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Li MK, Dehm S, Kappes MM, Hennrich F, Krupke R. Correlation Measurements for Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects. ACS Nano 2024; 18:9525-9534. [PMID: 38513118 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Single-photon sources are essential building blocks for the development of photonic quantum technology. Regarding potential practical application, an on-demand electrically driven quantum-light emitter on a chip is notably crucial for photonic integrated circuits. Here, we propose functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors as a promising solid-state quantum-light source by demonstrating photon antibunching behavior via electrical excitation. The sp3 quantum defects were formed on the surface of (7, 5) carbon nanotubes by 3,5-dichlorophenyl functionalization, and individual carbon nanotubes were wired to graphene electrode pairs. Filtered electroluminescent defect-state emission at 77 K was coupled into a Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment setup, and single-photon emission was observed by performing second-order correlation function measurements. We discuss the dependence of the intensity correlation measurement on electrical power and emission wavelength, highlighting the challenges of performing such measurements while simultaneously analyzing acquired data. Our results indicate a route toward room-temperature electrically triggered single-photon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Zhang S, Zhang G, Ding G, Liu Z, Wang B, Wu H, Wei G, Li J, Ye C, Yang S, Wang G. The Synergistic Effect on the Mimetic Optical Structure of Feline Eyes toward Household Health Monitoring of Acute and Chronic Diseases. ACS Nano 2024; 18:4944-4956. [PMID: 38301227 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A breakthrough in the performance of bionic optical structures will only be achieved if we can obtain an in-depth understanding of the synergy mechanisms operating in natural optical structures and find ways to imitate them. In this work, inspired by feline eyes, an optical substrate that takes advantage of a synergistic effect that occurs between resonant and reflective structures was designed. The synergistic effect between the reflective and resonant components leads to a Raman enhancement factor (EF) of 1.16 × 107, which is much greater than that achieved using the reflective/resonant cavities on their own. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and experimental results together confirm that the mechanism of this synergistic effect is achieved by realizing multiple reflections and repeated absorptions of light, generating a strong local electric field. Thus, a 2-3 order of magnitude increase in sensitivity could be achieved. More importantly, with the homemade centrifugal device, above optical substrates were further used to develop a rapidly highly sensitive household health monitoring system (detection time <3 min). It can thus be used to give early warning of acute diseases with high risk (e.g., acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cerebral peduncle). Due to the good reusability and storability (9% and 8% reduction in EF after washing 30 times and 9 months of storage, respectively) of the substrates, the substrates thus reduce detection costs (to ∼$1), making them much cheaper to use than the current gold-standard methods (e.g., ∼$16 for gout detection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bingkun Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Genwang Wei
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Caichao Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
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3
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Ansari S, Bianconi S, Kang CM, Mohseni H. From Material to Cameras: Low-Dimensional Photodetector Arrays on CMOS. Small Methods 2024; 8:e2300595. [PMID: 37501320 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in research on low-dimensional material with exceptional optoelectronic properties. While low-dimensional materials offer exciting new opportunities for imaging, their integration in practical applications has been slow. In fact, most existing reports are based on single-pixel devices that cannot rival the quantity and quality of information provided by massively parallelized mega-pixel imagers based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) readout electronics. The first goal of this review is to present new opportunities in producing high-resolution cameras using these new materials. New photodetection methods and materials in the field are presented, and the challenges involved in their integration on CMOS chips for making high-resolution cameras are discussed. Practical approaches are then presented to address these challenges and methods to integrate low-dimensional material on CMOS. It is also shown that such integrations could be used for ultra-low noise and massively parallel testing of new material and devices. The second goal of this review is to present the colossal untapped potential of low-dimensional material in enabling the next-generation of low-cost and high-performance cameras. It is proposed that low-dimensional materials have the natural ability to create excellent bio-inspired artificial imaging systems with unique features such as in-pixel computing, multi-band imaging, and curved retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Ansari
- Electrical and Computer Engneering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Simone Bianconi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Chang-Mo Kang
- Photonic Semiconductor Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Hooman Mohseni
- Electrical and Computer Engneering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Abstract
Flexible electronics have recently gained considerable attention due to their potential to provide new and innovative solutions to a wide range of challenges in various electronic fields. These electronics require specific material properties and performance because they need to be integrated into a variety of surfaces or folded and rolled for newly formatted electronics. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for flexible electronics due to their unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, as well as their compatibility with other materials, enabling the creation of various flexible electronic devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in developing flexible electronic devices using 2D materials. In addition, it highlights the key aspects of materials, scalable material production, and device fabrication processes for flexible applications, along with important examples of demonstrations that achieved breakthroughs in various flexible and wearable electronic applications. Finally, we discuss the opportunities, current challenges, potential solutions, and future investigative directions about this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Katiyar
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Anh Tuan Hoang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Duo Xu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeong Hong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Ji
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Lin CC, Murata K, Kamal ASA, Lin BW, Chen MH, Tang S, Ho YL, Chen CC, Chen CW, Daiguji H, Ishii K, Delaunay JJ. Chiroptical Response Inversion and Enhancement of Room-Temperature Exciton-Polaritons Using 2D Chirality in Perovskites. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2303203. [PMID: 37587849 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Although chiral semiconductors have shown promising progress in direct circularly polarized light (CPL) detection and emission, they still face potential challenges. A chirality-switching mechanism or approach integrating two enantiomers is needed to discriminate the handedness of a given CPL; additionally, a large material volume is required for sufficient chiroptical interaction. These two requirements pose significant obstacles to the simplification and miniaturization of the devices. Here, room-temperature chiral polaritons fulfilling dual-handedness functions and exhibiting a more-than-two-order enhancement of the chiroptical signal are demonstrated, by embedding a 40 nm-thick perovskite film with a 2D chiroptical effect into a Fabry-Pérot cavity. By mixing chiral perovskites with different crystal structures, a pronounced 2D chiroptical effect is accomplished in the perovskite film, featured by an inverted chiroptical response for counter-propagating CPL. This inversion behavior matches the photonic handedness switch during CPL circulation in the Fabry-Pérot cavity, thus harvesting giant enhancement of the chiroptical response. Furthermore, affected by the unique quarter-wave-plate effects, the polariton emission achieves a chiral dissymmetry of ±4% (for the emission from the front and the back sides). The room-temperature polaritons with the strong dissymmetric chiroptical interaction shall have implications on a fundamental level and future on-chip applications for biomolecule analysis and quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kei Murata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | | | - Bo-Wei Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Siyi Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ya-Lun Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chia-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Chow Rd., Taipei, 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hirofumi Daiguji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jean-Jacques Delaunay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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6
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Wang Y, Dou W. Nonadiabatic dynamics near metal surfaces under Floquet engineering: Floquet electronic friction vs Floquet surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:094103. [PMID: 37655774 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the previous study Wang and Dou [J. Chem. Phys. 158, 224109 (2023)], we have derived a Floquet classical master equation (FCME) to treat nonadiabatic dynamics near metal surfaces under Floquet engineering. We have also proposed a trajectory surface hopping algorithm to solve the FCME. In this study, we map the FCME into a Floquet Fokker-Planck equation in the limit of fast Floquet driving and fast electron motion as compared to nuclear motion. The Fokker-Planck equation is then being solved using Langevin dynamics with explicit friction and random force from the nonadiabatic effects of hybridized electrons and Floquet states. We benchmark the Floquet electronic friction dynamics against Floquet quantum master equation and Floquet surface hopping. We find that Floquet driving results in a violation of the second fluctuation-dissipation theorem, which further gives rise to heating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Dou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Zubritskaya I, Cichelero R, Faniayeu I, Martella D, Nocentini S, Rudquist P, Wiersma DS, Brongersma ML. Dynamically Tunable Optical Cavities with Embedded Nematic Liquid Crystalline Networks. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2209152. [PMID: 36683324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tunable metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities that can dynamically control light enable novel sensing, imaging and display applications. However, the realization of dynamic cavities incorporating stimuli-responsive materials poses a significant engineering challenge. Current approaches rely on refractive index modulation and suffer from low dynamic tunability, high losses, and limited spectral ranges, and require liquid and hazardous materials for operation. To overcome these challenges, a new tuning mechanism employing reversible mechanical adaptations of a polymer network is proposed, and dynamic tuning of optical resonances is demonstrated. Solid-state temperature-responsive optical coatings are developed by preparing a monodomain nematic liquid crystalline network (LCN) and are incorporated between metallic mirrors to form active optical microcavities. LCN microcavities offer large, reversible and highly linear spectral tuning of FP resonances reaching wavelength-shifts up to 40 nm via thermomechanical actuation while featuring outstanding repeatability and precision over more than 100 heating-cooling cycles. This degree of tunability allows for reversible switching between the reflective and the absorbing states of the device over the entire visible and near-infrared spectral regions, reaching large changes in reflectance with modulation efficiency ΔR = 79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zubritskaya
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Rafael Cichelero
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Ihar Faniayeu
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Per Rudquist
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Diederik Sybolt Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino, 10135, Italy
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Yu Y, Zhong F, Chu Q, Li R, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Lu J, Liu H, Ni Z. Polarization-sensitive narrowband infrared photodetection triggered by optical Tamm state engineering. Opt Express 2023; 31:8797-8804. [PMID: 36859987 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-sensitive narrowband photodetection at near-infrared (NIR) has attracted significant interest in optical communication, environmental monitoring, and intelligent recognition system. However, the current narrowband spectroscopy heavily relies on the extra filter or bulk spectrometer, which deviates from the miniaturization of on-chip integration. Recently, topological phenomena, such as the optical Tamm state (OTS), provided a new solution for developing functional photodetection, and we experimentally realized the device based on 2D material (graphene) for the first time to the best of our knowledge. Here, we demonstrate polarization-sensitive narrowband infrared photodetection in OTS coupled graphene devices, which are designed with the aid of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The devices show narrowband response at NIR wavelengths empowered by the tunable Tamm state. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the response peak reaches ∼100 nm, and it can potentially be improved to ultra-narrow of about 10 nm by increasing the periods of dielectric distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). The responsivity and response time of the device reaches 187 mA/W and ∼290 µs at 1550 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the prominent anisotropic features and high dichroic ratios of ∼4.6 at 1300 nm and ∼2.5 at 1500 nm are achieved by integrating gold metasurfaces.
