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Luebbert L, Sullivan DK, Carilli M, Hjörleifsson KE, Winnett AV, Chari T, Pachter L. Efficient and accurate detection of viral sequences at single-cell resolution reveals putative novel viruses perturbing host gene expression. bioRxiv 2024:2023.12.11.571168. [PMID: 38168363 PMCID: PMC10760059 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
There are an estimated 300,000 mammalian viruses from which infectious diseases in humans may arise. They inhabit human tissues such as the lungs, blood, and brain and often remain undetected. Efficient and accurate detection of viral infection is vital to understanding its impact on human health and to make accurate predictions to limit adverse effects, such as future epidemics. The increasing use of high-throughput sequencing methods in research, agriculture, and healthcare provides an opportunity for the cost-effective surveillance of viral diversity and investigation of virus-disease correlation. However, existing methods for identifying viruses in sequencing data rely on and are limited to reference genomes or cannot retain single-cell resolution through cell barcode tracking. We introduce a method that accurately and rapidly detects viral sequences in bulk and single-cell transcriptomics data based on highly conserved amino acid domains, which enables the detection of RNA viruses covering up to 10 12 virus species. The analysis of viral presence and host gene expression in parallel at single-cell resolution allows for the characterization of host viromes and the identification of viral tropism and host responses. We applied our method to identify putative novel viruses in rhesus macaque PBMC data that display cell type specificity and whose presence correlates with altered host gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Luebbert
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Delaney K. Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
- UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria Carilli
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Alexander Viloria Winnett
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
- UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tara Chari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Lior Pachter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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2
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) traffics lipids in the central nervous system. The E4 variant of APOE is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a multitude of other neurodegenerative diseases, yet the molecular mechanisms by which APOE4 drives disease are still unclear. A growing collection of studies in iPSC models, knock-in mice, and human postmortem brain tissue have demonstrated that APOE4 expression in astrocytes and microglia is associated with the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, defects in endolysosomal trafficking, impaired mitochondrial metabolism, upregulation of innate immune pathways, and a transition into a reactive state. In this review, we collate these developments and suggest testable mechanistic hypotheses that could explain common APOE4 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Windham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Trevino TN, Almousawi AA, Robinson KF, Fogel AB, Class J, Minshall RD, Tai LM, Richner JM, Lutz SE. Caveolin-1 mediates blood-brain barrier permeability, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 388:578309. [PMID: 38335781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability can cause neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) critically regulates BBB permeability, but its influence on the BBB and consequent neurological outcomes in respiratory viral infections is unknown. We used Cav-1-deficient mice with genetically encoded fluorescent endothelial tight junctions to determine how Cav-1 influences BBB permeability, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment following respiratory infection with mouse adapted (MA10) SARS-CoV-2 as a model for COVID-19. We found that SARS-CoV-2 infection increased brain endothelial Cav-1 and increased transcellular BBB permeability to albumin, decreased paracellular BBB Claudin-5 tight junctions, and caused T lymphocyte infiltration in the hippocampus, a region important for learning and memory. Concordantly, we observed learning and memory deficits in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Importantly, genetic deficiency in Cav-1 attenuated transcellular BBB permeability and paracellular BBB tight junction losses, T lymphocyte infiltration, and gliosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, Cav-1 KO mice were protected from the learning and memory deficits caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results establish the contribution of Cav-1 to BBB permeability and behavioral dysfunction induced by SARS-CoV-2 neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy N Trevino
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - Ali A Almousawi
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - KaReisha F Robinson
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - Avital B Fogel
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - Jake Class
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - Leon M Tai
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - Justin M Richner
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA
| | - Sarah E Lutz
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, USA.
