1
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Lee JD, Menasche BL, Mavrikaki M, Uyemura MM, Hong SM, Kozlova N, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Filler RB, Müller A, Saxena T, Posey RR, Cheung P, Muranen T, Heng YJ, Paulo JA, Wilen CB, Slack FJ. Differences in syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 variants modify host chromatin accessibility and cellular senescence via TP53. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113478. [PMID: 37991919 PMCID: PMC10785701 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a significant public health threat due to the ability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants to evade the immune system and cause breakthrough infections. Although pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV lead to severe respiratory infections, how these viruses affect the chromatin proteomic composition upon infection remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we use our recently developed integrative DNA And Protein Tagging methodology to identify changes in host chromatin accessibility states and chromatin proteomic composition upon infection with pathogenic coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces TP53 stabilization on chromatin, which contributes to its host cytopathic effect. We mapped this TP53 stabilization to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and its propensity to form syncytia, a consequence of cell-cell fusion. Differences in SARS-CoV-2 spike variant-induced syncytia formation modify chromatin accessibility, cellular senescence, and inflammatory cytokine release via TP53. Our findings suggest that differences in syncytia formation alter senescence-associated inflammation, which varies among SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Lee
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Bridget L Menasche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maria Mavrikaki
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Madison M Uyemura
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Su Min Hong
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nina Kozlova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mia M Alfajaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Renata B Filler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arne Müller
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanvi Saxena
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan R Posey
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Priscilla Cheung
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Taru Muranen
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yujing J Heng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Gao L, Kyubwa EM, Starbird MA, Diaz de Leon J, Nguyen M, Rogers CJ, Menon N. Circulating miRNA profiles in COVID-19 patients and meta-analysis: implications for disease progression and prognosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21656. [PMID: 38065980 PMCID: PMC10709343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared circulating miRNA profiles of hospitalized COVID-positive patients (n = 104), 27 with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 18) to identify miRNA signatures associated with COVID and COVID-induced ARDS. Meta-analysis incorporating data from published studies and our data was performed to identify a set of differentially expressed miRNAs in (1) COVID-positive patients versus healthy controls as well as (2) severe (ARDS+) COVID vs moderate COVID. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the genes these miRNAs interact with identified terms associated with immune response, such as interferon and interleukin signaling, as well as viral genome activities associated with COVID disease and severity. Additionally, we observed downregulation of a cluster of miRNAs located on chromosome 14 (14q32) among all COVID patients. To predict COVID disease and severity, we developed machine learning models that achieved AUC scores between 0.81-0.93 for predicting disease, and between 0.71-0.81 for predicting severity, even across diverse studies with different sample types (plasma versus serum), collection methods, and library preparations. Our findings provide network and top miRNA feature insights into COVID disease progression and contribute to the development of tools for disease prognosis and management.
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Gabbianelli R, Shahar E, de Simone G, Rucci C, Bordoni L, Feliziani G, Zhao F, Ferrati M, Maggi F, Spinozzi E, Mahajna J. Plant-Derived Epi-Nutraceuticals as Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral Agents. Nutrients 2023; 15:4719. [PMID: 38004113 PMCID: PMC10675658 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be diminishing, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants represents a threat to humans due to their inherent transmissibility, immunological evasion, virulence, and invulnerability to existing therapies. The COVID-19 pandemic affected more than 500 million people and caused over 6 million deaths. Vaccines are essential, but in circumstances in which vaccination is not accessible or in individuals with compromised immune systems, drugs can provide additional protection. Targeting host signaling pathways is recommended due to their genomic stability and resistance barriers. Moreover, targeting host factors allows us to develop compounds that are effective against different viral variants as well as against newly emerging virus strains. In recent years, the globe has experienced climate change, which may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases through a variety of factors. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can increase the geographic range of disease-carrying vectors, increasing the risk of diseases spreading to new areas. Climate change may also affect vector behavior, leading to a longer breeding season and more breeding sites for disease vectors. Climate change may also disrupt ecosystems, bringing humans closer to wildlife that transmits zoonotic diseases. All the above factors may accelerate the emergence of new viral epidemics. Plant-derived products, which have been used in traditional medicine for treating pathological conditions, offer structurally novel therapeutic compounds, including those with anti-viral activity. In addition, plant-derived bioactive substances might serve as the ideal basis for developing sustainable/efficient/cost-effective anti-viral alternatives. Interest in herbal antiviral products has increased. More than 50% of approved drugs originate from herbal sources. Plant-derived compounds offer diverse structures and bioactive molecules that are candidates for new drug development. Combining these therapies with conventional drugs could improve patient outcomes. Epigenetics modifications in the genome can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Host cells can use epigenetic gene regulation as a mechanism to silence incoming viral DNA molecules, while viruses recruit cellular epitranscriptomic (covalent modifications of RNAs) modifiers to increase the translational efficiency and transcript stability of viral transcripts to enhance viral gene expression and replication. Moreover, viruses manipulate host cells' epigenetic machinery to ensure productive viral infections. Environmental factors, such as natural products, may influence epigenetic modifications. In this review, we explore the potential of plant-derived substances as epigenetic modifiers for broad-spectrum anti-viral activity, reviewing their modulation processes and anti-viral effects on DNA and RNA viruses, as well as addressing future research objectives in this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ehud Shahar
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
| | - Gaia de Simone
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Chiara Rucci
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Giulia Feliziani
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
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Zhang J, Zafar J, Kong J, Wang F, Shao X, Zhang R, Pang R, Xu H, Xu X, Jin F. MicroRNA-Mediated Host Immune Genes Manipulation Benefits AcMNPV Proliferation in Spodoptera frugiperda. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71. [PMID: 37917564 PMCID: PMC10655178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly destructive migratory pest that threatens various crops globally. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an effective biocontrol agent against lepidopteran pests. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response to AcMNPV infection in S. frugiperda. RNA-seq and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses identified the Toll, IMD, and apoptosis pathways as primary immune responses. Investigation into AcMNPV-induced apoptosis in the S. frugiperda cell line (Sf9) revealed that the Toll pathway activated the JNK via the TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6) adapter. In addition, AcMNPV-induced the differential expression of several host-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs), with significant negative regulatory effects, on S. frugiperda antiviral immune genes. RNAi and miRNA-mimic mediated silencing of these genes resulted in increased AcMNPV proliferation. Our findings reinforce the potential of AcMNPV as a potent biocontrol agent and further our understanding of developing biotechnology-based targeted pest control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junaid Zafar
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinrong Kong
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei Wang
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuehua Shao
- Institute
of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource
Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and
Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rui Pang
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- National
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, “Belt and Road” Technology
Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control
of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant
Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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5
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Lee JD, Menasche BL, Mavrikaki M, Uyemura MM, Hong SM, Kozlova N, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Filler RB, Müller A, Saxena T, Posey RR, Cheung P, Muranen T, Heng YJ, Paulo JA, Wilen CB, Slack FJ. Differences in syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 variants modify host chromatin accessibility and cellular senescence via TP53. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.31.555625. [PMID: 37693555 PMCID: PMC10491142 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 remains a significant public health threat due to the ability of SARS-CoV-2 variants to evade the immune system and cause breakthrough infections. Although pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV lead to severe respiratory infections, how these viruses affect the chromatin proteomic composition upon infection remains largely uncharacterized. Here we used our recently developed integrative DNA And Protein Tagging (iDAPT) methodology to identify changes in host chromatin accessibility states and chromatin proteomic composition upon infection with pathogenic coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces TP53 stabilization on chromatin, which contributes to its host cytopathic effect. We mapped this TP53 stabilization to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and its propensity to form syncytia, a consequence of cell-cell fusion. Differences in SARS-CoV-2 spike variant-induced syncytia formation modify chromatin accessibility, cellular senescence, and inflammatory cytokine release via TP53. Our findings suggest that differences in syncytia formation alter senescence-associated inflammation, which varies among SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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6