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Peng M, Cheng J, Zheng X, Ma J, Feng Z, Sun X. 2D-materials-integrated optoelectromechanics: recent progress and future perspectives. Rep Prog Phys 2023; 86:026402. [PMID: 36167057 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac953e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) materials has gained worldwide attention owing to their extraordinary optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Due to their atomic layer thicknesses, the emerging 2D materials have great advantages of enhanced interaction strength, broad operating bandwidth, and ultralow power consumption for optoelectromechanical coupling. The van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy or multidimensional integration of 2D material family provides a promising platform for on-chip advanced nano-optoelectromechanical systems (NOEMS). Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the nanomechanical properties of 2D materials and the recent advances of 2D-materials-integrated nano-electromechanical systems and nano-optomechanical systems. By utilizing active nanophotonics and optoelectronics as the interface, 2D active NOEMS and their coupling effects are particularly highlighted at the 2D atomic scale. Finally, we share our viewpoints on the future perspectives and key challenges of scalable 2D-materials-integrated active NOEMS for on-chip miniaturized, lightweight, and multifunctional integration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jiadong Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhe Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ziyao Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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10
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Yu X, Dai Y, Lu Y, Liu C, Yan Y, Shen R, Yang Z, Feng L, Sun L, Liu Y, Lin S. High Efficient Solar Cell Based on Heterostructure Constructed by Graphene and GaAs Quantum Wells. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2204058. [PMID: 36394152 PMCID: PMC9839879 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fascinating optoelectronic properties of graphene, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of graphene based solar cells remains to be lifted up. Herein, it is experimentally shown that the graphene/quantum wells/GaAs heterostructure solar cell can reach a PCE of 20.2% and an open-circuit voltage (Voc ) as high as 1.16 V at 90 K. The high efficiency is a result of carrier multiplication (CM) effect of graphene in the graphene/GaAs heterostructure. Especially, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) in the ultraviolet wavelength can be improved up to 72.2% based on the heterostructure constructed by graphene/In0.15 Ga0.85 As/GaAs0.75 P0.25 quantum wells/GaAs. The EQE increases as the light wavelength decreases, which indicates more carriers can be effectively excited by the higher energy photons through CM effect. Owing to these physical characters, the graphene/GaAs heterostructure solar cell will provide a possible way to exceed Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutao Yu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yue Dai
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yanghua Lu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Yan
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Runjiang Shen
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zunshan Yang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lixuan Feng
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Space Power Technology, Shanghai Institute of Space Power Sources, Shanghai, 200245, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Power Technology, Shanghai Institute of Space Power Sources, Shanghai, 200245, P. R. China
| | - Shisheng Lin
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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11
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Maji TK, Vaibhav K, Delin A, Eriksson O, Karmakar D. 1D/2D Hybrid Te/Graphene and Te/MoS 2: Multifaceted Broadband Photonics and Green-Energy Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:51449-51458. [PMID: 36321542 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We highlight the enhanced electronic and optical functionalization in the hybrid heterojunction of one-dimensional (1D) tellurene with a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of graphene and MoS2 in both lateral and vertical geometries. The structural configurations of these assemblies are optimized with a comparative analysis of the energetics for different positional placements of the 1D system with respect to the hexagonal 2D substrate. The 1D/2D coupling of the electronic structure in this unique assembly enables the realization of the three different types of heterojunctions, viz. type I, type II, and Z-scheme. The interaction with 1D tellurene enables the opening of a band gap of the order of hundreds of meV in 2D graphene for both lateral and vertical geometries. With both static and time-dependent first-principles analysis, we indicate their potential applications in broadband photodetection and absorption, covering a wide range of visible to infrared (near-IR to mid-IR) spectrum from 380 to 10 000 nm. We indicate that this 1D/2D assembly also has bright prospects in green-energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Kumar Maji
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore560012, India
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Computer Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai400085, India
| | - Anna Delin
- Swedish e-Science Research Center (SeRC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, SE-70281Örebro, Sweden
| | - Debjani Karmakar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai400085, India
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12
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Fan Y, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Xu W, Wu F, Yuan X, Guo C, Qin S. Visible light emission enhancement from a graphene-based metal Fabry-Pérot cavity. Opt Express 2022; 30:41110-41117. [PMID: 36366596 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The high saturation current density and ultrafast heating modulation of graphene makes it a competitive candidate for future thermal emission source. However, the low emissivity and easy oxidation under high temperature in air limit graphene application in the spectral range from the visible to near infrared. Here, we report a visible graphene thermal emitter based on the metal Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity, which can greatly enhance the emissivity of graphene at wavelength around 637 nm and protect graphene from oxidation. We investigate the temperature characteristics of the emitter, and find the temperature of hot electrons in graphene is much higher than that of graphene lattice. Moreover, we also demonstrate the wavelength and intensity of graphene emission could be controlled by tuning the dielectric thickness between two gold layers. These results are helpful in the development of advanced graphene electro-thermal emission controlling application.
