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Dubey D, Wilson MR, Clarkson B, Giannini C, Gandhi M, Cheville J, Lennon VA, Eggers S, Devine MF, Mandel-Brehm C, Kryzer T, Hinson SR, Khazaie K, Hales C, Kattah J, Pavelko KD, Andrews P, Eaton JE, Jitprapaikulsan J, Mills JR, Flanagan EP, Zekeridou A, Leibovich B, Fryer J, Torre M, Kaufman C, Thoreson JB, Sagen J, Linnoila JJ, DeRisi JL, Howe CL, McKeon A, Pittock SJ. Expanded Clinical Phenotype, Oncological Associations, and Immunopathologic Insights of Paraneoplastic Kelch-like Protein-11 Encephalitis. JAMA Neurol 2021; 77:1420-1429. [PMID: 32744608 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Importance Recognizing the presenting and immunopathological features of Kelch-like protein-11 immunoglobulin G seropositive (KLHL11 IgG+) patients may aid in early diagnosis and management. Objective To describe expanding neurologic phenotype, cancer associations, outcomes, and immunopathologic features of KLHL11 encephalitis. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective tertiary care center study, conducted from October 15, 1998, to November 1, 2019, prospectively identified 31 KLHL11 IgG+ cases in the neuroimmunology laboratory. Eight were identified by retrospective testing of patients with rhomboencephalitis (confirmed by tissue-based-immunofluorescence and transfected-cell-based assays). Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome variables included modified Rankin score and gait aid use. Results All 39 KLHL11 IgG+ patients were men (median age, 46 years; range, 28-73 years). Initial clinical presentations were ataxia (n = 32; 82%), diplopia (n = 22; 56%), vertigo (n = 21; 54%), hearing loss (n = 15; 39%), tinnitus (n = 14; 36%), dysarthria (n = 11; 28%), and seizures (n = 9; 23%). Atypical neurologic presentations included neuropsychiatric dysfunction, myeloneuropathy, and cervical amyotrophy. Hearing loss or tinnitus preceded other neurologic deficits by 1 to 8 months in 10 patients (26%). Among patients screened for malignancy (n = 36), testicular germ-cell tumors (n = 23; 64%) or testicular microlithiasis and fibrosis concerning for regressed germ cell tumor (n = 7; 19%) were found in 83% of the patients (n = 30). In 2 patients, lymph node biopsy diagnosed metastatic lung adenocarcinoma in one and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the other. Initial brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed T2 hyperintensities in the temporal lobe (n = 12), cerebellum (n = 9), brainstem (n = 3), or diencephalon (n = 3). Among KLHL11 IgG+ patients who underwent HLA class I and class II genotyping (n = 10), most were found to have HLA-DQB1*02:01 (n = 7; 70%) and HLA-DRB1*03:01 (n = 6; 60%) associations. A biopsied gadolinium-enhancing temporal lobe lesion demonstrated T cell-predominant inflammation and nonnecrotizing granulomas. Cerebellar biopsy (patient with chronic ataxia) and 2 autopsied brains demonstrated Purkinje neuronal loss and Bergmann gliosis, supporting early active inflammation and later extensive neuronal loss. Compared with nonautoimmune control peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cluster of differentiation (CD) 8+ and CD4+ T cells were significantly activated when patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with KLHL11 protein. Most patients (58%) benefitted from immunotherapy and/or cancer treatment (neurological disability stabilized [n = 10] or improved [n = 9]). Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated significantly higher probability of wheelchair dependence among patients without detectable testicular cancer. Long-term outcomes in KLHL11-IgG+ patients were similar to Ma2 encephalitis. Conclusions and Relevance Kelch-like protein-11 IgG is a biomarker of testicular germ-cell tumor and paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome, often refractory to treatment. Described expanded neurologic phenotype and paraclinical findings may aid in its early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Benjamin Clarkson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Manish Gandhi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John Cheville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vanda A Lennon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott Eggers
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michelle F Devine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Caleigh Mandel-Brehm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thomas Kryzer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shannon R Hinson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Chadwick Hales
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jorge Kattah
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria
| | | | - Patrick Andrews
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James E Eaton
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jiraporn Jitprapaikulsan
- Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John R Mills
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anastasia Zekeridou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - James Fryer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Torre
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - James B Thoreson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jessica Sagen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
| | - Charles L Howe
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew McKeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sean J Pittock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Bretscher P, Corthay A, Dembic Z, Rammensee HG. Obituary: Dr Zoltan A. Nagy (1941-2020). Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13027. [PMID: 38116836 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bretscher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Zlatko Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Institute for Cell Biology, Dept. Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Tarbe M, Miles JJ, Edwards ESJ, Miles KM, Sewell AK, Baker BM, Quideau S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Hapten-Clicked Analogues of The Antigenic Peptide Melan-A/MART-1 26(27L)-35. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:799-807. [PMID: 32162475 PMCID: PMC7473458 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A click-chemistry-based approach was implemented to prepare peptidomimetics designed in silico and made from aromatic azides and a propargylated GIGI-mimicking platform derived from the altered Melan-A/MART-126(27L)-35 antigenic peptide ELAGIGILTV. The CuI -catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition was carried out on solid support to generate rapidly a first series of peptidomimetics, which were evaluated for their capacity to dock at the interface between the major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 and T-cell receptors (TCRs). Despite being a weak HLA-A2 ligand, one of these 11 first synthetic compounds bearing a p-nitrobenzyl-triazole side chain was recognized by the receptor proteins of Melan-A/MART-1-specific T-cells. After modification of the N and C termini of this agonist, which was intended to enhance HLA-A2 binding, one of the resulting seven additional compounds triggered significant T-cell responses. Thus, these results highlight the capacity of naturally circulating human TCRs that are specific for the native Melan-A/MART-126-35 peptide to cross-react with peptidomimetics bearing organic motifs structurally different from the native central amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Tarbe
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - John J Miles
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Emily S J Edwards
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Kim M Miles
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Stéphane Quideau
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Ribeiro M, Nunes FM, Rodriguez-quijano M, Carrillo JM, Branlard G, Igrejas G. Next-generation therapies for celiac disease: The gluten-targeted approaches. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 75:56-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Meister D, Taimoory SM, Trant JF. Unnatural amino acids improve affinity and modulate immunogenicity: Developing peptides to treat MHC type II autoimmune disorders. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - S. Maryamdokht Taimoory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - John F. Trant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gluten is the main trigger for celiac disease, and the current treatment is based on its elimination from the diet. Although the symptoms usually disappear during the diet, it is restrictive and difficult to maintain. Further, despite a strict treatment the small-bowel mucosal damage does now always heal. Consequently, adherence is often poor and new treatment approaches are needed. With an increased understanding of the disease pathogenesis, several novel treatments have been suggested, and some of them have already entered Phase II clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the latest status of the drugs in development for celiac disease. The article focuses mainly on synthetic drugs currently entering in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION It is anticipated that some of the treatments under investigation will soon enter Phase III clinical trials, although challenges remain. For instance, histological studies are problematic in wide-scale clinical studies. On the other hand, the existing non-invasive serological methods and clinical outcome measures might be too insensitive for monitoring responses to the possible drug candidates. There is also no animal model which would accurately reflect celiac disease. Well-conducted basic and clinical research is required to develop better non-invasive surrogate markers and patient-related outcomes for future pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Kurppa