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Zhang Y, Shi Z, Li W, Dai X, Li Q, Pan C, Yan R, Ma Y, Fei D, Xie J. A porcine model of early-onset scoliosis combined with thoracic insufficiency syndrome: Construction and transcriptome analysis. Gene 2023; 858:147202. [PMID: 36646188 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is a scoliosis deformity caused by various reasons before the age of 10 years and is often combined with thoracic insufficiency syndrome (TIS) causing patients with difficulty in securing lung growth in the thoracic cage. Currently, there is a shortage of effective large animal models for evaluating EOS + TIS in therapeutic studies. Consequently, we propose to construct a porcine EOS + TIS model and evaluate its transcriptome changes by RNA sequencing. METHODS Piglets were constructed using unilateral posterior spine-tethering and ipsilateral rib-tethering in the EOS + TIS model, and X-ray and computed tomography (CT) were performed to assess growth changes in the spine, thoracic cage and lungs. The H&E and Masson staining was performed for pathological analysis of lung tissue. After RNA sequencing of lung tissues, data were analyzed for differential expression of mRNA, functional enrichment analysis (GO, KEGG and GSEA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and differential expression of hub gene was verified by RT-qPCR. RESULTS In the model group, growth (body weight and length) of piglets was significantly delayed; fusion of ribs occurred and cobb angle changes in the coronal and sagittal planes were significantly enlarged; total lung volume (TLV) was significantly reduced, especially at the T7-T10 level. Pathological analysis revealed that, in the model lung tissue, the alveolar wall of was poorly perfused, the alveolar space was enlarged, the number and size of alveoli were significantly reduced, and it was accompanied by collagen fiber deposition. Moreover, a total of 432 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) were identified in model lung tissues, which contained 262 down-regulated and 170 up-regulated DE-mRNAs, and they were mainly involved in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, cell cycle and extracellular matrix. A PPI network containing 71 nodes and 158 edges was constructed based on all DE-mRNAs, and JUN, CCL2, EGR1, ATF3, BTG2, DUSP1 and THBS1 etc. were hub gene. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we constructed a porcine model that was capable of replicating the common clinical features of EOS + TIS such as rib fusion, asymmetric thoracic cage, increased cobb angle, decreased TLV, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Also, we revealed transcriptomic changes in the EOS + TIS model that may cause pulmonary hypoplasia.
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Xiang C, Yang Z, Xiong T, Wang T, Yang J, Huang M, Liu D, Chen R. Construction and Transcriptomic Study of Chicken IFNAR1-Knockout Cell Line Reveals the Essential Roles of Cell Growth- and Apoptosis-Related Pathways in Duck Tembusu Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102225. [PMID: 36298780 PMCID: PMC9611459 DOI: 10.3390/v14102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For industrial vaccine production, overwhelming the existing antiviral innate immune response dominated by type I interferons (IFN-I) in cells would be a key factor improving the effectiveness and production cost of vaccines. In this study, we report the construction of an IFN-I receptor 1 (IFNAR1)-knockout DF-1 cell line (KO-IFNAR1), which supports much more efficient replication of the duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Transcriptomic analysis of DTMUV-infected KO-IFNAR1 cells demonstrated that DTMUV mainly activated genes and signaling pathways related to cell growth and apoptosis. Among them, JUN, MYC and NFKBIA were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, knockdown of zinc-fingered helicase 2 (HELZ2) and interferon-α-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), the two genes up-regulated in both wild type and KO-IFNAR1 cells, significantly increased the replication of DTMUV RNA. This study paves the way for further studying the mechanism underlying the DTMUV-mediated IFN-I-independent regulation of virus replication, and meanwhile provides a potential cell resource for efficient production of cell-based avian virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
| | - Zekun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Dingxiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.C.)
| | - RuiAi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (R.C.)
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8
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Lachén-Montes M, Mendizuri N, Ausín K, Echaide M, Blanco E, Chocarro L, de Toro M, Escors D, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Kochan G, Santamaría E. Metabolic dyshomeostasis induced by SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins reveals immunological insights into viral olfactory interactions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866564. [PMID: 36159830 PMCID: PMC9492993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common symptoms in COVID-19 is a sudden loss of smell. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in the olfactory bulb (OB) from animal models and sporadically in COVID-19 patients. To decipher the specific role over the SARS-CoV-2 proteome at olfactory level, we characterized the in-depth molecular imbalance induced by the expression of GFP-tagged SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (M, N, E, S) on mouse OB cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic trajectories uncovered a widespread metabolic remodeling commonly converging in extracellular matrix organization, lipid metabolism and signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. The molecular singularities and specific interactome expression modules were also characterized for each viral structural factor. The intracellular molecular imbalance induced by each SARS-CoV-2 structural protein was accompanied by differential activation dynamics in survival and immunological routes in parallel with a differentiated secretion profile of chemokines in OB cells. Machine learning through a proteotranscriptomic data integration uncovered TGF-beta signaling as a confluent activation node by the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteome. Taken together, these data provide important avenues for understanding the multifunctional immunomodulatory properties of SARS-CoV-2 M, N, S and E proteins beyond their intrinsic role in virion formation, deciphering mechanistic clues to the olfactory inflammation observed in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Naroa Mendizuri
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karina Ausín
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Echaide
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ester Blanco
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luisa Chocarro
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María de Toro
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - David Escors
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Oncoimmunology Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA. Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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Yuan LX, Yang B, Fung TS, Chen RA, Liu DX. Transcriptomic analysis reveals crucial regulatory roles of immediate-early response genes and related signaling pathways in coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus infection. Virology 2022; 575:1-9. [PMID: 35987078 PMCID: PMC9375846 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection of cells differentially regulates the expression of host genes and their related pathways. In this study, we present the transcriptomic profile of cells infected with gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In IBV-infected human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (H1299 cells), a total of 1162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 984 upregulated and 178 downregulated genes, was identified. These DEGs were mainly enriched in MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways, and 5 out of the 10 top upregulated genes in all transcripts were immediate-early response genes (IEGs). In addition, the induction of 11 transcripts was validated in IBV-infected H1299 and Vero cells by RT-qPCR. The accuracy, reliability and genericity of the transcriptomic data were demonstrated by functional characterization of these IEGs in cells infected with different coronaviruses in our previous publications. This study provides a reliable transcriptomic profile of host genes and pathways regulated by coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Bei Yang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Mosharaf MP, Kibria MK, Hossen MB, Islam MA, Reza MS, Mahumud RA, Alam K, Gow J, Mollah MNH. Meta-Data Analysis to Explore the Hub of the Hub-Genes That Influence SARS-CoV-2 Infections Highlighting Their Pathogenetic Processes and Drugs Repurposing. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081248. [PMID: 36016137 PMCID: PMC9415433 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infections is a severe threat to human life and the world economic condition. Although vaccination has reduced the outspread, but still the situation is not under control because of the instability of RNA sequence patterns of SARS-CoV-2, which requires effective drugs. Several studies have suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 infection causing hub differentially expressed genes (Hub-DEGs). However, we observed that there was not any common hub gene (Hub-DEGs) in our analyses. Therefore, it may be difficult to take a common treatment plan against SARS-CoV-2 infections globally. The goal of this study was to examine if more representative Hub-DEGs from published studies by means of hub of Hub-DEGs (hHub-DEGs) and associated potential candidate drugs. In this study, we reviewed 41 articles on transcriptomic data analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and found 370 unique hub genes or studied genes in total. Then, we selected 14 more representative Hub-DEGs (AKT1, APP, CXCL8, EGFR, IL6, INS, JUN, MAPK1, STAT3, TNF, TP53, UBA52, UBC, VEGFA) as hHub-DEGs by their protein-protein interaction analysis. Their associated biological functional processes, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulatory factors. Then we detected hHub-DEGs guided top-ranked nine candidate drug agents (Digoxin, Avermectin, Simeprevir, Nelfinavir Mesylate, Proscillaridin, Linifanib, Withaferin, Amuvatinib, Atazanavir) by molecular docking and cross-validation for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Therefore, the findings of this study could be useful in formulating a common treatment plan against SARS-CoV-2 infections globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Parvez Mosharaf
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
- School of Business, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (K.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Md. Kaderi Kibria
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Md. Bayazid Hossen
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Md. Ariful Islam
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Md. Selim Reza
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Khorshed Alam
- School of Business, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (K.A.); (J.G.)
