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Sun J, Dong Y, Wang H, Guo X, Suo N, Li S, Ren X, Jiang S. The improvement of postoperative blood pressure and associated factors in patients with hormone-negative adrenal adenoma and hypertension. J Surg Oncol 2024; 129:1073-1081. [PMID: 38321865 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of adrenal surgery on blood pressure (BP) improvements in patients with hormone-negative adrenal adenoma (HNA) concomitant with hypertension and analyze associated prognostic factors. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients with HNA and hypertension and patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and hypertension who underwent adrenal surgery at our center between 2019 and 2022. Hypertension outcomes were evaluated in all patients and subjects were divided into three groups according to follow-up BP and the administration of anti-hypertensive agents: a clinical curation group, an improvement group, and a no-improvement group. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict factors associated with clinical curation in patients with HNA post-surgery. RESULTS Of the 182 patients with HNA, clinical curation was achieved in 58 patients (31.9%), improvement in 72 (39.5%), and no improvement in 52 (28.6%). The clinical curation, improvement and no improvement rates in patients with APA were 64.8% (n = 118), 15.9% (n = 29), and 19.2% (n = 35). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a duration of hypertension ≤6 years and a plasma aldosterone level >160 pg/ml were both independent factors for the clinical curation of hypertension in patients with HNA after adrenal surgery. CONCLUSION Adrenal surgery can cure or improve hypertension in most patients with HNA, especially in a short duration of hypertension and high plasma levels of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingchun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hanbo Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Suo
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shangjian Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangbin Ren
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaobo Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Yoshihara K, Fukae M, Kastrissios H, Wada R, Shimizu T. Exposure-response analysis of the efficacy and safety of esaxerenone, a novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, in hypertensive patients with or without diabetic kidney disease. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 55:100535. [PMID: 38245949 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esaxerenone is a novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker. Here, we assessed efficacy and safety exposure-response relationships of esaxerenone and its covariates and thereby justified the recommended dosage regimens, focusing on the safety benefits of up-titration regimen in patients at higher risk for increased serum potassium (sK+). METHODS The relationships between model-derived individual esaxerenone exposure and efficacy (blood pressure [BP]) and safety (increased sK+) were evaluated using multivariate linear regression and Cox regression analyses, respectively, using data from 1453 hypertensive patients with or without diabetic kidney disease in five clinical studies. RESULTS Exposure-efficacy analyses demonstrated that higher exposure was linearly associated with greater BP reduction over the investigated dose range. Exposure-safety analyses showed that higher exposure was associated with a higher risk of increased sK+ under a fixed-dosing regimen; higher baseline sK+ and lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were influential covariates. Model-based simulations suggested that fewer occurrences of increased sK+ are expected under the up-titration regimen (from 1.25 to 5 mg) relative to the fixed-dosing regimen (5 mg) in patients with different combinations of these covariates. CONCLUSIONS The exposure-response analyses supported the esaxerenone recommended doses and the safety benefits of using the up-titration regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Russell Wada
- Certara Inc. Currently QuanTx Consulting, CA, USA
| | - Takako Shimizu
- Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. Currently OrphanPacific, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Domingo JL, Samarghandian S, Kirichuk AA, Aschner M. A review of the epidemiological and laboratory evidence of the role of aluminum exposure in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Environ Res 2024; 242:117740. [PMID: 38007081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to review the epidemiological and laboratory evidence on the role of aluminum (Al) exposure in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological data demonstrated an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including hypertension and atherosclerosis in occupationally exposed subjects and hemodialysis patients. In addition, Al body burden was found to be elevated in patients with coronary heart disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Laboratory studies demonstrated that Al exposure induced significant ultrastructural damage in the heart, resulting in electrocardiogram alterations in association with cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In agreement with the epidemiological findings, laboratory data demonstrated dyslipidemia upon Al exposure, resulting from impaired hepatic lipid catabolism, as well as promotion of low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Al was also shown to inhibit paraoxonase 1 activity and to induce endothelial dysfunction and adhesion molecule expression, further promoting atherogenesis. The role of Al in hypertension was shown to be mediated by up-regulation of NADPH-oxidase, inhibition of nitric oxide bioavailability, and stimulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It has been also demonstrated that Al exposure targets cerebral vasculature, which may be considered a link between Al exposure and cerebrovascular diseases. Findings from other tissues lend support that ferroptosis, pyroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and modulation of gut microbiome and metabolome are involved in the development of CVD upon Al exposure. A better understanding of the role of the cardiovascular system as a target for Al toxicity will be useful for risk assessment and the development of treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia; Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, 150003, Russia; Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology, and Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia.
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435, Russia; Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology, and Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Jose L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 4320, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, 9319774446, Iran
| | - Anatoly A Kirichuk
- Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology, and Department of Medical Elementology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Li D, Cao F, Han J, Wang M, Lai C, Zhang J, Xu T, Bouakaz A, Wan M, Ren P, Zhang S. The sustainable antihypertensive and target organ damage protective effect of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2023; 41:852-866. [PMID: 36883470 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the sustainable antihypertensive effects and protection against target organ damage caused by low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulation and the underlying mechanism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) model. METHODS AND RESULTS SHRs were treated with ultrasound stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VlPAG) for 20 min every day for 2 months. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was compared among normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, SHR control group, SHR Sham group, and SHR LIFU stimulation group. Cardiac ultrasound imaging and hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining of the heart and kidney were performed to assess target organ damage. The c-fos immunofluorescence analysis and plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, hydrocortisone, and endothelin-1 were measured to investigate the neurohumoral and organ systems involved. We found that SBP was reduced from 172 ± 4.2 mmHg to 141 ± 2.1 mmHg after 1 month of LIFU stimulation, P < 0.01. The next month of treatment can maintain the rat's blood pressure at 146 ± 4.2 mmHg at the end of the experiment. LIFU stimulation reverses left ventricular hypertrophy and improves heart and kidney function. Furthermore, LIFU stimulation enhanced the neural activity from the VLPAG to the caudal ventrolateral medulla and reduced the plasma levels of ANGII and Aldo. CONCLUSION We concluded that LIFU stimulation has a sustainable antihypertensive effect and protects against target organ damage by activating antihypertensive neural pathways from VLPAG to the caudal ventrolateral medulla and further inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, thereby supporting a novel and noninvasive alternative therapy to treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Fangyuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Chunhao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | | | - Mingxi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Institute of Medical Artificial Intelligence
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Sichuan Digital Economy Industry Development Research Institute, China
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Kluwe B, Pohlman N, Kesireddy V, Zhao S, Tan Y, Kline D, Brock G, Odei JB, Effoe VS, Tcheugui JBE, Kalyani RR, Sims M, Taylor HA, Mongraw-Chaffin M, Akhabue E, Joseph JJ. The Role of Aldosterone and Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The Jackson Heart Study. Am J Prev Cardiol 2023; 14:100494. [PMID: 37114212 PMCID: PMC10126856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Higher levels of ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) are associated with lower levels of aldosterone and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the degree to which aldosterone mediates the association between ICH and CVD incidence has not been explored. Thus, we investigated the mediational role of aldosterone in the association of 5 components of ICH (cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, diet and smoking) with incident CVD and the mediational role of blood pressure (BP) and glucose in the association of aldosterone with incident CVD in a cohort of African Americans (AA). Methods The Jackson Heart Study is a prospective cohort of AAs adults with data on CVD outcomes. Aldosterone, ICH metrics and baseline characteristics were collected at exam 1 (2000-2004). ICH score was developed by summing 5 ICH metrics (smoking, dietary intake, physical activity, BMI, and total cholesterol) and grouped into two categories (0-2 and ≥3 metrics). Incident CVD was defined as stroke, coronary heart disease, or heart failure. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to model the association of categorical ICH score with incident CVD. The R Package Mediation was utilized to examine: 1) The mediational role of aldosterone in the association of ICH with incident CVD and 2) The mediational role of blood pressure and glucose in the association of aldosterone with incident CVD. Results Among 3,274 individuals (mean age: 54±12.4 years, 65% female), there were 368 cases of incident CVD over a median of 12.7 years. The risk of incident CVD was 46% lower (HR: 0.54; 95%CI 0.36, 0.80) in those with ≥3 ICH metrics at baseline compared to 0-2. Aldosterone mediated 5.4% (p = 0.006) of the effect of ICH on incident CVD. A 1-unit increase in log-aldosterone was associated with a 38% higher risk of incident CVD (HR 1.38, 95%CI: 1.19, 1.61) with BP and glucose mediating 25.6% (p<0.001) and 4.8% (p = 0.048), respectively. Conclusion Aldosterone partially mediates the association of ICH with incident CVD and both blood pressure and glucose partially mediate the association of aldosterone with incident CVD, emphasizing the potential importance of aldosterone and ICH in risk of CVD among AAs.
