar B Kandil
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, Wales, United Kingdom
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5
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Zhang C, Huang J, Ye S, Tang J, Wu J. A metal-free reaction of sulfur dioxide, cyclopropanols and electron-deficient olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13852-13855. [PMID: 33084669 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06465c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of γ-keto sulfones in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis is known. An efficient route to γ-keto sulfones via a metal-free reaction of cyclopropanols, sulfur dioxide and electron-deficient olefins is achieved. This reaction proceeds smoothly under mild conditions without the need of catalyst, oxidant or additive. A plausible mechanism is proposed, which occurs through a γ-keto sulfinate intermediate generated in situ from the reaction of cyclopropanol with sulfur dioxide. The γ-keto sulfinate intermediate would be trapped by the electron-deficient olefin, resulting in the formation of γ-keto sulfones. Various functional groups in the cyclopropanols and electron-deficient olefins are compatible in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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6
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Pertusati F, Ferla S, Bassetto M, Brancale A, Khandil S, Westwell AD, McGuigan C. A new series of bicalutamide, enzalutamide and enobosarm derivatives carrying pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) and pentafluoroethyl (C2F5) substituents: Improved antiproliferative agents against prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Hwang DJ, He Y, Ponnusamy S, Mohler ML, Thiyagarajan T, McEwan IJ, Narayanan R, Miller DD. New Generation of Selective Androgen Receptor Degraders: Our Initial Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Compounds with Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 62:491-511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Yali He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Michael L. Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
- GTx, Inc., Memphis, Tennessee 38103, United States
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Iain J. McEwan
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, U.K
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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Debnath S, Mondal S. Synthesis of a Series of 2-Aminodiarylsulfones by Brønsted Acid Mediated Regioselective Fries Type Rearrangement of N-Alkyl- N-arylbenzenesulfonamides. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Debnath
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
| | - Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry; Syamsundar College; Shyamsundar 713424 India
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9
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Aithagani SK, Yempalla KR, Munagala G, Vishwakarma RA, Singh PP. Metal-free, high yielding synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryl, bi(heteroaryl), aryl vinyl, aryl alkyl sulfones via coupling of aryne with sulfinic acid salts. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the mainstay therapy for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Another way of suppressing androgen receptor (AR) signaling is via AR antagonists or antiandrogens. Despite being frequently prescribed in clinical practice, there is conflicting evidence concerning the role of AR antagonists in the management of PCa. In the castration-resistant settings of PCa, docetaxel has been the only treatment option for decades. With recent evidence that castration-resistant PCa is far from AR-independent, there has been an increasing interest in developing new AR antagonists. This review gives a concise overview of the clinically available antiandrogens and the experimental AR antagonists that tackle androgen action with a different approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Helsen
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Thomas Van den Broeck
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, JapanLaboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hendrik Van Poppel
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steven Joniau
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, BelgiumUrologyDepartment of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumLaboratory for Structural BioinformaticsCenter for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Chekler ELP, Unwalla R, Khan TA, Tangirala RS, Johnson M, St. Andre M, Anderson JT, Kenney T, Chiparri S, McNally C, Kilbourne E, Thompson C, Nagpal S, Weber G, Schelling S, Owens J, Morris CA, Powell D, Verhoest PR, Gilbert AM. 1-(2-Hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phenoxypropanoyl)indoline-4-carbonitrile Derivatives as Potent and Tissue Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2462-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401625b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene L. Piatnitski Chekler
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Rayomond Unwalla
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Taukeer A. Khan
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Raghuram S. Tangirala
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Mark Johnson
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Michael St. Andre
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - James T. Anderson
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Thomas Kenney
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Sue Chiparri
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Chris McNally
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Edward Kilbourne
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Catherine Thompson
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Sunil Nagpal
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Gregory Weber
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Scott Schelling
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Jane Owens
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Carl A. Morris
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Dennis Powell
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Adam M. Gilbert
- BioTherapeutics Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
