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Klińska-Bąchor S, Demski K, Gong Y, Banaś A. Metabolic engineering of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants using different ∆6- and ∆5-desaturases co-expressed with LPCAT from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9512. [PMID: 38664593 PMCID: PMC11045822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous research on obtaining an even more efficient production of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) in plants remains one of the main challenges of scientists working on plant lipids. Since crops are not able to produce these fatty acids due to the lack of necessary enzymes, genes encoding them must be introduced exogenously from native organisms producing VLC-PUFAs. In this study we reported, in tobacco leaves, the characterization of three distinct ∆6-desaturases from diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and microalge Osterococcus tauri and two different ∆5-desaturases from P. tricornutum and single-celled saprotrophic eukaryotes Thraustochytrium sp. The in planta agroinfiltration of essential ∆6-desaturases, ∆6-elongases and ∆5-desaturases allowed for successful introduction of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5∆5,8,11,14,17) biosynthesis pathway. However, despite the desired, targeted production of ω3-fatty acids we detected the presence of ω6-fatty acids, indicating and confirming previous results that all tested desaturases are not specifically restricted to neither ω3- nor ω6-pathway. Nevertheless, the additional co-expression of acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) from Phaeodactylum tricornutum boosted the proportion of ω3-fatty acids in newly synthesized fatty acid pools. For the most promising genes combinations the EPA content reached at maximum 1.4% of total lipid content and 4.5% of all fatty acids accumulated in the TAG pool. Our results for the first time describe the role of LPCAT enzyme and its effectiveness in alleviating a bottleneck called 'substrate dichotomy' for improving the transgenic production of VLC-PUFAs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Klińska-Bąchor
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Kamil Demski
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Klińska-Bąchor S, Demski K, Gong Y, Banaś A. Biochemical characterization of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and its potential effect on LC-PUFAs biosynthesis in planta. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:309. [PMID: 38649801 PMCID: PMC11036593 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), belonging to ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-LC-PUFAs), are essential components of human diet. They are mainly supplemented by marine fish consumption, although their native producers are oleaginous microalgae. Currently, increasing demand for fish oils is insufficient to meet the entire global needs, which puts pressure on searching for the alternative solutions. One possibility may be metabolic engineering of plants with an introduced enzymatic pathway producing ω3-LC-PUFAs. RESULT In this study we focused on the acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase2b (PtDGAT2b) from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an enzyme responsible for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis via acyl-CoA-dependent pathway. Gene encoding PtDGAT2b, incorporated into TAG-deficient yeast strain H1246, was used to confirm its activity and conduct biochemical characterization. PtDGAT2b exhibited a broad acyl-CoA preference with both di-16:0-DAG and di-18:1-DAG, whereas di-18:1-DAG was favored. The highest preference for acyl donors was observed for 16:1-, 10:0- and 12:0-CoA. PtDGAT2b also very efficiently utilized CoA-conjugated ω-3 LC-PUFAs (stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid and EPA). Additionally, verification of the potential role of PtDGAT2b in planta, through its transient expression in tobacco leaves, indicated increased TAG production with its relative amount increasing to 8%. Its co-expression with the gene combinations aimed at EPA biosynthesis led to, beside elevated TAG accumulation, efficient accumulation of EPA which constituted even 25.1% of synthesized non-native fatty acids (9.2% of all fatty acids in TAG pool). CONCLUSIONS This set of experiments provides a comprehensive biochemical characterization of DGAT enzyme from marine microalgae. Additionally, this study elucidates that PtDGAT2b can be used successfully in metabolic engineering of plants designed to obtain a boosted TAG level, enriched not only in ω-3 LC-PUFAs but also in medium-chain and ω-7 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Klińska-Bąchor
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Kamil Demski
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Sun Y, Gu L, Zhang L, Yang Z. Changes in key life-history traits and transcriptome regulations of marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in eliminating harmful algae Phaeocystis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130540. [PMID: 36493642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rotifers have great potential in controlling the harmful algae Phaeocystis blooms that frequently occur in coastal waters. To evaluate the effects of harmful algae on the key life-history traits of rotifer in eliminating Phaeocystis and reveal the underlying mechanism of these effects, we fed Brachionus plicatilis with Chlorella vulgaris and Phaeocystis globosa respectively, recorded the key life-history traits, and conducted transcriptomic analysis. Results showed that the rotifers feeding on P. globosa significantly decreased total offspring but obviously prolonged lifespan compared to those feeding on C. vulgaris, indicating that there was a trade-off between the reproduction and lifespan of rotifers feeding on algae with different nutrient contents. Nevertheless, rotifers can completely eliminate the population of P. globosa. The changes in the reproduction and lifespan of rotifers are highly correlated with algal key nutrition and the expression of some related genes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the changes in the key life history traits of rotifers feeding on harmful algae are determined by regulating the expression of some key genes involved in the pathways of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and environmental stress. Understanding the trade-off of the key life history traits of zooplankton in eliminating harmful algae from the underlying mechanism helps improve their application for controlling harmful algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Lu Y, Eiriksson FF, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Simonsen HT. Lipidomic analysis of moss species Bryum pseudotriquetrum and Physcomitrium patens under cold stress. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:254-263. [PMID: 37284430 PMCID: PMC10168071 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes, which lack lignin for protection, support themselves in harsh environments by producing various chemicals. In response to cold stress, lipids play a crucial role in cell adaptation and energy storage. Specifically, bryophytes survive at low temperatures by producing very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (vl-PUFAs). The in-depth understanding of the lipid response to cold stress of bryophytes was studied by performing lipid profiling using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). Two moss species (Bryum pseudotriquetrum and Physcomitrium patens) cultivated at 23°C and at 10°C were included in this study. Relative quantitative lipid concentrations were compared and the potential lipid biomarkers were identified by multivariate statistical analysis in each species. In B. pseudotriquetrum, it was observed that the phospholipids and glycolipids increased under cold stress, while storage lipids decreased. The accumulation of the lipids with high unsaturation degrees mostly appears in phospholipids and glycolipids for both mosses. The results also indicate that two unusual lipid classes in plants, sulfonolipids and phosphatidylmethanol are biosynthesized by the bryophytes. This has not been seen previously and show that bryophytes have a very diverse chemistry and substantially different from other plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
- ArcticMassReykjavikIceland
| | - Finnur Freyr Eiriksson
- ArcticMassReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Margrét Thorsteinsdóttir
- ArcticMassReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
- Laboratoire Biotechnologies Végétales plantes aromatiques et médicinales, Faculté des sciencesUniversité Jean MonnetSaint‐Étienne Cédex 2France