| | - Jeff Gow
- School of Business, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia; (K.A.); (J.G.)
- School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Md. Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh; (M.P.M.); (M.K.K.); (M.B.H.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Yuan L, Fung TS, He J, Chen RA, Liu DX. Modulation of Viral Replication, Apoptosis and Antiviral Response by Induction and Mutual Regulation of EGR and AP-1 Family Genes During Coronavirus Infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1717-1729. [PMID: 35727266 PMCID: PMC9262369 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2093133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to exploit normal cellular processes and signalling pathways for their efficient reproduction in a generally hostile cellular environment. One immediate-early response gene (IEG) family, the AP-1 gene family, was previously shown to be activated by coronavirus infection. In this study, we report that another IEG family, the EGR family, is also activated in cells infected with four different coronaviruses in three genera, i.e. gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), alphacoronaviruses porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and human coronavirus-229E (HCoV-229E), and betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43. Knockdown of EGR1 reduced the expression of cJUN and cFOS, and knockdown of cJUN and/or cFOS reduced the expression of EGR1, demonstrating that these two IEG families may be cross-activated and mutual regulated. Furthermore, ERK1/2 was identified as an upstream kinase, and JNK and p38 as inhibitors of EGR1 activation in coronavirus-infected cells. However, upregulation of EGR family genes, in particular EGR1, appears to play a differential role in regulating viral replication, apoptosis and antiviral response. EGR1 was shown to play a limited role in regulation of coronavirus replication, and an anti-apoptotic role in cells infected with IBV or PEDV, but not in cells infected with HCoV-229E. Upregulation of EGR1 may also play a differential role in the regulation of antiviral response against different coronaviruses. This study reveals a novel regulatory network shared by different coronaviruses in the immediate-early response of host cells to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen He
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
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12
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Rodríguez-Viso P, Domene A, Vélez D, Devesa V, Monedero V, Zúñiga M. Mercury toxic effects on the intestinal mucosa assayed on a bicameral in vitro model: Possible role of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113224. [PMID: 35700822 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mercury (Hg) mostly occurs through diet, where it is mainly found as inorganic Hg [Hg(II)] or methylmercury (MeHg). In vivo studies have linked its exposure with neurological and renal diseases, however, its toxic effects upon the gastrointestinal tract are largely unknown. In order to evaluate the effect of Hg on intestinal mucosa, a bicameral system was employed with co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX intestinal epithelial cells and THP-1 macrophages. Cells were exposed to Hg(II) and MeHg (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/L) during 11 days. The results evidenced a greater pro-inflammatory response in cells exposed to Hg with increments of IL-8 (15-126%) and IL-1β release (39-63%), mainly induced by macrophages which switched to a M1 phenotype. A pro-oxidant response was also observed in both cell types with an increase in ROS/RNS levels (44-140%) and stress proteins expression. Intestinal cells treated with Hg displayed structural abnormalities, hypersecretion of mucus and defective tight junctions. An increased paracellular permeability (123-170%) at the highest concentrations of Hg(II) and MeHg and decreased capacity to restore injuries in the cell monolayer were also observed. All these toxic effects were governed by various inflammatory signalling pathways (p38 MAPK, JNK and NF-κB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rodríguez-Viso
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Adrián Domene
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Dinoraz Vélez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicenta Devesa
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Zúñiga
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Abstract
Introduction. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a serious threat to public health worldwide, and there is currently no effective therapeutic strategy for treating COVID-19.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. We propose that sophocarpine (SOP) might have potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19 through inhibiting the cytokine storm and the nuclear factor NF-κB signalling pathway.Aim. The objective was to elucidate the potential mechanism of SOP against COVID-19 through a network pharmacology analysis and its experimental validation.Methodology. The BATMAN-TCM database was used to identify the therapeutic targets of SOP, while the GeneCards and DisGeNET databases were used to identify the targets related to COVID-19. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed from the STRING and analysed using Cytoscape software. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and disease ontology (DO) enrichment analyses of the co-targets were performed using Metascape. Autodock 4.2.6 and Pymol software were applied for molecular docking. Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNFα and IL-1β were measured by ELISA, while mRNA expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and IFN gamma (IFNG) were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The protein levels of the molecules involved in the NF-κB signalling pathway were validated by western blot analysis.Results. A total of 65 co-targets of SOP and COVID-19 were determined. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that SOP affected COVID-19 by regulating the IL-17 signalling pathway, TNF signalling pathway and other signalling pathways. The PPI network and molecular docking showed that p65, ICAM-1 and VEGFA were key targets of SOP against COVID-19 and the underlying mechanism was validated in A549 cells in vitro. SOP attenuated the LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 and downregulated the LPS-induced mRNA expression of ICAM-1, VEGFA and IFNG. Mechanistically, SOP pretreatment inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 and facilitated the activation of Nrf2.Conclusions. SOP has a potential therapeutic effect on COVID-19 through multiple pathways and targets, and inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and molecules involved in the NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, PR China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, PR China
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14
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Li S, Liu S, Chen RA, Huang M, Fung TS, Liu DX. Activation of the MKK3-p38-MK2-ZFP36 Axis by Coronavirus Infection Restricts the Upregulation of AU-Rich Element-Containing Transcripts in Proinflammatory Responses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0208621. [PMID: 34985993 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02086-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections induce the expression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We have previously shown that in cells infected with gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8 were drastically upregulated, and the MAP kinase p38 and the integrated stress response pathways were implicated in this process. In this study, we report that coronavirus infection activates a negative regulatory loop that restricts the upregulation of a number of proinflammatory genes. As revealed by the initial transcriptomic and subsequent validation analyses, the anti-inflammatory adenine-uridine (AU)-rich element (ARE)-binding protein, zinc finger protein 36 (ZFP36), and its related family members were upregulated in cells infected with IBV and three other coronaviruses, alphacoronaviruses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), and betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43, respectively. Characterization of the functional roles of ZFP36 during IBV infection demonstrated that ZFP36 promoted the degradation of transcripts coding for IL-6, IL-8, dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), through binding to AREs in these transcripts. Consistently, knockdown and inhibition of JNK and p38 kinase activities reduced the expression of ZFP36, as well as the expression of IL-6 and IL-8. On the contrary, overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3) and MAPKAP kinase-2 (MK2), the upstream and downstream kinases of p38, respectively, increased the expression of ZFP36 and decreased the expression of IL-8. Taken together, this study reveals an important regulatory role of the MKK3-p38-MK2-ZFP36 axis in coronavirus infection-induced proinflammatory response. IMPORTANCE Excessive and uncontrolled induction and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, the so-called cytokine release syndrome (CRS), would cause life-threatening complications and multiple organ failure in severe coronavirus infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and COVID-19. This study reveals that coronavirus infection also induces the expression of ZFP36, an anti-inflammatory ARE-binding protein, promoting the degradation of ARE-containing transcripts coding for IL-6 and IL-8 as well as a number of other proteins related to inflammatory response. Furthermore, the p38 MAP kinase, its upstream kinase MKK3 and downstream kinase MK2 were shown to play a regulatory role in upregulation of ZFP36 during coronavirus infection cycles. This MKK3-p38-MK2-ZFP36 axis would constitute a potential therapeutic target for severe coronavirus infections.