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Schragl KM, Forsdahl G, Gmeiner G, Enev VS, Gaertner P. Novel pathway for the synthesis of arylpropionamide-derived selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) metabolites of andarine and ostarine. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Deep structural and chemical understanding of the protein target and computational methods for detection of receptor-selective ligands are important for the early drug discovery in the steroid receptor field. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the use of currently available structural information of the androgen receptor (AR) and known AR ligands to make computational strategies for the discovery of AR ligands in order to offer new chemical platforms for drug development. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN AR is a challenging target for drug discovery and modeling even if there is a wealth of experimental data available. First, only the active structure of AR is currently known, which hampers the design of AR antagonists. Second, the structural similarity between the ligand-binding sites of AR and its mutated forms and closely related steroid receptors (SRs) such as progesterone receptors presents challenges for the development of drugs with receptor-selective function. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Research indicates that a very small chemical change in the structure of a non-steroidal ligand can cause a complete change in its activity. One source of this effect arises from binding to similar binding sites in related SRs and other proteins in the signaling pathway. Currently, computational methods are not able to predict the subtle differences between AR ligand activities but modeling does offer the possibility of generating new lead structures that might have the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi H Nyrönen
- CSC - IT Center for Science Ltd., P.O. Box 405, Espoo, FI-02101, Finland +358 9 4572235 ; +358 9 4572302 ;
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14
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Dreaden EC, Gryder BE, Austin LA, Tene Defo BA, Hayden SC, Pi M, Quarles LD, Oyelere AK, El-Sayed MA. Antiandrogen gold nanoparticles dual-target and overcome treatment resistance in hormone-insensitive prostate cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1507-12. [PMID: 22768914 DOI: 10.1021/bc300158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the developed countries.(1) One in six males in the U.S.(2) and one in nine males in the U.K.(3) will develop the disease at some point during their lifetime. Despite advances in prostate cancer screening, more than a quarter of a million men die from the disease every year(1) due primarily to treatment-resistance and metastasis. Colloidal nanotechnologies can provide tremendous enhancements to existing targeting/treatment strategies for prostate cancer to which malignant cells are less sensitive. Here, we show that antiandrogen gold nanoparticles--multivalent analogues of antiandrogens currently used in clinical therapy for prostate cancer--selectively engage two distinct receptors, androgen receptor (AR), a target for the treatment of prostate cancer, as well as a novel G-protein coupled receptor, GPRC6A, that is also upregulated in prostate cancer. These nanoparticles selectively accumulated in hormone-insensitive and chemotherapy-resistant prostate cancer cells, bound androgen receptor with multivalent affinity, and exhibited greatly enhanced drug potency versus monovalent antiandrogens currently in clinical use. Further, antiandrogen gold nanoparticles selectively stimulated GPRC6A with multivalent affinity, demonstrating that the delivery of nanoscale antiandrogens can also be facilitated by the transmembrane receptor in order to realize increasingly selective, increasingly potent therapy for treatment-resistant prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Dreaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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15
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Gao M, Wang M, Miller KD, Zheng QH. Facile radiosynthesis of new carbon-11-labeled propanamide derivatives as selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) radioligands for prostate cancer imaging. Steroids 2011; 76:1505-12. [PMID: 21867721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is an attractive target for the treatment and molecular imaging of prostate cancer. New carbon-11-labeled propanamide derivatives were first designed and synthesized as selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) radioligands for prostate cancer imaging using the biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). The target tracers, (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide ([(11)C]8a), (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide ([(11)C]8 e), (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide ([(11)C]8c) and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-[(11)C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide ([(11)C]8 g), were prepared by O-[(11)C]methylation of their corresponding precursors, (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide (9a), (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide (9b), (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide (9 c) and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide (9 d), with [(11)C]CH(3)OTf under basic conditions and isolated by a simplified C-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) method in 55 ± 5% (n = 5) radiochemical yields based on [(11)C]CO(2) and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The overall synthesis time from EOB was 23 min, the radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity at end of synthesis (EOS) was 277.5 ± 92.5 GBq/μmol (n = 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Gao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, L3-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2111, USA
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16
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Duke CB, Jones A, Bohl CE, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Unexpected binding orientation of bulky-B-ring anti-androgens and implications for future drug targets. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3973-6. [PMID: 21506597 DOI: 10.1021/jm2000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several new androgen receptor antagonists were synthesized and found to have varying activities across typically anti-androgen resistant mutants (Thr877 → Ala and Trp741 → Leu) and markedly improved potency over previously reported pan-antagonists. X-ray crystallography of a new anti-androgen in an androgen receptor mutant (Thr877 → Ala) shows that the receptor can accommodate the added bulk presented by phenyl to naphthyl substitution, casting doubt on previous reports of predicted binding orientation and the causes of antagonism in bulky-B-ring antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Duke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Payen O, Top S, Vessières A, Brulé E, Lauzier A, Plamont M, Mcglinchey MJ, Müller-bunz H, Jaouen G. Synthesis and biological activity of ferrocenyl derivatives of the non-steroidal antiandrogens flutamide and bicalutamide. J Organomet Chem 2011; 696:1049-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, USA.