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Han L, Silvestre S, Sayanova O, Haslam RP, Napier JA. Using field evaluation and systematic iteration to rationalize the accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1833-1852. [PMID: 35656640 PMCID: PMC9398312 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Brassicaceae Camelina sativa (gold of pleasure) is now an established niche crop and being used as a transgenic host for a range of novel seed traits. Most notable of these is the accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), fatty acids normally only found in marine organisms. As part of continued efforts to optimize the accumulation of these non-native fatty acids via seed-specific expression of algal genes, a new series of iterative constructs was built and introduced into Camelina. Seed fatty acid composition was determined, and the presence of EPA and DHA was confirmed. To provide an additional level of evaluation, full environmental release was carried out on selected events, providing a real-world gauntlet against which to assess the performance of these novel lines. Composition of the seed oil triacylglycerol was determined by mass spectrometry, allowing for conclusions as to the contribution of different activities to the final accumulation of EPA and DHA. Since these data were derived from field-grown material, they also represent a robust demonstration of the stability of the omega-3 LC-PUFA trait in Camelina. We propose that field trialling should be routinely incorporated in the plant synthetic biology 'design-build-test-learn' cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Han
- Plant SciencesRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, HertsUK
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6
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Akgul R, Morgil H, Kizilkaya IT, Sarayloo E, Cevahir G, Akgul F, Kavakli IH. Transcriptomic and fatty acid analyses of Neochloris aquatica grown under different nitrogen concentration. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:407-421. [PMID: 35286570 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the fatty acid production in Neochloris aquatica at transcriptomics and biochemical levels under limiting, normal, and excess nitrate concentrations in different growth phases. At the stationary phase, N. aquatica mainly produced saturated fatty acids such as stearic acid under the limiting nitrate concentration, which is suitable for biodiesel production. However, it produced polyunsaturated fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid under the excess nitrate concentration, which has nutritional values as food supplements. In addition, RNA-seq was employed to identify genes and pathways that were being affected in N. aquatica for three growth phases in the presence of the different nitrate amounts. Genes that are responsible for the production of saturated fatty acids were upregulated in the cells grown under a limiting nitrogen amount while genes that are responsible for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acid were upregulated in the cells grown under excess nitrogen amount. Further analysis showed more genes differentially expressed (DEGs) at the logarithmic phase in all conditions while a relatively steady trend was observed during the transition from the logarithmic phase to the stationary phase under limiting and excess nitrogen. Our results provide a foundation for identifying developmentally important genes and understanding the biological processes in the different growth phases of the N. aquatica in terms of biomass and lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riza Akgul
- Burdur Food, Agriculture and Livestock Vocational High School, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hande Morgil
- Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul University Centre for Plant and Herbal Products Research-Development, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ehsan Sarayloo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TUPRAS Energy Research Center, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Cevahir
- Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul University Centre for Plant and Herbal Products Research-Development, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Akgul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TUPRAS Energy Research Center, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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7
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Taparia Y, Dolui AK, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. Multiplexed Genome Editing via an RNA Polymerase II Promoter-Driven sgRNA Array in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Insights Into the Role of StLDP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:784780. [PMID: 35058949 PMCID: PMC8763850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.784780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing has been demonstrated in the model diatom P. tricornutum, yet the currently available genetic tools do not combine the various advantageous features into a single, easy-to-assemble, modular construct that would allow the multiplexed targeting and creation of marker-free genome-edited lines. In this report, we describe the construction of the first modular two-component transcriptional unit system expressing SpCas9 from a diatom episome, assembled using the Universal Loop plasmid kit for Golden Gate assembly. We compared the editing efficiency of two constructs with orthogonal promoter-terminator combinations targeting the StLDP gene, encoding the major lipid droplet protein of P. tricornutum. Multiplexed targeting of the StLDP gene was confirmed via PCR screening, and lines with homozygous deletions were isolated from primary exconjugants. An editing efficiency ranging from 6.7 to 13.8% was observed in the better performing construct. Selected gene-edited lines displayed growth impairment, altered morphology, and the formation of lipid droplets during nutrient-replete growth. Under nitrogen deprivation, oversized lipid droplets were observed; the recovery of cell proliferation and degradation of lipid droplets were impaired after nitrogen replenishment. The results are consistent with the key role played by StLDP in the regulation of lipid droplet size and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Sede Boqer, Israel
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8
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Magoni C, Bertacchi S, Giustra CM, Guzzetti L, Cozza R, Ferrari M, Torelli A, Marieschi M, Porro D, Branduardi P, Labra M. Could microalgae be a strategic choice for responding to the demand for omega-3 fatty acids? A European perspective. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Szczepańska P, Hapeta P, Lazar Z. Advances in production of high-value lipids by oleaginous yeasts. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1-22. [PMID: 34000935 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1922353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The global market for high-value fatty acids production, mainly omega-3/6, hydroxy fatty-acids, waxes and their derivatives, has seen strong development in the last decade. The reason for this growth was the increasing utilization of these lipids as significant ingredients for cosmetics, food and the oleochemical industries. The large demand for these compounds resulted in a greater scientific interest in research focused on alternative sources of oil production - among which microorganisms attracted the most attention. Microbial oil production offers the possibility to engineer the pathways and store lipids enriched with the desired fatty acids. Moreover, costly chemical steps are avoided and direct commercial use of these fatty acids is available. Among all microorganisms, the oleaginous yeasts have become the most promising hosts for lipid production - their efficient lipogenesis, ability to use various (often highly affordable) carbon sources, feasible large-scale cultivations and wide range of available genetic engineering tools turns them into powerful micro-factories. This review is an in-depth description of the recent developments in the engineering of the lipid biosynthetic pathway with oleaginous yeasts. The different classes of valuable lipid compounds with their derivatives are described and their importance for human health and industry is presented. The emphasis is also placed on the optimization of culture conditions in order to improve the yield and titer of these valuable compounds. Furthermore, the important economic aspects of the current microbial oil production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Szczepańska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Hapeta
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Lazar
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Nachtschatt M, Okada S, Speight R. Integral Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturases: A Review of Biochemical, Structural, and Biotechnological Advances. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nachtschatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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Degraeve-Guilbault C, Gomez RE, Lemoigne C, Pankansem N, Morin S, Tuphile K, Joubès J, Jouhet J, Gronnier J, Suzuki I, Coulon D, Domergue F, Corellou F. Plastidic Δ6 Fatty-Acid Desaturases with Distinctive Substrate Specificity Regulate the Pool of C18-PUFAs in the Ancestral Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:82-96. [PMID: 32669420 PMCID: PMC7479901 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic Δ6-desaturases are microsomal enzymes that balance the synthesis of ω-3 and ω-6 C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18-PUFAs) according to their specificity. In several microalgae, including Ostreococcus tauri, plastidic C18-PUFAs are strictly regulated by environmental cues suggesting an autonomous control of Δ6-desaturation of plastidic PUFAs. Here, we identified two putative front-end Δ6/Δ8-desaturases from O tauri that, together with putative homologs, cluster apart from other characterized Δ6-desaturases. Both were plastid-located and unambiguously displayed a Δ6-desaturation activity when overexpressed in the heterologous hosts Nicotiana benthamiana and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, as in the native host. Detailed lipid analyses of overexpressing lines unveiled distinctive ω-class specificities, and most interestingly pointed to the importance of the lipid head-group and the nonsubstrate acyl-chain for the desaturase efficiency. One desaturase displayed a broad specificity for plastidic lipids and a preference for ω-3 substrates, while the other was more selective for ω-6 substrates and for lipid classes including phosphatidylglycerol as well as the peculiar 16:4-galactolipid species occurring in the native host. Overexpression of both Δ6-desaturases in O tauri prevented the regulation of C18-PUFA under phosphate deprivation and triggered glycerolipid fatty-acid remodeling, without causing any obvious alteration in growth or photosynthesis. Tracking fatty-acid modifications in eukaryotic hosts further suggested the export of plastidic lipids to extraplastidic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Degraeve-Guilbault