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Millet A, Ledo JH, Tavazoie SF. An exhausted-like microglial population accumulates in aged and APOE4 genotype Alzheimer's brains. Immunity 2024; 57:153-170.e6. [PMID: 38159571 PMCID: PMC10805152 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The dominant risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) are advanced age and the APOE4 genetic variant. To examine how these factors alter neuroimmune function, we generated an integrative, longitudinal single-cell atlas of brain immune cells in AD model mice bearing the three common human APOE alleles. Transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility analyses identified a reactive microglial population defined by the concomitant expression of inflammatory signals and cell-intrinsic stress markers whose frequency increased with age and APOE4 burden. An analogous population was detectable in the brains of human AD patients, including in the cortical tissue, using multiplexed spatial transcriptomics. This population, which we designate as terminally inflammatory microglia (TIM), exhibited defects in amyloid-β clearance and altered cell-cell communication during aducanumab treatment. TIM may represent an exhausted-like state for inflammatory microglia in the AD milieu that contributes to AD risk and pathology in APOE4 carriers and the elderly, thus presenting a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Millet
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jose Henrique Ledo
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, South Carolina Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Sohail F Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Lusiki Z, Blom D, Soko ND, Malema S, Jones E, Rayner B, Blackburn J, Sinxadi P, Dandara MT, Dandara C. Major Genetic Drivers of Statin Treatment Response in African Populations and Pharmacogenetics of Dyslipidemia Through a One Health Lens. OMICS 2023. [PMID: 37956269 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A One Health lens is increasingly significant to address the intertwined challenges in planetary health concerned with the health of humans, nonhuman animals, plants, and ecosystems. A One Health approach can benefit the public health systems in Africa that are overburdened by noncommunicable, infectious, and environmental diseases. Notably, the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the previously overlooked two-fold importance of pharmacogenetics (PGx), for individually tailored treatment of noncommunicable diseases and environmental pathogens. For example, dyslipidemia, a common cardiometabolic risk factor, has been identified as an independent COVID-19 severity risk factor. Observational data suggest that patients with COVID-19 infection receiving lipid-lowering therapy may have better outcomes. However, among African patients, the response to these drugs varies from patient to patient, pointing to the possible contribution of genetic variation in important pharmacogenes. The PGx of lipid-lowering therapies may underlie differences in treatment responses observed among dyslipidemia patients as well as patients comorbid with COVID-19 and dyslipidemia. Genetic variations in APOE, ABCB1, CETP, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, HMGCR, LDLR, NPC1L1, and SLCO1B1 genes affect the pharmacogenomics of statins, and they have individually been linked to differential responses to dyslipidemia and COVID-19 treatment. African populations are underrepresented in PGx research. This leads to poor accounting of additional diverse genetic variants that could be important in understanding interindividual and between-population variations in therapeutic responses to dyslipidemia and COVID-19. This expert review examines and synthesizes the salient and priority PGx variations, as seen through a One Health lens in Africa, to improve and inform personalized medicine in both dyslipidemia and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizo Lusiki
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Blom
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Lipidology and Cape Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nyarai D Soko
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Smangele Malema
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erika Jones
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Rayner
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Blackburn
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phumla Sinxadi
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michelle T Dandara
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
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Liang R, Rao H, Pang Q, Xu R, Jiao Z, Lin L, Li L, Zhong L, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Xiao N, Liu S, Chen XF, Su XZ, Li J. Human ApoE2 protects mice against Plasmodium berghei ANKA experimental cerebral malaria. mBio 2023; 14:e0234623. [PMID: 37874152 PMCID: PMC10746236 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection with acute brain lesions. Genetic variations in both host and parasite have been associated with susceptibility to CM, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that variants of human apolipoprotein E (hApoE) impact the outcome of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Mice carrying the hApoE2 isoform have fewer intracerebral hemorrhages and are more resistant to ECM than mice bearing the hApoE3, hApoE4, or endogenous murine ApoE (mApoE). hApoE2 mice infected with PbA showed increased splenomegaly and IFN-γ levels in serum but reduced cerebral cell apoptosis that correlated with the survival advantage against ECM. In addition, upregulated expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and downregulated expression of genes linked to immune responses were observed in the brain tissue of hApoE2 mice relative to ECM-susceptible mice after PbA infection. Notably, serum cholesterol and the cholesterol content of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are significantly higher in infected hApoE2 mice, which might contribute to a significant reduction in the sequestration of brain CD8+ T cells. Consistent with the finding that fewer brain lesions occurred in infected hApoE2 mice, fewer behavioral deficits were observed in the hApoE2 mice. Finally, a meta-analysis of publicly available data also showed an increased hApoE2 allele in the malaria-endemic African population, suggesting malaria selection. This study shows that hApoE2 protects mice from ECM through suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and migration to the brain and enhanced cholesterol metabolism.IMPORTANCECerebral malaria (CM) is the deadliest complication of malaria infection with an estimated 15%-25% mortality. Even with timely and effective treatment with antimalarial drugs such as quinine and artemisinin derivatives, survivors of CM may suffer long-term cognitive and neurological impairment. Here, we show that human apolipoprotein E variant 2 (hApoE2) protects mice from experimental CM (ECM) via suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and infiltration to the brain, enhanced cholesterol metabolism, and increased IFN-γ production, leading to reduced endothelial cell apoptosis, BBB disruption, and ECM symptoms. Our results suggest that hApoE can be an important factor for risk assessment and treatment of CM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hengjun Rao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yazhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Cao C, Fu G, Xu R, Li N. Coupling of Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk Factors with Viral Susceptibility and Inflammation. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1017. [PMID: 37962454 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by persistent cognitive decline. Amyloid plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles are the main pathological features of AD brain, though mechanisms leading to the formation of lesions remain to be understood. Genetic efforts through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified dozens of risk genes influencing the pathogenesis and progression of AD, some of which have been revealed in close association with increased viral susceptibilities and abnormal inflammatory responses in AD patients. In the present study, we try to present a list of AD candidate genes that have been shown to affect viral infection and inflammatory responses. Understanding of how AD susceptibility genes interact with the viral life cycle and potential inflammatory pathways would provide possible therapeutic targets for both AD and infectious diseases.