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Kesireddy V, Kluwe B, Pohlman N, Zhao S, Tan Y, Kline D, Brock G, Odei JB, Effoe VS, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kalyani RR, Sims M, Taylor HA, Mongraw-Chaffin M, Akhabue E, Joseph JJ. The role of aldosterone and ideal cardiovascular health in incident diabetes: The Jackson Heart Study. Am J Prev Cardiol 2023; 13:100466. [PMID: 36798725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Greater attainment of ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) and lower serum aldosterone are associated with lower diabetes risk. Higher levels of ICH are associated with lower aldosterone. The mediational role of aldosterone in the association of ICH with incident diabetes remains unexplored. Thus, we examined the mediational role of aldosterone in the association of 5 ICH components (smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass index [BMI], and cholesterol) with incident diabetes. Additionally, we investigated the mediational role of glucose and blood pressure (BP) in the association of aldosterone with incident diabetes in an African American (AA) cohort. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort analysis among AA adults, aged 21-94 years, in the Jackson Heart Study. Data on ICH, aldosterone, and cardiometabolic risk factors were collected at exam 1 (2000-2004). Diabetes (fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, physician diagnosis, use of diabetes drugs, or glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5%) was assessed at exams 1 through 3 (2009-2012). ICH metrics were defined by American Heart Association 2020 goals for smoking, dietary intake, physical activity, BMI, total cholesterol, BP and glucose. The number of ICH metrics attained at exam 1, excluding BP and fasting glucose, were summed (0-2, vs. 3+). R Package Mediation was used to examine: 1) The mediational role of aldosterone in the association of ICH with incident diabetes; and 2) the mediational role of BP and glucose in the association of aldosterone with incident diabetes. Results Among 2,791 participants (mean age: 53±12, 65% female) over a median of 7.5 years, there were 497 incident diabetes cases. Risk of incident diabetes was 37% (HR: 0.63, 95%CI: 0.47, 0.84) lower in 3+ ICH category compared to 0-2 ICH category. Aldosterone mediated 6.98% (95% CI: 1.8%, 18.0%) of the direct effect of ICH on incident diabetes. A 1-unit increase in log-aldosterone was associated with a 44% higher risk of diabetes (HR 1.44, 95%CI 1.25-1.64). BP and glucose mediated 16.3% (95% CI: 7.0%, 31.0%) and 19.7% (95% CI: 6.5%, 34.0%) of the association of aldosterone with incident diabetes, respectively. Conclusion Aldosterone is a mediator of the association of ICH with incident diabetes, whereas BP and glucose are mediators of the association of aldosterone with incident diabetes, emphasizing the importance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ICH in lowering risk of diabetes in AA populations.
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Tang H, Hu Y, Deng J. Extracellular Vesicles and Hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1418:69-80. [PMID: 37603273 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension implicates multiple organs and systems, accounting for the majority of cardiovascular diseases and cardiac death worldwide. Extracellular vesicles derived from various types of cells could transfer a variety of substances such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from cells to cells, playing essential roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are demonstrated to be closely associated with the development of essential hypertension by mediating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and crosstalk between multiple vascular cells. Extracellular vesicles also participate in various kinds of pathogenesis of secondary hypertensions including acute kidney injury, renal parenchymal diseases, kidney transplantation, secretory diseases (primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, Cushing's syndrome), and obstructive sleep apnea. Extracellular vesicles have been proved to have the potential to be served as new biomarkers in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis assessment of hypertension. In the future, large multicenter cohorts are highly in demand for further verifying the sensitivity and specificity of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxue Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Al‐Hashedi EM, Zhao X, Mohammed AA, Juvenal H, Yu J. Serum aldosterone effect on left ventricular structure and diastolic function in essential hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2022; 25:213-222. [PMID: 36585812 PMCID: PMC9903192 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone has hypertrophic and profibrotic effects on the heart. This study aims to determine the relationship between serum aldosterone concentration (SAC) and aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) with left ventricular (LV) geometry and diastolic function in essential hypertension (EH). We investigated 213 EH patients (50.3 ± 12.6 years; 57.7% male). SAC, ARR measurements, and echocardiographic analysis were performed for participants. Overall, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed significant associations between SAC and interventricular septum, LV posterior wall thickness, LV amass, LV mass index, e' velocity, a' velocity, and E/e' ratio after adjustment of potentially confounding covariates. When patients were divided into three SAC tertiles, multivariate-adjusted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated a significant increase in LV mass (P ˂ 0.001), LV mass index (P ˂ 0.001), relative wall thickness (P = 0.003), interventricular septum (P = 0.001), LV posterior wall thickness (P = 0.001) and E/e' ratio (P ˂ 0.001), but a decrease in e' velocity (P = 0.002) from the first to third tertile of SAC. In logistic regression analysis, increased SAC was independently associated with concentric LV hypertrophy [OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.11-1.33, P ˂ 0.001]. No significant associations were found between ARR and echocardiographic parameters of LV structure or diastolic function. In conclusion, SAC, but not ARR, is independently associated with echocardiographic indices of LV structure and diastolic function and is also related to concentric LV hypertrophy. Our findings suggest that aldosterone's pro-hypertrophic and myocardial fibrosis effects contribute to alterations in LV structure and diastolic function in EH beyond blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of CardiologyLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Ayman A. Mohammed
- Department of CardiologyLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
| | | | - Jing Yu
- Department of CardiologyLanzhou University Second HospitalLanzhouGansuChina
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Vancheri F, Longo G, Vancheri E, Henein MY. Mental Stress and Cardiovascular Health-Part I. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3353. [PMID: 35743423 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that a substantial proportion of acute coronary events occur in individuals who lack the traditional high-risk cardiovascular (CV) profile. Mental stress is an emerging risk and prognostic factor for coronary artery disease and stroke, independently of conventional risk factors. It is associated with an increased rate of CV events. Acute mental stress may develop as a result of anger, fear, or job strain, as well as consequence of earthquakes or hurricanes. Chronic stress may develop as a result of long-term or repetitive stress exposure, such as job-related stress, low socioeconomic status, financial problems, depression, and type A and type D personality. While the response to acute mental stress may result in acute coronary events, the relationship of chronic stress with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) is mainly due to acceleration of atherosclerosis. Emotionally stressful stimuli are processed by a network of cortical and subcortical brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. This system is involved in the interpretation of relevance of environmental stimuli, according to individual’s memory, past experience, and current context. The brain transduces the cognitive process of emotional stimuli into hemodynamic, neuroendocrine, and immune changes, called fight or flight response, through the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These changes may induce transient myocardial ischemia, defined as mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) in patients with and without significant coronary obstruction. The clinical consequences may be angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and left ventricular dysfunction. Although MSIMI is associated with a substantial increase in CV mortality, it is usually underestimated because it arises without pain in most cases. MSIMI occurs at lower levels of cardiac work than exercise-induced ischemia, suggesting that the impairment of myocardial blood flow is mainly due to paradoxical coronary vasoconstriction and microvascular dysfunction.