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Rodrigo E Gomez
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Lemoigne
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nattiwong Pankansem
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Soizic Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Ecosystèmes Aquatiques et Changements Globaux, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Karine Tuphile
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Denis Coulon
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Florence Corellou
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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12
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Diao J, Song X, Guo T, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Li D, Damry AM, Petrie JR, Vanhercke T, Singh SP, Jackson CJ. Consensus Mutagenesis and Ancestral Reconstruction Provide Insight into the Substrate Specificity and Evolution of the Front-End Δ6-Desaturase Family. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1398-1409. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdi Li
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adam M. Damry
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - James R. Petrie
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas Vanhercke
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Surinder P. Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, 19 Eastern Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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15
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Brands M, Cahoon EB, Dörmann P. Palmitvaccenic Acid (Δ11- cis-hexadecenoic acid) Is Synthesized by an OLE1-like Desaturase in the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1163-1172. [PMID: 32135062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi deliver mineral nutrients to the plant host in exchange for reduced carbon in the form of sugars and lipids. Colonization with AM fungi upregulates a specific host lipid synthesis pathway resulting in the production of fatty acids. Predominantly palmitic acid (16:0) and the unusual palmitvaccenic acid (16:1Δ11cis) accumulate in the fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Here, we present the isolation and characterization of RiOLE1-LIKE, the desaturase involved in palmitvaccenic acid synthesis, by heterologous expression in yeast and plants. Results are in line with the scenario in which RiOLE1-LIKE encodes an acyl-CoA desaturase with substrate specificity for C15-C18 acyl groups, in particular C16. Phylogenetic analysis of RiOLE1-LIKE-related sequences revealed that this gene is conserved in AM fungi from the Glomales and Diversisporales but is absent from nonsymbiotic Mortierellaceae and Mucoromycotina fungi, suggesting that 16:1Δ11cis provides a specific function during AM colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Brands
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Information, University of Nebraska, E318 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Lu Y, Eiriksson FF, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Simonsen HT. Valuable Fatty Acids in Bryophytes-Production, Biosynthesis, Analysis and Applications. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110524. [PMID: 31752421 PMCID: PMC6918284 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) often produce high amounts of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (vl-PUFAs) including arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 Δ5,8,11,14) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 Δ5,8,11,14,17). The presence of vl-PUFAs is common for marine organisms such as algae, but rarely found in higher plants. This could indicate that bryophytes did not lose their marine origin completely when they landed into the non-aqueous environment. Vl-PUFA, especially the omega-3 fatty acid EPA, is essential in human diet for its benefits on healthy brain development and inflammation modulation. Recent studies are committed to finding new sources of vl-PUFAs instead of fish and algae oil. In this review, we summarize the fatty acid compositions and contents in the previous studies, as well as the approaches for qualification and quantification. We also conclude different approaches to enhance AA and EPA productions including biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Margrét Thorsteinsdóttir
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (F.F.E.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-26-98-66-84
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17
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Guyon JB, Vergé V, Schatt P, Lozano JC, Liennard M, Bouget FY. Comparative Analysis of Culture Conditions for the Optimization of Carotenoid Production in Several Strains of the Picoeukaryote Ostreococcus. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16030076. [PMID: 29495580 PMCID: PMC5867620 DOI: 10.3390/md16030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are promising sources for the sustainable production of compounds of interest for biotechnologies. Compared to higher plants, microalgae have a faster growth rate and can be grown in industrial photobioreactors. The microalgae biomass contains specific metabolites of high added value for biotechnology such as lipids, polysaccharides or carotenoid pigments. Studying carotenogenesis is important for deciphering the mechanisms of adaptation to stress tolerance as well as for biotechnological production. In recent years, the picoeukaryote Ostreococcustauri has emerged as a model organism thanks to the development of powerful genetic tools. Several strains of Ostreococcus isolated from different environments have been characterized with respect to light response or iron requirement. We have compared the carotenoid contents and growth rates of strains of Ostreococcus (OTTH595, RCC802 and RCC809) under a wide range of light, salinity and temperature conditions. Carotenoid profiles and productivities varied in a strain-specific and stress-dependent manner. Our results also illustrate that phylogenetically related microalgal strains originating from different ecological niches present specific interests for the production of specific molecules under controlled culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Guyon
- Observatoire Océanologique, UMR 7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Valérie Vergé
- Observatoire Océanologique, UMR 7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Philippe Schatt
- Observatoire Océanologique, UMR 7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Jean-Claude Lozano
- Observatoire Océanologique, UMR 7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Marion Liennard
- Observatoire Océanologique, UMR 7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
| | - François-Yves Bouget
- Observatoire Océanologique, UMR 7621 Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06), Sorbonne Universités, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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18
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Mao X, Liu Z, Sun J, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of marine bioactive compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:1004-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Shi 史海粟 H, Wu 乌日娜 R, Zheng 郑艳 Y, Yue 岳喜庆 X. Molecular mechanisms underlying catalytic activity of delta 6 desaturase from Glossomastix chrysoplasta and Thalassiosira pseudonana. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:79-88. [PMID: 29167410 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta 6 desaturase (FADS2) is a critical bifunctional enzyme required for PUFA biosynthesis. In some organisms, FADS2s have high substrate specificity, whereas in others, they have high catalytic activity. Previously, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying high FADS2 substrate specificity; in this study, we assessed those underlying the high catalytic activity of FADS2s from Glossomastix chrysoplasta and Thalassiosira pseudonana To understand the structural basis of this catalytic activity, GcFADS2 and TpFADS2 sequences were divided into nine sections, and a domain-swapping approach was applied to examine the role of each section in facilitating the catalytic activity of the overall protein. The results revealed two regions essential to this process: one that extends from the end of the fourth to the beginning of the fifth cytoplasmic transmembrane domain, and another that includes the C-terminal region that occurs after the sixth cytoplasmic transmembrane domain. Based on the domain-swapping analyses, the amino acid residues at ten sites were identified to differ between the GcFADS2 and TpFADS2 sequences, and therefore further analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis. T302V, S322A, Y375F, and M384S/M385 substitutions in TpFADS2 significantly affected FADS2 catalytic efficiency. This study offers a solid basis for in-depth understanding of catalytic efficiency of FADS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Shi 史海粟