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital , Finn Medi 3, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere , Finland +358 3 3551 8403 ; +358 3 3551 8402 ;
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Gujral N, Freeman HJ, Thomson ABR. Celiac disease: prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6036-59. [PMID: 23155333 PMCID: PMC3496881 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i42.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases, resulting from both environmental (gluten) and genetic factors [human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes]. The prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5%-1% in different parts of the world. However, the population with diabetes, autoimmune disorder or relatives of CD individuals have even higher risk for the development of CD, at least in part, because of shared HLA typing. Gliadin gains access to the basal surface of the epithelium, and interact directly with the immune system, via both trans- and para-cellular routes. From a diagnostic perspective, symptoms may be viewed as either "typical" or "atypical". In both positive serological screening results suggestive of CD, should lead to small bowel biopsy followed by a favourable clinical and serological response to the gluten-free diet (GFD) to confirm the diagnosis. Positive anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody or anti-endomysial antibody during the clinical course helps to confirm the diagnosis of CD because of their over 99% specificities when small bowel villous atrophy is present on biopsy. Currently, the only treatment available for CD individuals is a strict life-long GFD. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of CD allows alternative future CD treatments to hydrolyse toxic gliadin peptide, prevent toxic gliadin peptide absorption, blockage of selective deamidation of specific glutamine residues by tissue, restore immune tolerance towards gluten, modulation of immune response to dietary gliadin, and restoration of intestinal architecture.
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Rodríguez I, Calaza MI, Jiménez AI, Cativiela C. Stereoselective multigram-scale synthesis of cis- and trans-β-phenylproline derivatives. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:9578-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fatás P, Gil AM, Calaza MI, Jiménez AI, Cativiela C. Access to Enantiomerically Pure cis
- and trans
-β-Phenylproline by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Resolution. Chirality 2012; 24:1082-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fatás
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ana M. Gil
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - M. Isabel Calaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ana I. Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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Fatás P, Jiménez AI, Calaza MI, Cativiela C. β-Phenylproline: the high β-turn forming propensity of proline combined with an aromatic side chain. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:640-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06561k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coeliac disease is a common disease that affects approximately 1% of Northern European and American populations. Evidence suggests it is caused by an inappropriate immune response in genetically susceptible patients to dietary gluten found in wheat, rye, barley and, in a small minority of patients, oats. Treatment involves a lifelong gluten-free diet. This diet limits nutritional variety and is costly and difficult to maintain. AREAS COVERED This review covers the current treatment options available and discusses novel emerging therapies for coeliac disease. EXPERT OPINION Novel therapies are still in early stages of development and therefore, at present, a gluten-free diet remains the treatment of choice in coeliac disease due to its low side-effect profile. A replacement for a gluten-free diet would be superior to an adjunct; in this case dietary modification of gluten may well have the least side effects, be tolerated by a wider group of coeliac patients and therefore be accepted. Search terms used: Pubmed, Medline and clinicaltrials.gov were searched with 'celiac disease' and 'therapy' as MESH terms. Patent database was searched using the term 'celiac disease'. Conference attendance at DDW Chicago 2011 and Columbia 2010 was also used to gain further information from conference abstracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Donnelly
- King's College London, Division of Nutrition and Diabetes, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, Gastroenterology Laboratory, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Andersson IE, Andersson CD, Batsalova T, Dzhambazov B, Holmdahl R, Kihlberg J, Linusson A. Design of glycopeptides used to investigate class II MHC binding and T-cell responses associated with autoimmune arthritis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17881. [PMID: 21423632 PMCID: PMC3058040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycopeptide fragment CII259–273 from type II collagen (CII) binds to the murine Aq and human DR4 class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC II) proteins, which are associated with development of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), respectively. It has been shown that CII259–273 can be used in therapeutic vaccination of CIA. This glycopeptide also elicits responses from T-cells obtained from RA patients, which indicates that it has an important role in RA as well. We now present a methodology for studies of (glyco)peptide-receptor interactions based on a combination of structure-based virtual screening, ligand-based statistical molecular design and biological evaluations. This methodology included the design of a CII259–273 glycopeptide library in which two anchor positions crucial for binding in pockets of Aq and DR4 were varied. Synthesis and biological evaluation of the designed glycopeptides provided novel structure-activity relationship (SAR) understanding of binding to Aq and DR4. Glycopeptides that retained high affinities for these MHC II proteins and induced strong responses in panels of T-cell hybridomas were also identified. An analysis of all the responses revealed groups of glycopeptides with different response patterns that are of high interest for vaccination studies in CIA. Moreover, the SAR understanding obtained in this study provides a platform for the design of second-generation glycopeptides with tuned MHC affinities and T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tsvetelina Batsalova
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
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Pinier M, Fuhrmann G, Verdu EF, Leroux JC. Prevention measures and exploratory pharmacological treatments of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:2551-61; quiz 2562. [PMID: 20877349 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence, protean clinical manifestations, and lack of pharmacological therapy make celiac disease (CD) a complex and highly relevant illness in gastroenterology. This chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine is caused by the ingestion of gluten containing cereals in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) and non-GI manifestations. Awareness among physicians is growing due to accessible and highly accurate diagnostic and screening methods. Recent evidence suggests a possible rising incidence of CD. Environmental factors such as early life gluten exposure, intestinal infections, short duration of breast-feeding, and changes in intestinal microbiota have been proposed to have a role in CD pathogenesis. Thus, prevention approaches to diminish the rising prevalence of CD are currently being evaluated. Still, the cornerstone treatment of CD remains a strict gluten-free diet. This nutritional regime is demanding, and non-adherence is common because of social isolation, financial issues, or restriction of food diversity. Allowing patients to occasionally consume small amounts of gluten would greatly improve their quality of life. Owing to recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of CD, different targets have been identified and have motivated the development of several experimental therapeutic strategies. The main goal of this review is to discuss the mechanisms that can be exploited therapeutically to prevent or delay CD, disease associations and its complications. Current treatments for complications of CD, including refractory CD and malignancy, are beyond the scope of this review.