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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is an endocrine related condition leading to arterial hypertension due to inappropriately high and unregulated aldosterone concentration. Recently, a broad spectrum of PA has been recognized, which brings new challenges associated with early identification of this condition that affect renal epithelial and extrarenal tissues. Reports have shown the potential role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and EV cargo as novel and complementary biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of PA. In vivo and in vitro studies have identified specific EV surface antigens, EV-proteins, and EV microRNAs that can be useful to develop novel diagnostic algorithms to detect, confirm, or follow up the PA. Moreover, the study of EVs in the field of PA provides further insight in the pathophysiological mechanism of the PA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Carvajal
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
- Centro Traslacional de Endocrinología UC (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Carvajal CA, Tapia-Castillo A, Pérez JA, Fardella CE. Serum Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein-1 and Urinary Extracellular Vesicle miR-21-5p as Potential Biomarkers of Primary Aldosteronism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768734. [PMID: 34804057 PMCID: PMC8603108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and reaches a prevalence of 6-10%. PA is an endocrine disorder, currently identified as a broad-spectrum phenotype, spanning from normotension to hypertension. In this regard, several studies have made advances in the identification of mediators and novel biomarkers of PA as specific proteins, miRNAs, and lately, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargo. Aim To evaluate lipocalins LCN2 and AGP1, and specific urinary EV miR-21-5p and Let-7i-5p as novel biomarkers for PA. Subjects and Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 41 adult subjects classified as normotensive controls (CTL), essential hypertensives (EH), and primary aldosteronism (PA) subjects, who were similar in gender, age, and BMI. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), and aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) were determined. Inflammatory parameters were defined as hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), PAI-1, MMP9, IL6, LCN2, LCN2-MMP9, and AGP1. We isolated urinary EVs (uEVs) and measured two miRNA cargo miR-21-5p and Let-7i-5p by Taqman-qPCR. Statistical analyses as group comparisons were performed by Kruskall-Wallis, and discriminatory analyses by ROC curves were performed with SPSS v21 and Graphpad-Prism v9. Results PA and EH subjects have significantly higher SBP and DBP (p <0.05) than the control group. PA subjects have similar hs-CRP, PAI-1, IL-6, MMP9, LCN2, and LCN2-MMP9 but have higher levels of AGP1 (p <0.05) than the CTL&EH group. The concentration and size of uEVs and miRNA Let-7i-5p did not show any difference between groups. In PA, we found significantly lower levels of miR-21-5p than controls (p <0.05). AGP1 was associated with aldosterone, PRA, and ARR. ROC curves detected AUC for AGP1 of 0.90 (IC 95 [0.79 - 1.00], p <0.001), and combination of AGP1 and EV-miR-21-5p showed an AUC of 0.94 (IC 95 [0.85 - 1.00], p<0.001) to discriminate the PA condition from EH and controls. Conclusion Serum AGP1 protein was found to be increased, and miR-21-5p in uEVs was decreased in subjects classified as PA. Association of AGP1 with aldosterone, renin activity, and ARR, besides the high discriminatory capacity of AGP1 and uEV-miR-21-5p to identify the PA condition, place both as potential biomarkers of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Carvajal
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Endocrinology, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile.,Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Endocrinology, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile.,Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Endocrinology, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile.,Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Endocrinology, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile.,Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Sygitowicz G, Maciejak-Jastrzębska A, Sitkiewicz D. A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cardiac Fibrosis and Atrial Fibrillation. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4430. [PMID: 34640448 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis are highly complex. We have reviewed the literature that covers the effectors, signal transduction and physiopathogenesis concerning extracellular matrix (ECM) dysregulation and atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation (AF). At the molecular level: angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-β1, inflammation, and oxidative stress are particularly important for ECM dysregulation and atrial fibrotic remodelling in AF. We conclude that the Ang-II-MAPK and TGF-β1-Smad signalling pathways play a major, central role in regulating atrial fibrotic remodelling in AF. The above signalling pathways induce the expression of genes encoding profibrotic molecules (MMP, CTGF, TGF-β1). An important mechanism is also the generation of reactive oxygen species. This pathway induced by the interaction of Ang II with the AT2R receptor and the activation of NADPH oxidase. Additionally, the interplay between cardiac MMPs and their endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs, is thought to be critical in atrial ECM metabolism and fibrosis. We also review recent evidence about the role of changes in the miRNAs expression in AF pathophysiology and their potential as therapeutic targets. Furthermore, keeping the balance between miRNA molecules exerting anti-/profibrotic effects is of key importance for the control of atrial fibrosis in AF.
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13
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Barros ER, Rigalli JP, Tapia-Castillo A, Vecchiola A, Young MJ, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, Fardella CE, Carvajal CA. Proteomic Profile of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Identifies AGP1 as a Potential Biomarker of Primary Aldosteronism. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6134351. [PMID: 33580265 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary aldosteronism (PA) represents 6% to 10% of all essential hypertension patients and is diagnosed using the aldosterone-to-renin ratio (ARR) and confirmatory studies. The complexity of PA diagnosis encourages the identification of novel PA biomarkers. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a potential source of biomarkers, considering that their cargo reflects the content of the parent cell. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the proteome of uEVs from PA patients and identify potential biomarker candidates for PA. METHODS Second morning spot urine was collected from healthy controls (n = 8) and PA patients (n = 7). The uEVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized. Proteomic analysis on uEVs was performed using LC-MS Orbitrap. RESULTS Isolated uEVs carried extracellular vesicle markers, showed a round shape and sizes between 50 and 150 nm. The concentration of uEVs showed a direct correlation with urinary creatinine (r = 0.6357; P = 0.0128). The uEV size mean (167 ± 6 vs 183 ± 4nm) and mode (137 ± 7 vs 171 ± 11nm) was significantly smaller in PA patients than in control subjects, but similar in concentration. Proteomic analysis of uEVs from PA patients identified an upregulation of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (AGP1) in PA uEVs, which was confirmed using immunoblot. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.92 (0.82 to 1; P = 0.0055). CONCLUSION Proteomic and further immunoblot analyses of uEVs highlights AGP1 as potential biomarker for PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Barros
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Rigalli
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Morag J Young
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A Carvajal
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII-ICM), Santiago, Chile
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14
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Abstract
The final steps in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone signaling System (RAAS) involve binding of the corticosteroid hormone, aldosterone to its mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The bound MR interacts with response elements to induce or repress the transcription of aldosterone-regulated genes. Along with the classic genomic targets of aldosterone that alter mRNA and protein expression, aldosterone also regulates the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Short ncRNAs termed microRNAs (miRs) have been shown to play a role in transducing aldosterone's actions via MR signaling. The role of miRs in homeostatic regulation of aldosterone signaling, and the potential for aldosterone-regulated miRs to act as feedback regulators of MR have been recently reported. In this review, the role of miRs in RAAS signaling and feedback regulation of MR in kidney epithelial cells will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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15
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Abdel Ghafar MT. An overview of the classical and tissue-derived renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its genetic polymorphisms in essential hypertension. Steroids 2020; 163:108701. [PMID: 32717198 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a specific hormonal cascade implicated in the blood pressure control and sodium balance regulation. Several components of this pathway have been identified including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensins with a wide range of distinct subtypes and receptors, and aldosterone. The RAAS is not only confined to the systemic circulation but also exists locally in specific tissues such as the heart, brain, and blood vessels with a particular paracrine action. Alteration of RAAS function can contribute to the development of hypertension and the emergence of its associated end-organ damage. Genotypic variations of the different genes of RAAS cascade have been linked to the susceptibility to essential hypertension. Accordingly, to understand the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and its related complications, deep insight into the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS with its different components and pathways is necessary. In this review, we aimed to illustrate the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS and the underlying mechanisms which link this system to the predisposition to essential hypertension.