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Rina Wu 乌日娜
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng 郑艳
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
| | - Xiqing Yue 岳喜庆
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, P.R. China
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20
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Jardim FR. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mitochondria, back to the future. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Tailoring seed oil composition in the real world: optimising omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Camelina sativa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6570. [PMID: 28747792 PMCID: PMC5529437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the de novo production of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), not least of all given the importance of these fatty acids in both aquaculture and human nutrition. Previously we have demonstrated the feasibility of using metabolic engineering in transgenic plants (Camelina sativa) to modify the seed oil composition to now include EPA and/or DHA. In this study, we further tailored the seed oil profile to reduce the omega-6 content, and evaluated the performance of such GM plants under field conditions (i.e. environmental releases), in terms of agronomic performance and also the lipidomic profile of seed oil. We used MALDI- mass spectrometry imaging to identify discrete tissue-types in the seed in which these non-native fatty acids preferentially accumulated. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the complexity of plant lipid metabolism and the challenges associated with predictive manipulation of these pathways. However, this study identified the likely dispensable nature of a Δ12-desturase activity in our omega-3 metabolic engineering rationales for Camelina.
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22
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Zhu BH, Tu CC, Shi HP, Yang GP, Pan KH. Overexpression of endogenous delta-6 fatty acid desaturase gene enhances eicosapentaenoic acid accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Sweetlove LJ, Nielsen J, Fernie AR. Engineering central metabolism - a grand challenge for plant biologists. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:749-763. [PMID: 28004455 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of increasing crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency is being addressed by a number of ambitious research projects seeking to re-engineer photosynthetic biochemistry. Many of these projects will require the engineering of substantial changes in fluxes of central metabolism. However, as has been amply demonstrated in simpler systems such as microbes, central metabolism is extremely difficult to rationally engineer. This is because of multiple layers of regulation that operate to maintain metabolic steady state and because of the highly connected nature of central metabolism. In this review we discuss new approaches for metabolic engineering that have the potential to address these problems and dramatically improve the success with which we can rationally engineer central metabolism in plants. In particular, we advocate the adoption of an iterative 'design-build-test-learn' cycle using fast-to-transform model plants as test beds. This approach can be realised by coupling new molecular tools to incorporate multiple transgenes in nuclear and plastid genomes with computational modelling to design the engineering strategy and to understand the metabolic phenotype of the engineered organism. We also envisage that mutagenesis could be used to fine-tune the balance between the endogenous metabolic network and the introduced enzymes. Finally, we emphasise the importance of considering the plant as a whole system and not isolated organs: the greatest increase in crop productivity will be achieved if both source and sink metabolism are engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41128, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, SE17121, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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24
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Degraeve-Guilbault C, Bréhélin C, Haslam R, Sayanova O, Marie-Luce G, Jouhet J, Corellou F. Glycerolipid Characterization and Nutrient Deprivation-Associated Changes in the Green Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:2060-2080. [PMID: 28235892 PMCID: PMC5373045 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The picoalga Ostreococcus tauri is a minimal photosynthetic eukaryote that has been used as a model system. O. tauri is known to efficiently produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We provide a comprehensive study of the glycerolipidome of O. tauri and validate this species as model for related picoeukaryotes. O. tauri lipids displayed unique features that combined traits from the green and the chromalveolate lineages. The betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-trimethyl-β-alanine and phosphatidyldimethylpropanethiol, both hallmarks of chromalveolates, were identified as presumed extraplastidial lipids. DHA was confined to these lipids, while plastidial lipids of prokaryotic type were characterized by the overwhelming presence of ω-3 C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), 18:5 being restricted to galactolipids. C16:4, an FA typical of green microalgae galactolipids, also was a major component of O. tauri extraplastidial lipids, while the 16:4-coenzyme A (CoA) species was not detected. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) displayed the complete panel of FAs, and many species exhibited combinations of FAs diagnostic for plastidial and extraplastidial lipids. Importantly, under nutrient deprivation, 16:4 and ω-3 C18 polyunsaturated FAs accumulated into de novo synthesized TAGs while DHA-TAG species remained rather stable, indicating an increased contribution of FAs of plastidial origin to TAG synthesis. Nutrient deprivation further severely down-regulated the conversion of 18:3 to 18:4, resulting in obvious inversion of the 18:3/18:4 ratio in plastidial lipids, TAGs, as well as acyl-CoAs. The fine-tuned and dynamic regulation of the 18:3/18:4 ratio suggested an important physiological role of these FAs in photosynthetic membranes. Acyl position in structural and storage lipids together with acyl-CoA analysis further help to determine mechanisms possibly involved in glycerolipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Degraeve-Guilbault
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Richard Haslam
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Glawdys Marie-Luce
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Florence Corellou
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.);
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
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25
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Yilmaz JL, Lim ZL, Beganovic M, Breazeale S, Andre C, Stymne S, Vrinten P, Senger T. Determination of Substrate Preferences for Desaturases and Elongases for Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Oleic Acid in Engineered Canola. Lipids 2017; 52:207-222. [PMID: 28197856 PMCID: PMC5325871 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plant seed oils has been pursued to improve availability of these omega-3 fatty acids that provide important human health benefits. Canola (Brassica napus), through the introduction of 10 enzymes, can convert oleic acid (OLA) into EPA and ultimately DHA through a pathway consisting of two elongation and five desaturation steps. Herein we present an assessment of the substrate specificity of the seven desaturases and three elongases that were introduced into canola by expressing individual proteins in yeast. In vivo feeding experiments were conducted with 14 potential fatty acid intermediates in an OLA to DHA pathway to determine the fatty acid substrate profiles for each enzyme. Membrane fractions were prepared from yeast expression strains and shown to contain active enzymes. The elongases, as expected, extended acyl-CoA substrates in the presence of malonyl-CoA. To distinguish between enzymes that desaturate CoA- and phosphatidylcholine-linked fatty acid substrates, we developed a novel in vitro method. We show that a delta-12 desaturase from Phytophthora sojae, an omega-3 desaturase from Phytophthora infestans and a delta-4 desaturase from Thraustochytrium sp., all prefer phosphatidylcholine-linked acyl substrates with comparatively low use of acyl-CoA substrates. To further validate our method, a delta-9 desaturase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confirmed to use acyl-CoA as substrate, but could not use phosphatidylcholine-linked substrates. The results and the assay methods presented herein will be useful in efforts to improve modeling of fatty acid metabolism and production of EPA and DHA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ze Long Lim