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15
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Coric V, Milosevic I, Djukic T, Bukumiric Z, Savic-Radojevic A, Matic M, Jerotic D, Todorovic N, Asanin M, Ercegovac M, Ranin J, Stevanovic G, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Simic T. GSTP1 and GSTM3 Variant Alleles Affect Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:747493. [PMID: 34988113 PMCID: PMC8721193 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.747493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the premise that oxidative stress plays an important role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we speculated that variations in the antioxidant activities of different members of the glutathione S-transferase family of enzymes might modulate individual susceptibility towards development of clinical manifestations in COVID-19. The distribution of polymorphisms in cytosolic glutathione S-transferases GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272), and GSTT1 were assessed in 207 COVID-19 patients and 252 matched healthy individuals, emphasizing their individual and cumulative effect in disease development and severity. GST polymorphisms were determined by appropriate PCR methods. Among six GST polymorphisms analyzed in this study, GSTP1 rs1695 and GSTM3 were found to be associated with COVID-19. Indeed, the data obtained showed that individuals carrying variant GSTP1-Val allele exhibit lower odds of COVID-19 development (p = 0.002), contrary to carriers of variant GSTM3-CC genotype which have higher odds for COVID-19 (p = 0.024). Moreover, combined GSTP1 (rs1138272 and rs1695) and GSTM3 genotype exhibited cumulative risk regarding both COVID-19 occurrence and COVID-19 severity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.025, respectively). Further studies are needed to clarify the exact roles of specific glutathione S-transferases once the SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Todorovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Cardiology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Tong YP, Shen XF, Li C, Zhou Q, Jiang CX, Li N, Xie ZD, Zhu ZP, Wang JX. Unveiling Potential Active Constituents and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Pudilanxiaoyan Oral Liquid for Anti-Coronavirus Pneumonia Using Network Pharmacology. Pharmaceutical Fronts 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), defined as a worldwide pandemic, has been a public health emergency of international concern. Pudilanxiaoyan oral liquid (PDL), an effective drug of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is considered to be an effective and alternative means for clinical prevention of COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to identify potential active constituents of PDL, and explore its underlying anti-COVID-19 mechanism using network pharmacology. Integration of target prediction (SwissTargetPrediction and STITCH database) was used to elucidate the active components of PDL. Protein–protein interaction network analyses, gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses, network construction, and molecular docking were applied to analyze the prospective mechanisms of the predicted target genes. Our results showed that the key active ingredients in PDL were luteolin, apigenin, esculetin, chrysin, baicalein, oroxylin A, baicalin, wogonin, cymaroside, and gallic acid. A majority of the predicted targets were mainly involved in the pathways related to viral infection, lung injury, and inflammatory responses. An in vitro study further inferred that inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor (NF)-кB signaling pathway was a key mechanism by which PDL exerted anti-COVID-19 effects. This study not only provides chemical basis and pharmacology of PDL but also the rationale for strategies to exploring future TCM for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Peng Tong
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Shen
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Characteristic Preparations for Paediatrics, Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiao Jiang
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Da Xie
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Ping Zhu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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17
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Zheng W, Wu H, Liu C, Yan Q, Wang T, Wu P, Liu X, Jiang Y, Zhan S. Identification of COVID-19 and Dengue Host Factor Interaction Networks Based on Integrative Bioinformatics Analyses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707287. [PMID: 34394108 PMCID: PMC8356054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become an international public health crisis, and the number of cases with dengue co-infection has raised concerns. Unfortunately, treatment options are currently limited or even unavailable. Thus, the aim of our study was to explore the underlying mechanisms and identify potential therapeutic targets for co-infection. Methods To further understand the mechanisms underlying co-infection, we used a series of bioinformatics analyses to build host factor interaction networks and elucidate biological process and molecular function categories, pathway activity, tissue-specific enrichment, and potential therapeutic agents. Results We explored the pathologic mechanisms of COVID-19 and dengue co-infection, including predisposing genes, significant pathways, biological functions, and possible drugs for intervention. In total, 460 shared host factors were collected; among them, CCL4 and AhR targets were important. To further analyze biological functions, we created a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and performed Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) analysis. In addition, common signaling pathways were acquired, and the toll-like receptor and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways exerted a significant effect on the interaction. Upregulated genes were identified based on the activity score of dysregulated genes, such as IL-1, Hippo, and TNF-α. We also conducted tissue-specific enrichment analysis and found ICAM-1 and CCL2 to be highly expressed in the lung. Finally, candidate drugs were screened, including resveratrol, genistein, and dexamethasone. Conclusions This study probes host factor interaction networks for COVID-19 and dengue and provides potential drugs for clinical practice. Although the findings need to be verified, they contribute to the treatment of co-infection and the management of respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiang Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxin Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Yan
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Zhu QC, Li S, Yuan LX, Chen RA, Liu DX, Fung TS. Induction of the Proinflammatory Chemokine Interleukin-8 Is Regulated by Integrated Stress Response and AP-1 Family Proteins Activated during Coronavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115646. [PMID: 34073283 PMCID: PMC8198748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6. Although they facilitate local antiviral immunity, their excessive release leads to life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, exemplified by the severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this study, we investigated the roles of the integrated stress response (ISR) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) family proteins in regulating coronavirus-induced IL-8 and IL-6 upregulation. The mRNA expression of IL-8 and IL-6 was significantly induced in cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a gammacoronavirus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, an alphacoronavirus. Overexpression of a constitutively active phosphomimetic mutant of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), chemical inhibition of its dephosphorylation, or overexpression of its upstream double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) significantly enhanced IL-8 mRNA expression in IBV-infected cells. Overexpression of the AP-1 protein cJUN or its upstream kinase also increased the IBV-induced IL-8 mRNA expression, which was synergistically enhanced by overexpression of cFOS. Taken together, this study demonstrated the important regulatory roles of ISR and AP-1 proteins in IL-8 production during coronavirus infection, highlighting the complex interactions between cellular stress pathways and the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chun Zhu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Shumin Li
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Li Xia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Zhaoqing Branch, Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
- Zhaoqing Branch, Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- Correspondence: or (D.X.L.); (T.S.F.)