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Burster T, Boehm BO. Processing and presentation of (pro)-insulin in the MHC class II pathway: the generation of antigen-based immunomodulators in the context of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:227-38. [PMID: 20503254 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the autoimmune process leading to T1D. Dendritic cells take up foreign antigens and autoantigens; within their endocytic compartments, proteases degrade exogenous antigens for subsequent presentation to CD4(+) T cells via MHC class II molecules. A detailed understanding of autoantigen processing and the identification of autoantigenic T cell epitopes are crucial for the development of antigen-based specific immunomodulators. APL are peptide analogues of auto-immunodominant T cell epitopes that bind to MHC class II molecules and can mediate T cell activation. However, APL can be rapidly degraded by proteases occurring in the extracellular space and inside cells, substantially weakening their efficiency. By contrast, protease-resistant APL function as specific immunomodulators and can be used at low doses to examine the functional plasticity of T cells and to potentially interfere with autoimmune responses. Here, we review the latest achievements in (pro)-insulin processing in the MHC class II pathway and the generation of APL to mitigate autoreactive T cells and to activate Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1912-33. [PMID: 19766641 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease has become one of the best-understood HLA-linked disorders. Although it shares many immunologic features with inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease is uniquely characterized by (1) a defined trigger (gluten proteins from wheat and related cereals), (2) the necessary presence of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8, and (3) the generation of circulating autoantibodies to the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2). TG2 deamidates certain gluten peptides, increasing their affinity to HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8. This generates a more vigorous CD4(+) T-helper 1 T-cell activation, which can result in intestinal mucosal inflammation, malabsorption, and numerous secondary symptoms and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, gluten elicits innate immune responses that act in concert with the adaptive immunity. Exclusion of gluten from the diet reverses many disease manifestations but is usually not or less efficient in patients with refractory celiac disease or associated autoimmune diseases. Based on the advanced understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease, targeted nondietary therapies have been devised, and some of these are already in phase 1 or 2 clinical trials. Examples are modified flours that have been depleted of immunogenic gluten epitopes, degradation of immunodominant gliadin peptides that resist intestinal proteases by exogenous endopeptidases, decrease of intestinal permeability by blockage of the epithelial ZOT receptor, inhibition of intestinal TG2 activity by transglutaminase inhibitors, inhibition of gluten peptide presentation by HLA-DQ2 antagonists, modulation or inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, and induction of oral tolerance to gluten. These and other experimental therapies will be discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Boehm BO, Rosinger S, Sauer G, Manfras BJ, Palesch D, Schiekofer S, Kalbacher H, Burster T. Protease-resistant human GAD-derived altered peptide ligands decrease TNF-alpha and IL-17 production in peripheral blood cells from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2576-84. [PMID: 19505724 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD) and proinsulin are major diabetes-associated autoantigens that drive autoreactive T cells. Altered peptide ligands (APL) have been proposed as reagents for the modification of autoimmune reactions. Here, we have prepared GAD-derived protease-resistant APL (prAPL) by cleavage site-directed modification. The resulting prAPL are resistant to lysosomal and serum proteases, bind with high-affinity to HLA-DRB1(*)0401 and have a prolonged half-life in the serum. GAD-derived prAPL significantly decreased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by a GAD-specific human T cell clone. Likewise, the production of IL-17, TNF-alpha, and secretion of IL-6 by peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) was reduced, when stimulated with both GAD and GAD-derived prAPL. Thus, prAPL with high affinity for HLA-DRB1(*)0401 mitigate the response of GAD-reactive human Th17 cells. The strategy of designing specific immunomodulatory protease-resistant altered peptide ligands provides the basis for novel avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard O Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm and Center of Excellence, Germany
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18
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Abstract
This overview discusses the use of peptide-binding motifs to predict interaction with a specific MHC class I or II allele, and gives examples for the use of MHC binding motifs to predict T-cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Biddison
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Burster T, Marin-Esteban V, Boehm BO, Dunn S, Rotzschke O, Falk K, Weber E, Verhelst SHL, Kalbacher H, Driessen C. Design of protease-resistant myelin basic protein-derived peptides by cleavage site directed amino acid substitutions. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1514-23. [PMID: 17803968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. An attractive strategy to prevent activation of autoaggressive T cells in MS, is the use of altered peptide ligands (APL), which bind to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules. To be of clinical use, APL must be capable of resisting hostile environments including the proteolytic machinery of antigen presenting cells (APC). The current design of APL relies on cost- and labour-intensive strategies. To overcome these major drawbacks, we used a deductive approach which involved modifying proteolytic cleavage sites in APL. Cleavage site-directed amino acid substitution of the autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP) resulted in lysosomal protease-resistant, high-affinity binding peptides. In addition, these peptides mitigated T cell activation in a similar fashion as conventional APL. The strategy outlined allows the development of protease-resistant APL and provides a universal design strategy to improve peptide-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Department of Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Evensen E, Joseph-McCarthy D, Weiss GA, Schreiber SL, Karplus M. Ligand design by a combinatorial approach based on modeling and experiment: application to HLA-DR4. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 21:395-418. [PMID: 17657565 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-007-9119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial synthesis and large scale screening methods are being used increasingly in drug discovery, particularly for finding novel lead compounds. Although these "random" methods sample larger areas of chemical space than traditional synthetic approaches, only a relatively small percentage of all possible compounds are practically accessible. It is therefore helpful to select regions of chemical space that have greater likelihood of yielding useful leads. When three-dimensional structural data are available for the target molecule this can be achieved by applying structure-based computational design methods to focus the combinatorial library. This is advantageous over the standard usage of computational methods to design a small number of specific novel ligands, because here computation is employed as part of the combinatorial design process and so is required only to determine a propensity for binding of certain chemical moieties in regions of the target molecule. This paper describes the application of the Multiple Copy Simultaneous Search (MCSS) method, an active site mapping and de novo structure-based design tool, to design a focused combinatorial library for the class II MHC protein HLA-DR4. Methods for the synthesizing and screening the computationally designed library are presented; evidence is provided to show that binding was achieved. Although the structure of the protein-ligand complex could not be determined, experimental results including cross-exclusion of a known HLA-DR4 peptide ligand (HA) by a compound from the library. Computational model building suggest that at least one of the ligands designed and identified by the methods described binds in a mode similar to that of native peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Evensen