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Mirela Beganovic
- Scandinavian Biotechnology Research (ScanBiRes) AB, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Carl Andre
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Patricia Vrinten
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Toralf Senger
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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26
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Li D, Moorman R, Vanhercke T, Petrie J, Singh S, Jackson CJ. Classification and substrate head-group specificity of membrane fatty acid desaturases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:341-349. [PMID: 27708750 PMCID: PMC5037126 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fatty acid desaturases are a diverse superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the introduction of double bonds into fatty acids. They are essential in a range of metabolic processes, such as the production of omega-3 fatty acids. However, our structure-function understanding of this superfamily is still developing and their range of activities and substrate specificities are broad, and often overlapping, which has made their systematic characterization challenging. A central issue with characterizing these proteins has been the lack of a structural model, which has been overcome with the recent publication of the crystal structures of two mammalian fatty acid desaturases. In this work, we have used sequence similarity networks to investigate the similarity among over 5000 related membrane fatty acid desaturase sequences, leading to a detailed classification of the superfamily, families and subfamilies with regard to their function and substrate head-group specificity. This work will facilitate rapid prediction of the function and specificity of new and existing sequences, as well as forming a basis for future efforts to manipulate the substrate specificity of these proteins for biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdi Li
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ruth Moorman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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27
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Abstract
Over the past decades, extensive studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) against different human diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, etc. A growing body of scientific research shows the pharmacokinetic information and safety of these natural occurring substances. Moreover, during recent years, a plethora of studies has demonstrated that omega-3 FAs possess therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that omega-3 FAs can improve efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports showed that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of antineoplastic effect of omega-3 FAs. In this review, we have collected the available clinical data on the therapeutic role of omega-3 FAs against breast cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, as well as cancer cachexia. We also discussed the chemistry, dietary source, and bioavailability of omega-3 FAs, and the potential molecular mechanisms of anticancer and adverse effects.
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Haslam RP, Sayanova O, Kim HJ, Cahoon EB, Napier JA. Synthetic redesign of plant lipid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:76-86. [PMID: 27483205 PMCID: PMC4982047 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant seed lipid metabolism is an area of intensive research, including many examples of transgenic events in which oil composition has been modified. In the selected examples described in this review, progress towards the predictive manipulation of metabolism and the reconstitution of desired traits in a non-native host is considered. The advantages of a particular oilseed crop, Camelina sativa, as a flexible and utilitarian chassis for advanced metabolic engineering and applied synthetic biology are considered, as are the issues that still represent gaps in our ability to predictably alter plant lipid biosynthesis. Opportunities to deliver useful bio-based products via transgenic plants are described, some of which represent the most complex genetic engineering in plants to date. Future prospects are considered, with a focus on the desire to transition to more (computationally) directed manipulations of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Haslam
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Usher S, Napier JA, Sayanova O. An alternative pathway for the effective production of the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates EPA and ETA in transgenic oilseeds. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1264-75. [PMID: 25640865 PMCID: PMC4973703 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa is demonstrated using the so-called alternative pathway. This aerobic pathway is found in a small number of taxonomically unrelated unicellular organisms and utilizes a C18 Δ9-elongase to generate C20 PUFAs. Here, we evaluated four different combinations of seed-specific transgene-derived activities to systematically determine the potential of this pathway to direct the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in transgenic plants. The accumulation of EPA and the related omega-3 LC-PUFA eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) was observed up to 26.4% of total seed fatty acids, of which ETA was 9.5%. Seed oils such as these not only represent an additional source of EPA, but also an entirely new source of the bona fide fish oil ETA. Detailed lipidomic analysis of the alternative pathway in Camelina revealed that the acyl-substrate preferences of the different activities in the pathway can still generate a substrate-dichotomy bottleneck, largely due to inefficient acyl-exchange from phospholipids into the acyl-CoA pool. However, significant levels of EPA and ETA were detected in the triacylglycerols of transgenic seeds, confirming the channelling of these fatty acids into this storage lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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31
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Shi H, Chen H, Gu Z, Song Y, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Molecular mechanism of substrate specificity for delta 6 desaturase from Mortierella alpina and Micromonas pusilla. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2309-21. [PMID: 26486975 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ω6 and ω3 pathways are two major pathways in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. In both of these, delta 6 desaturase (FADS6) is a key bifunctional enzyme desaturating linoleic acid or α-linolenic acid. Microbial species have different propensity for accumulating ω6- or ω3-series PUFAs, which may be determined by the substrate preference of FADS6 enzyme. In the present study, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of FADS6 substrate specificity. FADS6 cDNAs were cloned from Mortierella alpina (ATCC 32222) and Micromonas pusilla (CCMP1545) that synthesized high levels of arachidonic acid and EPA, respectively. M. alpina FADS6 (MaFADS6-I) showed substrate preference for LA; whereas, M. pusilla FADS6 (MpFADS6) preferred ALA. To understand the structural basis of substrate specificity, MaFADS6-I and MpFADS6 sequences were divided into five sections and a domain swapping approach was used to examine the role of each section in substrate preference. Our results showed that sequences between the histidine boxes I and II played a pivotal role in substrate preference. Based on our domain swapping results, nine amino acid (aa) residues were targeted for further analysis by site-directed mutagenesis. G194L, E222S, M227K, and V399I/I400E substitutions interfered with substrate recognition, which suggests that the corresponding aa residues play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Usher S, Haslam RP, Ruiz-Lopez N, Sayanova O, Napier JA. Field trial evaluation of the accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa: Making fish oil substitutes in plants. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 2:93-98. [PMID: 27066395 PMCID: PMC4802427 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global consumption of fish oils currently exceeds one million tonnes, with the natural de novo source of these important fatty acids forming the base of marine foodwebs. Here we describe the first field-based evaluation of a terrestrial source of these essential nutrients, synthesised in the seeds of transgenic Camelina sativa plants via the heterologous reconstitution of the omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Our data demonstrate the robust nature of this novel trait, and the feasibility of making fish oils in genetically modified crops. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the most complex example of plant genetic engineering to undergo environmental release and field evaluation. First demonstration of field stability of EPA and DHA trait in transgenic plants. Most complex engineered plant trait to undergo field trialling to date. Demonstration of the feasibility of using agriculture to make fish oils.