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
- Correspondence: or (D.X.L.); (T.S.F.)
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19
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Yang H, Guo J, Wang Z. Doxycycline Induces Apoptosis of Brucella Suis S2 Strain-Infected HMC3 Microglial Cells by Activating Calreticulin-Dependent JNK/p53 Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:640847. [PMID: 33996626 PMCID: PMC8113685 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.640847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurobrucellosis is a chronic complication of human brucellosis that is caused by the presence of Brucella spp in the central nervous system (CNS) and the inflammation play a key role on the pathogenesis. Doxycycline (Dox) is a widely used antibiotic that induces apoptosis of bacteria-infected cells. However, the mechanisms of Brucella inhibition of microglial apoptosis and Dox induction of apoptosis are still poorly understood. In this study, we found that Brucella suis S2 strain (B. suis S2) increased calreticulin (CALR) protein levels and inhbited HMC3 cell apoptosis. Hence, we constructed two HMC3 cell line variants, one with stable overexpression (HMC3-CALR) and one with low expression of CALR (HMC3-sh-CALR). CALR was found to decrease levels of p-JNK and p-p53 proteins, as well as suppress apoptosis in HMC3 cells. These findings suggest that CALR suppresses apoptosis by inhibiting the JNK/p53 signaling pathway. Next, we treated HMC3, HMC3-CALR and HMC3-sh-CALR cell lines with B. suis S2 or Dox. Our results demonstrate that B. suis S2 restrains the JNK/p53 signaling pathway to inhibit HMC3 cell apoptosis via increasing CALR protein expression, while Dox plays the opposite role. Finally, we treated B. suis S2-infected HMC3 cells with Dox. Our results confirm that Dox induces JNK/p53-dependent apoptosis in B. suis S2-infected HMC3 cells through inhibition of CALR protein expression. Taken together, these results reveal that CALR and the JNK/p53 signaling pathway may serve as novel therapeutic targets for treatment of neurobrucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanbai Wang
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratory, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Emergency Department, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiayu Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Neurology Center, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Technology Research Center of Nervous System Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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20
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Amere Subbarao S. Cancer vs. SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, overlapping functions, and pharmacological targeting. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:343-366. [PMID: 33723711 PMCID: PMC7959277 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an intrinsic defence mechanism triggered by the immune system against infection or injury. Chronic inflammation allows the host to recover or adapt through cellular and humoral responses, whereas acute inflammation leads to cytokine storms resulting in tissue damage. In this review, we present the overlapping outcomes of cancer inflammation with virus-induced inflammation. The study emphasises how anti-inflammatory drugs that work against cancer inflammation may work against the inflammation caused by the viral infection. It is established that the cytokine storm induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to disease-associated mortality. While cancer remains the second among the diseases associated with mortality worldwide, cancer patients' mortality rates are often observed upon extended periods after illness, usually ranging from months to years. However, the mortality rates associated with COVID-19 disease are robust. The cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to be responsible for the multi-organ failure and increased mortality rates. Since both cancer and COVID-19 disease share overlapping inflammatory mechanisms, repurposing some anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs for COVID-19 may lower mortality rates. Here, we review some of these inflammatory mechanisms and propose some potential chemotherapeutic agents to intervene in them. We also discuss the repercussions of anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and hydroxychloroquine with zinc or antiviral drugs such as ivermectin and remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In this review, we emphasise on various possibilities to reduce SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm.
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21
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Gioti K, Kottaridi C, Voyiatzaki C, Chaniotis D, Rampias T, Beloukas A. Animal Coronaviruses Induced Apoptosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030185. [PMID: 33652685 PMCID: PMC7996831 DOI: 10.3390/life11030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed death that has also been observed in cells infected by several viruses. It is considered one of the most critical innate immune mechanisms that limits pathogen proliferation and propagation before the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Recent studies investigating the cellular responses to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that coronaviruses can alter cellular homeostasis and promote cell death, providing evidence that the modulation of apoptotic pathways is important for viral replication and propagation. Despite the genetic diversity among different coronavirus clades and the infection of different cell types and several hosts, research studies in animal coronaviruses indicate that apoptosis in host cells is induced by common molecular mechanisms and apoptotic pathways. We summarize and critically review current knowledge on the molecular aspects of cell-death regulation during animal coronaviruses infection and the viral–host interactions to this process. Future research is expected to lead to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death during coronavirus infection. Moreover, investigating the role of viral proteins in this process will help us to identify novel antiviral targets related to apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gioti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysa Voyiatzaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Dimitrios Chaniotis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Basic Research Center, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (A.B.)
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22
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Yuan LX, Liang JQ, Zhu QC, Dai G, Li S, Fung TS, Liu DX. Gammacoronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Alphacoronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Exploit a Cell-Survival Strategy via Upregulation of cFOS to Promote Viral Replication. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI. [PMID: 33239458 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02107-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to optimize cellular microenvironment for efficient replication. In this study, we report the induction of AP-1 transcription factors by coronavirus infection based on genome-wide analyses of differentially expressed genes in cells infected with avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Most members of the AP-1 transcription factors were subsequently found to be upregulated during the course of IBV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection of cultured cells as well as in IBV-infected chicken embryos. Further characterization of the induction kinetics and functional roles of cFOS in IBV replication demonstrated that upregulation of cFOS at early to intermediate phases of IBV replication cycles suppresses IBV-induced apoptosis and promotes viral replication. Blockage of nuclear translocation of cFOS by peptide inhibitor NLSP suppressed IBV replication and apoptosis, ruling out the involvement of the cytoplasmic functions of cFOS in the replication of IBV. Furthermore, knockdown of ERK1/2 and inhibition of JNK and p38 kinase activities reduced cFOS upregulation and IBV replication. This study reveals an important function of cFOS in the regulation of coronavirus-induced apoptosis, facilitating viral replication.IMPORTANCE The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a newly emerged zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), highlights the importance of coronaviruses as human and animal pathogens and our knowledge gaps in understanding the cellular mechanisms, especially mechanisms shared among human and animal coronaviruses, exploited by coronaviruses for optimal replication and enhanced pathogenicity. This study reveals that upregulation of cFOS, along with other AP-1 transcription factors, as a cell-survival strategy is such a mechanism utilized by coronaviruses during their replication cycles. Through induction and regulation of apoptosis of the infected cells at early to intermediate phases of the replication cycles, subtle but appreciable differences in coronavirus replication efficiency were observed when the expression levels of cFOS were manipulated in the infected cells. As the AP-1 transcription factors are multi-functional, further studies of their regulatory roles in proinflammatory responses may provide new insights into the pathogenesis and virus-host interactions during coronavirus infection.