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Cui Q, Jeyachandran AV, Garcia G, Qin C, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Wang C, Sun G, Liu W, Zhou T, Feng L, Palmer C, Li Z, Aziz A, Gomperts BN, Feng P, Arumugaswami V, Shi Y. The Apolipoprotein E neutralizing antibody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking cellular entry of lipoviral particles. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e400. [PMID: 37822714 PMCID: PMC10563865 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although vaccines have helped to prevent uncontrolled viral spreading, our understanding of the fundamental biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains insufficient, which hinders effective therapeutic development. Here, we found that Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a lipid binding protein, is hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 for infection. Preincubation of SARS-CoV-2 with a neutralizing antibody specific to ApoE led to inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ApoE neutralizing antibody efficiently blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection of human iPSC-derived astrocytes and air-liquid interface organoid models in addition to human ACE2-expressing HEK293T cells and Calu-3 lung cells. ApoE mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry through binding to its cellular receptors such as the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). LDLR knockout or ApoE mutations at the receptor binding domain or an ApoE mimetic peptide reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we detected strong membrane LDLR expression on SARS-CoV-2 Spike-positive cells in human lung tissues, whereas no or low ACE2 expression was detected. This study provides a new paradigm for SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry through binding of ApoE on the lipoviral particles to host cell receptor(s). Moreover, this study suggests that ApoE neutralizing antibodies are promising antiviral therapies for COVID-19 by blocking entry of both parental virus and variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cui
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and ImmunityHerman Ostrow School of DentistryNorris Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Section of Infection and ImmunityHerman Ostrow School of DentistryNorris Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Guihua Sun
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lizhao Feng
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chance Palmer
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy CoreBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adam Aziz
- Mattel Children's Hospital UCLADepartment of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLAUCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation InstituteLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- UCLAMolecular Biology InstituteLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- UCLAJonsson Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- UCLAEli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineUCLADavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brigitte N. Gomperts
- Mattel Children's Hospital UCLADepartment of PediatricsDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLAUCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation InstituteLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- UCLAMolecular Biology InstituteLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- UCLAJonsson Comprehensive Cancer CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- UCLAEli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineUCLADavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and ImmunityHerman Ostrow School of DentistryNorris Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyUCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- UCLAEli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of HopeDuarteCaliforniaUSA
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Glette-Iversen I, Aven T, Flage R. A risk science perspective on vaccines. Risk Anal 2023. [PMID: 37748932 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can be seen as one of the greatest successes in modern medicine. Good examples are the vaccines against smallpox, polio, and measles. Unfortunately, vaccines can have side effects, but the risks are considered by the health authorities and experts to be small compared to their benefits. Nevertheless, there are many who are skeptical of vaccination, something which has been very clearly demonstrated in relation to the COVID-19 disease. Risk is the key concept when evaluating a vaccine, in relation to both its ability to protect against the disease and its side effects. However, risk is a challenging concept to measure, which makes communication about vaccines' performance and side effects difficult. The present article aims at providing new insights into vaccine risks-the understanding, perception, communication, and handling of them-by adopting what is here referred to as a contemporary risk science perspective. This perspective clarifies the relationships between the risk concept and terms like uncertainty, knowledge, and probability. The skepticism toward vaccines is multifaceted, and influenced by concerns that extend beyond the effectiveness and safety of the vaccines. However, by clarifying the relationships between key concepts of risk, particularly how uncertainty affects risk and its characterization, we can improve our understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Glette-Iversen
- Department of Safety, Economics and Planning, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Terje Aven
- Department of Safety, Economics and Planning, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Roger Flage
- Department of Safety, Economics and Planning, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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10