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Napier JA, Usher S, Haslam RP, Ruiz-Lopez N, Sayanova O. Transgenic plants as a sustainable, terrestrial source of fish oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015; 117:1317-1324. [PMID: 26900346 PMCID: PMC4744972 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative, sustainable source of omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is widely recognized as desirable, helping to reduce pressure on current sources (wild capture fisheries) and providing a de novo source of these health beneficial fatty acids. This review will consider the efforts and progress to develop transgenic plants as terrestrial sources of omega‐3 fish oils, focusing on recent developments and the possible explanations for advances in the field. We also consider the utility of such a source for use in aquaculture, since this industry is the major consumer of oceanic supplies of omega‐3 fish oils. Given the importance of the aquaculture industry in meeting global requirements for healthy foodstuffs, an alternative source of omega‐3 fish oils represents a potentially significant breakthrough for this production system.
Transgenic Camelina seeds engineered to accumulate the omega‐3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, represent a sustainable alternative to fish oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
| | | | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
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Guihéneuf F, Mimouni V, Tremblin G, Ulmann L. Light Intensity Regulates LC-PUFA Incorporation into Lipids of Pavlova lutheri and the Final Desaturase and Elongase Activities Involved in Their Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1261-1267. [PMID: 25592433 DOI: 10.1021/jf504863u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The microalga Pavlova lutheri is a candidate for the production of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA), due to its ability to accumulate both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids. Outstanding questions need to be solved to understand the complexity of n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis and partitioning into lipids, especially its metabolic regulation, and which enzymes and/or abiotic factors control their biosynthesis. In this study, the radioactivity of 14C-labeled arachidonic acid incorporated into the total lipids of P. lutheri grown under different light intensities and its conversion into labeled LC-PUFA were monitored. The results highlighted for the first time the light-dependent incorporation of LC-PUFA into lipids and the light-dependent activity of the final desaturation and elongation steps required to synthesize and accumulate n-3 C20/C22 LC-PUFA. The incorporation of arachidonic acid into lipids under low light and the related Δ17-desaturation activity measured explain the variations in fatty acid profile of P. lutheri, especially the accumulation of n-3 LC-PUFA such as EPA under low light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Guihéneuf
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, County of Galway, Ireland
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- PRES LUNAM, Université du Maine, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR-3473 CNRS, EA 2160 Mer Molécules Santé, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
- IUT Génie Biologique, 53020 Laval Cedex, Pays de la Loire, France
| | - Gérard Tremblin
- PRES LUNAM, Université du Maine, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR-3473 CNRS, EA 2160 Mer Molécules Santé, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- PRES LUNAM, Université du Maine, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR-3473 CNRS, EA 2160 Mer Molécules Santé, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans Cedex, France
- IUT Génie Biologique, 53020 Laval Cedex, Pays de la Loire, France
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Usher S, Sayanova OV, Napier JA, Haslam RP. Modifying the lipid content and composition of plant seeds: engineering the production of LC-PUFA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:143-54. [PMID: 25417743 PMCID: PMC4286622 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are characterized by a double bond at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. Latterly, long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA; 22:6 Δ4,7,10,13,16,19), which typically only enter the human diet via the consumption of oily fish, have attracted much attention. The health benefits of the omega-3 LC-PUFAs EPA and DHA are now well established. Given the desire for a sustainable supply of omega-LC-PUFA, efforts have focused on enhancing the composition of vegetable oils to include these important fatty acids. Specifically, EPA and DHA have been the focus of much study, with the ultimate goal of producing a terrestrial plant-based source of these so-called fish oils. Over the last decade, many genes encoding the primary LC-PUFA biosynthetic activities have been identified and characterized. This has allowed the reconstitution of the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway in oilseed crops, producing transgenic plants engineered to accumulate omega-3 LC-PUFA to levels similar to that found in fish oil. In this review, we will describe the most recent developments in this field and the challenges of overwriting endogenous seed lipid metabolism to maximize the accumulation of these important fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Olga V. Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
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Helmkampf M, Cash E, Gadau J. Evolution of the insect desaturase gene family with an emphasis on social Hymenoptera. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:456-71. [PMID: 25425561 PMCID: PMC4298175 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Desaturase genes are essential for biological processes, including lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and membrane fluidity regulation. Insect desaturases are particularly interesting for their role in chemical communication, and potential contribution to speciation, symbioses, and sociality. Here, we describe the acyl-CoA desaturase gene families of 15 insects, with a focus on social Hymenoptera. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the insect desaturases represent an ancient gene family characterized by eight subfamilies that differ strongly in their degree of conservation and frequency of gene gain and loss. Analyses of genomic organization showed that five of these subfamilies are represented in a highly microsyntenic region conserved across holometabolous insect taxa, indicating an ancestral expansion during early insect evolution. In three subfamilies, ants exhibit particularly large expansions of genes. Despite these expansions, however, selection analyses showed that desaturase genes in all insect lineages are predominantly undergoing strong purifying selection. Finally, for three expanded subfamilies, we show that ants exhibit variation in gene expression between species, and more importantly, between sexes and castes within species. This suggests functional differentiation of these genes and a role in the regulation of reproductive division of labor in ants. The dynamic pattern of gene gain and loss of acyl-CoA desaturases in ants may reflect changes in response to ecological diversification and an increased demand for chemical signal variability. This may provide an example of how gene family expansions can contribute to lineage-specific adaptations through structural and regulatory changes acting in concert to produce new adaptive phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Gadau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