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Li W, Hwang DJ, Cremer D, Joo H, Kraka E, Kim J, Ross CR, Nguyen VQ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Structure determination of chiral sulfoxide in diastereomeric bicalutamide derivatives. Chirality 2009; 21:578-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Jones A, Coss CC, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): Dissociating the Anabolic and Androgenic Activities of the Androgen Receptor for Therapeutic Benefit. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3597-617. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900280m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Mohler
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Casey E. Bohl
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Amanda Jones
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Yali He
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Dong Jin Hwang
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - James T. Dalton
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Preclinical Research and Development, GTx, Inc., 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
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22
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Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Nonsteroidal Tissue‐Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bohl CE, Wu Z, Chen J, Mohler ML, Yang J, Hwang DJ, Mustafa S, Miller DD, Bell CE, Dalton JT. Effect of B-ring substitution pattern on binding mode of propionamide selective androgen receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5567-70. [PMID: 18805694 PMCID: PMC2577784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are essentially prostate sparing androgens, which provide therapeutic potential in osteoporosis, male hormone replacement, and muscle wasting. Herein we report crystal structures of the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD) complexed to a series of potent synthetic nonsteroidal SARMs with a substituted pendant arene referred to as the B-ring. We found that hydrophilic B-ring para-substituted analogs exhibit an additional region of hydrogen bonding not seen with steroidal compounds and that multiple halogen substitutions affect the B-ring conformation and aromatic interactions with Trp741. This information elucidates interactions important for high AR binding affinity and provides new insight for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey E. Bohl
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Zengru Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jiyun Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Michael L. Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Jun Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Dong Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Suni Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Charles E. Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - James T. Dalton
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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24
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Kuuranne T, Leinonen A, Schänzer W, Kamber M, Kostiainen R, Thevis M. Aryl-Propionamide-Derived Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Characterization of the in Vitro Synthesized Metabolites for Doping Control Purposes. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:571-81. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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Zhang X, Li X, Allan GF, Sbriscia T, Linton O, Lundeen SG, Sui Z. Design, Synthesis, and in Vivo SAR of a Novel Series of Pyrazolines as Potent Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3857-69. [PMID: 17636947 DOI: 10.1021/jm0613976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrazolines 2 have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated by in vivo screening as tissue-selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Structure-activity relationships (SAR) were investigated at the R1 to R6 positions as well as the core pyrazoline ring and the anilide linker. Overall, strong electron-withdrawing groups at the R1 and R2 positions and a small group at the R5 and R6 position are optimal for AR agonist activity. The (S)-isomer of 7c exhibits more potent AR agonist activity than the corresponding (R)-isomer. (S)-7c exhibited an overall partial androgenic effect but full anabolic effect via oral administration in castrated rats. It demonstrated a noticeable antiandrogenic effect on prostate in intact rats with endogenous testosterone. Thus, (S)-7c is a tissue-selective nonsteroidal androgen receptor modulator with agonist activity on muscle and mixed agonist and antagonist activity on prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 665 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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27
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Trump RP, Blanc JBE, Stewart EL, Brown PJ, Caivano M, Gray DW, Hoekstra WJ, Willson TM, Han B, Turnbull P. Design and synthesis of an array of selective androgen receptor modulators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:107-14. [PMID: 17206838 DOI: 10.1021/cc060096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design, using shape comparison and fast docking computer algorithms, and rapid parallel synthesis of a 1300 member array based on GSK7721, a 4-aminobenzonitrile androgen receptor (AR) antagonist identified by focused screening of the GSK compound collection. The array yielded 352 submicromolar and 17 subnanomolar AR agonists as measured by a cell-based reporter gene functional assay. The rapid synthesis of a large number of active compounds provided valuable information in the optimization of AR modulators, which may be useful in treating androgen deficiency in aging males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Trump
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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28