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13
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Fan Y, Zhang Z, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Xu W, Wu F, Yuan X, Guo C, Qin S. Regulation of Thermal Emission Position in Biased Graphene. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3457. [PMID: 36234585 PMCID: PMC9565320 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A very attractive advantage of graphene is that its Fermi level can be regulated by electrostatic bias doping. It is of great significance to investigate and control the spatial location of graphene emission for graphene thermal emitters, in addition to tuning the emission intensity and emission spectrum. Here, we present a detailed theoretical model to describe the graphene emission characteristics versus gate voltages. The experimentally observed movement of the emission spot and temperature distribution of graphene emitters are basically in agreement with those from the theoretical model. Our results provide a simple method to predict the behavior of graphene emitters that is beneficial for achieving the spatial dynamic regulation of graphene infrared emission arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chucai Guo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-731-8700-4211
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14
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Abstract
Recent advances in nanolithography, miniaturization, and material science, along with developments in wearable electronics, are pushing the frontiers of sensor technology into the large-scale fabrication of highly sensitive, flexible, stretchable, and multimodal detection systems. Various strategies, including surface engineering, have been developed to control the electrical and mechanical characteristics of sensors. In particular, surface wrinkling provides an effective alternative for improving both the sensing performance and mechanical deformability of flexible and stretchable sensors by releasing interfacial stress, preventing electrical failure, and enlarging surface areas. In this study, recent developments in the fabrication strategies of wrinkling structures for sensor applications are discussed. The fundamental mechanics, geometry control strategies, and various fabricating methods for wrinkling patterns are summarized. Furthermore, the current state of wrinkling approaches and their impacts on the development of various types of sensors, including strain, pressure, temperature, chemical, photodetectors, and multimodal sensors, are reviewed. Finally, existing wrinkling approaches, designs, and sensing strategies are extrapolated into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
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15
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Nong J, Zhao B, Xiao X, Min C, Yuan X, Somekh M, Feng F. Bloch surface waves assisted active modulation of graphene electro-absorption in a wide near-infrared region. Opt Express 2022; 30:35085-35095. [PMID: 36258468 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Light modulation has been recognized as one of the most fundamental operations in photonics. In this paper, we theoretically designed a Bloch surface wave assisted modulator for the active modulation of graphene electro-absorption. Simulations show that the strong localized electrical field generated by Bloch surface waves can significantly enhance the graphene electro-absorption up to 99.64%. Then by gate-tuning the graphene Fermi energy to transform graphene between a lossy and a lossless material, electrically switched absorption of graphene with maximum modulation depth of 97.91% can be achieved. Meanwhile, by further adjusting the incident angle to tune the resonant wavelength of Bloch surface waves, the center wavelength of the modulator can be actively controlled. This allows us to realize the active modulation of graphene electro-absorption within a wide near-infrared region, including the commercially important telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm, indicating the excellent performance of the designed modulator via such mechanism. Such Bloch surface waves assisted wavelength-tunable graphene electro-absorption modulation strategy opens up a new avenue to design graphene-based selective multichannel modulators, which is unavailable in previous reported strategies that can be only realized by passively changing the structural parameters.
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16
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Okmi A, Xiao X, Zhang Y, He R, Olunloyo O, Harris SB, Jabegu T, Li N, Maraba D, Sherif Y, Dyck O, Vlassiouk I, Xiao K, Dong P, Xu B, Lei S. Discovery of Graphene-Water Membrane Structure: Toward High-Quality Graphene Process. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201336. [PMID: 35856086 PMCID: PMC9475541 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that solid-state membranes are indispensable media for the graphene process, particularly transfer procedures. But these membranes inevitably bring contaminations and residues to the transferred graphene and consequently compromise the material quality. This study reports a newly observed free-standing graphene-water membrane structure, which replaces the conventional solid-state supporting media with liquid film to sustain the graphene integrity and continuity. Experimental observation, theoretical model, and molecular dynamics simulations consistently indicate that the high surface tension of pure water and its large contact angle with graphene are essential factors for forming such a membrane structure. More interestingly, water surface tension ensures the flatness of graphene layers and renders high transfer quality on many types of target substrates. This report enriches the understanding of the interactions on reduced dimensional material while rendering an alternative approach for scalable layered material processing with ensured quality for advanced manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Okmi
- Department of Physics and AstronomyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA30303USA
- Department of PhysicsJazan UniversityJazan45142Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuemei Xiao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Rui He
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA22030USA
| | - Olugbenga Olunloyo
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996USA
| | - Sumner B. Harris
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS)Oak Ridge National LabOak RidgeTN37830USA
| | - Tara Jabegu
- Department of Physics and AstronomyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA30303USA
| | - Ningxin Li
- Department of Physics and AstronomyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA30303USA
| | - Diren Maraba
- Department of Physics and AstronomyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA30303USA
| | - Yasmeen Sherif
- Department of Physics and AstronomyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA30303USA
| | - Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS)Oak Ridge National LabOak RidgeTN37830USA
| | - Ivan Vlassiouk
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS)Oak Ridge National LabOak RidgeTN37830USA
| | - Kai Xiao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS)Oak Ridge National LabOak RidgeTN37830USA
| | - Pei Dong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA22030USA
| | - Baoxing Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA22904USA
| | - Sidong Lei
- Department of Physics and AstronomyGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGA30303USA
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17
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Southall J, Hodgson D, Purdy R, Beige A. Comparing Hermitian and Non-Hermitian Quantum Electrodynamics. Symmetry (Basel) 2022; 14:1816. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14091816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, non-Hermitian quantum physics has gained a great deal of popularity in the quantum optics and condensed matter communities in order to model quantum systems with varying symmetries. In this paper, we identify a non-standard inner product that implies bosonic commutator relations for local electric and magnetic field observables and leads to a natural local biorthogonal description of the quantised electromagnetic field. When comparing this description with an alternative local Hermitian description, in which the states of local photonic particles, i.e., of so-called bosons localised in position (blips), are orthogonal under the conventional Hermitian inner product, we find that there is an equivalence between the two approaches. Careful consideration needs to be given to the physical interpretation of the different descriptions. Whether a Hermitian or a non-Hermitian approach is more suitable depends on the circumstances that we want to model.
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18
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Escudero F, Ardenghi JS. Cavity-mediated drag in double-layer graphene. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:395602. [PMID: 35839734 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the frictional drag between two graphene layers placed inside a cavity. We show that the drag has two contributions: the well-known Coulomb drag, and a novel photon-mediated drag. The latter arises from a cavity-mediated interaction in which the backscattering is not suppressed and the screening is relatively weak. As a result, the photon-mediated drag resistivity in the Fermi-liquid regime acquires corrections to the usual quadratic temperature dependence, has a slow decay as the interlayer separationdincreases, and depends on the carrier densitynasρD∼1/n2. Thus, whereas for smalldandnthe Coulomb drag dominates, as these parameters increase the drag transitions to a purely photon-mediated drag. The onset of this transition depends on the electromagnetic field enhancement inside the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Escudero
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J S Ardenghi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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19
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Wang M, Xiao Y, Li Y, Han L, Sun Z, He L, Liu R, Hu K. Recent Progress on Graphene Flexible Photodetectors. Materials 2022; 15:4820. [PMID: 35888288 PMCID: PMC9318373 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, optoelectronics and related industries have developed rapidly. As typical optoelectronics devices, photodetectors (PDs) are widely applied in various fields. The functional materials in traditional PDs exhibit high hardness, and the performance of these rigid detectors is thus greatly reduced upon their stretching or bending. Therefore, the development of new flexible PDs with bendable and foldable functions is of great significance and has much interest in wearable, implantable optoelectronic devices. Graphene with excellent electrical and optical performance constructed on various flexible and rigid substrates has great potential in PDs. In this review, recent research progress on graphene-based flexible PDs is outlined. The research states of graphene conductive films are summarized, focusing on PDs based on single-component graphene and mixed-structure graphene, with a systematic analysis of their optical and mechanical performance, and the techniques for optimizing the PDs are also discussed. Finally, a summary of the current applications of graphene flexible PDs and perspectives is provided, and the remaining challenges are discussed.