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Abomohra AEF, El-Sheekh M, Hanelt D. Extracellular secretion of free fatty acids by the chrysophyte Ochromonas danica under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic growth. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:3111-9. [PMID: 25212544 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, microalgae have gained a lot of attention because of their ability to produce fatty acids in their surrounding environments. The present paper describes the influence of organic carbon on the different fatty acid pools including esterified fatty acids, intracellular free fatty acids and extracellular free fatty acids in Ochromonas danica. It also throws light on the ability of O. danica to secrete free fatty acids in the growth medium under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Biomass production of photoautotrophically grown O. danica was higher than that of mixotrophically grown, where a cellular biomass formation of 1.8 g L(-1) was observed under photoautotrophic condition which was about five folds higher than that under mixotrophic conditions. Contrary, the esterified fatty acid content reached up to 99 mg g(-1) CDW under photoautotrophic conditions at the late exponential phase, while during mixotrophic conditions a maximum of 212 mg g(-1) CDW was observed at the stationary phase. Furthermore, O. danica cells grown under mixotrophic conditions showed higher intracellular free fatty acid and extracellular free fatty acid contents (up to 51 and 20 mg g(-1) CDW, respectively) than cells grown under photoautotrophic conditions (up to 26 and 4 mg g(-1) CDW, respectively). The intra- and extracellular free fatty acids consisted of a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 and C20:4n-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Fatah Abomohra
- Phycology Research Unit, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt,
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Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce omega-3 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:19-35. [PMID: 25107699 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have received growing attention due to their significant roles in human health. Currently the main source of these nutritionally and medically important fatty acids is marine fish, which has not met ever-increasing global demand. Microorganisms are an important alternative source also being explored. Although many microorganisms accumulate omega-3 LC-PUFAs naturally, metabolic engineering might still be necessary for significantly improving their yields. Here, we review recent research involving the engineering of microorganisms for production of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, including eicospentaenoic acid and docosohexaenoic acid. Both reconstitution of omega-3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways and modification of existing pathways in microorganisms have demonstrated the potential to produce high levels of omega-3 LC-PUFAs. However, the yields of omega-3 LC-PUFAs in host systems have been substantially limited by potential metabolic bottlenecks, which might be caused partly by inefficient flux of fatty acid intermediates between the acyl-CoA and different lipid class pools. Although fatty acid flux in both native and heterologous microbial hosts might be controlled by several acyltransferases, evidence has suggested that genetic manipulation of one acyltransferase alone could significantly increase the accumulation of LC-PUFAs. The number of oleaginous microorganisms that can be genetically transformed is increasing, which will advance engineering efforts to maximize LC-PUFA yields in microbial strains.
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40
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Advances in the Production of High-Value Products by Microalgae. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2013.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Petroutsos D, Amiar S, Abida H, Dolch LJ, Bastien O, Rébeillé F, Jouhet J, Falconet D, Block MA, McFadden GI, Bowler C, Botté C, Maréchal E. Evolution of galactoglycerolipid biosynthetic pathways – From cyanobacteria to primary plastids and from primary to secondary plastids. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:198-208. [PMID: 24308505 PMCID: PMC4253037 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (also called n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥C20; LC-PUFAs) are of considerable interest, based on clear evidence of dietary health benefits and the concurrent decline of global sources (fish oils). Generating alternative transgenic plant sources of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) has previously proved problematic. Here we describe a set of heterologous genes capable of efficiently directing synthesis of these fatty acids in the seed oil of the crop Camelina sativa, while simultaneously avoiding accumulation of undesirable intermediate fatty acids. We describe two iterations: RRes_EPA in which seeds contain EPA levels of up to 31% (mean 24%), and RRes_DHA, in which seeds accumulate up to 12% EPA and 14% DHA (mean 11% EPA and 8% DHA). These omega-3 LC-PUFA levels are equivalent to those in fish oils, and represent a sustainable, terrestrial source of these fatty acids. We also describe the distribution of these non-native fatty acids within C. sativa seed lipids, and consider these data in the context of our current understanding of acyl exchange during seed oil synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
- * For correspondence (e-mail )
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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43
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Chen Y, Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. Transgenic production of omega-3 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants: Accomplishment and challenge. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vaezi R, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Identification and functional characterization of genes encoding omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic activities from unicellular microalgae. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:5116-29. [PMID: 24351909 PMCID: PMC3877907 DOI: 10.3390/md11125116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify novel genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of nutritionally important omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, a database search was carried out in the genomes of the unicellular photoautotrophic green alga Ostreococcus RCC809 and cold-water diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. The search led to the identification of two putative “front-end” desaturases (Δ6 and Δ4) from Ostreococcus RCC809 and one Δ6-elongase from F. cylindrus. Heterologous expression of putative open reading frames (ORFs) in yeast revealed that the encoded enzyme activities efficiently convert their respective substrates: 54.1% conversion of α-linolenic acid for Δ6-desaturase, 15.1% conversion of 22:5n-3 for Δ4-desaturase and 38.1% conversion of γ-linolenic acid for Δ6-elongase. The Δ6-desaturase from Ostreococcus RCC809 displays a very strong substrate preference resulting in the predominant synthesis of stearidonic acid (C18:4Δ6,9,12,15). These data confirm the functional characterization of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic genes from these two species which have until now not been investigated for such activities. The identification of these new genes will also serve to expand the repertoire of activities available for metabolically engineering the omega-3 trait in heterologous hosts as well as providing better insights into the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in marine microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Hamilton ML, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Metab Eng 2013; 22:3-9. [PMID: 24333273 PMCID: PMC3985434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have engineered the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to accumulate the high value omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This was achieved by the generation of transgenic strains in which the Δ5-elongase from the picoalga Ostreococcus tauri was expressed to augment the endogenous fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. Expression of the heterologous elongase resulted in an eight-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid content, representing a marked and valuable change in the fatty acid profile of this microalga. Importantly, DHA was shown to accumulate in triacylglycerols, with several novel triacylglycerol species being detected in the transgenic strains. In a second iteration, co-expression of an acyl-CoA-dependent Δ6-desaturase with the Δ5-elongase further increased DHA levels. Together, this demonstrates for the first time the potential of using iterative metabolic engineering to optimise omega-3 content in algae. First example of using metabolic engineering in microalgae to modify the accumulation of high value omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. First example of multigene expression in a diatom. Detailed lipidomic analysis of diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Hamilton