- Committee on Higher Degrees in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Xia J, Bergseng E, Fleckenstein B, Siegel M, Kim CY, Khosla C, Sollid LM. Cyclic and dimeric gluten peptide analogues inhibiting DQ2-mediated antigen presentation in celiac disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6565-73. [PMID: 17681795 PMCID: PMC2034199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is an immune mediated enteropathy elicited by gluten ingestion. The disorder has a strong association with HLA-DQ2. This HLA molecule is involved in the disease pathogenesis by presenting gluten peptides to T cells. Blocking the peptide-binding site of DQ2 may be a way to treat celiac disease. In this study, two types of peptide analogues, modeled after natural gluten antigens, were studied as DQ2 blockers. (a) Cyclic peptides. Cyclic peptides containing the DQ2-alphaI gliadin epitope LQPFPQPELPY were synthesized with flanking cysteine residues introduced and subsequently crosslinked via a disulfide bond. Alternatively, cyclic peptides were prepared with stable polyethylene glycol bridges across internal lysine residues of modified antigenic peptides such as KQPFPEKELPY and LQLQPFPQPEKPYPQPEKPY. The effect of cyclization as well as the length of the spacer in the cyclic peptides on DQ2 binding and T cell recognition was analyzed. Inhibition of peptide-DQ2 recognition by the T cell receptor was observed in T cell proliferation assays. (b) Dimeric peptides. Previously we developed a new type of peptide blocker with much enhanced affinity for DQ2 by dimerizing LQLQPFPQPEKPYPQPELPY through the lysine side chains. Herein, the effect of linker length on both DQ2 binding and T cell inhibition was investigated. One dimeric peptide analogue with an intermediate linker length was found to be especially effective at inhibiting DQ2 mediated antigen presentation. The implications of these findings for the treatment of celiac disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Elin Bergseng
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Burkhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Siegel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Chu-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- * Corresponding authors. Ludvig M. Sollid, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway, Tel. +47 23073500; Fax. +47 23073510; E-mail: or Chaitan Khosla, Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, Tel. 650-723-6538; Fax.650-725-7294; E-mail:
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
- * Corresponding authors. Ludvig M. Sollid, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway, Tel. +47 23073500; Fax. +47 23073510; E-mail: or Chaitan Khosla, Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, Tel. 650-723-6538; Fax.650-725-7294; E-mail:
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22
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von Delwig A, Hilkens CMU, Altmann DM, Holmdahl R, Isaacs JD, Harding CV, Robertson H, McKie N, Robinson JH. Inhibition of macropinocytosis blocks antigen presentation of type II collagen in vitro and in vivo in HLA-DR1 transgenic mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R93. [PMID: 16704744 PMCID: PMC1779380 DOI: 10.1186/ar1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, constituting a possible target for antigen-specific immunotherapy. We addressed the possibility of blocking antigen presentation of the type II collagen (CII)-derived immunodominant arthritogenic epitope CII259–273 to specific CD4 T cells by inhibition of antigen uptake in HLA-DR1-transgenic mice in vitro and in vivo. Electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, subcellular fractionation and antigen presentation assays were used to establish the mechanisms of uptake, intracellular localization and antigen presentation of CII by dendritic cells and macrophages. We show that CII accumulated in membrane fractions of intermediate density corresponding to late endosomes. Treatment of dendritic cells and macrophages with cytochalasin D or amiloride prevented the intracellular appearance of CII and blocked antigen presentation of CII259–273 to HLA-DR1-restricted T cell hybridomas. The data suggest that CII was taken up by dendritic cells and macrophages predominantly via macropinocytosis. Administration of amiloride in vivo prevented activation of CII-specific polyclonal T cells in the draining popliteal lymph nodes. This study suggests that selective targeting of CII internalization in professional antigen-presenting cells prevents activation of autoimmune T cells, constituting a novel therapeutic strategy for the immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei von Delwig
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catharien MU Hilkens
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Human Disease Immunogenetics Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - John D Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Helen Robertson
- BioImaging Facility, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Norman McKie
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John H Robinson
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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23
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Rosloniec EF, Brandstetter T, Leyer S, Schwaiger FW, Nagy ZA. Second-generation peptidomimetic inhibitors of antigen presentation effectively treat autoimmune diseases in HLA-DR-transgenic mouse models. J Autoimmun 2006; 27:182-95. [PMID: 17081730 PMCID: PMC4648363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptidomimetic compounds that bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and are resistant to cathepsins can competitively inhibit the presentation of processed protein antigens. Therefore, compounds that bind to autoimmune disease-associated class II molecules are expected to compete with autoantigens for presentation and thereby interrupt the disease process. The first generation of such competitors developed for rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DR molecules, although resistant to cathepsins, has remained sensitive to plasma proteases, and was thus unlikely to be effective in vivo. We have therefore produced a second generation of compounds that are resistant to cathepsins and stable in plasma while maintaining binding affinity for HLA-DR molecules associated with rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Selected compounds of this series are shown to inhibit antigen presentation in vivo, as well as effectively treat collagen induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in HLA-DR transgenic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F. Rosloniec
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Ave., Memphis, TN 38104, USA, and Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | | | - Sigmar Leyer
- GPC-Biotech AG, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, Martinsried, 82152 Germany.
| | | | - Zoltan A. Nagy
- GPC-Biotech AG, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, Martinsried, 82152 Germany.