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Fujino A, Asano M, Yamaguchi H, Shirasaka N, Sakoda A, Ikunaka M, Obata R, Nishiyama S, Sugai T. Bacillus subtilis epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed preparation of enantiopure 2-methylpropane-1,2,3-triol monobenzyl ether and its application to expeditious synthesis of (R)-bicalutamide. Tetrahedron Lett 2007; 48:979-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Jacobson O, Laky D, Carlson KE, Elgavish S, Gozin M, Even-Sapir E, Leibovitc I, Gutman M, Chisin R, Katzenellenbogen JA, Mishani E. Chiral dimethylamine flutamide derivatives—modeling, synthesis, androgen receptor affinities and carbon-11 labeling. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:695-704. [PMID: 16934688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Revised: 05/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Most prostate cancers are androgen dependent upon initial diagnosis. On the other hand, some very aggressive forms of prostate cancer were shown to have lost the expression of the androgen receptor (AR). Although the AR is routinely targeted in endocrine treatment, the clinical outcome remains suboptimal. Therefore, it is crucial to demonstrate the presence and activity of the AR in each case of prostate cancer, before and after treatment. While noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) has the potential to determine AR expression of tumor cells in vivo, fully optimized PET imaging agents are not yet available. Based on molecular modeling, three novel derivatives of hydroxyflutamide (Compounds 1-3) were designed and synthesized. They contain an electron-rich group (dimethylamine) located on the methyl moiety, which may confer a better stability to the molecule in vivo. Compounds 1-3 have AR binding that is similar or higher than that of the currently used commercial drugs. An automated carbon-11 radiolabeling route was developed, and the compounds were successfully labeled with a 10-15% decay-corrected radiochemical yield, 99% radiochemical purity and a specific activity of 4Ci/mumol end of bombardment (n=15). These labeled biomarkers may facilitate the future quantitative molecular imaging of AR-positive prostate cancer using PET and may also allow for image-guided treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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30
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Hwang DJ, Yang J, Xu H, Rakov IM, Mohler ML, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Arylisothiocyanato selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) for prostate cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6525-38. [PMID: 16828557 PMCID: PMC2234576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new series of androgen receptor targeted agents (ARTA) was prepared and tested in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cell lines. These agents were bicalutamide analogs with isothiocyanato substituted B-rings. Also, the linker sulfone of R-bicalutamide was maintained or replaced with several alternative linkages including ether, amine, N-methylamine, thioether, and methylene (in this case the product was a racemic mixture) functional groups at the X-position. To expand the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these arylisothiocyanato AR ligands, B-ring halogenated arylisothiocyanato ligands were also prepared and tested. The arylisothiocyanato AR ligands showed strong binding affinities to AR ranging from 0.6 to 54 nM. Among them, thioether and ether linkages demonstrated high binding affinities (0.6 and 4.6 nM, respectively) and selective cell growth inhibition (approximately 3- to 6-fold) for LNCaP, an androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line, when compared to the androgen independent prostate cell lines (DU145, PC-3, and PPC-1) and a bladder cell line (TSU-Pr1). However, the ligands were inactive (IC50>100 mM) in a normal monkey kidney cell line (CV-1) that was used as the control for non-specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Huiping Xu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Igor M. Rakov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Michael L. Mohler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - James T. Dalton
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 901 448 6026; fax: +1 901 448 3446; e-mail:
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Ham J, Cho SJ, Ko J, Chin J, Kang H. A Facile One-Pot Preparation of Alkyl Aminoaryl Sulfides for the Synthesis of GW7647 as an Agonist of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α. J Org Chem 2006; 71:5781-4. [PMID: 16839165 DOI: 10.1021/jo060361i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed two simple and high yielding one-pot syntheses of alkyl aminoaryl sulfides containing a series of four-steps: in situ protection of the free amine by reaction with a Grignard reagent, halogen-lithium exchange, sulfur insertion, and a substitution reaction with various electrophiles. Through this protocol, we have successfully synthesized tert-butyl-2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenylsulfanyl]-2-methylpropanoate, a key intermediate for the synthesis of GW7647 and GW9578 (ureido-TiBAs), in 92% yield. Furthermore, we were able to improve the overall yield of GW7647 to 66%, 3 times the yield previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyeob Ham
- Center for Marine Natural Products and Drug Discovery, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, NS-80, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Patil R, Li W, Ross CR, Kraka E, Cremer D, Mohler ML, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Cesium fluoride and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride mediated 1,4-N-->O shift of disubstituted phenyl ring of a bicalutamide derivative. Tetrahedron Lett 2006; 47:3941-4. [PMID: 18079983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.03.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel 1,4-N-->O migration of a disubstituted phenyl ring was observed during N-methylation of a bicalutamide derivative, (2S)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionamide, in the presence of CsF-Celite/acetonitrile and desilylation of (2S)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyloxy)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2,N-dimethylpropionamide in tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride/THF. Both NMR and X-ray analysis confirmed the structure of the 1,4-N-->O disubstituted phenyl ring migrated product.