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Boudière L, Michaud M, Petroutsos D, Rébeillé F, Falconet D, Bastien O, Roy S, Finazzi G, Rolland N, Jouhet J, Block MA, Maréchal E. Glycerolipids in photosynthesis: composition, synthesis and trafficking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:470-80. [PMID: 24051056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycerolipids constituting the matrix of photosynthetic membranes, from cyanobacteria to chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells, comprise monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. This review covers our current knowledge on the structural and functional features of these lipids in various cellular models, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Their relative proportions in thylakoid membranes result from highly regulated and compartmentalized metabolic pathways, with a cooperation, in the case of eukaryotes, of non-plastidic compartments. This review also focuses on the role of each of these thylakoid glycerolipids in stabilizing protein complexes of the photosynthetic machinery, which might be one of the reasons for their fascinating conservation in the course of evolution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic and ultrastructure of bioenergetic membranes and their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Boudière
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvaine Roy
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Maryse A Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Végétale, CNRS UMR 5168, CEA iRTSV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRA USC 1359, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Usher SL, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Reconstitution of EPA and DHA biosynthesis in arabidopsis: iterative metabolic engineering for the synthesis of n-3 LC-PUFAs in transgenic plants. Metab Eng 2013; 17:30-41. [PMID: 23500000 PMCID: PMC3650579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An iterative approach to optimising the accumulation of non-native long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic plants was undertaken in Arabidopsis thaliana. The contribution of a number of different transgene enzyme activities was systematically determined, as was the contribution of endogenous fatty acid metabolism. Successive iterations were informed by lipidomic analysis of neutral, polar and acyl-CoA pools. This approach allowed for a four-fold improvement on levels previously reported for the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in Arabidopsis seeds and also facilitated the successful engineering of the high value polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid to 10-fold higher levels. Our studies identify the minimal gene set required to direct the efficient synthesis of these fatty acids in transgenic seed oil.
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Key Words
- ala, α-linolenic acid
- ara, arachidonic acid
- dag, diacylglycerol
- dha, docosahexaenoic acid
- dpa, docosapentaenoic acid
- epa, eicosapentaenoic acid
- gla, γ-linolenic acid
- la, linoleic acid
- lc-pufa, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- sda, stearidonic acid
- tag, triacylglycerol
- desaturase
- elongase
- nutritional enhancement
- omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
- transgenic plants
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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An M, Mou S, Zhang X, Ye N, Zheng Z, Cao S, Xu D, Fan X, Wang Y, Miao J. Temperature regulates fatty acid desaturases at a transcriptional level and modulates the fatty acid profile in the Antarctic microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 134:151-157. [PMID: 23500572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L which can thrive in extreme environments of the Antarctic is a major biomass producer. The FAD genes in Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L were obtained and sequence alignment showed that these genes are homologous to known FADs with conserved histidine motifs. In this study, we analyzed the transcription of five FADs and FA compositions at different temperatures. The results showed that the expressions of Δ9CiFAD, ω3CiFAD1 and ω3CiFAD2 were apparently up-regulated at 0°C, however, the up-regulation of Δ6CiFAD intensified with rising temperature. Meanwhile, analysis of the FA compositions showed that PUFAs were dominant compositions, accounting for more than 75% TFA in Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Furthermore, PUFAs were significantly increased at 0 and 5°C, which may be attributed to higher proportions of C18:3 and C20:3. Moreover, PUFAs were significantly decreased at 15°C whereas SFAs were significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling An
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substance, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
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Chen Y, Chi HY, Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. Phytophthora infestans cholinephosphotransferase with substrate specificity for very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:1573-9. [PMID: 23275500 PMCID: PMC3591934 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03250-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective flux between phospholipids and neutral lipids is critical for a high level of biosynthesis and accumulation of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Here we describe a cDNA (PiCPT1) from Phytophthora infestans, a VLCPUFA-producing oomycete, that may have a role in acyl trafficking between diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) during the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 393 amino acids with a conserved CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase motif and approximately 27% amino acid identity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cholinephosphotransferase (ScCPT1). In vitro assays indicate that PiCPT1 has high cholinephosphotransferase (CPT) activity but no ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EPT) activity. Substrate specificity assays show that it prefers VLCPUFA-containing DAGs, such as ARA DAG and DHA DAG, as substrates. Real-time PCR analysis reveals that expression of PiCPT1 was upregulated in P. infestans organisms fed with exogenous VLCPUFAs. These results lead us to conclude that PiCPT1 is a VLCPUFA-specific CPT which may play an important role in shuffling VLCPUFAs from DAG to PC in the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs in P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hsiang-yun Chi
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Xue Z, He H, Hollerbach D, Macool DJ, Yadav NS, Zhang H, Szostek B, Zhu Q. Identification and characterization of new Δ-17 fatty acid desaturases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1973-85. [PMID: 22639141 PMCID: PMC3570762 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ω-3 fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids via the oxidative desaturase/elongase pathways. Here we report the identification of three ω-3 desaturases from oomycetes, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora sojae, and Phytophthora ramorum. These new ω-3 desaturases share 55 % identity at the amino acid level with the known Δ-17 desaturase of Saprolegnia diclina, and about 31 % identity with the bifunctional Δ-12/Δ-15 desaturase of Fusarium monoliforme. The three enzymes were expressed in either wild-type or codon optimized form in an engineered arachidonic acid producing strain of Yarrowia lipolytica to study their activity and substrate specificity. All three were able to convert the ω-6 arachidonic acid to the ω-3 eicosapentanoic acid, with a substrate conversion efficiency of 54-65 %. These enzymes have a broad ω-6 fatty acid substrate spectrum, including both C18 and C20 ω-6 fatty acids although they prefer the C20 substrates, and have strong Δ-17 desaturase activity but weaker Δ-15 desaturase activity. Thus, they belong to the Δ-17 desaturase class. Unlike the previously identified bifunctional Δ-12/Δ-15 desaturase from F. monoliforme, they lack Δ-12 desaturase activity. The newly identified Δ-17 desaturases could use fatty acids in both acyl-CoA and phospholipid fraction as substrates. The identification of these Δ-17 desaturases provides a set of powerful new tools for genetic engineering of microbes and plants to produce ω-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid, at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Xue
- Biochemical Science and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. DuPont de Nemours, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
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