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23
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Sun X, Wang Z, Shao C, Yu J, Liu H, Chen H, Li L, Wang X, Ren Y, Huang X, Zhang R, Li G. Analysis of chicken macrophage functions and gene expressions following infectious bronchitis virus M41 infection. Vet Res 2021; 52:14. [PMID: 33509253 PMCID: PMC7841764 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogenic coronavirus with high morbidity and mortality in chicken breeding. Macrophages with normal biofunctions are essential for host immune responses. In this study, the HD11 chicken macrophage cell line and chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages (PBMCs-Mφ) were infected with IBV at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. The dynamic changes of their biofunctions, including cell viability, pathogen elimination function, phagocytic ability, and gene expressions of related proteins/mediators in innate and acquired immunity, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis were analyzed. Results showed that IBV infection decreased chicken macrophage viability and phagocytic ability, and increased pathogen elimination function. Moreover, IBV augmented the gene expressions of most related proteins in macrophages involved in multiple host bioprocesses, and the dynamic changes of gene expressions had a close relationship with virus replication. Among them, MHCII, Fc receptor, TLR3, IFN-α, CCL4, MIF, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS showed significantly higher expressions in IBV-infected cells. However, TLR7, MyD88, MDA5, IFN-γ, MHCII, Fc receptor, MARCO, CD36, MIF, XCL1, CXCL12, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-10 showed early decreased expressions. Overall, chicken macrophages play an important role in host innate and acquired immune responses to resist IBV infection, despite early damage or suppression. Moreover, the IBV-induced autophagy and apoptosis might participate in the virus-host cell interaction which is attributed to the biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Changhao Shao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haoyun Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lu Li
- Large Scale Instrument and Equipment Sharing Service Platform, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electrical and Information Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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24
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Ike AC, Ononugbo CM, Obi OJ, Onu CJ, Olovo CV, Muo SO, Chukwu OS, Reward EE, Omeke OP. Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 33406695 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The immunology of avian has been well studied and numerous vaccines have been developed against the two viruses. Most of these vaccines are either inactivated vaccines or live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines induce weak cellular immune responses and require priming with live or other types of vaccines. Advanced technology has been used to produce several types of vaccines that can initiate prime immune responses. However, as a result of rapid genetic variations, the control of these two viral infections through vaccination has remained a challenge. Using various strategies such as combination of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, development of IB/ND vaccines, use of DNA vaccines and transgenic plant vaccines, the problem is being surmounted. It is hoped that with increasing understanding of the immunological mechanisms in birds that are used in fighting these viruses, a more successful control of the diseases will be achieved. This will go a long way in contributing to global food security and the economic development of many developing countries, given the role of poultry in the attainment of these goals.
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25
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Sharma P, Pandey AK, Bhattacharyya DK. Determining crucial genes associated with COVID-19 based on COPD Findings ✶,✶✶. Comput Biol Med 2020; 128:104126. [PMID: 33260035 PMCID: PMC7680043 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Genes act in groups known as gene modules, which accomplish different cellular functions in the body. The modular nature of gene networks was used in this study to detect functionally enriched modules in samples obtained from COPD patients. We analyzed modules extracted from COPD samples and identified crucial genes associated with the disease COVID-19. We also extracted modules from a COVID-19 dataset and analyzed a suspected set of genes that may be associated with this deadly disease. We used information available for two other viruses that cause SARS and MERS because their physiology is similar to that of the COVID-19 virus. We report several crucial genes associated with COVID-19: RPA2, POLD4, MAPK8, IRF7, JUN, NFKB1, NFKBIA, CD40LG, FASLG, ICAM1, LIFR, STAT2 and CCR1. Most of these genes are related to the immune system and respiratory organs, which emphasizes the fact that COPD weakens this system and makes patients more susceptible to developing severe COVID-19. Association of respiratory disease COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) with COVID-19. Discuss the resemblance between SARS, MERS and COVID-19 causal agents. Uses gene module analysis and pathway information to determine the role of genes which may be associated with COVID-19. Few interesting genes were found which might be potentially useful in designing drugs targeting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of IT, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 828123, India.
| | - Anuj K Pandey
- Department of EE, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 828123, India
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26
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Khazeei Tabari MA, Khoshhal H, Tafazoli A, Khandan M, Bagheri A. Applying computer simulations in battling with COVID-19, using pre-analyzed molecular and chemical data to face the pandemic. Inform Med Unlocked 2020; 21:100458. [PMID: 33102687 PMCID: PMC7568469 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made many concerns for healthcare services especially, in finding useful therapeutic(s). Despite the scientists’ struggle to find and/or creating possible drugs, so far there is no treatment with high efficiency for the disease. During the pandemic, researchers have performed some molecular analyses to find potential therapeutics out of both the natural and synthetic available medicines. Computer simulations and related data have shown a significant role in drug discovery and development before. In this field, antiviral drugs, phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory agents, etc. were essential groups of compounds tested against COVID-19, using molecular modeling, molecular dynamics (MD), and docking tools. The results indicate promising effects of such compounds to be used in further experimental and clinical trials; Chloroquine, Chloroquine-OH, and Umifenovir as viral entry inhibitors, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Lopinavir, Ritonavir, and Darunavir as viral replication inhibitors, and Sirolimus are the examples, which were tested clinically on patients after comprehensive assessments of the available data on molecular simulation. This review summarizes the outcomes of various computer simulations data in the battle against COVID-19. More knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 genomic and structural characterization is necessary. Computer simulation can find possible natural or synthetic compounds for COVID-19. Molecular docking compares binding affinity of drugs to COVID-19 related targets. Network drug repurposing determines COVID-19 associated target genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hooman Khoshhal
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Tafazoli
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.,Genomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mohanna Khandan
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,USERN Office, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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27
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Gupta I, Rizeq B, Elkord E, Vranic S, Al Moustafa AE. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Lung Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Modalities. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2186. [PMID: 32764454 PMCID: PMC7464614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, are emerging pandemic infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality in certain group of patients. In general, SARS-CoV-2 causes symptoms ranging from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome in addition to other organs' destruction. The main impact upon SARS-CoV-2 infection is damage to alveolar and acute respiratory failure. Thus, lung cancer patients are identified as a particularly high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications. On the other hand, it has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), that promotes cellular entry of this virus in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Today, there are no vaccines and/or effective drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Thus, manipulation of key entry genes of this virus especially in lung cancer patients could be one of the best approaches to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection in this group of patients. We herein provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the role of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 genes, as key entry elements as well as therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can help to better understand the applications and capacities of various remedial approaches for infected individuals, especially those with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Balsam Rizeq
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute & 4Hamad Bin Khalifa University, 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; (I.G.); (B.R.); (S.V.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
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28
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Sun L, Sarath Babu V, Qin Z, Su Y, Liu C, Shi F, Zhao L, Li J, Chen K, Lin L. Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) infection alters striped snakehead (Ophicephalus striatus) cells (SSN-1) glutamine metabolism and apoptosis pathways. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 102:36-46. [PMID: 32289513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) causes enormous economic losses in snakehead fish (Ophicephalus striatus) culture. Understanding replication mechanisms of virus is considerable significance in preventing and treating viral disease. In our previous studies, we have reported that glutamine starvation could significant inhibit the replication of SHVV. Furthermore, we also showed that SHVV infection could cause apoptosis of striped snakehead fish cells (SSN-1). However, the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. To decipher the relationships among the viral infection, glutamine starvation and apoptosis, SSN-1 cells transcriptomic profilings of SSN-1 cells infected with or without SHVV under glutamine deprived condition were analyzed. RNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Our data revealed that 1215 up-regulated and 226 down-regulated genes at 24 h post-infection were involved in MAPK, apoptosis, RIG-1-like and toll-like receptors pathways and glutamine metabolism. Subsequently, DEGs of glutamine metabolism and apoptosis pathways were selected to validate the sequencing data by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression patterns of both transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR were consistent. We observed that lack of glutamine alone could cause mild cellular apoptosis. However, lack of glutamine together with SHVV infection could synergistically enhance cellular apoptosis. When the cells were cultured in complete medium with glutamine, overexpression of glutaminase (GLS), an essential enzyme for glutamine metabolism, could significantly enhance the SHVV replication. While, SHVV replication was decreased in cells when GLS was knocked down by specific siRNA, indicating that glutamine metabolism was essential for viral replication. Furthermore, the expression level of caspase-3 and Bax was significantly decreased in SHVV infected cells with GLS overexpression. By contrast, they were significantly increased in SHVV infected cells with GLS silence by SiRNA, indicating that SHVV infection activated the Bax and caspase-3 pathways to induce apoptosis independent of glutamine. Our results reveal that SHVV replication and starvation of glutamine could synergistically promote the cellular apoptosis, which will pave a new way for developing strategies against the vial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - V Sarath Babu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Youlu Su
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA.