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20
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Nakagawa K, Shimura Y, Fukazawa Y, Nishizaki R, Matano S, Oya S, Maki H. Microemitter-Based IR Spectroscopy and Imaging with Multilayer Graphene Thermal Emission. Nano Lett 2022; 22:3236-3244. [PMID: 35435683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
IR analyses such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are widely used in many fields; however, the performance of FTIR is limited by the slow speed (∼10 Hz), large footprint (∼ millimeter), and glass bulb structure of IR light sources. Herein, we present IR spectroscopy and imaging based on multilayer-graphene microemitters, which have distinct features: a planar structure, bright intensity, a small footprint (sub-μm2), and high modulation speed of >50 kHz. We developed an IR analysis system based on the multilayer-graphene microemitter and performed IR absorption spectroscopy. We show two-dimensional IR chemical imaging that visualizes the distribution of the chemical information. In addition, we present high-spatial-resolution IR imaging with a spatial resolution of ∼1 μm, far higher than the diffraction limit. The graphene-based IR spectroscopy and imaging can open new routes for IR applications in chemistry, material science, medicine, biology, electronics, and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0435, Japan
| | - Yui Shimura
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukazawa
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nishizaki
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Matano
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shuma Oya
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Maki
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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21
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Ghosh Dastidar M, Thekkooden I, Nayak PK, Praveen Bhallamudi V. Quantum emitters and detectors based on 2D van der Waals materials. Nanoscale 2022; 14:5289-5313. [PMID: 35322836 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light plays an essential role in our world, with several technologies relying on it. Photons will also play an important role in the emerging quantum technologies, which are primed to have a transformative effect on our society. The development of single-photon sources and ultra-sensitive photon detectors is crucial. Solid-state emitters are being heavily pursued for developing truly single-photon sources for scalable technology. On the detectors' side, the main challenge lies in inventing sensitive detectors operating at sub-optical frequencies. This review highlights the promising research being conducted for the development of quantum emitters and detectors based on two-dimensional van der Waals (2D-vdW) materials. Several 2D-vdW materials, from canonical graphene to transition metal dichalcogenides and their heterostructures, have generated a lot of excitement due to their tunable emission and detection properties. The recent developments in the creation, fabrication and control of quantum emitters hosted by 2D-vdW materials and their potential applications in integrated photonic devices are discussed. Furthermore, the progress in enhancing the photon-counting potential of 2D material-based detectors, viz. 2D photodetectors, bolometers and superconducting single-photon detectors functioning at various wavelengths is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Ghosh Dastidar
- 2D Materials Research and Innovation Group, Micro Nano and Bio-Fluidics Group, Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Immanuel Thekkooden
- Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Pramoda K Nayak
- 2D Materials Research and Innovation Group, Micro Nano and Bio-Fluidics Group, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Vidya Praveen Bhallamudi
- Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Departments of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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22
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Peyyety NA, Kumar S, Li MK, Dehm S, Krupke R. Tailoring Spectrally Flat Infrared Photodetection with Thickness-Controlled Nanocrystalline Graphite. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:9525-9534. [PMID: 35138788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a zero-gap semiconductor, absorbs 2.3% of incident photons in a wide wavelength range as a free-standing monolayer, whereas 50% is expected for ∼90 layers. Adjusting the layer number allows the tailoring of the photoresponse; however, controlling the thickness of multilayer graphene remains challenging on the wafer scale. Nanocrystalline graphene or graphite (NCG) can instead be grown with controlled thickness. We have fabricated photodetectors from NCG that are spectrally flat in the near-infrared to short-wavelength infrared region by tailoring the layer thicknesses. Transfer matrix simulations were used to determine the NCG thickness for maximum light absorption in the NCG layer on a silicon substrate. The extrinsic and intrinsic photoresponse was determined from 1100 to 2100 nm using chromatic aberration-corrected photocurrent spectroscopy. Diffraction-limited hyperspectral photocurrent imaging shows that the biased photoresponse is unipolar and homogeneous across the device area, whereas the short-circuit photoresponse gives rise to positive and negative photocurrents at the electrodes. The intrinsic photoresponses are wavelength-independent, indicative of bolometric and electrothermal photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Anirudh Peyyety
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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23
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Yang J, Liu Y, Ci H, Zhang F, Yin J, Guan B, Peng H, Liu Z. High-Performance 3D Vertically Oriented Graphene Photodetector Using a Floating Indium Tin Oxide Channel. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:959. [PMID: 35161704 PMCID: PMC8839469 DOI: 10.3390/s22030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vertically oriented graphene (VG), owing to its sharp edges, non-stacking morphology, and high surface-to-volume ratio structure, is promising as a consummate material for the application of photoelectric detection. However, owing to high defect and fast photocarrier recombination, VG-absorption-based detectors inherently suffer from poor responsivity, severely limiting their viability for light detection. Herein, we report a high-performance photodetector based on a VG/indium tin oxide (ITO) composite structure, where the VG layer serves as the light absorption layer while ITO works as the carrier conduction channel, thus achieving the broadband and high response nature of a photodetector. Under the illumination of infrared light, photoinduced carriers generated in VG could transfer to the floating ITO layer, which makes them separate and diffuse to electrodes quickly, finally realizing large photocurrent detectivity. This kind of composite structure photodetector possesses a room temperature photoresponsivity as high as ~0.7 A/W at a wavelength of 980 nm, and it still maintains an acceptable performance at temperatures as low as 87 K. In addition, a response time of 5.8 s is observed, ~10 s faster than VG photodetectors. Owing to the unique three-dimensional morphology structure of the as-prepared VG, the photoresponsivity of the VG/ITO composite photodetector also presented selectivity of incidence angles. These findings demonstrate that our novel composite structure VG device is attractive and promising in highly sensitive, fast, and broadband photodetection technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100024, China; (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100024, China; (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Haina Ci
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (H.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100024, China; (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Jianbo Yin
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China; (J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Baolu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, College of Electronic Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100024, China; (J.Y.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Hailin Peng
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China; (J.Y.); (H.P.)
- Center for Nano Chemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; (H.C.); (Z.L.)
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing 100095, China; (J.Y.); (H.P.)
- Center for Nano Chemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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24
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Arreyes F, Escudero F, Ardenghi JS. Correlations in twisted double-layer graphene with virtual photons in a microcavity. J Phys Condens Matter 2022; 34:115602. [PMID: 34915453 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the entanglement generation of a system composed of two decoupled rotated graphene layers inside a planar microcavity. By considering the electromagnetic field of the cavity in the vacuum state and using time-dependent perturbation theory it is possible to obtain the range of geometric parameters at which the quantum states of electrons in different layers are entangled. By employing the negativity measure, correlations between layers are obtained for time scales smaller than the light-crossing time of the layers. It is shown that the negativity measure is modulated by the rotation angle between layers, allowing manipulation ofXstates. Finally, an experimental protocol is analyzed in order to detect non-causal effects between layers, by allowing back-voltage switching functions in the two layers with supports that do not overlap in time. By turning off the second-back voltage at a time smaller than the light-crossing time, it is possible to obtain correlations between layers through the independent interaction with virtual photons. The exchange of virtual photons implies that the propagator can be nonzero outside the light cone and this non-causal propagation can create entangled quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Arreyes
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Federico Escudero
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Juan Sebastián Ardenghi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Avenida Alem 1253, B8000CPB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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25
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Nematpour A, Grilli ML, Lancellotti L, Lisi N. Towards Perfect Absorption of Single Layer CVD Graphene in an Optical Resonant Cavity: Challenges and Experimental Achievements. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:352. [PMID: 35009498 PMCID: PMC8745855 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is emerging as a promising material for the integration in the most common Si platform, capable to convey some of its unique properties to fabricate novel photonic and optoelectronic devices. For many real functions and devices however, graphene absorption is too low and must be enhanced. Among strategies, the use of an optical resonant cavity was recently proposed, and graphene absorption enhancement was demonstrated, both, by theoretical and experimental studies. This paper summarizes our recent progress in graphene absorption enhancement by means of Si/SiO2-based Fabry-Perot filters fabricated by radiofrequency sputtering. Simulations and experimental achievements carried out during more than two years of investigations are reported here, detailing the technical expedients that were necessary to increase the single layer CVD graphene absorption first to 39% and then up to 84%. Graphene absorption increased when an asymmetric Fabry-Perot filter was applied rather than a symmetric one, and a further absorption increase was obtained when graphene was embedded in a reflective rather than a transmissive Fabry-Perot filter. Moreover, the effect of the incident angle of the electromagnetic radiation and of the polarization of the light was investigated in the case of the optimized reflective Fabry-Perot filter. Experimental challenges and precautions to avoid evaporation or sputtering induced damage on the graphene layers are described as well, disclosing some experimental procedures that may help other researchers to embed graphene inside PVD grown materials with minimal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedin Nematpour
- Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy; (A.N.); (N.L.)
| | - Maria Luisa Grilli
- Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy; (A.N.); (N.L.)
| | - Laura Lancellotti
- Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Portici Research Centre, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Nicola Lisi
- Energy Technologies and Renewable Sources Department, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy; (A.N.); (N.L.)