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Cho J, Alexander KL, Ferrell JL, Johnson LA, Estus S, D’Orazio SEF. Apolipoprotein E genotype affects innate susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection in aged male mice. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0025123. [PMID: 37594272 PMCID: PMC10501219 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00251-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a lipid transport protein that is hypothesized to suppress proinflammatory cytokine production, particularly after stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Studies using transgenic ApoE human replacement mice (APOE) expressing one of three different allelic variants suggest that there is a hierarchy in terms of responsiveness to proinflammatory stimuli such as APOE4/E4 > APOE3/E3 > APOE2/E2. In this study, we test the hypothesis that APOE genotype can also predict susceptibility to infection with the facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. We found that bone-marrow-derived macrophages isolated from aged APOE4/E4 mice expressed elevated levels of nitric oxide synthase 2 and were highly resistant to in vitro infection with L. monocytogenes compared to APOE3/E3 and APOE2/E2 mice. However, we did not find statistically significant differences in cytokine or chemokine output from either macrophages or whole splenocytes isolated from APOE2/E2, APOE3/E3, or APOE4/E4 mice following L. monocytogenes infection. In vivo, overall susceptibility to foodborne listeriosis also did not differ by APOE genotype in either young (2 mo old) or aged (15 mo old) C57BL/6 mice. However, we observed a sex-dependent susceptibility to infection in aged APOE2/E2 male mice and a sex-dependent resistance to infection in aged APOE4/E4 male mice that was not present in female mice. Thus, these results suggest that APOE genotype does not play an important role in innate resistance to infection with L. monocytogenes but may be linked to sex-dependent changes that occur during immune senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Katie L. Alexander
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jessica L. Ferrell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lance A. Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sarah E. F. D’Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein critical for lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. In addition to being a well known genetic determinant of both neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, ApoE is frequently involved in various viral infection-related diseases. Human ApoE protein is functionally polymorphic with three isoforms, namely, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, with markedly altered protein structures and functions. ApoE4 is associated with increased susceptibility to infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 and HIV. Conversely, ApoE4 protects against hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection. With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, ApoE4 has been shown to determine the incidence and progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. These findings clearly indicate the critical role of ApoE in viral infection. Furthermore, ApoE polymorphism has various or even opposite effects in these infection processes, which are partly related to the structural features that distinguish the different ApoE statuses. In the current review, we summarize the emerging relationship between ApoE and viral infection, discuss the potential mechanisms, and identify future directions that may help to advance our understanding of the link between ApoE and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Qiongwei Ke
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
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12
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Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that form a 3D network in all our tissues, where they phagocytose dying cells and cell debris, immune complexes, bacteria and other waste products. Simultaneously, they produce growth factors and signalling molecules - such activities not only promote host protection in response to invading microorganisms but are also crucial for organ development and homeostasis. There is mounting evidence of macrophages orchestrating fundamental physiological processes, such as blood vessel formation, adipogenesis, metabolism and central and peripheral neuronal function. In parallel, novel methodologies have led to the characterization of tissue-specific macrophages, with distinct subpopulations of these cells showing different developmental trajectories, transcriptional programmes and life cycles. Here, we summarize our growing knowledge of macrophage diversity and how macrophage subsets orchestrate tissue development and function. We further interrelate macrophage ontogeny with their core functions across tissues, that is, the signalling events within the macrophage niche that may control organ functionality during development, homeostasis and ageing. Finally, we highlight the open questions that will need to be addressed by future studies to better understand the tissue-specific functions of distinct macrophage subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Quan M, Wang X, Gong M, Wang Q, Li Y, Jia J. Post-COVID cognitive dysfunction: current status and research recommendations for high risk population. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 38:100836. [PMID: 37457901 PMCID: PMC10344681 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Post-COVID cognitive dysfunction (PCCD) is a condition in which patients with a history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, usually three months from the onset, exhibit subsequent cognitive impairment in various cognitive domains, and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. While our knowledge of the risk factors and management strategy of PCCD is still incomplete, it is necessary to integrate current epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment evidence, and form consensus criteria to better understand this disease to improve disease management. Identifying the risk factors and vulnerable population of PCCD and providing reliable strategies for effective prevention and management is urgently needed. In this paper, we reviewed epidemiology, diagnostic markers, risk factors and available treatments on the disease, formed research recommendation framework for vulnerable population, under the background of post-COVID period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, China
| | - Xuechu Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Min Gong
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
- National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, China
- Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, China
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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14