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Abstract
Plants are a rich source of new antiviral, pharmacologically active agents. The naturally occurring plant alkaloid berberine (BBR) is one of the phytochemicals with a broad range of biological activity, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity. BBR targets different steps in the viral life cycle and is thus a good candidate for use in novel antiviral drugs and therapies. It has been shown that BBR reduces virus replication and targets specific interactions between the virus and its host. BBR intercalates into DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis and reverse transcriptase activity. It inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This isoquinoline alkaloid has the ability to regulate the MEK-ERK, AMPK/mTOR, and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are necessary for viral replication. Furthermore, it has been reported that BBR supports the host immune response, thus leading to viral clearance. In this short review, we focus on the most recent studies on the antiviral properties of berberine and its derivatives, which might be promising agents to be considered in future studies in the fight against the current pandemic SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
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Chen H, Feng R, Muhammad I, Abbas G, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Huang X, Zhang R, Diao L, Wang X, Li G. Protective effects of hypericin against infectious bronchitis virus induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in chicken embryo kidney cells. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6367-6377. [PMID: 31399732 PMCID: PMC7107269 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Hypericin (HY) is an excellent compound that has been investigated in antiviral, antineoplastic, and antidepressant. To investigate the inhibition effect of HY on IBV infection in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells, 3 different experimental designs: pre-treatment of cells prior to IBV infection, direct treatment of IBV-infected cells, and pre-treatment of IBV prior to cell infection were used. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy were performed and virus titer was determined by TCID50. The results revealed that HY had a good anti-IBV effect when HY directly treated the IBV-infected cells, and virus infectivity decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HY inhibited IBV-induced apoptosis in CEK cells, and significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of Fas, FasL, JNK, Bax, Caspase 3, and Caspase 8, and significantly increased Bcl-2 mRNA expression level in CEK cells. In addition, HY treatment could decrease IBV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in CEK cells. These results suggested that HY showed potential antiviral activities against IBV infection involving the inhibition of apoptosis and ROS generation in CEK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Chen
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- College of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lei Diao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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An TQ, Li JN, Su CM, Yoo D. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms for PRRSV Pathogenesis and Host Response to Infection. Virus Res 2020; 286:197980. [PMID: 32311386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PRRSV has evolved to arm with various strategies to modify host antiviral response. Viral modulation of homeostatic cellular processes provides favorable conditions for PRRSV survival during infection. PRRSV modulation of cellular processes includes pathways for interferons, apoptosis, microRNAs, cytokines, autophagy, and viral genome recombination.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused tremendous amounts of economic losses to the swine industry for more than three decades, but its control is still unsatisfactory. A significant amount of information is available for host cell-virus interactions during infection, and it is evident that PRRSV has evolved to equip various strategies to disrupt the host antiviral system and provide favorable conditions for survival. The current study reviews viral strategies for modulations of cellular processes including innate immunity, apoptosis, microRNAs, inflammatory cytokines, and other cellular pathways.
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Huang J, Song W, Huang H, Sun Q. Pharmacological Therapeutics Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Proteinase and Spike Protein: From Mechanistic Studies to Clinical Trials for COVID-19. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1131. [PMID: 32326602 PMCID: PMC7231166 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of novel coronavirus-related pneumonia COVID-19, that was identified in December 2019, has expanded rapidly, with cases now confirmed in more than 211 countries or areas. This constant transmission of a novel coronavirus and its ability to spread from human to human have prompted scientists to develop new approaches for treatment of COVID-19. A recent study has shown that remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the replication and infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCov) in vitro. In the United States, one case of COVID-19 was successfully treated with compassionate use of remdesivir in January of 2020. In addition, a clinically proven protease inhibitor, camostat mesylate, has been demonstrated to inhibit Calu-3 infection with SARS-CoV-2 and prevent SARS-2-spike protein (S protein)-mediated entry into primary human lung cells. Here, we systemically discuss the pharmacological therapeutics targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), proteinase and S protein for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review should shed light on the fundamental rationale behind inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 enzymes RdRp as new therapeutic approaches for management of patients with COVID-19. In addition, we will discuss the viability and challenges in targeting RdRp and proteinase, and application of natural product quinoline and its analog chloroquine for treatment of coronavirus infection. Finally, determining the structural-functional relationships of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 will provide new insights into inhibition of interactions between S protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and enable us to develop novel therapeutic approaches for novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 318 Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenliang Song
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 318 Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hui Huang
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Quancai Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, Huang Y, Martin W, Cheng F. Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Cell Discov 2020; 6:14. [PMID: 32194980 PMCID: PMC7073332 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 962] [Impact Index Per Article: 240.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, also known as SARS-CoV-2), lead global epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. However, there are currently no effective drugs targeting 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2. Drug repurposing, representing as an effective drug discovery strategy from existing drugs, could shorten the time and reduce the cost compared to de novo drug discovery. In this study, we present an integrative, antiviral drug repurposing methodology implementing a systems pharmacology-based network medicine platform, quantifying the interplay between the HCoV-host interactome and drug targets in the human protein-protein interaction network. Phylogenetic analyses of 15 HCoV whole genomes reveal that 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 shares the highest nucleotide sequence identity with SARS-CoV (79.7%). Specifically, the envelope and nucleocapsid proteins of 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 are two evolutionarily conserved regions, having the sequence identities of 96% and 89.6%, respectively, compared to SARS-CoV. Using network proximity analyses of drug targets and HCoV-host interactions in the human interactome, we prioritize 16 potential anti-HCoV repurposable drugs (e.g., melatonin, mercaptopurine, and sirolimus) that are further validated by enrichment analyses of drug-gene signatures and HCoV-induced transcriptomics data in human cell lines. We further identify three potential drug combinations (e.g., sirolimus plus dactinomycin, mercaptopurine plus melatonin, and toremifene plus emodin) captured by the "Complementary Exposure" pattern: the targets of the drugs both hit the HCoV-host subnetwork, but target separate neighborhoods in the human interactome network. In summary, this study offers powerful network-based methodologies for rapid identification of candidate repurposable drugs and potential drug combinations targeting 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Yuan Hou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Jiayu Shen