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Ghandchi M, Darvish G, Moravvej-Farshi MK. Photoelectrical properties of integrated photodetectors based on bilayer graphene quantum dots with asymmetric metal contacts: a NEGF-DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:1590-1597. [PMID: 34942635 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04957g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose investigating the electro-optical properties of photodetectors based on mono- and bilayer graphene quantum dots or nanodots (GNDs). These photodetectors consist of dissimilar metals (gold, silver and titanium) that are in contact with the GNDs. To obtain photoelectrical characteristics, we employed density functional theory to solve the non-equilibrium Green's function. Photo-responsivities and quantum efficiencies obtained for these nanostructures were far better than those for structures based on graphene nanoribbons. Among the proposed photodetectors, the best performance belonged to the bilayer structures illuminated by in-plane polarized incident light. The proposed photodetectors operate without a need for externally applied voltage and are suitable for parallel light propagation using directional couplers based on the evanescent field of incident light; hence, they have applications in optical integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghandchi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar 5451116714, Iran
| | - Ghafar Darvish
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Kazem Moravvej-Farshi
- Nano Plasmo-Photonic Research Group, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
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Lee S, Song J, Kim S. Graphene perfect absorber with loss adaptive Q-factor control function enabled by quasi-bound states in the continuum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22819. [PMID: 34819588 PMCID: PMC8613217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous device structures have been proposed for perfect absorption in monolayer graphene under single-sided illumination, all of which requires the critical coupling condition, i.e., the balance between the loss of graphene and the leakage rate of the device. However, due to the difficulty of the precise control of the quality of synthesized graphene and unwanted doping in graphene transferred to the substrate, the loss of graphene is rather unpredictable, so that the perfect absorption is quite difficult to achieve in practice. To solve this problem, we designed a novel perfect absorber structure with a loss adaptive leakage rate control function enabled by the quasi-bound states in the continuum (BIC) and numerically demonstrated its performance. Our designed device is based on a slab-waveguide grating supporting both the quasi-BIC and the guided-mode resonance (GMR); the quasi-BIC with an adjustable leakage rate controlled by an incident angle is responsible for absorption, while the GMR works as an internal mirror. Since the proposed device scheme can have an arbitrarily small leakage rate, it can be used to implement a perfect absorber for any kind of ultrathin absorbing media. Due to the simple structure avoiding an external reflector, the device is easy to fabricate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Joohyung Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Sangin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
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Yang C, Wang G, Liu M, Yao F, Li H. Mechanism, Material, Design, and Implementation Principle of Two-Dimensional Material Photodetectors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11102688. [PMID: 34685129 PMCID: PMC8537528 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials may play an important role in future photodetectors due to their natural atom-thin body thickness, unique quantum confinement, and excellent electronic and photoelectric properties. Semimetallic graphene, semiconductor black phosphorus, and transition metal dichalcogenides possess flexible and adjustable bandgaps, which correspond to a wide interaction spectrum ranging from ultraviolet to terahertz. Nevertheless, their absorbance is relatively low, and it is difficult for a single material to cover a wide spectrum. Therefore, the combination of phototransistors based on 2D hybrid structures with other material platforms, such as quantum dots, organic materials, or plasma nanostructures, exhibit ultra-sensitive and broadband optical detection capabilities that cannot be ascribed to the individual constituents of the assembly. This article provides a comprehensive and systematic review of the recent research progress of 2D material photodetectors. First, the fundamental detection mechanism and key metrics of the 2D material photodetectors are introduced. Then, the latest developments in 2D material photodetectors are reviewed based on the strategies of photocurrent enhancement. Finally, a design and implementation principle for high-performance 2D material photodetectors is provided, together with the current challenges and future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China;
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Guangcan Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Maomao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Huamin Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (H.L.)
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Kumar S, Pramudya Y, Müller K, Chandresh A, Dehm S, Heidrich S, Fediai A, Parmar D, Perera D, Rommel M, Heinke L, Wenzel W, Wöll C, Krupke R. Sensing Molecules with Metal-Organic Framework Functionalized Graphene Transistors. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103316. [PMID: 34496451 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is inherently sensitive to vicinal dielectrics and local charge distributions, a property that can be probed by the position of the Dirac point in graphene field-effect transistors. Exploiting this as a useful sensing principle requires selectivity; however, graphene itself exhibits no molecule-specific interaction. Complementarily, metal-organic frameworks can be tailored to selective adsorption of specific molecular species. Here, a selective ethanol sensor is demonstrated by growing a surface-mounted metal-organic framework (SURMOF) directly onto graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). Unprecedented shifts of the Dirac point, as large as 15 V, are observed when the SURMOF/GFET is exposed to ethanol, while a vanishingly small response is observed for isopropanol, methanol, and other constituents of the air, including water. The synthesis and conditioning of the hybrid materials sensor with its functional characteristics are described and a model is proposed to explain the origin, magnitude, and direction of the Dirac point voltage shift. Tailoring multiple SURMOFs to adsorb specific gases on an array of such devices thus generates a versatile, selective, and highly sensitive platform for sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yohanes Pramudya
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kai Müller
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Abhinav Chandresh
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Shahriar Heidrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Artem Fediai
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Devang Parmar
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Delwin Perera
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Manuel Rommel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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30
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Escudero F, Ardenghi JS. Fermi velocity reduction in graphene due to enhanced vacuum fluctuations. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:485502. [PMID: 34500446 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the confinement of matter inside a microcavity can significantly enhance the light-matter interactions. As a result the vacuum fluctuations, induced by virtual photons, can occur in a volume much lower than the free-space diffraction limit. In this work we show that, for a single doped graphene plane inside a microcavity, these enhanced vacuum interactions can produce a significant reduction in the Fermi velocity of the electrons. The effect arises because the energies of the photons are much larger than the energies of the electrons in graphene, which implies that the vacuum exchange interaction is repulsive around the Fermi level. Consequently the quasiparticle Fermi velocity decreases, in contrast with the enhancement obtained in Hartree-Fock. For THz cavities, the reduction is highly localized around the Fermi level, and is practically independent of the carrier density in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Escudero
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J S Ardenghi
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR, UNS-CONICET), Av. Alem 1253, B8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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31
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Zhang L, Yi AY. Investigation of mid-infrared rapid heating of a carbide-bonded graphene coating and its applications in precision optical molding. Opt Express 2021; 29:30761-30771. [PMID: 34614796 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene interacts with electromagnetic waves strongly in a wide range from ultra-violet to far-infrared, making the graphene coating suitable for a variety of applications. In this study, a novel localized rapid heating technique utilizing micro-patterned silicon stampers with carbide-bonded graphene coating, which directly heats up by absorbing mid-infrared light radiation, is implemented in rapid precision optical molding. The graphene network, as a functional coating to obtain thermal energy and improve the anti-adhesion of the mold surface, can heat up the mold surface rapidly (up to 18.16 K/s) and evenly above glass transition temperature over a large area within several seconds. Since the graphene coating was around tens of nanometers (∼45 nm) thick, the rapid precision surface molding process can be shortened into tens of seconds. Furthermore, the thermal response and repeatability of the graphene coated silicon wafer is investigated by repeated thermal cycling. This novel rapid precision surface molding technique is successfully tested to replicate grating structures and periodic patterns from silicon molds to thermoplastic substrates with high accuracy. Compared with conventional methods, this new approach can achieve much higher replication fidelity with a shorter cycle time and lower energy consumption.