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Abstract
The synthesis of chiral oxazolidinedione derived bicalutamide analogs has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin A Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, 847 Monroe Avenue, RM 227 C, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Yang J, Bohl CE, Nair VA, Mustafa SM, Hong SS, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Preclinical Pharmacology of a Nonsteroidal Ligand for Androgen Receptor-Mediated Imaging of Prostate Cancer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:402-8. [PMID: 16434567 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.094334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper management of prostate cancer patients is highly dependent on the spread of the disease. High expression levels of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate tumor offer a target for identifying cancer metastasis. We investigated the use of nonsteroidal AR ligands for receptor-mediated imaging as a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer staging. Compound S-26 [S-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-cyano-3-iodophenyl)-propionamide]was identified from a series of iodinated ether-linked derivatives of bicalutamide due to its high-AR binding affinity of 3.3 nM (which is similar to testosterone and approximately 25% of the binding affinity of dihydrotestosterone) in an in vitro competitive binding assay using rat prostate cytosol. Furthermore, S-26 exhibited a greater binding affinity (K(i) = 4.4 nM) in a whole-cell binding assay using COS-7 cells transfected with human AR than testosterone (K(i) = 32.9 nM) and dihydrotestosterone (K(i) = 45.4 nM). We also confirmed that sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a plasma protein that binds steroids with high affinity, does not bind with S-26. Cotransfection studies with the estrogen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid receptor indicated that S-26 does not cross-react with other members of the steroid hormone receptor family. The nonsteroidal structure, high-AR binding affinity, specificity, and lack of binding to SHBG indicate that S-26 exhibits favorable properties for further development as an imaging agent for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Thevis M, Kamber M, Schänzer W. Screening for metabolically stable aryl-propionamide-derived selective androgen receptor modulators for doping control purposes. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2006; 20:870-6. [PMID: 16470709 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic agents have been among the most frequently detected drugs in amateur and professional sport. A novel class of therapeutics presumably complementing anabolic steroids in the near future includes so-called selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that have been under clinical investigations for several years. Although not yet commercially available, their potential for misuse in sports is high. Four aryl-propionamide-derived SARMs were synthesized in order to establish a fast and robust screening procedure using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Synthesized compounds were characterized by high-resolution/high-accuracy mass analysis employing a linear ion trap-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer while routine analyses were conducted on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Characteristic product ions obtained by collision-induced dissociation were found at m/z 289 and 261 as well as m/z 269 and 241 representing the bisubstituted aniline residues of selected model compounds. Assay validation was performed regarding lower limit of detection (1 ng/mL), recovery (85-105%), intraday precision (7.6-11.6%) and interday precision (9.9-14.4%), and precursor ion scan experiments on diagnostic product ions enabled the detection of a structurally related compound at 50 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry--Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Chen J, Hwang DJ, Chung K, Bohl CE, Fisher SJ, Miller DD, Dalton JT. In vitro and in vivo structure-activity relationships of novel androgen receptor ligands with multiple substituents in the B-ring. Endocrinology 2005; 146:5444-54. [PMID: 16166218 PMCID: PMC2121105 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported two nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) ligands that demonstrate tissue-selective pharmacological activity, identifying these S-3-(phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamide analogs as the first members of a new class of drugs known as selective androgen receptor modulators. The purpose of these studies was to explore additional structure-activity relationships of selective androgen receptor modulators to enhance their AR binding affinity, AR-mediated transcriptional activation, and in vivo pharmacological activity. The AR binding affinity (K(i)) of 29 novel synthetic AR ligands was determined by a radioligand competitive binding assay and ranged from 1.0-51 nM. Compounds with electron-withdrawing substituents at the para- and meta-positions of the B-ring demonstrated the highest AR binding affinity. The AR-mediated transcriptional activation was determined using a cotransfection assay in CV-1 cells. Most compounds with two substituents in the B-ring maintained or improved their functional activity in vitro. However, compounds with three halogen substituents exhibited significant regioselectivity. Fifteen compounds were selected to examine their pharmacological activity in castrated rats. In vivo pharmacological activity and selectivity were significantly changed by structural modification in the B-ring. Compounds with halogen groups at the para- and meta-positions of the B-ring displayed the highest pharmacological activity. Incorporating substituents at the ortho-position of the B-ring resulted in poor pharmacological activity. In vitro and in vivo agonist activities were partially correlated. In conclusion, novel selective androgen receptor modulators with improved in vivo pharmacological activity can be designed and synthesized based on the structure-activity relationship identified in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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37