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16
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Ozbaki-Yagan N, Liu X, Bodnar AJ, Ho J, Butterworth MB. Aldosterone-induced microRNAs act as feedback regulators of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in kidney epithelia. FASEB J 2020; 34:11714-11728. [PMID: 32652691 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902254rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The final steps in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone signaling System (RAAS) involve binding of the corticosteroid hormone, aldosterone to its mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The bound MR interacts with response elements to induce or repress the transcription of aldosterone-regulated genes. A well characterized aldosterone-induced gene is the serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (SGK1), which acts downstream to increase sodium transport in distal kidney nephron epithelial cells. The role of microRNAs (miRs) induced by extended aldosterone stimulation in regulating MR and SGK1 has not been reported. In these studies, miRs predicted to bind to the 3'-UTR of mouse MR were profiled by qRT-PCR after aldosterone stimulation. The miR-466a/b/c/e family was upregulated in mouse kidney cortical collecting duct epithelial cells. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed miR-466 binding to both MR and SGK1 3'-UTRs. Inhibition of miR-466 increased MR and SGK1 mRNA and protein levels. Inhibiting miR-466b and preventing its upregulation after aldosterone stimulation increased amiloride-sensitive sodium transport and sensitivity to aldosterone stimulation. In vivo upregulation of miR-466 was confirmed in distal nephrons of mice on low Na+ diets. Repression of MR and SGK1 by aldosterone-induced miRs may represent a negative feedback loop that contributes to a form of aldosterone escape in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Ozbaki-Yagan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Sydorchuk L, Dzhuryak V, Sydorchuk A, Levytska S, Petrynych V, Knut R, Kshanovska A, Iftoda O, Tkachuk O, Kyfiak P, Popovich A, Khomko O, Sydorchuk R. The cytochrome 11B2 aldosterone synthase gene rs1799998 single nucleotide polymorphism determines elevated aldosterone, higher blood pressure, and reduced glomerular filtration, especially in diabetic female patients. Endocr Regul 2020; 54:217-26. [PMID: 32857720 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cytochrome 11B2 aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) that links to aldosterone synthase enzyme synthesis changes and blood pressure regulation is of particular interest among the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system encoding genes. METHODS One-hundred hypertensive patients with target-organ damaging (2nd stage), moderate, high or very high cardiovascular risk were involved in the case-control study. Mean age was 59.87±8.02 years. Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (DM2) was in 28 persons. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was diagnosed in 29 persons according to the National Kidney Foundation recommendations (2012) after glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline <60 ml/min/1.73m2 for ≥3 months (measured by CKD-EPI equations). Aldosterone, cystatin-C, and creatinine levels were measured in serum. Control group included 48 practically healthy persons of relevant age. Gene's nucleotide polymorphism CYP11B2 (-344C/T) was examined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS CKD evolution in hypertensive patients followed by higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) values increased creatinine, cystatin-C, and aldosterone serum concentrations by 28.76%, 28.41% and 29.43% (р<0.05), respectively. Polymorphic site of CYP11B2 (rs1799998) gene is associated with SBP and DBP increase (p<0.05), reduced GFR preferably calculated by CKDEPI-cystatin C (F=10.79-14.45; p<0.001) and elevated aldosterone content (F=55.84; p<0.001), creatinine and cystatin-С as well (F=4.16-5.08; p<0.05) mainly in the ТТ-genotype female carriers (p<0.001). Hypertensive women with DM2 demonstrated stronger relations of CYP11B2 gene polymorphic site with the increased aldosterone content (F=47.52; p<0.001), than women without DM2 (p<0.001) and male patients (p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variations involving CYP11B2 might influence the kidney function, hypertension course, and severity via aldosterone secretion upregulation.
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18
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Yang S, Cao C, Deng T, Zhou Z. Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy: A Latent Change in Obesity Requiring More Attention. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:510-522. [PMID: 32498064 DOI: 10.1159/000507784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has become a major public health problem, and the prevalence of kidney diseases has increased in parallel. Among kidney diseases caused by metabolic disorders, obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) is secondary to obesity. SUMMARY ORG is mainly caused by glomerular hyperfiltration, dysregulation of hormone and cytokine secretion in adipose tissues, and ectopic lipid accumulation in renal cells. ORG is pathologically characterized by glomerular hypertrophy, with or without focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Patients with ORG usually present with proteinuria concomitant with metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and hypertension. Weight loss, RAAS inhibitors, and improved insulin resistance can reduce the progression of ORG. CONCLUSION ORG is a growing renal pathological change in obese individuals, and a comprehensive understanding of the disease is pivotal to avoid its occurrence and improve quality of life for those with obesity. Key Messages:This review comprehensively describes the characteristics of ORG in pathological changes, clinical manifestations, pathogeneses and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Chuqing Cao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, .,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, China, .,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China,
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19
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Kim Y, Kim J, Lim JE, Oh B, Won S, Kim MK. Genome-wide interaction study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and alcohol consumption on blood pressure: The Ansan and Ansung study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Genet Epidemiol 2020; 44:300-310. [PMID: 32048322 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common disease worldwide. Alcohol consumption is one of the risk factors for hypertension, however, it is unclear how alcohol consumption elevates blood pressure. Blood pressure could be affected by interactions between genetic variations and alcohol consumption. Thus, we performed a genome-wide interaction study (GWIS) to assess the effect of gene-alcohol consumption interaction on blood pressure among adults aged ≥40 years from the Ansan and Ansung cohort study (n = 6,176), a part of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES). As a result, rs1297184, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in locus LGR5 was significant (PGWIS = 8.78 × 10-9 ) in GWIS analysis on diastolic blood pressure, but not on systolic blood pressure. However, there was a heteroscedasticity of alcohol consumption. In the GWIS analysis, applying the inverse-variance weighting to correct the systematic inflation slightly attenuated the strength of interaction (PGWIS_IVW = 7.14 × 10-8 ). This interaction was replicated in the Health Examinees cohort (p = .026), a large-scale community-based cohort (n = 18,708). In conclusion, we identified a possible novel interaction between an SNP (rs1297184) and alcohol consumption on blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Kim
- Department of Public Health Science, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Research and Development for Genomics, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bermseok Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Public Health Science, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Tan X, Li F, Wang X, Wang Y. Quantitation and clinical evaluation of plasma aldosterone by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Li J, Zhao M, Jiang X, Liu T, Wang M, Zhao C. Synergistic therapeutic effects of Duzhong Jiangya Tablets and amlodipine besylate combination in spontaneously hypertensive rats using 1 H-NMR- and MS-based metabolomics. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4741. [PMID: 31743479 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Duzhong Jiangya Tablet (DJT) composed of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and several other traditional Chinese medicines is a Chinese herbal compound, which is clinically used to treat hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihypertensive effect of DJT and amlodipine besylate (AB) on the synergistic treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and to explore its antihypertensive mechanism. The synergistic therapeutic effect of DJT in combination with AB on SHR was studied using two metabolomics methods based on mass spectrum (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance. Metabolomics analysis of plasma, urine, liver, and kidney and the combination of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed to expose potential biomarkers. Then, the overall metabolic characteristics and related abnormal metabolic pathways in hypertensive rats were constructed. Blood pressure measurements showed that DJT combined with AB has better effects in treating hypertension than it being alone. A total of 30 biomarkers were identified, indicating that hypertension disrupted the balance of multiple metabolic pathways in the body, and that combined administration restored metabolite levels better than their administration alone. The changes of biomarkers revealed the synergistic therapeutic mechanism of DJT combined with AB, which provided a reference for the combination of Chinese and Western medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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22
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Abstract
Steroid molecules have a wide range of function in eukaryotes, including the control and maintenance of membranes, hormonal control of transcription, and intracellular signaling. X-ray crystallography has served as a successful tool for gaining understanding of the structural and mechanistic aspects of these functions by providing snapshots of steroids in complex with various types of proteins. These proteins include nuclear receptors activated by steroid hormones, several families of enzymes involved in steroid synthesis and metabolism, and proteins involved in signaling and trafficking pathways. Proteins found in some bacteria that bind and metabolize steroids have been investigated as well. A survey of the steroid-protein complexes that have been studied using crystallography and the insight learned from them is presented.