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32
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Zou Q, Shen Y, Ou-Yang J, Zhang Y, Jin C. Polarization-insensitive graphene photodetectors enhanced by a broadband metamaterial absorber. Opt Express 2021; 29:24255-24263. [PMID: 34614674 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, combined with plasmonic nanostructures, shows great promise for achieving desirable photodetection properties and functionalities. Here, we theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated a graphene photodetector based on the metamaterial absorber in the visible and near-infrared wavebands. The experimental results show that the metamaterial-based graphene photodetector (MGPD) has achieved up to 3751% of photocurrent enhancement relative to an antennasless graphene device at zero external bias. Furthermore, the polarization-independent of photoresponse has resulted from the polarization-insensitive absorption of symmetric square-ring antennas. Moreover, the spectral-dependent photocurrent enhancement, originated from the enhanced light-trapping effect, was experimentally confirmed and understood by the simulated electric field profiles. The design contributes to the development of high-performance graphene photodetectors and optoelectronic devices.
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33
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Schuler S, Muench JE, Ruocco A, Balci O, Thourhout DV, Sorianello V, Romagnoli M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Goykhman I, Ferrari AC, Mueller T. High-responsivity graphene photodetectors integrated on silicon microring resonators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3733. [PMID: 34145226 PMCID: PMC8213857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene integrated photonics provides several advantages over conventional Si photonics. Single layer graphene (SLG) enables fast, broadband, and energy-efficient electro-optic modulators, optical switches and photodetectors (GPDs), and is compatible with any optical waveguide. The last major barrier to SLG-based optical receivers lies in the current GPDs' low responsivity when compared to conventional PDs. Here we overcome this by integrating a photo-thermoelectric GPD with a Si microring resonator. Under critical coupling, we achieve >90% light absorption in a ~6 μm SLG channel along a Si waveguide. Cavity-enhanced light-matter interactions cause carriers in SLG to reach ~400 K for an input power ~0.6 mW, resulting in a voltage responsivity ~90 V/W, with a receiver sensitivity enabling our GPDs to operate at a 10-9 bit-error rate, on par with mature semiconductor technology, but with a natural generation of a voltage, rather than a current, thus removing the need for transimpedance amplification, with a reduction of energy-per-bit, cost, and foot-print.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schuler
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Photonics, Vienna, Austria
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J E Muench
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Ruocco
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O Balci
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D van Thourhout
- Ghent University-IMEC, Photonics Research Group, Gent, Belgium
| | - V Sorianello
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni and Inphotec, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Romagnoli
- Consorzio Nazionale per le Telecomunicazioni and Inphotec, Pisa, Italy
| | - K Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - T Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - I Goykhman
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - A C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - T Mueller
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Photonics, Vienna, Austria.
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Liu W, Li Y, Yu H, Wang J, Hu A, Jia S, Li X, Yang H, Dai L, Lu G, Liu Y, Wang S, Gong Q. Imaging and Controlling Photonic Modes in Perovskite Microcavities. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2100775. [PMID: 33987871 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite microcavities have excellent photophysical properties for integrated optoelectronic devices, such as nanolasers. Imaging and controlling the photonic modes within the cavity are fundamentally important to understand and develop applications. Here, photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is used to image the photonic modes within optical microcavities with a nanometer-scale spatial resolution. From a CsPbBr3 microcavity, hybrid mode patterns are observed. Spatial frequency spectrum analysis on the patterns uncovers the characteristic cavity modes, which are modeled with transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) waves, and assigned to exciton-polariton modes. Based on this understanding, the light focus in a designed microcavity is imaged in real space and controlled by the light field polarization. The study confirms that the cavity modes in perovskites can be effectively observed by the PEEM technique under resonant excitation, which, in turn, promotes the design of optoelectronic devices based on perovskite microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ju Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Aiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shangtong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lun Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
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35
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Huang Z, Liu J, Zhang T, Jin Y, Wang J, Fan S, Li Q. Interfacial Gated Graphene Photodetector with Broadband Response. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:22796-22805. [PMID: 33966386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A much stronger interfacial gating effect was observed in the graphene/HfO2/Si photodetector when compared with that in the graphene/SiO2/Si photodetector. We found that this improvement was due to the higher interface state density at the HfO2/Si interface and the higher dielectric constant of the HfO2 layer. The photoresponsivity of the graphene/HfO2/Si photodetector is as high as 45.8 A W-1. Germanium and amorphous MoS2 (a-MoS2) were used to prepare graphene/HfO2/Ge and graphene/HfO2/a-MoS2 photodetectors, further demonstrating the high efficiency of the interfacial gating mechanism for photodetection. Because of the 0.196 eV bandgap of a-MoS2, which was verified in our previous report, the graphene/HfO2/a-MoS2 photodetector realized ultrabroadband photodetection over the range from 473 nm (visible) to 2712 nm (mid-infrared) at room temperature with photoresponsivity as high as 5.36 A W-1 and response time as fast as 68 μs, which represent significant improvements from the corresponding properties of the pure a-MoS2 photodetectors in our previous report and are comparable with those of state-of-the-art broadband photodetectors. By taking full advantage of the interfacial gating mechanism, a fast response, high photoresponsivity and ultrabroadband photodetection were achieved simultaneously. These interfacial gated graphene photodetectors also offer simple fabrication and full semiconductor process compatibility. The advantages described here indicate that the proposed photodetectors have significant potential for use in electronic and optoelectronic applications and offer a new path toward the development of ultrabroadband photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzheng Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Junku Liu
- Nanophotonics and Optoelectronics Research Center, Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
| | - Tianfu Zhang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhao Jin
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shoushan Fan
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qunqing Li
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Massicotte M, Soavi G, Principi A, Tielrooij KJ. Hot carriers in graphene - fundamentals and applications. Nanoscale 2021; 13:8376-8411. [PMID: 33913956 PMCID: PMC8118204 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hot charge carriers in graphene exhibit fascinating physical phenomena, whose understanding has improved greatly over the past decade. They have distinctly different physical properties compared to, for example, hot carriers in conventional metals. This is predominantly the result of graphene's linear energy-momentum dispersion, its phonon properties, its all-interface character, and the tunability of its carrier density down to very small values, and from electron- to hole-doping. Since a few years, we have witnessed an increasing interest in technological applications enabled by hot carriers in graphene. Of particular interest are optical and optoelectronic applications, where hot carriers are used to detect (photodetection), convert (nonlinear photonics), or emit (luminescence) light. Graphene-enabled systems in these application areas could find widespread use and have a disruptive impact, for example in the field of data communication, high-frequency electronics, and industrial quality control. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the most relevant physics and working principles that are relevant for applications exploiting hot carriers in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Massicotte
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07743 JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena07745 JenaGermany
| | | | - Klaas-Jan Tielrooij
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), BIST & CSIC, Campus UAB08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
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He J, Paradisanos I, Liu T, Cadore AR, Liu J, Churaev M, Wang RN, Raja AS, Javerzac-Galy C, Roelli P, Fazio DD, Rosa BLT, Tongay S, Soavi G, Ferrari AC, Kippenberg TJ. Low-Loss Integrated Nanophotonic Circuits with Layered Semiconductor Materials. Nano Lett 2021; 21:2709-2718. [PMID: 33754742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides with direct bandgaps are emerging candidates for optoelectronic devices, such as photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and electro-optic modulators. Here we report a low-loss integrated platform incorporating molybdenum ditelluride monolayers with silicon nitride photonic microresonators. We achieve microresonator quality factors >3 × 106 in the telecommunication O- to E-bands. This paves the way for low-loss, hybrid photonic integrated circuits with layered semiconductors, not requiring heterogeneous wafer bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijun He
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tianyi Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alisson R Cadore
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Churaev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arslan S Raja
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clément Javerzac-Galy
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Roelli
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Domenico De Fazio
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Barbara L T Rosa
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
- Institute for Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Guo S, Deng J, Zhou J, Yu Y, Bu Y, Zhu T, Ren X, Li Z, Lu W, Chen X. Combined role of polarization matching and critical coupling in enhanced absorption of 2D materials based on metamaterials. Opt Express 2021; 29:9269-9282. [PMID: 33820359 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since 2D materials are typically much more efficient to absorb in-plane polarized light than out-of-plane polarized light, keeping the light polarization in-plane at the 2D material is revealed to be a crucial factor other than critical coupling in light absorption enhancement in a 2D material integrated with a light coupling structure. When the composite of a metal-insulator-metal structure and a 2D material changes from the magnetic resonator form to the metasurface Salisbury screen one, the field polarization at the 2D material changes from a mainly out-of-plane status to a mainly in-plane status. As a result, for graphene, the absorptance enhancement is increased by 1.6 to 4.2 times, the bandwidth enlarged by 3.6 to 6.4 times, and the metal loss suppressed by 7.4 to 24 times in the mid- to far-infrared range, leading to the absorptance of graphene approaching 90% in the mid-infrared regime and 100% in the THz regime. For monolayer black phosphorus, the absorptance enhancement at the wavelength of 3.5 µm is increased by 5.4 times, and the bandwidth enlarged by 1.8 times. For monolayer MoS2, the averaged absorptance in the visible-near infrared range is enhanced by 4.4 times from 15.5% to 68.1%.