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24
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Xia J, Siegel M, Bergseng E, Sollid LM, Khosla C. Inhibition of HLA-DQ2-mediated antigen presentation by analogues of a high affinity 33-residue peptide from alpha2-gliadin. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:1859-67. [PMID: 16464085 PMCID: PMC2597451 DOI: 10.1021/ja056423o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen DQ2 is a class II major histocompatibility complex protein that plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Celiac Sprue by binding to epitopes derived from dietary gluten and triggering the inflammatory response of disease-specific T cells. Inhibition of DQ2-mediated antigen presentation in the small intestinal mucosa of Celiac Sprue patients therefore represents a potentially attractive mode of therapy for this widespread but unmet medical need. Starting from a pro-inflammatory, proteolytically resistant, 33-residue peptide, LQLQPFPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPELPYPQPQPF, we embarked upon a systematic effort to dissect the relationships between peptide structure and DQ2 affinity and to translate these insights into prototypical DQ2 blocking agents. Three structural determinants within the first 20 residues of this 33-mer peptide, including a PQPELPYPQ epitope, its N-terminal flanking sequence, and a downstream Glu residue, were found to be important for DQ2 binding. Guided by the X-ray crystal structure of DQ2, the L11 and L18 residues in the truncated 20-mer analogue were replaced with sterically bulky groups so as to retain high DQ2 affinity but abrogate T cell recognition. A dimeric ligand, synthesized by regiospecific coupling of the 20-mer peptide with a bifunctional linker, was identified as an especially potent DQ2 binding agent. Two such ligands were able to attenuate the proliferation of disease-specific T cell lines in response to gluten antigens and, therefore, represent prototypical examples of pharmacologically suitable DQ2 blocking agents for the potential treatment of Celiac Sprue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Matthew Siegel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Elin Bergseng
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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25
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Wei HY, Tsai KC, Lin TH. Modeling Ligand−Receptor Interaction for Some MHC Class II HLA-DR4 Peptide Mimetic Inhibitors Using Several Molecular Docking and 3D QSAR Techniques. J Chem Inf Model 2005; 45:1343-51. [PMID: 16180911 DOI: 10.1021/ci050140y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-receptor interaction between some peptidomimetic inhibitors and a class II MHC peptide presenting molecule, the HLA-DR4 receptor, was modeled using some three-dimensional (3D) quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods such as the Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA), Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA), and a pharmacophore building method, the Catalyst program. The structures of these peptidomimetic inhibitors were generated theoretically, and the conformations used in the 3D QSAR studies were defined by docking them into the known structure of HLA-DR4 receptor through the GOLD, GLIDE Rigidly, GLIDE Flexible, and Xscore programs. Some of the parameters used in these docking programs were selected by docking an X-ray ligand into the receptor and comparing the root-means-square difference (RMSD) computed between the coordinates of the X-ray and docked structure. However, the goodness of a docking result for docking a series of peptidomimetic inhibitors into the HLA-DR4 receptor was judged by comparing the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient computed between each docking result and the activity data taken from the literature. The best CoMFA and CoMSIA models were constructed using the aligned structures of the best docking result. The CoMSIA was conducted in a stepwise manner to identify some important molecular features that were further employed in a pharmacophore building process by the Catalyst program. It was found that most inhibitors of the training set were accurately predicted by the best pharmacophore model, the Hypo1 hypothesis constructed. The deviation or conflict found between the actual and predicted activities of some inhibitors of both the training and the test sets were also investigated by mapping the Hypo1 hypothesis onto the corresponding structures of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yuan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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26
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McFarland BJ, Katz JF, Sant AJ, Beeson C. Energetics and Cooperativity of the Hydrogen Bonding and Anchor Interactions that Bind Peptides to MHC Class II Protein. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:170-83. [PMID: 15921691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the interaction between major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) proteins and peptide ligands has been revealed through structural studies and crystallographic characterization. Peptides bind through side-chain "anchor" interactions with MHC II pockets and an extensive array of genetically conserved hydrogen bonds to the peptide backbone. Here we quantitatively investigate the kinetic hierarchy of these interactions. We present results detailing the impact of single side-chain mutations of peptide anchor residues on dissociation rates, utilizing two I-A(d)-restricted peptides, one of which has a known crystal structure, and 24 natural and non-natural amino acid mutant variants of these peptides. We find that the N-terminal P1, P4 and P6 anchor-pocket interactions can make significant contributions to binding stability. We also investigate the interactions of these peptides with four I-A(d) MHC II proteins, each mutated to disrupt conserved hydrogen bonds to the peptide backbone. These complexes exhibit kinetic behavior suggesting that binding energy is disproportionately invested near the peptide N terminus for backbone hydrogen bonds. We then evaluate the effects of simultaneously modifying both anchor and hydrogen bonding interactions. A quantitative analysis of 71 double mutant cycles reveals that there is little apparent cooperativity between anchor residue interactions and hydrogen bonds, even when they are directly adjacent (<5A).
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27
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Bergseng E, Xia J, Kim CY, Khosla C, Sollid LM. Main chain hydrogen bond interactions in the binding of proline-rich gluten peptides to the celiac disease-associated HLA-DQ2 molecule. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:21791-6. [PMID: 15826953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of peptide epitopes to major histocompatibility complex proteins involves multiple hydrogen bond interactions between the peptide main chain and major histocompatibility complex residues. The crystal structure of HLA-DQ2 complexed with the alphaI-gliadin epitope (LQPFPQPELPY) revealed four hydrogen bonds between DQ2 and peptide main chain amides. This is remarkable, given that four of the nine core residues in this peptide are proline residues that cannot engage in amide hydrogen bonding. Preserving main chain hydrogen bond interactions despite the presence of multiple proline residues in gluten peptides is a key element for the HLA-DQ2 association of celiac disease. We have investigated the relative contribution of each main chain hydrogen bond interaction by preparing a series of N-methylated alphaI epitope analogues and measuring their binding affinity and off-rate constants to DQ2. Additionally, we measured the binding of alphaI-gliadin peptide analogues in which norvaline, which contains a backbone amide hydrogen bond donor, was substituted for each proline. Our results demonstrate that hydrogen bonds at P4 and P2 positions are most important for binding, whereas the hydrogen bonds at P9 and P6 make smaller contributions to the overall binding affinity. There is no evidence for a hydrogen bond between DQ2 and the P1 amide nitrogen in peptides without proline at this position. This is a unique feature of DQ2 and is likely a key parameter for preferential binding of proline-rich gluten peptides and development of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Bergseng
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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28
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Volz T, Schwarz G, Fleckenstein B, Schepp CP, Haug M, Roth J, Wiesmüller KH, Dannecker GE. Determination of the peptide binding motif and high-affinity ligands for HLA-DQ4 using synthetic peptide libraries. Hum Immunol 2005; 65:594-601. [PMID: 15219379 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is considered to be an autoimmune disease. Various human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations for different subgroups of this heterogeneous disease have been found. For early-onset pauciarticular arthritis (now oligoarthritic JIA), a strong association with the HLA class II haplotype DQA1*0401/DQB1*0402 (DQ4) has been described. We determined the peptide-binding specificities of this HLA-DQ molecule by screening a synthetic acetylated nonapeptide amide library with one defined and eight random sequence positions. A characteristic binding motif could be deduced. By use of these data, we designed defined specific nonapeptides and identified high-affinity ligands binding to HLA-DQ4. The peptide binding motif of HLA-DQ4 is very similar to the motif of HLA-DQ7, also associated with oligoarthritic JIA. It is, however, different from binding motifs of neutral or protective HLA-DQ molecules. Our results further support the idea of differential peptide presentation in the pathogenesis of oligoarthritic JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volz
- University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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29