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Jacobson O, Bechor Y, Icar A, Novak N, Birman A, Marom H, Fadeeva L, Golan E, Leibovitch I, Gutman M, Even-Sapir E, Chisin R, Gozin M, Mishani E. Prostate cancer PET bioprobes: Synthesis of [18F]-radiolabeled hydroxyflutamide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6195-205. [PMID: 16054371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 80-90% of prostate cancers are androgen dependent at initial diagnosis. The androgen receptor (AR) is present in most advanced prostate cancer specimens and is believed to have a critical role in its development. Today, treatment of prostate cancer is done by inhibition of AR using antiandrogens such as flutamide (pro-drug of hydroxyflutamide), nilutamide, and bicalutamide. However, there is currently no noninvasive imaging modalities to detect, guide, and monitor specific treatment of AR-positive prostate cancer. (R)-3-Bromo-N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide [18F]-1 and N-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide [18F]-2, derivatives of hydroxyflutamide, were synthesized as a fluorine-containing imaging agent candidates. A three-step fluorine-18 radiosynthesis route was developed, and the compounds were successfully labeled with a 10+/-3% decay corrected radiochemical yield, 95% radiochemical purity, and a specific activity of 1500+/-200 Ci/mmol end of bombardment (n = 10). These labeled biprobes not only may enable for the future quantitative molecular imaging of AR-positive prostate cancer using positron emission tomography but may also allow for image-guided treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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38
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Nair VA, Mustafa SM, Mohler ML, Yang J, Kirkovsky LI, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Synthesis of irreversibly binding bicalutamide analogs for imaging studies. Tetrahedron Lett 2005; 46:4821-4823. [PMID: 18079986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic methodology for preparing radioactive androgen receptor binding compounds in order to determine receptor-ligands interactions has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin A Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, The Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, RM 227 C, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Abstract
Androgens are essential for male development and the maintenance of male secondary characteristics, such as bone mass, muscle mass, body composition, and spermatogenesis. The main disadvantages of steroidal androgens are their undesirable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The recent discovery of nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) provides a promising alternative for testosterone replacement therapies with advantages including oral bioavailability, flexibility of structural modification, androgen receptor specificity, tissue selectivity, and the lack of steroid-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Söderholm AA, Lehtovuori PT, Nyrönen TH. Three-dimensional structure-activity relationships of nonsteroidal ligands in complex with androgen receptor ligand-binding domain. J Med Chem 2005; 48:917-25. [PMID: 15715462 DOI: 10.1021/jm0495879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D QSAR) of 70 structurally and functionally diverse androgen receptor (AR) binding compounds using the comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) method. The compound set contained 67 nonsteroidal analogues of flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide whose binding mode to AR was unknown. Docking was used to identify the preferred binding modes for the nonsteroidal compounds within the AR ligand-binding pocket (LBP) and to generate the ligand alignment for the 3D QSAR analysis. The alignment produced a statistically significant and predictive model, validated by random group cross-validation and external test sets (q(2)(LOO) = 0.656, SDEP = 0.576, r(2) = 0.911, SEE = 0.293; q(2)(10) = 0.612, q(2)(5) = 0.571; pred-r(2) = 0.800). Additional model validation comes from the CoMSIA maps that were interpreted with respect to the LBP structure. The model takes into account and links the AR LBP structure, docked ligand structures, and the experimental binding activities. The results provide valuable information on intermolecular interactions between nonsteroidal ligands and the AR LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu A Söderholm
- CSC-Scientific Computing Ltd., P.O. Box 405, 02101 Espoo, Finland