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39
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An J, Wang B, Shu C, Wu W, Sun B, Zhang Z, Li D, Li S. Research development of 2D materials based photodetectors towards mid‐infrared regime. Nano Select 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junru An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Chang Shu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing P. R. China
| | - Baoquan Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and Devices Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Dabing Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
| | - Shaojuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing P. R. China
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Junaid M, Md Khir MH, Witjaksono G, Ullah Z, Tansu N, Saheed MSM, Kumar P, Hing Wah L, Magsi SA, Siddiqui MA. A Review on Graphene-Based Light Emitting Functional Devices. Molecules 2020; 25:E4217. [PMID: 32937975 PMCID: PMC7571148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of nanophotonics has progressively developed. However, constant demand for the development of new light source still exists at the nanometric scale. Light emissions from graphene-based active materials can provide a leading platform for the development of two dimensional (2-D), flexible, thin, and robust light-emitting sources. The exceptional structure of Dirac's electrons in graphene, massless fermions, and the linear dispersion relationship with ultra-wideband plasmon and tunable surface polarities allows numerous applications in optoelectronics and plasmonics. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of recent developments in graphene-based light-emitting devices. Light emissions from graphene-based devices have been evaluated with different aspects, such as thermal emission, electroluminescence, and plasmons assisted emission. Theoretical investigations, along with experimental demonstration in the development of graphene-based light-emitting devices, have also been reviewed and discussed. Moreover, the graphene-based light-emitting devices are also addressed from the perspective of future applications, such as optical modulators, optical interconnects, and optical sensing. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on current technological issues and challenges related to the potential applications of emerging graphene-based light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - M. H. Md Khir
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Gunawan Witjaksono
- BRI Institute, Jl. Harsono RM No.2, Ragunan, Passsar Minggu, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia;
| | - Zaka Ullah
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Nelson Tansu
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 7 Asa Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Lee Hing Wah
- Flexible Electronics R&D Lab, MIMOS BERHAD, Technology Park Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Saeed Ahmed Magsi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Aadil Siddiqui
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Balochistan, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.S.)
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41
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Altinoluk S, Kumar N, Ciftpinar EH, Demircioglu O, Turan R, Vasileska D. Angular Dependence of Solar Cell Parameters in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Textured with Periodic Array of Microholes. Glob Chall 2020; 4:1900105. [PMID: 32995041 PMCID: PMC7503092 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface texturing is an indispensable way of increasing absorption in solar cells. In order to properly characterize the effect of texturing, the angular dependence of the incidence light should be addressed. This is particularly important when the actual application where the incidence angle of the sunlight varies during the day is considered. This study presents the angular dependence of solar cell parameters in the case of periodically textured crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells with microholes. A standard solar cell with pyramid texturing is also studied for comparison. It is shown that the incidence angle for the highest efficiency depends on the surface structure. While a standard pyramid-textured surface performs best at the zero angle of incidence, it is needed to tilt the sample with microholes textures 15° with respect to the surface normal. This is also confirmed by the simulation study performed for the structures presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra Altinoluk
- Department of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringMugla Sitki Kocman UniversityKotekliMugla48000Turkey
- Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GUNAM)Middle East Technical UniversityCankayaAnkara06800Turkey
| | - Naveen Kumar
- School of ElectricalComputer and Energy EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287‐5706USA
| | - Emine Hande Ciftpinar
- Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GUNAM)Middle East Technical UniversityCankayaAnkara06800Turkey
- Department of PhysicsMiddle East Technical UniversityCankayaAnkara06800Turkey
| | - O. Demircioglu
- Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GUNAM)Middle East Technical UniversityCankayaAnkara06800Turkey
| | - Rasit Turan
- Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GUNAM)Middle East Technical UniversityCankayaAnkara06800Turkey
- Department of PhysicsMiddle East Technical UniversityCankayaAnkara06800Turkey
| | - Dragica Vasileska
- School of ElectricalComputer and Energy EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempeAZ85287‐5706USA
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42
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Dai C, Wan S, Yang R, Wang Z, Wan C, Shi Y, Zhang J, Li Z. High-NA achromatic diffractive lensing for arbitrary dual-wavelengths enabled by hybridized metal-insulator-metal cavities. Opt Express 2020; 28:23652-23659. [PMID: 32752358 DOI: 10.1364/oe.399213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new type of diffractive lens based on hybridized Fabry-Perot (FP) cavities with high-NA and achromatic features for arbitrary dual-wavelengths is theoretically proposed and demonstrated. We utilize the subwavelength-scale metal-insulator-metal nanocavity to form a Fresnel zone plate (MIM-FZP) that benefits from both spectral selectivity and high numerical aperture (NA > 0.9) to enable lensing functionality. By taking advantage of the different transmission orders from MIM, any arbitrary dual-wavelength achromatic focusing design is achieved. Using this approach, we merge two independent MIM-FZP designs and realize achromatic focusing performance at the selected dual-wavelength of 400/600 nm. Furthermore, the achromatic lens also exhibits a crucial potential for dynamically tuning of the operation wavelengths and focusing lengths as actively scaling the core layer thickness of MIM. The unique MIM-FZP design can be practically fabricated using a grayscale lithography technique. We believe such high-NA and achromatic optical devices enjoy great simplicity for structural design and can easily find applications including high-resolution imaging, new-generation integrated optoelectronic devices, confocal collimation, and achromatic lens, etc.
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43
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Liu J, Xia F, Xiao D, García de Abajo FJ, Sun D. Semimetals for high-performance photodetection. Nat Mater 2020; 19:830-837. [PMID: 32632282 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Semimetals are being explored for their unique advantages in low-energy high-speed photodetection, although they suffer from serious drawbacks such as an intrinsically high dark current. In this Perspective, we envision the exploitation of topological effects in the photoresponse of these materials as a promising route to circumvent these problems. We overview recent studies on photodetection based on graphene and other semimetals, and further discuss the opportunities created by topological effects, along with the additional challenges that they impose on photodetector designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanca̧ts, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dong Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
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44
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Tan T, Jiang X, Wang C, Yao B, Zhang H. 2D Material Optoelectronics for Information Functional Device Applications: Status and Challenges. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000058. [PMID: 32537415 PMCID: PMC7284198 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and the following derivative 2D materials have been demonstrated to exhibit rich distinct optoelectronic properties, such as broadband optical response, strong and tunable light-mater interactions, and fast relaxations in the flexible nanoscale. Combining with optical platforms like fibers, waveguides, grating, and resonators, these materials has spurred a variety of active and passive applications recently. Herein, the optical and electrical properties of graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXene, and their derivative van der Waals heterostructures are comprehensively reviewed, followed by the design and fabrication of these 2D material-based optical structures in implementation. Next, distinct devices, ranging from lasers to light emitters, frequency convertors, modulators, detectors, plasmonic generators, and sensors, are introduced. Finally, the state-of-art investigation progress of 2D material-based optoelectronics offers a promising way to realize new conceptual and high-performance applications for information science and nanotechnology. The outlook on the development trends and important research directions are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China)School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
| | - Xiantao Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Photonic Information TechnologyGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Cong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Photonic Information TechnologyGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Baicheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China)School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu611731China
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Photonic Information TechnologyGuangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
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Wu T, Shen J, Li Z, Zou T, Xin W, Xing F, Zhang F, Man Z, Fu S. Graphene-based ultrasensitive optical microfluidic sensor for the real-time and label-free monitoring of simulated arterial blood flow. Opt Express 2020; 28:16594-16604. [PMID: 32549478 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive, real-time and label-free sensing of liquid flow in microfluidic environments remains challenging. Here, by growing high-quality graphene directly on a glass substrate, we designed a microfluidic-integrated graphene-based flow sensor (GFS) capable of detecting complex, weak, and transient flow velocity and pressure signals in a microfluidic environment. This device was used to study weak and transient liquid flows, especially blood flow, which is closely related to heart and artery functions. By simulating cardiac peristalsis and arterial flow using peristaltic pumps and microfluidic systems, we monitored simulated arterial blood flow. This ultrasensitive graphene-based flow sensor accurately detected a flow velocity limit as low as 0.7 mm/s, a pumping frequency range of 0.04 Hz to 2.5 Hz, and a pressure range from 0.6 kPa to 14 kPa. By measuring the blood flow velocities and pressures, pathological blood flow signals were distinguished and captured by the corresponding flow velocities or pressures, which can reflect vascular occlusion and heart functions. This sensor may be used for the real-time and label-free monitoring of patients' basic vital signs using their blood flow and provide a possible new method for the care of critically ill patients.