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Yin Huang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - William Martin
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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Li S, Yuan L, Dai G, Chen RA, Liu DX, Fung TS. Regulation of the ER Stress Response by the Ion Channel Activity of the Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Envelope Protein Modulates Virion Release, Apoptosis, Viral Fitness, and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3022. [PMID: 32038520 PMCID: PMC6992538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) envelope (E) protein is a small structural protein critical for virion morphogenesis and release. The recently characterized E protein ion channel activity (EIC) has also been implicated in modulating viral pathogenesis. In this study, we used infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) as a model to study EIC. Two recombinant IBVs (rIBVs) harboring EIC-inactivating mutations – rT16A and rA26F – were serially passaged, and several compensatory mutations were identified in the transmembrane domain (TMD). Two rIBVs harboring these putative EIC-reverting mutations – rT16A/A26V and rA26F/F14N – were recovered. Compared with the parental rIBV-p65 control, all four EIC mutants exhibited comparable levels of intracellular RNA synthesis, structural protein production, and virion assembly. Our results showed that the IBV EIC contributed to the induction of ER stress response, as up-regulation of ER stress-related genes was markedly reduced in cells infected with the EIC-defective mutants. EIC-defective mutants also formed smaller plaques, released significantly less infectious virions into the culture supernatant, and had lower levels of viral fitness in cell culture. Significantly, all these defective phenotypes were restored in cells infected with the putative EIC revertants. EIC mutations were also implicated in regulating IBV-induced apoptosis, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and viral pathogenicity in vivo. Taken together, this study highlights the importance of CoV EIC in modulating virion release and various aspects of CoV – host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Dai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Zhaoqing DaHuaNong Biology Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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He Y, Cao L, Wang L, Liu L, Huang Y, Gong X. Metformin Inhibits Proliferation of Human Thyroid Cancer TPC-1 Cells by Decreasing LRP2 to Suppress the JNK Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:45-50. [PMID: 32021253 PMCID: PMC6954091 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s227915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To uncover the potential effect of metformin on proliferation and apoptosis of thyroid cancer TPC-1 cell line, and the underlying mechanism. Methods Viability, apoptosis and LRP2 level in TPC-1 cells treated with different doses of metformin for different time points were determined. Besides, protein levels of p-JNK1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in metformin-treated TPC-1 cells were detected by Western blot. Regulatory effects of LRP2 on the JNK pathway and cell viability in metformin-treated TPC-1 cells were assessed. Results Viability in TPC-1 cells gradually decreased with the treatment of increased doses of metformin either for 24 h or 48 h. The apoptotic rate was concentration-dependently elevated by metformin treatment. Relative levels of LRP2 and p-JNK1 were concentration-dependently downregulated by metformin treatment. In addition, overexpression of LRP2 partially abolished the inhibitory effect of metformin on the viability of TPC-1 cells. Conclusion Metformin treatment suppresses the proliferative ability and induces apoptosis of TPC-1 cells by downregulating LRP2 to block the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiujiang No 1 People's Hospital (Affiliated Jiujiang Hospital of Nanchang University), Jiujiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China.,School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Replication of HCoV is regulated by a diversity of host factors and induces drastic alterations in cellular structure and physiology. Activation of critical signaling pathways during HCoV infection modulates the induction of antiviral immune response and contributes to the pathogenesis of HCoV. Recent studies have begun to reveal some fundamental aspects of the intricate HCoV-host interaction in mechanistic detail. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of host factors co-opted and signaling pathways activated during HCoV infection, with an emphasis on HCoV-infection-induced stress response, autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immunity. The cross talk among these pathways, as well as the modulatory strategies utilized by HCoV, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China;
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Fung TS, Liu DX. The ER stress sensor IRE1 and MAP kinase ERK modulate autophagy induction in cells infected with coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2019; 533:34-44. [PMID: 31082732 PMCID: PMC7112053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces the generation of autophagosomes, and certain host proteins regulating cellular autophagy are hijacked by some coronaviruses to facilitate the formation of double membrane vesicles. However, mechanisms underlying coronavirus-induced autophagy remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that autophagosome formation and apparent autophagic flux are induced in cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) - a gammacoronavirus. Notably, IBV-induced autophagy was dependent on autophagy related 5 (ATG5) but not beclin1 (BECN1), although both are essential proteins in the canonical autophagy pathway. Moreover, the ER stress sensor inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), but not its substrate X-box protein 1 (XBP1), was also essential for the induction of autophagy during IBV infection. Finally, the anti-apoptotic extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) also contributed to IBV-induced autophagy. Our findings add new knowledge to the regulatory mechanisms governing coronavirus-induced autophagy, highlighting an extensive cross-talk among cellular signaling pathways during coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Liang JQ, Fang S, Yuan Q, Huang M, Chen RA, Fung TS, Liu DX. N-Linked glycosylation of the membrane protein ectodomain regulates infectious bronchitis virus-induced ER stress response, apoptosis and pathogenesis. Virology 2019; 531:48-56. [PMID: 30852271 PMCID: PMC7112112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus membrane (M) protein is the most abundant structural protein playing a critical role in virion assembly. Previous studies show that the N-terminal ectodomain of M protein is modified by glycosylation, but its precise functions are yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, we confirm that N-linked glycosylation occurs at two predicted sites in the M protein ectodomain of infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV). Dual mutations at the two sites (N3D/N6D) did not affect particle assembly, virus-like particle formation and viral replication in culture cells. However, activation of the ER stress response was significantly reduced in cells infected with rN3D/N6D, correlated with a lower level of apoptosis and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, this study demonstrates that although not essential for replication, glycosylation in the IBV M protein ectodomain plays important roles in activating ER stress, apoptosis and proinflammatory response, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi Liang
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouguo Fang
- Agricultural School, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmilu, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China; Zhaoqing DaHuaNong Biology Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the etiologic agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), a devastating disease of swine that poses a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. The induction of apoptosis in host cells is suggested to be the key cellular mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of PRRS. Various signaling pathways have been identified to be involved in regulating PRRSV-induced apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the potential signaling pathways that contribute to PRRSV-induced apoptosis, and propose the issues that need to be addressed in future studies for a better understanding of the molecular basis underlying the pathogenesis of PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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