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection is silent or benign in most infected individuals, but causes hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in about 10% of cases. We review studies of the human genetics of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia, focusing on both rare and common variants. Large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified more than 20 common loci robustly associated with COVID-19 pneumonia with modest effect sizes, some implicating genes expressed in the lungs or leukocytes. The most robust association, on chromosome 3, concerns a haplotype inherited from Neanderthals. Sequencing studies focusing on rare variants with a strong effect have been particularly successful, identifying inborn errors of type I interferon (IFN) immunity in 1-5% of unvaccinated patients with critical pneumonia, and their autoimmune phenocopy, autoantibodies against type I IFN, in another 15-20% of cases. Our growing understanding of the impact of human genetic variation on immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is enabling health systems to improve protection for individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France;
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France;
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France;
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France;
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Biomedical Data Science Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Yang LG, March ZM, Stephenson RA, Narayan PS. Apolipoprotein E in lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023:S1043-2760(23)00092-9. [PMID: 37357100 PMCID: PMC10365028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism has emerged as a central component of many neurodegenerative diseases. Variants of the lipid transport protein, apolipoprotein E (APOE), modulate risk and resilience in several neurodegenerative diseases including late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Allelic variants of the gene, APOE, alter the lipid metabolism of cells and tissues and have been broadly associated with several other cellular and systemic phenotypes. Targeting APOE-associated metabolic pathways may offer opportunities to alter disease-related phenotypes and consequently, attenuate disease risk and impart resilience to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. We review the molecular, cellular, and tissue-level alterations to lipid metabolism that arise from different APOE isoforms. These changes in lipid metabolism could help to elucidate disease mechanisms and tune neurodegenerative disease risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Yang
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zachary M March
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roxan A Stephenson
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka S Narayan
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Matuozzo D, Talouarn E, Marchal A, Zhang P, Manry J, Seeleuthner Y, Zhang Y, Bolze A, Chaldebas M, Milisavljevic B, Gervais A, Bastard P, Asano T, Bizien L, Barzaghi F, Abolhassani H, Abou Tayoun A, Aiuti A, Alavi Darazam I, Allende LM, Alonso-Arias R, Arias AA, Aytekin G, Bergman P, Bondesan S, Bryceson YT, Bustos IG, Cabrera-Marante O, Carcel S, Carrera P, Casari G, Chaïbi K, Colobran R, Condino-Neto A, Covill LE, Delmonte OM, El Zein L, Flores C, Gregersen PK, Gut M, Haerynck F, Halwani R, Hancerli S, Hammarström L, Hatipoğlu N, Karbuz A, Keles S, Kyheng C, Leon-Lopez R, Franco JL, Mansouri D, Martinez-Picado J, Metin Akcan O, Migeotte I, Morange PE, Morelle G, Martin-Nalda A, Novelli G, Novelli A, Ozcelik T, Palabiyik F, Pan-Hammarström Q, de Diego RP, Planas-Serra L, Pleguezuelo DE, Prando C, Pujol A, Reyes LF, Rivière JG, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Rojas J, Rovere-Querini P, Schlüter A, Shahrooei M, Sobh A, Soler-Palacin P, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Tipu I, Tresoldi C, Troya J, van de Beek D, Zatz M, Zawadzki P, Al-Muhsen SZ, Alosaimi MF, Alsohime FM, Baris-Feldman H, Butte MJ, Constantinescu SN, Cooper MA, Dalgard CL, Fellay J, Heath JR, Lau YL, Lifton RP, Maniatis T, Mogensen TH, von Bernuth H, Lermine A, Vidaud M, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Nussbaum R, Kahn-Kirby A, Mentre F, Tubiana S, Gorochov G, Tubach F, Hausfater P, Meyts I, Zhang SY, Puel A, Notarangelo LD, Boisson-Dupuis S, Su HC, Boisson B, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Zhang Q, Abel L, Cobat A. Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19. Genome Med 2023; 15:22. [PMID: 37020259 PMCID: PMC10074346 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15-20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in ~ 80% of cases. METHODS We report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded. RESULTS No gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5-528.7, P = 1.1 × 10-4) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR = 3.70[95%CI 1.3-8.2], P = 2.1 × 10-4). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR = 19.65[95%CI 2.1-2635.4], P = 3.4 × 10-3), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR = 4.40[9%CI 2.3-8.4], P = 7.7 × 10-8). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD] = 43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P = 1.68 × 10-5). CONCLUSIONS Rare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Matuozzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Talouarn
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Astrid Marchal
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Manry
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Matthieu Chaldebas
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baptiste Milisavljevic
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Gervais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Takaki Asano
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucy Bizien
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- Department of Paediatric Immunohematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Abou Tayoun
- Genomics Center of Excellence, Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Genomic Discovery, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis M Allende
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Research Institute imas12 and Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; Health Research Institute of Principality of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Andrés Augusto Arias
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UdeA, 050010, Medellin, Colombia
- School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia UdeA, 050010, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gokhan Aytekin
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Immunodeficiency Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Bondesan
- Clinical Genomics, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Oscar Cabrera-Marante