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46
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Wang H, Li S, Ai R, Huang H, Shao L, Wang J. Plasmonically enabled two-dimensional material-based optoelectronic devices. Nanoscale 2020; 12:8095-8108. [PMID: 32091526 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus and hexagonal boron nitride, have been intensively investigated as building blocks for optoelectronic devices in the past few years. Very recently, significant efforts have been devoted to the improvement of the optoelectronic performances of 2D materials, which are restricted by their intrinsically low light absorption due to the ultrathin thickness. Making use of the plasmonic effects of metal nanostructures and intrinsic plasmon excitation in graphene has been shown to be one of the promising strategies. In this minireview, recent progress in 2D material-based optoelectronics enabled by the plasmonic effects is highlighted. A perspective on more possibilities in plasmon-assisted 2D material-based optoelectronic applications will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China
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47
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Kane A, Hinkov I, Brinza O, Hosni M, Barry AH, Cherif SM, Farhat S. One-Step Synthesis of Graphene, Copper and Zinc Oxide Graphene Hybrids via Arc Discharge: Experiments and Modeling. Coatings 2020; 10:308. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on a modified arc process to synthetize graphene, copper and zinc oxide graphene hybrids. The anode was made of pure graphite or graphite mixed with metals or metal oxides. After applying a controlled direct current, plasma is created in the interelectrode region and the anode is consumed by eroding. Continuous and abundant flux of small carbon, zinc or copper species, issued from the anode at a relatively high temperature, flows through the plasma and condenses in the vicinity of a water-cooled cathode leading to few-layered graphene sheets and highly ordered carbon structures. When the graphite rod is filled with copper or zinc oxide nanoparticles, few layers of curved graphene films were anchored with spherical Cu and ZnO nanoparticles leading to a one-step process synthesis of graphene hybrids, which combine the synergetic properties of graphene along with nanostructured metals or semiconducting materials. The as-prepared samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), energy filtered elemental mapping and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition to the experimental study, numerical simulations were performed to determine the velocity, temperature and chemical species distributions in the arc plasma under specific graphene synthesis conditions, thereby providing valuable insight into growth mechanisms.
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48
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Cao L, Guo B, Yu Y, Zhou X, Gong JR, Lei S. Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework-Graphene Photodetectors: Insight into the Relationship between the Microscopic Interfacial Structure and Performance. ACS Omega 2019; 4:18780-18786. [PMID: 31737839 PMCID: PMC6854989 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an attractive material for photodetection and optoelectronic applications because it offers a broad spectral bandwidth and ultrafast response speed. However, because of the broad light absorption characteristic, graphene has a lack of selectivity to the wavelength, which limits the performance of graphene-based photodetectors. Here, we demonstrate a novel hybrid photodetector with monolayer graphene covered with an ultrathin film of surface covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with variable structures as the light-harvesting materials. Photodetectors based on surface COF-G show enhanced responsivity in comparison with unmodified graphene and graphene modified with monomers. The submolecular resolution of scanning tunneling microscopy allows us to get a direct insight into the relationship between the microscopic interfacial structure and the performance of the device. We prove that the enhancement in the device performance is directly related with the orderliness of surface COFs, which influences the interfacial charge transfer by tuning π-π stacking between surface COF and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Beidou Guo
- Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy
Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of CAS, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Yu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ru Gong
- Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchy
Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of CAS, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Lei
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Department of Chemistry,
School of Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical
Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Nematpour A, Lisi N, Piegari A, Lancellotti L, Hu G, Grilli ML. Experimental near infrared absorption enhancement of graphene layers in an optical resonant cavity. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:445201. [PMID: 31341097 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab346d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has recently emerged as a promising candidate for a wide range of photonic and optoelectronic applications, with a high application potential in devices using infrared radiation. The optical absorption of 2D materials and graphene can be uniquely enhanced when they are embedded in optical resonant cavities, since optically-thin atomic-thickness absorbers do not perturb the cavity itself. Despite the many theoretical studies, experimental validation is still lagging behind. Here, large near infrared (NIR) absorption of unpatterned chemical vapor deposition graphene is experimentally demonstrated for the first time in a large area (1 inch) passive optical device by exploiting the enhancement of the electric field at the center of a Fabry-Perot cavity. Test devices were fabricated with single layer, double layer and five layers graphene, sandwiched between two almost symmetric Bragg mirrors deposited by radio frequency sputtering and consisting of alternate layers of Si and SiO2. A thin evaporated MgF2 overlayer was used to reduce sputtering induced damage on graphene layers. Measured absorption values, in the range of 37%-45%, were found in very good accordance with simulated ones. A maximum absorption of 45% was measured at 2345 nm for the double-layer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedin Nematpour
- ENEA, Energy Technology Department, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00123 Rome, Italy. Department of Nanoelectronics, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, University of Kashan, Kashan, Km 6 Ravand Road, 87317-51167, Iran
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Passian A, Imam N. Nanosystems, Edge Computing, and the Next Generation Computing Systems. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E4048. [PMID: 31546907 PMCID: PMC6767340 DOI: 10.3390/s19184048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that nanoscience and nanotechnology and their subfields, such as nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanomechanics, have had a tremendous impact on recent advances in sensing, imaging, and communication, with notable developments, including novel transistors and processor architectures. For example, in addition to being supremely fast, optical and photonic components and devices are capable of operating across multiple orders of magnitude length, power, and spectral scales, encompassing the range from macroscopic device sizes and kW energies to atomic domains and single-photon energies. The extreme versatility of the associated electromagnetic phenomena and applications, both classical and quantum, are therefore highly appealing to the rapidly evolving computing and communication realms, where innovations in both hardware and software are necessary to meet the growing speed and memory requirements. Development of all-optical components, photonic chips, interconnects, and processors will bring the speed of light, photon coherence properties, field confinement and enhancement, information-carrying capacity, and the broad spectrum of light into the high-performance computing, the internet of things, and industries related to cloud, fog, and recently edge computing. Conversely, owing to their extraordinary properties, 0D, 1D, and 2D materials are being explored as a physical basis for the next generation of logic components and processors. Carbon nanotubes, for example, have been recently used to create a new processor beyond proof of principle. These developments, in conjunction with neuromorphic and quantum computing, are envisioned to maintain the growth of computing power beyond the projected plateau for silicon technology. We survey the qualitative figures of merit of technologies of current interest for the next generation computing with an emphasis on edge computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Passian
- Computing & Computational Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Neena Imam
- Computing & Computational Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
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