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Kim CY, Quarsten H, Bergseng E, Khosla C, Sollid LM. Structural basis for HLA-DQ2-mediated presentation of gluten epitopes in celiac disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4175-9. [PMID: 15020763 PMCID: PMC384714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306885101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue, is a gluten-induced autoimmune-like disorder of the small intestine, which is strongly associated with HLA-DQ2. The structure of DQ2 complexed with an immunogenic epitope from gluten, QLQPFPQPELPY, has been determined to 2.2-A resolution by x-ray crystallography. The glutamate at P6, which is formed by tissue transglutaminase-catalyzed deamidation, is an important anchor residue as it participates in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network involving Lys-beta71 of DQ2. The gluten peptide-DQ2 complex retains critical hydrogen bonds between the MHC and the peptide backbone despite the presence of many proline residues in the peptide that are unable to participate in amide-mediated hydrogen bonds. Positioning of proline residues such that they do not interfere with backbone hydrogen bonding results in a reduction in the number of registers available for gluten peptides to bind to MHC class II molecules and presumably impairs the likelihood of establishing favorable side-chain interactions. The HLA association in celiac disease can be explained by a superior ability of DQ2 to bind the biased repertoire of proline-rich gluten peptides that have survived gastrointestinal digestion and that have been deamidated by tissue transglutaminase. Finally, surface-exposed proline residues in the proteolytically resistant ligand were replaced with functionalized analogs, thereby providing a starting point for the design of orally active agents for blocking gluten-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Young Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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30
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Abstract
Development of a computational prediction method based on molecular modeling, global optimization, and implicit solvation has produced accurate structure and relative binding affinity predictions for peptide amino acids binding to five pockets of the MHC molecule HLA-DRB1*0101. Because peptide binding to MHC molecules is essential to many immune responses, development of such a method for understanding and predicting the forces that drive binding is crucial for pharmaceutical design and disease treatment. Underlying the development of this prediction method are two hypotheses. The first is that pockets formed by the peptide binding groove of MHC molecules are independent, separating the prediction of peptide amino acids that bind within individual pockets from those that bind between pockets. The second hypothesis is that the native state of a system composed of an amino acid bound to a protein pocket corresponds to the system's lowest free energy. The prediction method developed from these hypotheses uses atomistic-level modeling, deterministic global optimization, and three methods of implicit solvation: solvent-accessible area, solvent-accessible volume, and Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatics. The method predicts relative binding affinities of peptide amino acids for pockets of HLA-DRB1*0101 by determining computationally an amino acid's global minimum energy conformation. Prediction results from the method are in agreement with X-ray crystallography data and experimental binding assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Schafroth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, USA
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31
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Stratikos E, Wiley DC, Stern LJ. Enhanced Catalytic Action of HLA-DM on the Exchange of Peptides Lacking Backbone Hydrogen Bonds between their N-Terminal Region and the MHC Class II α-Chain. J Immunol 2004; 172:1109-17. [PMID: 14707085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The class II MHC homolog HLA-DM catalyzes exchange of peptides bound to class II MHC proteins, and is an important component of the Ag presentation machinery. The mechanism of HLA-DM-mediated catalysis is largely obscure. HLA-DM catalyzes exchange of peptides of varying sequence, suggesting that a peptide sequence-independent component of the MHC-peptide interaction could be involved in the catalytic process. Twelve conserved hydrogen bonds between the peptide backbone and the MHC are a prominent sequence-independent feature of the MHC-peptide interaction. To evaluate the relative importance of these hydrogen bonds toward HLA-DM action, we prepared peptide variants that lacked the ability to form one or more of the hydrogen bonds as a result of backbone amide N-methylation or truncation, and tested their ability to be exchanged by HLA-DM. We found that disruption of hydrogen bonds involving HLA-DR1 residues alpha51-53, a short extended segment at the N terminus of the alpha subunit helical region, led to heightened HLA-DM catalytic efficacy. We propose that those bonds are disrupted in the MHC conformation recognized by HLA-DM to allow structural transitions in that area during DM-assisted peptide release. These results suggest that peptides or compounds that bind MHC but cannot form these interactions would be preferentially edited out by HLA-DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Stratikos
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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32
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Casset F, Roux F, Mouchet P, Bes C, Chardes T, Granier C, Mani JC, Pugnière M, Laune D, Pau B, Kaczorek M, Lahana R, Rees A. A peptide mimetic of an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody by rational design. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:198-205. [PMID: 12850000 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of rational methods to design 'continuous' sequence mimetics of discontinuous regions of protein sequence has, to now, been only marginally successful. This has been largely due to the difficulty of constraining the recognition elements of a mimetic structure to the relative conformational and spatial orientations present in the parent molecule. Using peptide mapping to determine 'active' antigen recognition residues, molecular modeling, and a molecular dynamics trajectory analysis, we have developed a peptide mimic of an anti-CD4 antibody, containing antigen contact residues from multiple CDRs. The design described is a 27-residue peptide formed by juxtaposition of residues from 5 CDR regions. It displays an affinity for the antigen (CD4) of 0.9nM, compared to 2nM for the parent antibody ST40. Nevertheless, the mimetic shows low biological activity in an anti-retroviral assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Casset
- Synt:em, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, FR-30035 1, Ni;mes Cédex, France
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33
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Diegel ML, Chen F, Laus R, Graddis TJ, Vidovic D. Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted presentation of protein antigens without prior intracellular processing. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:1-8. [PMID: 12828552 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins in their native form are incapable of stimulating antigen (Ag)-specific T cells, which can only recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-bound peptides that have been generated by intracellular processing within antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, we show that APCs can trigger MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses after presenting proteins without conventional intracellular processing, provided the immunostimulatory MHC class I-binding peptide sequence is incorporated at the carboxy-terminal position. Such MHC-bound proteins do not stimulate T cells directly, because the contact between MHC/peptide complex and its cognate ligand is sterically hindered by the amino-terminal bulk of the protein. Removal of the latter via an extracellular Ag proteolysis by the T-cell- and/or APC-derived enzymes is required for effective T-cell stimulation. Our data challenge the established concept that only small peptides can bind to the MHC class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Diegel
- Dendreon Corporation, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
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34
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Abstract
The most important roles of proteinases in the immune system are found in apoptosis and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-mediated antigen presentation. A variety of cysteine proteinases, serine proteinases, and aspartic proteinases as well as their inhibitors are involved in the regulation of apoptosis in neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells, in selection of specific B and T lymphocytes, and in killing of target cells by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. In antigen presentation, endocytosed antigens are digested into antigenic peptides by both aspartic and cysteine proteinases. In parallel, MHC class II molecules are processed by aspartic and cysteine proteinases to degrade the invariant chain that occupies the peptide-binding site. Proteinase activity in these processes is highly regulated, particularly by posttranslational activation and the balance between active proteinases and specific endogenous inhibitors such as cystatins, thyropins, and serpins. This article discusses the regulation of proteolytic processes in apoptosis and antigen presentation in immune cells and the consequences of therapeutic interference in the balance of proteinases and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van Eijk
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
Modulation of opioid activity was accomplished for analogues of Leu-enkephalin through incorporation of a 4-imidazolidinone moiety. The peptide backbone was constrained via a methylene bridge between two neighboring amides within its regular peptide sequence, which was expected to disrupt the secondary structure of the original molecule. Five positional analogues of Leu-enkephalin based on the same sequence and different location of the imidazolidinone-constrict were designed, synthesized, and examined for their affinity to micro-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Drug Design