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23
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Dimitriadis K, Tsioufis C, Iliakis P, Kasiakogias A, Andrikou I, Leontsinis I, Konstantinidis D, Tousoulis D. Future Anti-aldosterone Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5548-5554. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190222145116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is one of the most important therapeutic
pathways for blood pressure control, renal and cardiovascular protection.
Objective:
In this review, the new nonsteroidal mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists will be presented with a
special focus on finerenone and its randomized controlled trials along with an introduction to the clinically promising
aldosterone synthase inhibitors.
Method:
We conducted an in-detail review of the literature in order to draft a narrative review on the field.
Results:
Development of new anti-aldosterone agents focusing on the diverse components of aldosterone production
and action is now taking place. Nonsteroidal mineralοcorticoid receptor antagonists are safe and effective
therapeutic solutions with finerenone being the most well-studied agent with promising clinical data extending its
efficacy in diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and heart failure. Aldosterone synthase inhibitors impact the
hormonal balance but there are still limitations regarding the duration of action and adverse effect of the glycolcorticoid
axis.
Conclusion:
Novel third-generation, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists seem to offer great
advantages, which may lead to a wider use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Future randomized controlled
trials are needed to evaluate significant perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos Dimitriadis
- First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Tsioufis
- First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayotis Iliakis
- First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Andrikou
- First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Leontsinis
- First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- First Cardiology Clinic, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
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24
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Abstract
Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) are more common than initially anticipated. APA cause primary aldosteronism (PA), which affect 3-10% of the hypertensive population. Research during recent years has led to an increased knowledge of the background dysregulation of the increased aldosterone release, where mutation in the gene encoding the potassium channel GIRK4-KCNJ5-is the most common. Moreover, the discovery of aldosterone-producing cell clusters in apparently normal adenomas has also led to increased understanding of the development of PA, and presumably also APA. A continuum ranging from low-renin hypertension to APA and overt PA is reasoned, and the secondary effects of aldosterone on especially the cardiovascular system have also become more evident. Diagnostics of PA and APA is important in order to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the diagnostic methods are somewhat unspecific and insensitive, indicating the need for novel methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Hellman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Peyman Björklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Åkerström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Martínez-Sámano J, Torres-Montes de Oca A, Luqueño-Bocardo OI, Torres-Durán PV, Juárez-Oropeza MA. Spirulina maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical Trial. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120496. [PMID: 30544795 PMCID: PMC6315658 DOI: 10.3390/md16120496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima has shown beneficial effects such as being anti-dyslipidemic, antiviral, antioxidant and antihypertensive. However, there are few and limited clinical studies. (2) Methods: a prospective, randomized, parallel pilot study of 4.5 g administration of Spirulinamaxima or placebo for 12 weeks in 16 patients with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) undergoing treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors was performed to assess the effects on endothelial damage and oxidative stress indicators. The blood levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, endothelin-1, and sE-selectin were quantified; the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and concentrations of reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, were also quantified before and after the treatment period. (3) Results: There were statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in systolic blood pressure, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and endothelin-1 levels, and increases in glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidized glutathione levels. (4) Conclusion: The effects found in the present study agree with antihypertensive and antioxidant effects previously reported for Spirulina maxima. However, this is the first report about the effects on indicators of endothelial damage. More research in this field is necessary to gain an insight into the effects of Spirulina on these indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martínez-Sámano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Torres-Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Ivan Luqueño-Bocardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Patricia V Torres-Durán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Marco A Juárez-Oropeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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26
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Abstract
Acute cardiac complications in critical brain disease should be understood as a clinical condition representing an intense brain-heart crosstalk and might mimic ischemic heart disease. Two main entities (neurogenic stunned myocardium [NSM] and stress cardiomyopathy) have been better characterized in the neurocritically ill patients and they portend worse clinical outcomes in these cases. The pathophysiology of NSM remains elusive. However, significant progress has been made on the early identification of neurocardiac compromise following acute critical brain disease. Effective prevention and treatment interventions are yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Ripoll
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Joseph L Blackshear
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - José L Díaz-Gómez
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Anesthesiology and Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Acute cardiac complications in critical brain disease should be understood as a clinical condition representing an intense brain-heart crosstalk and might mimic ischemic heart disease. Two main entities (neurogenic stunned myocardium [NSM] and stress cardiomyopathy) have been better characterized in the neurocritically ill patients and they portend worse clinical outcomes in these cases. The pathophysiology of NSM remains elusive. However, significant progress has been made on the early identification of neurocardiac compromise following acute critical brain disease. Effective prevention and treatment interventions are yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Ripoll
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Joseph L Blackshear
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - José L Díaz-Gómez
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Anesthesiology and Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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28
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Kim SJ, Yadav D, Park HJ, Kim JR, Cho KH. Long-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Central and Brachial Blood Pressure and Improves Lipid Profile With Enhancement of Lipoprotein Properties in Healthy Korean Participants. Front Physiol 2018; 9:412. [PMID: 29765328 PMCID: PMC5939616 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is closely associated with higher risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of policosanol supplementation on blood pressure (BP) and the lipid profile in healthy Korean participants with pre-hypertension (systolic 120–139 mmHg, diastolic 85–89 mmHg). This randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial included 84 healthy participants who were randomly assigned to three groups receiving 10 mg of policosanol, 20 mg of policosanol, or placebo for 24 weeks. The BP, lipid profile, and anthropometric factors were measured pre- and post-intervention and then compared. Based on an average of three measurements of brachial BP, the policosanol 20 mg group showed the most significant reduction in average systolic BP (SBP) from 138 ± 12 mmHg at week 0 to 126 ± 13 mmHg at week 24 (p < 0.0001). The policosanol 20 mg group also showed significant reductions in aortic SBP and DBP up to 9% (p = 0.00057) and 8% (p = 0.004), respectively compared with week 0. Additionally, blood renin and aldosterone levels were significantly reduced in the policosanol 20 mg group up to 63% (p < 0.01) and 42% (p < 0.05), respectively, at week 24. For the blood lipid profile, the policosanol 10 mg and 20 mg groups showed significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC) of around 8% (p = 0.029) and 13% (p = 0.0004), respectively, at week 24 compared with week 0. Serum HDL-C level significantly increased up to 16% and 12% in the policosanol 10 mg (p = 0.002) and 20 mg (p = 0.035) group, respectively. The study results suggest that long-term policosanol consumption simultaneously reduces peripheral BP as well as aortic BP accompanied by elevation of HDL-C and % HDL-C in TC in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Jeong Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.,Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.,LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.,Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.,LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Park
- Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.,Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.,LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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29
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England RW, Geer EB, Deipolyi AR. Role of Venous Sampling in the Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E114. [PMID: 29757946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous sampling is the gold standard for localizing abnormal hormone secretion in several endocrine disorders. The most common indication for venous sampling is in the workup of primary aldosteronism, adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome, and hyperparathyroidism. In experienced hands, venous sampling is safe and accurate. This review discusses the role of venous sampling in the workup of endocrine disease, describing the underlying anatomy and pathophysiology, as an understanding of these concepts is essential for technical and clinical success.