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Marhefka CA, Gao W, Chung K, Kim J, He Y, Yin D, Bohl C, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Design, synthesis, and biological characterization of metabolically stable selective androgen receptor modulators. J Med Chem 2004; 47:993-8. [PMID: 14761201 PMCID: PMC2040239 DOI: 10.1021/jm030336u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of nonsteroidal ligands were synthesized as second-generation agonists for the androgen receptor (AR). These ligands were designed to eliminate metabolic sites identified in one of our first-generation AR agonists, which was inactive in vivo due to its rapid metabolism to inactive constituents. The binding affinity of these compounds was evaluated using AR isolated from rat ventral prostate. These second-generation compounds bound the AR in a high affinity and stereoselective manner, with K(i) values ranging from about 4 to 130 nM. The ability of these ligands to stimulate AR-mediated transcriptional activation was examined in cells transfected with the human AR and a hormone-dependent luciferase reporter gene. Although some compounds were unable to stimulate AR-mediated transcription, several demonstrated activity similar to that of dihydrotestosterone (DHT, an endogenous steroidal ligand for the AR). We also evaluated the in vivo pharmacologic activity of selected compounds in castrated male rats. Three compounds were identified as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), exhibiting significant anabolic activity while having only moderate to minimal androgenic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Marhefka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Johnson Building, Room 227C, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Hartman GD, Meissner RS. Anti-Resorptive and Anabolic Bone Agents. Elsevier; 2004. pp. 67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Fang H, Tong W, Branham WS, Moland CL, Dial SL, Hong H, Xie Q, Perkins R, Owens W, Sheehan DM. Study of 202 Natural, Synthetic, and Environmental Chemicals for Binding to the Androgen Receptor. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:1338-58. [PMID: 14565775 DOI: 10.1021/tx030011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of environmental and industrial chemicals are reported to possess androgenic or antiandrogenic activities. These androgenic endocrine disrupting chemicals may disrupt the endocrine system of humans and wildlife by mimicking or antagonizing the functions of natural hormones. The present study developed a low cost recombinant androgen receptor (AR) competitive binding assay that uses no animals. We validated the assay by comparing the protocols and results from other similar assays, such as the binding assay using prostate cytosol. We tested 202 natural, synthetic, and environmental chemicals that encompass a broad range of structural classes, including steroids, diethylstilbestrol and related chemicals, antiestrogens, flutamide derivatives, bisphenol A derivatives, alkylphenols, parabens, alkyloxyphenols, phthalates, siloxanes, phytoestrogens, DDTs, PCBs, pesticides, organophosphate insecticides, and other chemicals. Some of these chemicals are environmentally persistent and/or commercially important, but their AR binding affinities have not been previously reported. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the largest and most diverse data set publicly available for chemical binding to the AR. Through a careful structure-activity relationship (SAR) examination of the data set in conjunction with knowledge of the recently reported ligand-AR crystal structures, we are able to define the general structural requirements for chemical binding to AR. Hydrophobic interactions are important for AR binding. The interaction between ligand and AR at the 3- and 17-positions of testosterone and R1881 found in other chemical classes are discussed in depth. The SAR studies of ligand binding characteristics for AR are compared to our previously reported results for estrogen receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- Northrop Grumman Information Technology, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Yin D, Xu H, He Y, Kirkovsky LI, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of acetothiolutamide, a novel nonsteroidal agonist for the androgen receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:1323-33. [PMID: 12604713 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study characterized the in vitro androgen receptor (AR) binding affinity, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity, and in vivo pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acetothiolutamide, a nonsteroidal AR ligand. AR binding was determined by a competitive binding assay. In vitro AR agonist activity was examined by a cotransfection assay. Acetothiolutamide displayed high AR binding affinity (K(i) = 4.9 +/- 0.2 nM) and full agonist activity in the in vitro studies. Next, the androgenic, anabolic, and antiandrogenic activity of acetothiolutamide was evaluated in a castrated immature rat model. In this animal model, acetothiolutamide exhibited an overall negligible androgenic effect, but a statistically significant anabolic effect at high subcutaneous doses. Also, acetothiolutamide demonstrated a noticeable antiandrogenic effect in castrated rats supplemented with testosterone propionate. To understand the causes for the observed disparity between in vitro and in vivo activities, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acetothiolutamide were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Acetothiolutamide was rapidly cleared from rat plasma (clearance of about 45 ml/min/kg) in a concentration-independent manner after i.v. dosing. Acetothiolutamide was completely absorbed