- Enkephalin, Leucine/analogs & derivatives
- Enkephalin, Leucine/chemical synthesis
- Enkephalin, Leucine/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/chemical synthesis
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Indicators and Reagents
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Methylation
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Rinnová
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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36
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Monneaux F, Muller S. Epitope spreading in systemic lupus erythematosus: identification of triggering peptide sequences. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:1430-8. [PMID: 12115171 DOI: 10.1002/art.10263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monneaux
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR 9021 CNRS, 15 rue René Descartes, Strasbourg 67000, France
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37
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Abstract
The activation of helper T cells by peptides bound to proteins of the class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC II) is pivotal to the initiation of an immune response. The primary functional requirement imposed on MHC II proteins is the ability to efficiently bind thousands of different peptides. Structurally, this is reflected in a unique architecture of binding interactions. The peptide is bound in an extended conformation within a groove on the membrane distal surface of the protein that is lined with several pockets that can accommodate peptide side-chains. Conserved MHC II protein residues also form hydrogen bonds along the length of the peptide main-chain. Here we review recent advances in the study of peptide-MHC II protein reactions that have led to an enhanced understanding of binding energetics. These results demonstrate that peptide-MHC II protein complexes achieve high affinity binding from the array of hydrogen bonds that are energetically segregated from the pocket interactions, which can then add to an intrinsic hydrogen bond-mediated affinity. Thus, MHC II proteins are unlike antibodies, which utilize cooperativity among binding interactions to achieve high affinity and specificity. The significance of these observations is discussed within the context of possible mechanisms for the HLA-DM protein that regulates peptide presentation in vivo and the design of non-peptide molecules that can bind MHC II proteins and act as vaccines or immune modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J McFarland
- Program in Biomolecular Structure and Design, Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
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38
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Hin S, Bianco A, Zabel C, Jung G, Walden P. Mimetics of a T cell epitope based on poly-N-acylated amine backbone structures induce T cells in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48790-6. [PMID: 11600499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107552200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomimetics of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted ovalbumin-derived T cell epitope SIINFEKL were generated by replacing parts of the peptide backbone by a poly-N-acylated amine (PAA) backbone with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and pseudoaromatic side chains that branch off of the main chain at the amine nitrogen. The structure of the PAAs was designed to position this side chain in the central epitope anchor pocket of the MHC molecule. A number of biologically active PAAs were found that induced cytolysis by the mouse cytotoxic T cell clone 4G3. Competition experiments with independent peptides that are known to bind to the restricting MHC molecule H-2K(b) suggest that the PAAs are bound by the MHC molecules at the same site as conventional peptide epitopes. The PAAs were active also in vivo and induced primary cytotoxic T cell responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Humboldt University, D-10089 Berlin, Germany
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39
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Granoff DM, Moe GR, Giuliani MM, Adu-Bobie J, Santini L, Brunelli B, Piccinetti F, Zuno-Mitchell P, Lee SS, Neri P, Bracci L, Lozzi L, Rappuoli R. A novel mimetic antigen eliciting protective antibody to Neisseria meningitidis. J Immunol 2001; 167:6487-96. [PMID: 11714816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mimetic Ags are of considerable interest as vaccine candidates. Yet there are few examples of mimetic Ags that elicit protective Ab against a pathogen, and the functional activity of anti-mimetic Abs has not been studied in detail. As part of the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B genome sequencing project, a large number of novel proteins were identified. Herein, we provide evidence that genome-derived Ag 33 (GNA33), a lipoprotein with homology to Escherichia coli murein transglycosylase, elicits protective Ab to meningococci as a result of mimicking an epitope on loop 4 of porin A (PorA) in strains with serosubtype P1.2. Epitope mapping of a bactericidal anti-GNA33 mAb using overlapping peptides shows that the mAb recognizes peptides from GNA33 and PorA that share a QTP sequence that is necessary but not sufficient for binding. By flow cytometry, mouse antisera prepared against rGNA33 and the anti-GNA33 mAb bind as well as an anti-PorA P1.2 mAb to the surface of eight of nine N. meningitidis serogroup B strains tested with the P1.2 serosubtype. Anti-GNA33 Abs also are bactericidal for most P1.2 strains and, for susceptible strains, the activity of an anti-GNA33 mAb is similar to that of an anticapsular mAb but less active than an anti-P1.2 mAb. Anti-GNA Abs also confer passive protection against bacteremia in infant rats challenged with P1.2 strains. Thus, GNA33 represents one of the most effective immunogenic mimetics yet described. These results demonstrate that molecular mimetics have potential as meningococcal vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Animals, Suckling
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Blood Bactericidal Activity
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/microbiology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Genome, Bacterial
- Glycosyltransferases/immunology
- Humans
- Meningococcal Infections/immunology
- Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Mice
- Molecular Mimicry/genetics
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Neisseria meningitidis/genetics
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Neisseria meningitidis/metabolism
- Peptide Mapping
- Porins/immunology
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Granoff
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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40
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Reinelt S, Marti M, Dédier S, Reitinger T, Folkers G, de Castro JA, Rognan D. Beta-amino acid scan of a class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted alloreactive T-cell epitope. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:24525-30. [PMID: 11342555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102772200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An HLA-B27-restricted self-octapeptide known to react with an alloreactive T-cell receptor has been modified by systematic substitution of a beta-amino acid for the natural alpha-amino acid residue, over the whole length of the parent epitope. All modified peptides were shown to bind to recombinant HLA-B*2705 and induce stable major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes, but with some variation depending on the position of the beta-amino acid on the peptide sequence. Alteration of the natural peptide sequence at the two N-terminal positions (positions 1 and 2) decreases binding affinity and thermodynamic stability of the refolded complex, but all other positions (from position 3 to the C-terminal residue) were insensitive to the beta-amino acid substitution. All modified peptides were recognized by an alloreactive T-cell clone specific for the parent epitope with decreased efficiency, to an extent dependent of the position that was modified. Furthermore, the introduction of a single beta-amino acid at the first two positions of the modified peptide was shown to be sufficient to protect them against enzymatic cleavage. Thus, beta-amino acids represent new interesting templates for alteration of T-cell epitopes to design either synthetic vaccines of T-cell receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reinelt
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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41
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Abstract
Among the different technologies currently tested for the development of novel vaccines, synthetic peptides represent a promising option, since they are chemically pure and induce immune responses of predetermined specificity. Furthermore, they can be replaced with pseudopeptides or peptide mimetics that contain changes in the amide bond, resulting in more stable and immunogenic molecules. Administration of peptide vaccines via non-invasive routes, such as the nose or the bare skin, allows the efficient uptake of antigen by antigen-presenting cells, which are abundant in the associated lymphoid tissues, ensuring the induction of effective systemic and mucosal immune responses. Using non-invasive routes could be advantageous for vaccination programs in third-world countries, since vaccine administration is simple, painless and economical. In this review, we discuss and present some preliminary data on the advantages of synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics as candidate vaccines, and their potential for administration via the skin and the nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Partidos
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR 9021 CNRS, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084, Strasbourg, France.