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30
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Cheng MC, Pan TM. Prevention of hypertension-induced vascular dementia by Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented products. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:487-496. [PMID: 27937042 PMCID: PMC6130674 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1253109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Numerous etiological studies have established positive clinical association between hypertension and vascular dementia (VaD). Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented products have been shown to decrease vascular risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and obesity. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented products (NTU101F) in hypertension-induced VaD in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hypertension was promoted by subcutaneous injection of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA, 25 mg/kg body weight/day, twice a week) and substitution of drinking water with 1.0% NaCl and 0.2% KCl. The NTU101F groups (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0) administered NTU101F at the concentrations 11, 22, and 110 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively, starting from day 51 day of DOCA-salt treatment. Morris water maze (MWM) was used for testing learning and memory. Different biochemical estimations were used to assess oxidative stress and inflammatory response in hippocampus. RESULTS Oral administration of NTU101F in DOCA-salt hypertension-induced VaD rats resulted in a significant decrease in blood pressure by 18.3-23.2% (p < 0.001), which was regulated by increasing eNOS density (about 3-fold) in the aorta, promoting NO production, and decreasing of matrix metallopeptidase 9 activity (about 2-fold) in the hippocampus, in addition to improve the kidney function and structure, decrease escape latency and increase the times spent in the target quadrant by 23.5-27.8% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, our findings suggest that NTU101F could exert neuroprotection in the brain and attenuate hypertension-induced VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chun Cheng
- Department of Biochemical Science & Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Pan
- Department of Biochemical Science & Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Hoyt SB, Taylor J, London C, Ali A, Ujjainwalla F, Tata J, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Clemas J, Zhou G, MacNeil D, Duffy R, Xiong Y. Discovery of indazole aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors as potential treatments for hypertension. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2384-2388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Meguro M, Miyauchi S, Kanao Y, Naito S, Suzuki K, Inoue S, Yamada K, Homma T, Chiba K, Nara F, Furuzono S. 4-Anilino-pyrimidine, novel aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors bearing pyrimidine structures. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1902-1906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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33
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Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K, Carter J, Sala SC, Jepson RE, Reynolds BS, Scansen BA. ISFM Consensus Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:288-303. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17693500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Feline hypertension is a common disease in older cats that is frequently diagnosed in association with other diseases such as chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism (so-called secondary hypertension), although some cases of apparent primary hypertension are also reported. The clinical consequences of hypertension can be severe, related to ‘target organ damage’ (eye, heart and vasculature, brain and kidneys), and early diagnosis followed by appropriate therapeutic management should help reduce the morbidity associated with this condition. Clinical challenges: Despite being a common disease, routine blood pressure (BP) monitoring is generally performed infrequently, probably leading to underdiagnosis of feline hypertension in clinical practice. There is a need to: (i) ensure BP is measured as accurately as possible with a reproducible technique; (ii) identify and monitor patients at risk of developing hypertension; (iii) establish appropriate criteria for therapeutic intervention; and (iv) establish appropriate therapeutic targets. Based on current data, amlodipine besylate is the treatment of choice to manage feline hypertension and is effective in the majority of cats, but the dose needed to successfully manage hypertension varies between individuals. Some cats require long-term adjuvant therapy and, occasionally, additional therapy is necessary for emergency management of hypertensive crises. Evidence base: These Guidelines from the International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM) are based on a comprehensive review of the currently available literature, and are aimed at providing practical recommendations to address the challenges of feline hypertension for veterinarians. There are many areas where more data is required which, in the future, will serve to confirm or modify some of the recommendations in these Guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine Briscoe
- Animal Referral Hospital, 250 Parramatta Road, Homebush, Sydney, NSW 2140, Australia
| | - Jenny Carter
- PO Box 128209, Remuera, Auckland 1541, New Zealand
| | | | - Rosanne E Jepson
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Brian A Scansen
- Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1678, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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34
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Dumeige L, Storey C, Decourtye L, Nehlich M, Lhadj C, Viengchareun S, Kappeler L, Lombès M, Martinerie L. Sex-Specificity of Mineralocorticoid Target Gene Expression during Renal Development, and Long-Term Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E457. [PMID: 28230786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been identified in various biological processes, including hypertension. The mineralocorticoid signaling pathway is an important contributor to early arterial hypertension, however its sex-specific expression has been scarcely studied, particularly with respect to the kidney. Basal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured in adult male and female mice. Renal gene expression studies of major players of mineralocorticoid signaling were performed at different developmental stages in male and female mice using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and were compared to those of the same genes in the lung, another mineralocorticoid epithelial target tissue that regulates ion exchange and electrolyte balance. The role of sex hormones in the regulation of these genes was also investigated in differentiated KC3AC1 renal cells. Additionally, renal expression of the 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) protein, a regulator of mineralocorticoid specificity, was measured by immunoblotting and its activity was indirectly assessed in the plasma using liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MSMS) method. SBP and HR were found to be significantly lower in females compared to males. This was accompanied by a sex- and tissue-specific expression profile throughout renal development of the mineralocorticoid target genes serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1) and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein (Gilz), together with Hsd11b2, Finally, the implication of sex hormones in this sex-specific expression profile was demonstrated in vitro, most notably for Gilz mRNA expression. We demonstrate a tissue-specific, sex-dependent and developmentally-regulated pattern of expression of the mineralocorticoid pathway that could have important implications in physiology and pathology.
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35
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Petrilli WL, Hoyt SB, London C, McMasters D, Verras A, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Chen Q, Li Y, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Knemeyer I, Karanam B, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Shipley CA, MacNeil DJ, Duffy R, Tata JR, Ujjainwalla F, Ali A, Xiong Y. Discovery of Spirocyclic Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors as Potential Treatments for Resistant Hypertension. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:128-132. [PMID: 28105288 PMCID: PMC5238464 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery and hit-to-lead optimization of a series of spirocyclic piperidine aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors. Compounds from this series display potent CYP11B2 inhibition, good selectivity versus related CYP enzymes, and lead-like physical and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L. Petrilli
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott B. Hoyt
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Doris Cully
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bindhu Karanam
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joseph Clemas
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carrie Ann Shipley
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Douglas J. MacNeil
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ruth Duffy
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - James R. Tata
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feroze Ujjainwalla
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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36
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Whitehead BR, Lo MM, Ali A, Park MK, Hoyt SB, Xiong Y, Cai J, Carswell E, Cooke A, Maclean J, Ratcliffe P, Robinson J, Bennett DJ, Clemas JA, Wisniewski T, Struthers M, Cully D, Macneil DJ. Imidazopyridyl compounds as aldosterone synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:143-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Fabian E, Schiller D, Tomaschitz A, Langner C, Pilz S, Quasthoff S, Raggam RB, Schoefl R, Krejs GJ. Clinical-Pathological Conference Series from the Medical University of Graz : Case No 160: 33-year-old woman with tetraparesis on Easter Sunday. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2016; 128:719-727. [PMID: 27682153 PMCID: PMC5052289 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-016-1085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fabian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Schiller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Tomaschitz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cord Langner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Pilz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Quasthoff
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhard B Raggam
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Schoefl
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Elisabethinen Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Guenter J Krejs
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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38
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is the major cause of neuronal cell degeneration observed in neurodegenerative diseases including vascular dementia (VaD), and hypertension has been found to increase the probability of VaD. Here, we investigated the effects of equol in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertensive rats (DHRs) and the associated VaD. The systolic blood pressure of rats treated with low- (10 mg per kg body weight) and high-dose (20 mg per kg body weight) equol for 4 weeks was lower than that of the control group by 12.18 and 17.48% in a dose-dependent manner, respectively (p < 0.05), which was regulated by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and increasing the nitric oxide (NO) production. Equol-treated DHRs showed a significant decrease in both the swimming distance and time required to reach the escape platform (78.20 to 82.56%, p < 0.05). In addition, the probe trial session and working memory test indicated that equol improved the long- and short-term memory of the rats. Moreover, the brain antioxidant activity was increased by elevating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were decreased, indicating that equol suppressed oxidative stress. In conclusion, we demonstrated that equol exhibited comparable blood pressure (BP)-lowering and VaD-improving effects with the clinically used drug, lisinopril in DHRs while there was a positive correlation between the doses. Therefore, this bioactive compound may be useful for developing functional foods, thereby extending the application of equol-containing crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hua Liu
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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39
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Zhou B, Webster J, Fu LY, Wang HL, Wu XM, Wang WL, Shi JP. Intake of low sodium salt substitute for 3years attenuates the increase in blood pressure in a rural population of North China — A randomized controlled trial. Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Muñoz-Durango N, Fuentes CA, Castillo AE, González-Gómez LM, Vecchiola A, Fardella CE, Kalergis AM. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System beyond Blood Pressure Regulation: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Involved in End-Organ Damage during Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E797. [PMID: 27347925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17070797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a common condition worldwide and an important predictor of several complicated diseases. Arterial hypertension can be triggered by many factors, including physiological, genetic, and lifestyle causes. Specifically, molecules of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system not only play important roles in the control of blood pressure, but they are also associated with the genesis of arterial hypertension, thus constituting a need for pharmacological interventions. Chronic high pressure generates mechanical damage along the vascular system, heart, and kidneys, which are the principal organs affected in this condition. In addition to mechanical stress, hypertension-induced oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and the activation of reparative mechanisms lead to end-organ damage, mainly due to fibrosis. Clinical trials have demonstrated that renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intervention in hypertensive patients lowers morbidity/mortality and inflammatory marker levels as compared to placebo patients, evidencing that this system controls more than blood pressure. This review emphasizes the detrimental effects that a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) imbalance has on health considerations above and beyond high blood pressure, such as fibrotic end-organ damage.