- Institute of Biomedical Research of IdiPAZ, University Hospital "La Paz", Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Carcel
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Paola Carrera
- Clinical Genomics, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Casari
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Genome-Phenome Relationship, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Khalil Chaïbi
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
- Common and Rare Kidney Diseases, Sorbonne University, INSERM UMR-S 1155, Paris, France
| | - Roger Colobran
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Translational Immunology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics Department, Immunology Division, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura E Covill
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Loubna El Zein
- Biology Department, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carlos Flores
- Genomics Division, Institute of Technology and Renewable Energies (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, University Hospital of Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health USA, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Diseases and Pediatrics, Primary Immune Deficiency Research Laboratory, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Selda Hancerli
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nevin Hatipoğlu
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adem Karbuz
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Meram Medical Faculty, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Christèle Kyheng
- Department of General Paediatrics, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rafael Leon-Lopez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cuidados Intensivos, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Franco
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UDEA, Medellin, 050010, Colombia
| | - Davood Mansouri
- The Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ozge Metin Akcan
- Meram Medical Faculty, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Centre de Génétique Humaine de L'Université Libre de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Morange
- Laboratory of Haematology, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Morelle
- Department of General Paediatrics, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Andrea Martin-Nalda
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Infection and Immunity in Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Tayfun Ozcelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Palabiyik
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, University Hospital "La Paz", Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Planas-Serra
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel E Pleguezuelo
- Immunology Department, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Research Institute imas12 and Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Prando
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jacques G Rivière
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Infection and Immunity in Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Gallego
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Canarian Health System, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Julian Rojas
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UDEA, Medellin, 050010, Colombia
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Specialized Immunology Laboratory of Dr Shahrooei, Sina Medical Complex, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Sobh
- Department of Pediatrics, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Pere Soler-Palacin
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Infection and Immunity in Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital (HUVH), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yacine Tandjaoui-Lambiotte
- Hypoxia and Lung, INSERM U1272, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France
| | - Imran Tipu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus Troya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pawel Zawadzki
- Gordion Bioscience Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Saleh Zaid Al-Muhsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Faraj Alosaimi
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Alsohime
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Research Laboratory, College of Medicine and King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hagit Baris-Feldman
- The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Manish J Butte
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Zukerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology, and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alban Lermine
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multisites Seqoia, MG2025, MG2025, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Multisites Seqoia, MG2025, MG2025, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Evry, France
| | | | | | - France Mentre
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Tubiana
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Département d'immunologie Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Tubach
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Santé Publique, Unité de Recherche Clinique PSL-CFX , CIC-1901, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Hausfater
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- GRC-14 BIOFAST Sorbonn Université, UMR INSERM 1135, CIMI, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.
- University Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Li W, Sun L, Yue L, Xiao S. Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19: Interactions, intrinsic linkages, and the role of immunoinflammatory responses in this process. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120495. [PMID: 36845144 PMCID: PMC9947230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and COVID-19 share many common risk factors, such as advanced age, complications, APOE genotype, etc. Epidemiological studies have also confirmed the internal relationship between the two diseases. For example, studies have found that AD patients are more likely to suffer from COVID-19, and after infection with COVID-19, AD also has a much higher risk of death than other chronic diseases, and what's more interesting is that the risk of developing AD in the future is significantly higher after infection with COVID-19. Therefore, this review gives a detailed introduction to the internal relationship between Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19 from the perspectives of epidemiology, susceptibility and mortality. At the same time, we focused on the important role of inflammation and immune responses in promoting the onset and death of AD from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Huang P, Zhang LY, Tan YY, Chen SD. Links between COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease/Alzheimer's disease: reciprocal impacts, medical care strategies and underlying mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:5. [PMID: 36717892 PMCID: PMC9885419 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with neurodegenerative diseases and the specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 have aroused great interest. However, there are still many issues of concern to be clarified. Therefore, we review the current literature on the complex relationship between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases with an emphasis on Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We summarize the impact of COVID-19 infection on symptom severity, disease progression, and mortality rate of PD and AD, and discuss whether COVID-19 infection could trigger PD and AD. In addition, the susceptibility to and the prognosis of COVID-19 in PD patients and AD patients are also included. In order to achieve better management of PD and AD patients, modifications of care strategies, specific drug therapies, and vaccines during the pandemic are also listed. At last, mechanisms underlying the link of COVID-19 with PD and AD are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lin-Yuan Zhang
- grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Yu-Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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19
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Wisniewski T, Masurkar AV. Gait dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Handb Clin Neurol 2023; 196:267-274. [PMID: 37620073 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-associated dementia and will exponentially rise in prevalence in the coming decades, supporting the parallel development of the early stage detection and disease-modifying strategies. While primarily considered as a cognitive disorder, AD also features motor symptoms, primarily gait dysfunction. Such gait abnormalities can be phenotyped across classic clinical syndromes as well as by quantitative kinematic assessments to address subtle dysfunction at preclinical and prodromal stages. As such, certain measures of gait can predict the future cognitive and functional decline. Moreover, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have associated gait abnormalities with imaging, biofluid, and genetic markers of AD across all stages. This suggests that gait assessment is an important tool in the clinical assessment of patients across the AD spectrum, especially to help identify at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Division of Cognitive Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Arjun V Masurkar
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Division of Cognitive Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Shapiro JR, Roberts CW, Arcovio K, Reade L, Klein SL, Dhakal S. Effects of Biological Sex and Pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Vaccine Outcomes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:75-110. [PMID: 37695426 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 in humans and has resulted in the death of millions of people worldwide. Similar numbers of infections have been documented in males and females; males, however, are more likely than females to be hospitalized, require intensive care unit, or die from COVID-19. The mechanisms that account for this are multi-factorial and are likely to include differential expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 molecules that are required for viral entry into hosts cells and sex differences in the immune response, which are due to modulation of cellular functions by sex hormones and differences in chromosomal gene expression. Furthermore, as comorbidities are also associated with poorer outcomes to SARS-CoV-2 infection and several comorbidities are overrepresented in males, these are also likely to contribute to the observed sex differences. Despite their relative better prognosis following infection with SARS-CoV-2, females do have poorer outcomes during pregnancy. This is likely to be due to pregnancy-induced changes in the immune system that adversely affect viral immunity and disruption of the renin-angiotensin system. Importantly, vaccination reduces the severity of disease in males and females, including pregnant females, and there is no evidence that vaccination has any adverse effects on the outcomes of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna R Shapiro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Kasandra Arcovio
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lisa Reade
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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21
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Fessel J. Fluoxetine plus lithium for treatment of mental health impairment in Long Covid. Discov Ment Health 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 36618714 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-022-00027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purposes (1) To summarize the mental conditions that may accompany persistent symptoms following acute infection by SARS-CoV-2, often termed Long Covid; (2) to formulate treatment based upon the brain cells that are dominantly affected. Methods (1) Review the reports relating to the mental symptoms occurring in Long Covid. (2) Review the drugs that address the brain cells affected in Long Covid, and suggest pharmacotherapy for those patients whose response to psychotherapy is suboptimal. Results Long Covid affects ~ 10% of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, and mental symptoms affect ~ 20% of persons with Long Covid. The brain cell-types that have been demonstrated as dominantly affected in Long Covid are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, endothelial cells/pericytes, and microglia. Lithium and fluoxetine each address all of those four cell-types. Low dosage of each is likely to be well-tolerated and to cause neither clinically important adverse events (AE) nor serious adverse events (SAE). Conclusion For those patients whose response to psychotherapy is suboptimal, lithium and fluoxetine should be administered in combination for both depth of benefit and reduction of dosages.