after subcutaneous administration, but not bioavailable after oral dose. In the metabolism study, the unchanged molecule and its metabolites in urine and fecal samples were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The structures of major metabolites were elucidated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After i.v. administration, acetothiolutamide was excreted in urine and feces as unchanged drug and a variety of metabolites. Oxidation, hydrolysis, and sulfate conjugation of phase I metabolites were the major metabolic pathways of acetothiolutamide in rats. Overall, the high plasma clearance of acetothiolutamide, due to its extensive hepatic metabolism, likely contributed to its lack of androgenic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Yin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Yin D, He Y, Perera MA, Hong SS, Marhefka C, Stourman N, Kirkovsky L, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Key structural features of nonsteroidal ligands for binding and activation of the androgen receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:211-23. [PMID: 12488554 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.1.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of the present studies were to examine the androgen receptor (AR) binding ability and in vitro functional activity of multiple series of nonsteroidal compounds derived from known antiandrogen pharmacophores and to investigate the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of these nonsteroidal compounds. The AR binding properties of sixty-five nonsteroidal compounds were assessed by a radioligand competitive binding assay with the use of cytosolic AR prepared from rat prostates. The AR agonist and antagonist activities of high-affinity ligands were determined by the ability of the ligand to regulate AR-mediated transcriptional activation in cultured CV-1 cells, using a cotransfection assay. Nonsteroidal compounds with diverse structural features demonstrated a wide range of binding affinity for the AR. Ten compounds, mainly from the bicalutamide-related series, showed a binding affinity superior to the structural pharmacophore from which they were derived. Several SARs regarding nonsteroidal AR binding were revealed from the binding data, including stereoisomeric conformation, steric effect, and electronic effect. The functional activity of high-affinity ligands ranged from antagonist to full agonist for the AR. Several structural features were found to be determinative of agonist and antagonist activities. The nonsteroidal AR agonists identified from the present studies provided a pool of candidates for further development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) for androgen therapy. Also, these studies uncovered or confirmed numerous important SARs governing AR binding and functional properties by nonsteroidal molecules, which would be valuable in the future structural optimization of SARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Yin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Marhefka CA, Moore BM, Bishop TC, Kirkovsky L, Mukherjee A, Dalton JT, Miller DD. Homology Modeling Using Multiple Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Docking Studies of the Human Androgen Receptor Ligand Binding Domain Bound to Testosterone and Nonsteroidal Ligands†. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1729-40. [PMID: 11356108 DOI: 10.1021/jm0005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate the rational design of novel and more potent androgen receptor ligands, three-dimensional models for the human androgen receptor ligand binding domain bound to testosterone have been developed. These models of the androgen receptor were based on the crystal structure of the highly homologous human progesterone receptor ligand binding domain. The homology modeled androgen receptor was refined using unrestrained multiple molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent. Key H-bonding partners with the 17-hydroxy group and 3-keto group of testosterone are Asn705 and Thr877, and Gln711 and Arg752, respectively. These models show the presence of a unique unoccupied cavity within the androgen receptor binding pocket which may be valuable in the development of novel selective androgen receptor ligands. A qualitative analysis of amino acid mutations within the hAR binding pocket that affect ligand binding are consistent with these androgen receptor models. In addition to testosterone, the binding modes of several hydroxyflutamide-like nonsteroidal ligands for the androgen receptor are investigated using flexible docking with FlexX followed by refinement of the initial complexes with molecular dynamics simulations. These docking studies indicate that Asn705 is an important determinant in binding hydroxyflutamide and its derivatives by participating in H-bond interactions with the alpha-hydroxy moiety of these ligands. In addition, the nitro functionality mimics the 3-keto group of the natural ligand testosterone and is involved in H-bonding interactions with Gln711 and Arg752. From these docking studies, we suggest a mechanism for the enantioselective binding of chiral hydroxyflutamide derivatives and expand upon the previously reported structure-activity relationship for hydroxyflutamide and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Marhefka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee-Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Room 327, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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