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41
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Vecchiola A, Lagos CF, Carvajal CA, Baudrand R, Fardella CE. Aldosterone Production and Signaling Dysregulation in Obesity. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-016-0626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Grübler MR, Kienreich K, Gaksch M, Verheyen N, Hartaigh BÓ, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, März W, Schmid J, Oberreither EM, Wetzel J, Catena C, Sechi LA, Pieske B, Tomaschitz A, Pilz S. Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio Is Associated With Reduced 24-Hour Heart Rate Variability and QTc Prolongation in Hypertensive Patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2794. [PMID: 26937909 PMCID: PMC4779006 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is considered to exert direct effects on the myocardium and the sympathetic nervous system. Both QT time and heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) are considered to be markers of arrhythmic risk and autonomous dysregulation. In this study, we investigated the associations between aldosterone, QT time, and HRV in patients with arterial hypertension.We recruited 477 hypertensive patients (age: 60.2 ± 10.2 years; 52.3% females) with a mean systolic/diastolic 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) value of 128 ± 12.8/77.1 ± 9.2 mmHg and with a median of 2 (IQR: 1-3) antihypertensive agents. Patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic at the Department of Internal Medicine of the Medical University of Graz, Austria. Blood samples, 24-hour HRV derived from 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and ECG's were obtained. Plasma aldosterone and plasma renin concentrations were measured by means of a radioimmunoassay. Twenty-four-hour urine specimens were collected in parallel with ABPM.Mean QTc was 423.3 ± 42.0 milliseconds for males and 434.7 ± 38.3 milliseconds for females. Mean 24H-HR and 24H-HRV was 71.9 ± 9.8 and 10.0 ± 3.6 bpm, respectively. In linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, ABPM, and current medication, aldosterone to active renin ratio (AARR) was significantly associated with the QTc interval, a marker for cardiac repolarization abnormalities (mean = 426 ± 42.4 milliseconds; β-coefficient = 0.121; P = 0.03) as well as with the 24-hour heart rate variability a surrogate for autonomic dysfunction (median = 9.67 [IQR = 7.38-12.22 bpm]; β-coefficient = -0.133; P = 0.01).In hypertensive patients, AARR is significantly related to QTc prolongation as well as HRV. Further studies investigating the effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blocker and aldosterone synthase inhibitors on QTc and HRV are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Grübler
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (MRG, KK, MG, AF-P, E-MO, SP), Department of Cardiology (NV, JS, JW, BP, AT), Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (WM), Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland (MRG), Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (BOH), Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH (WM), Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (WM), Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy (CC, LAS), Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow, Charité University, Berlin, Germany (BP, AT), Specialist Clinic for Rehabilitation PV Bad Aussee, Bad Aussee, Austria (AT), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (SP)
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Hamilton DJ, Zhang A, Li S, Cao TN, Smith JA, Vedula I, Cordero-Reyes AM, Youker KA, Torre-Amione G, Gupte AA. Combination of angiotensin II and l-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress to cause heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H667-80. [PMID: 26747502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00746.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated as a cause of energy deprivation in heart failure (HF). Herein, we tested individual and combined effects of two pathogenic factors of nonischemic HF, inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis [with l-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME)] and hypertension [with angiotensin II (AngII)], on myocardial mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and metabolic gene expression. l-NAME and AngII were administered individually and in combination to mice for 5 wk. Although all treatments increased blood pressure and reduced cardiac contractile function, the l-NAME + AngII group was associated with the most severe HF, as characterized by edema, hypertrophy, oxidative stress, increased expression of Nppa and Nppb, and decreased expression of Atp2a2 and Camk2b. l-NAME + AngII-treated mice exhibited robust deterioration of cardiac mitochondrial function, as observed by reduced respiratory control ratios in subsarcolemmal mitochondria and reduced state 3 levels in interfibrillar mitochondria for complex I but not for complex II substrates. Cardiac myofibrils showed reduced ADP-supported and oligomycin-inhibited oxygen consumption. Mitochondrial functional impairment was accompanied by reduced mitochondrial DNA content and activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and complex I but increased H2O2 production and tissue protein carbonyls in hearts from AngII and l-NAME + AngII groups. Microarray analyses revealed the majority of the gene changes attributed to the l-NAME + AngII group. Pathway analyses indicated significant changes in metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial function, cardiac hypertrophy, and fatty acid metabolism in l-NAME + AngII hearts. We conclude that l-NAME + AngII is associated with impaired mitochondrial respiratory function and increased oxidative stress compared with either l-NAME or AngII alone, resulting in nonischemic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas; Houston Methodist Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Shumin Li
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Tram N Cao
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessie A Smith
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Indira Vedula
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrea M Cordero-Reyes
- Houston Methodist Department of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith A Youker
- Houston Methodist Department of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Houston Methodist Department of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas; Catedra de Cardiologia y Medicina Vascular, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Anisha A Gupte
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas;
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44
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Katona D, Rajki A, Di Benedetto G, Pozzan T, Spät A. Calcium-dependent mitochondrial cAMP production enhances aldosterone secretion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:196-204. [PMID: 25958040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glomerulosa cells secrete aldosterone in response to agonists coupled to Ca(2+) increases such as angiotensin II and corticotrophin, coupled to a cAMP dependent pathway. A recently recognized interaction between Ca(2+) and cAMP is the Ca(2+)-induced cAMP formation in the mitochondrial matrix. Here we describe that soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is expressed in H295R adrenocortical cells. Mitochondrial cAMP formation, monitored with a mitochondria-targeted fluorescent sensor (4mtH30), is enhanced by HCO3(-) and the Ca(2+) mobilizing agonist angiotensin II. The effect of angiotensin II is inhibited by 2-OHE, an inhibitor of sAC, and by RNA interference of sAC, but enhanced by an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase PDE2A. Heterologous expression of the Ca(2+) binding protein S100G within the mitochondrial matrix attenuates angiotensin II-induced mitochondrial cAMP formation. Inhibition and knockdown of sAC significantly reduce angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production. These data provide the first evidence for a cell-specific functional role of mitochondrial cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Katona
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Rajki
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - András Spät
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary.