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42
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Lee KH, Olson GL, Bolin DR, Benowitz AB, Sprengeler PA, Smith AB, Hirschmann RF, Wiley DC. The Crystal Structure of a Pyrrolinone−Peptide Hybrid Ligand Bound to the Human Class II MHC Protein HLA-DR1. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000994t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kon Ho Lee
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Gary L. Olson
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - David R. Bolin
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Andrew B. Benowitz
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Paul A. Sprengeler
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Ralph F. Hirschmann
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
| | - Don C. Wiley
- Contribution from the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Roche Research Center, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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43
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Bolin DR, Swain AL, Sarabu R, Berthel SJ, Gillespie P, Huby NJ, Makofske R, Orzechowski L, Perrotta A, Toth K, Cooper JP, Jiang N, Falcioni F, Campbell R, Cox D, Gaizband D, Belunis CJ, Vidovic D, Ito K, Crowther R, Kammlott U, Zhang X, Palermo R, Weber D, Guenot J, Nagy Z, Olson GL. Peptide and peptide mimetic inhibitors of antigen presentation by HLA-DR class II MHC molecules. Design, structure-activity relationships, and X-ray crystal structures. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2135-48. [PMID: 10841792 DOI: 10.1021/jm000034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular features of ligand binding to MHC class II HLA-DR molecules have been elucidated through a combination of peptide structure-activity studies and structure-based drug design, resulting in analogues with nanomolar affinity in binding assays. Stabilization of lead compounds against cathepsin B cleavage by N-methylation of noncritical backbone NH groups or by dipeptide mimetic substitutions has generated analogues that compete effectively against protein antigens in cellular assays, resulting in inhibition of T-cell proliferation. Crystal structures of four ternary complexes of different peptide mimetics with the rheumatoid arthritis-linked MHC DRB10401 and the bacterial superantigen SEB have been obtained. Peptide-sugar hybrids have also been identified using a structure-based design approach in which the sugar residue replaces a dipeptide. These studies illustrate the complementary roles played by phage display library methods, peptide analogue SAR, peptide mimetics substitutions, and structure-based drug design in the discovery of inhibitors of antigen presentation by MHC class II HLA-DR molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bolin
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA
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44
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Bohle B, Wagner B, Vollmann U, Buck D, Niggemann B, Szépfalusi Z, Fischer G, Scheiner O, Breiteneder H, Ebner C. Characterization of T cell responses to Hev b 3, an allergen associated with latex allergy in spina bifida patients. J Immunol 2000; 164:4393-8. [PMID: 10754340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.8.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type I allergy to Hevea brasiliensis latex is particularly high among individuals with frequent exposure such as health care workers and patients with spina bifida (SB). Due to a birth defect of the spinal canal and the resulting neurological and orthopedic defects, these patients require multiple surgeries during childhood. SB patients display a unique pattern of sensitization: IgE-reactivity is preferentially directed against Hev b 3 and Hev b 1, two latex allergens with high sequence similarity. In this study, we analyzed the T cell response to Hev b 3 in latex-allergic SB patients using poly-, oligo-, and monoclonal T lymphocyte cultures. All T cell clones (TCC) were CD3/CD4-positive and expressed the alphabeta TCR. According to their cytokine production pattern (IL-4 vs IFN-gamma), 12 of 21 TCC were classified as Th2-like, 2 of 21 were Th1-like, and 7 of 21 belonged to a Th0-like subset. Using 11 T cell lines and 21 TCC, nine T cell stimulating fragments were determined out of 52 overlapping 12-mer peptides representing the complete amino acid sequence of Hev b 3. Ag presentation of one dominant T cell epitope could be associated with a four-amino acid binding motif (YSTS, position 11-13) in the beta 1 chain of HLA-DR molecules expressed by the respective patients. No reactivity was observed when Hev b 3-reactive T cell lines or TCC were incubated with peptides representing homologous parts of the Hev b 1 molecule, i.e., no cross-reactivity between Hev b 3 and Hev b 1 at the T cell level was evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bohle
- Departments of General and Experimental Pathology, Pediatrics, and Blood Group Serology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 929, Cleveland, OH 44106-4943, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The tremendous progress in the field of basic immunology and immunochemistry made in the last decade has significantly advanced our understanding of antigen processing and presentation by MHC class I and II proteins. In this review different techniques to study peptide interaction with MHC class II molecules are summarized and their impact on the elucidation of quantitative parameters, like affinities or kinetic data, is discussed. A recently introduced method based on synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries allows to quantify the binding contribution of each amino acid residue in a class II ligand and is presented in more detail. As this knowledge is fundamental for current investigations in modern medicine, e.g. for novel immune system based therapy concepts, further aspects like the design of new high affinity MHC class II ligands and the prediction of peptide antigens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fleckenstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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