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Brysch W, Bell JD. Understanding Long COVID; Mitochondrial Health and Adaptation-Old Pathways, New Problems. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3113. [PMID: 36551869 PMCID: PMC9775339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 suffer long-term symptoms, such as "brain fog", fatigue and clotting problems. Explanations for "long COVID" include immune imbalance, incomplete viral clearance and potentially, mitochondrial dysfunction. As conditions with sub-optimal mitochondrial function are associated with initial severity of the disease, their prior health could be key in resistance to long COVID and recovery. The SARs virus redirects host metabolism towards replication; in response, the host can metabolically react to control the virus. Resolution is normally achieved after viral clearance as the initial stress activates a hormetic negative feedback mechanism. It is therefore possible that, in some individuals with prior sub-optimal mitochondrial function, the virus can "tip" the host into a chronic inflammatory cycle. This might explain the main symptoms, including platelet dysfunction. Long COVID could thus be described as a virally induced chronic and self-perpetuating metabolically imbalanced non-resolving state characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction, where reactive oxygen species continually drive inflammation and a shift towards glycolysis. This would suggest that a sufferer's metabolism needs to be "tipped" back using a stimulus, such as physical activity, calorie restriction, or chemical compounds that mimic these by enhancing mitochondrial function, perhaps in combination with inhibitors that quell the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V. W. Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Geoffrey W. Guy
- The Guy Foundation, Chedington Court, Beaminster, Dorset DT8 3HY, UK
| | | | - Jimmy D. Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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23
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Taylor HA, Finkel T, Gao Y, Ballinger SW, Campo R, Chen R, Chen SH, Davidson K, Iruela-Arispe ML, Jaquish C, LeBrasseur NK, Odden MC, Papanicolaou GJ, Picard M, Srinivas P, Tjurmina O, Wolz M, Galis ZS. Scientific opportunities in resilience research for cardiovascular health and wellness. Report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22639. [PMID: 36322029 PMCID: PMC9703084 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201407r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of biological systems to acute or chronic insults triggers a host of molecular and physiological responses to either tolerate, adapt, or fully restore homeostasis; these responses constitute the hallmarks of resilience. Given the many facets, dimensions, and discipline-specific focus, gaining a shared understanding of "resilience" has been identified as a priority for supporting advances in cardiovascular health. This report is based on the working definition: "Resilience is the ability of living systems to successfully maintain or return to homeostasis in response to physical, molecular, individual, social, societal, or environmental stressors or challenges," developed after considering many factors contributing to cardiovascular resilience through deliberations of multidisciplinary experts convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute during a workshop entitled: "Enhancing Resilience for Cardiovascular Health and Wellness." Some of the main emerging themes that support the possibility of enhancing resilience for cardiovascular health include optimal energy management and substrate diversity, a robust immune system that safeguards tissue homeostasis, and social and community support. The report also highlights existing research challenges, along with immediate and long-term opportunities for resilience research. Certain immediate opportunities identified are based on leveraging existing high-dimensional data from longitudinal clinical studies to identify vascular resilience measures, create a 'resilience index,' and adopt a life-course approach. Long-term opportunities include developing quantitative cell/organ/system/community models to identify resilience factors and mechanisms at these various levels, designing experimental and clinical interventions that specifically assess resilience, adopting global sharing of resilience-related data, and cross-domain training of next-generation researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman A. Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular Center for Health Equity, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yunling Gao
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott W. Ballinger
- University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rebecca Campo
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Sema4, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shu Hui Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karina Davidson
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Cashell Jaquish
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - George J. Papanicolaou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pothur Srinivas
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Tjurmina
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Wolz
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zorina S. Galis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Li P, Ke Y, Shen W, Shi S, Wang Y, Lin K, Guo X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhao Z. Targeted screening of genetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Front Genet 2022; 13:1073880. [PMID: 36531218 PMCID: PMC9747945 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1073880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in great morbidity and mortality worldwide and human genetic factors have been implicated in the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. However, few replicate researches have been performed, and studies on associated genes mainly focused on genic regions while regulatory regions were a lack of in-depth dissection. Here, based on previously reported associated variants and genes, we designed a capture panel covering 1,238 candidate variants and 25 regulatory regions of 19 candidate genes and targeted-sequenced 96 mild and 145 severe COVID-19 patients. Genetic association analysis was conducted between mild and severe COVID-19 patients, between all COVID-19 patients and general population, or between severe COVID-19 patients and general population. A total of 49 variants were confirmed to be associated with susceptibility or severity of COVID-19 (p < 0.05), corresponding to 18 independent loci. Specifically, rs1799964 in the promoter of inflammation-related gene TNF, rs9975538 in the intron of interferon receptor gene IFNAR2, rs429358 in the exon of APOE, rs1886814 in the intron of FOXP4-AS1 and a list of variants in the widely reported 3p21.31 and ABO gene were confirmed. It is worth noting that, for the confirmed variants, the phenotypes of the cases and controls were highly consistent between our study and previous reports, and the confirmed variants identified between mild and severe patients were quite different from those identified between patients and general population, suggesting the genetic basis of susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection might be quite different. Moreover, we newly identified 67 significant associated variants in the 12 regulatory regions of 11 candidate genes (p < 0.05). Further annotation by RegulomeDB database and GTEx eQTL data filtered out two variants (rs11246060 and rs28655829) in the enhancer of broad-spectrum antiviral gene IFITM3 that might affect disease severity by regulating the gene expression. Collectively, we confirmed a list of previously reported variants and identified novel regulatory variants associated with susceptibility and severity of COVID-19, which might provide biological and clinical insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Ke
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Shen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Shi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yahao Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Kailin Lin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinjie Guo
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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