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45
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Hoyt SB, Petrilli W, London C, Liang GB, Tata J, Hu Q, Yin L, van Koppen CJ, Hartmann RW, Struthers M, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Cai TQ, Stribling S, Pai LY, Ma X, Metzger J, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Buist N, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Maxwell CA, Lassman M, McLaughlin T, Castro-Perez J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Xiong Y. Discovery of Triazole CYP11B2 Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Rhesus Monkeys. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:861-5. [PMID: 26288685 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hit-to-lead efforts resulted in the discovery of compound 19, a potent CYP11B2 inhibitor that displays high selectivity vs related CYPs, good pharmacokinetic properties in rat and rhesus, and lead-like physical properties. In a rhesus pharmacodynamic model, compound 19 displays robust, dose-dependent aldosterone lowering efficacy, with no apparent effect on cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Hoyt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Whitney Petrilli
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gui-Bai Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jim Tata
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lina Yin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Im Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mary Struthers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tom Wisniewski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sloan Stribling
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Metzger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Clemas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Mike Lassman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daphne Szeto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gail Forrest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Hajdu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Rosenbach
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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46
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Amazit L, Le Billan F, Kolkhof P, Lamribet K, Viengchareun S, Fay MR, Khan JA, Hillisch A, Lombès M, Rafestin-Oblin ME, Fagart J. Finerenone Impedes Aldosterone-dependent Nuclear Import of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Prevents Genomic Recruitment of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26203193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone regulates sodium homeostasis by activating the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Hyperaldosteronism leads todeleterious effects on the kidney, blood vessels, and heart. Although steroidal antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone are clinically useful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, they are associated with several side effects. Finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal MR antagonist, is presently being evaluated in two clinical phase IIb trials. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanisms of action of finerenone and spironolactone at several key steps of the MR signaling pathway. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis approaches allowed identification of Ser-810 and Ala-773 as key residues for the high MR selectivity of finerenone. Moreover, we showed that, in contrast to spironolactone, which activates the S810L mutant MR responsible for a severe form of early onset hypertension, finerenone displays strict antagonistic properties. Aldosterone-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of MR are inhibited by both finerenone and spironolactone. However, automated quantification of MR subcellular distribution demonstrated that finerenone delays aldosterone-induced nuclear accumulation of MR more efficiently than spironolactone. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that, as opposed to spironolactone, finerenone inhibits MR, steroid receptor coactivator-1, and RNA polymerase II binding at the regulatory sequence of the SCNN1A gene and also remarkably reduces basal MR and steroid receptor coactivator-1 recruitment, unraveling a specific and unrecognized inactivating mechanism on MR signaling. Overall, our data demonstrate that the highly potent and selective MR antagonist finerenone specifically impairs several critical steps of the MR signaling pathway and therefore represents a promising new generation MR antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larbi Amazit
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, UMS 32, Institut Biomédical de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Florian Le Billan
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | | | - Khadija Lamribet
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Say Viengchareun
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Michel R Fay
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, 75890 Paris, France, and the Université Paris-Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Junaid A Khan
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Alexander Hillisch
- Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Marc Lombès
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
| | - Marie-Edith Rafestin-Oblin
- INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, 75890 Paris, France, and the Université Paris-Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- From the INSERM, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, the Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, UMR-S 1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France, INSERM U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, CRB3, 75890 Paris, France, and the Université Paris-Denis Diderot, Site Bichat, Paris, France
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47
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Hoyt SB, Park MK, London C, Xiong Y, Tata J, Bennett DJ, Cooke A, Cai J, Carswell E, Robinson J, MacLean J, Brown L, Belshaw S, Clarkson TR, Liu K, Liang GB, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Cai TQ, Stribling S, Pai LY, Ma X, Metzger J, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Buist N, Kuethe J, Rivera N, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Maxwell CA, Lassman M, McLaughlin T, Castro-Perez J, Szeto D, Forrest G, Hajdu R, Rosenbach M, Ali A. Discovery of Benzimidazole CYP11B2 Inhibitors with in Vivo Activity in Rhesus Monkeys. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:573-8. [PMID: 26005536 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a benzimidazole series of CYP11B2 inhibitors. Hit-to-lead and lead optimization studies identified compounds such as 32, which displays potent CYP11B2 inhibition, high selectivity versus related CYP targets, and good pharmacokinetic properties in rat and rhesus. In a rhesus pharmacodynamic model, 32 produces dose-dependent aldosterone lowering efficacy, with no apparent effect on cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. Hoyt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Min K. Park
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jim Tata
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Andrew Cooke
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaqiang Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Carswell
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - John Robinson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - John MacLean
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Belshaw
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Clarkson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, United Kingdom
| | - Kun Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gui-Bai Liang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Doris Cully
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tom Wisniewski
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian-Quan Cai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sloan Stribling
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Metzger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeff Kuethe
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nelo Rivera
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joe Clemas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Mike Lassman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daphne Szeto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gail Forrest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Hajdu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Rosenbach
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Prahalathan P, Kumar S, Raja B. Effect of morin, a flavonoid against DOCA-salt hypertensive rats: a dose dependent study. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:443-8. [PMID: 23569947 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the protective effect of morin, a flavonoid against deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt induced hypertension in male Wistar rats. METHODS Hypertension was induced in uninephrectomized rats by weekly twice subcutaneous injection of DOCA (25 mg/kg bw) and 1% NaCl in the drinking water for six consecutive weeks. Effect of morin against DOCA-salt induced hypertension was evaluated by measuring blood pressure and performing biochemical estimations and histopathological examination of renal tissues. RESULTS DOCA-salt hypertensive rats showed considerably increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum hepatic marker enzyme activities such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and renal function markers (urea, uric acid and creatinine) in plasma. Oral administration of morin (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg bw) brought back all the above parameters to near normal level. Histopathology of kidney also confirmed the biochemical findings of this study. The effect at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw of morin was more pronounced than that of the other two doses (25 and 75 mg/kg bw). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that morin exhibits strong antihypertensive effect against DOCA-salt induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prahalathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a major regulator of blood pressure control, fluid, and electrolyte balance in humans. Chronic activation of mineralocorticoid production leads to dysregulation of the cardiovascular system and to hypertension. The key mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Hyperaldosteronism causes sodium and fluid retention in the kidney. Combined with the actions of angiotensin II, chronic elevation in aldosterone leads to detrimental effects in the vasculature, heart, and brain. The adverse effects of excess aldosterone are heavily dependent on increased dietary salt intake as has been demonstrated in animal models and in humans. Hypertension develops due to complex genetic influences combined with environmental factors. In the last two decades, primary aldosteronism has been found to occur in 5% to 13% of subjects with hypertension. In addition, patients with hyperaldosteronism have more end organ manifestations such as left ventricular hypertrophy and have significant cardiovascular complications including higher rates of heart failure and atrial fibrillation compared to similarly matched patients with essential hypertension. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of primary aldosteronism will be extensively reviewed. There are many pitfalls in the diagnosis and confirmation of the disorder that will be discussed. Other rare forms of hyper- and hypo-aldosteronism and unusual disorders of hypertension will also be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Magill
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
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Pelliccia F, Rosano G, Patti G, Volterrani M, Greco C, Gaudio C. Efficacy and safety of mineralocorticoid receptors in mild to moderate arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2014; 200:8-11. [PMID: 25466561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have been shown to have favourable safety and cost-effectiveness profiles across a broad range of clinical indications, including heart failure, primary aldosteronism and resistant hypertension. The clinical biology of the first aldosterone blocker, i.e. spironolactone, and its effects in several organ systems has been well elucidated from multiple studies. The range of adverse effects experienced with spironolactone has led to its modification and the consequent synthesis of eplerenone. Scientific evidence accumulated so far supports the role of eplerenone as first-choice drug in heart failure, with lower prevalence rates of sex-related adverse effects associated with eplerenone as compared to spironolactone. In Europe, eplerenone is currently marketed only in some countries and only with the indication of heart failure, whereas its clinical efficacy and safety in mild to moderate hypertension is said to be uncertain. A review of available scientific evidence, however, discloses that 11 randomized clinical trials assessing eplerenone in >3500 hypertensives have been reported so far. The results of these studies clearly show that eplerenone is an effective antihypertensive agent when used alone or in combination with other medications. In doses ranging from 25 to 100mg daily, eplerenone monotherapy results in a dose-dependent reduction in clinic blood pressure. As compared to placebo, eplerenone reduces significantly blood pressure from baseline. In general, 100mg daily eplerenone has a blood pressure lowering that is 50 to 75% that of spironolactone. Eplerenone results in a greater reduction in blood pressure as compared with losartan, and comparison between eplerenone and amlodipine shows that both treatments decrease systolic blood pressure to a similar extent but eplerenone is better tolerated. In conclusion, there is now evidence that eplerenone can play an important role in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension and therefore scientific experts and regulatory authorities should support its wider use in clinical practice worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Cesare Greco
- Department 'Attilio Reale', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Gaudio
- Department 'Attilio Reale', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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