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Luo S, Phillips RP, Jo I, Fei S, Liang J, Schmid B, Eisenhauer N. Higher productivity in forests with mixed mycorrhizal strategies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1377. [PMID: 36914630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of theory and empirical studies have demonstrated links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, yet the putative processes that underlie these patterns remain elusive. This is especially true for forest ecosystems, where the functional traits of plant species are challenging to quantify. We analyzed 74,563 forest inventory plots that span 35 ecoregions in the contiguous USA and found that in ~77% of the ecoregions mixed mycorrhizal plots were more productive than plots where either arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal fungal-associated tree species were dominant. Moreover, the positive effects of mixing mycorrhizal strategies on forest productivity were more pronounced at low than high tree species richness. We conclude that at low richness different mycorrhizal strategies may allow tree species to partition nutrient uptake and thus can increase community productivity, whereas at high richness other dimensions of functional diversity can enhance resource partitioning and community productivity. Our findings highlight the importance of mixed mycorrhizal strategies, in addition to that of taxonomic diversity in general, for maintaining ecosystem functioning in forests.
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Dudáš M, Pjevac P, Kotianová M, Gančarčíková K, Rozmoš M, Hršelová H, Bukovská P, Jansa J. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Nitrification: Disentangling Processes and Players by Using Synthetic Nitrification Inhibitors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022;:e0136922. [PMID: 36190238 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01369-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plants and their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi require nitrogen (N) for their metabolism and growth. This can result in both positive and negative effects of AM symbiosis on plant N nutrition. Either way, the demand for and efficiency of uptake of mineral N from the soil by mycorrhizal plants are often higher than those of nonmycorrhizal plants. In consequence, the symbiosis of plants with AM fungi exerts important feedbacks on soil processes in general and N cycling in particular. Here, we investigated the role of the AM symbiosis in N uptake by Andropogon gerardii from an organic source (15N-labeled plant litter) that was provided beyond the direct reach of roots. In addition, we tested if pathways of 15N uptake from litter by mycorrhizal hyphae were affected by amendment with different synthetic nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide [DCD], nitrapyrin, or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate [DMPP]). We observed efficient acquisition of 15N by mycorrhizal plants through the mycorrhizal pathway, independent of nitrification inhibitors. These results were in stark contrast to 15N uptake by nonmycorrhizal plants, which generally took up much less 15N, and the uptake was further suppressed by nitrapyrin or DMPP amendments. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that bacteria involved in the rate-limiting step of nitrification, ammonia oxidation, were suppressed similarly by the presence of AM fungi and by nitrapyrin or DMPP (but not DCD) amendments. On the other hand, abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not strongly affected by either the AM fungi or the nitrification inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Nitrogen is one of the most important elements for all life on Earth. In soil, N is present in various chemical forms and is fiercely competed for by various microorganisms as well as plants. Here, we address competition for reduced N (ammonia) between ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These two functionally important groups of soil microorganisms, participating in nitrification and plant mineral nutrient acquisition, respectively, have often been studied in separation in the past. Here, we showed, using various biochemical and molecular approaches, that the fungi systematically suppress ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to an extent similar to that of some widely used synthetic nitrification inhibitors, whereas they have only a limited impact on abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Competition for free ammonium is a plausible explanation here, but it is also possible that the fungi produce some compounds acting as so-called biological nitrification inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Weemstra
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen Univ. and Research Centre Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - María Natalia Umaña
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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Xie K, Ren Y, Chen A, Yang C, Zheng Q, Chen J, Wang D, Li Y, Hu S, Xu G. Plant nitrogen nutrition: The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. J Plant Physiol 2022; 269:153591. [PMID: 34936969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant mineral nutrient required by plants, and crop productivity depends heavily on N fertilization in many soils. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy and substantially increase the costs of agricultural production. Excess N compounds released from agricultural systems are also detrimental to the environment. Thus, increasing plant N uptake efficiency is essential for the development of sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbionts of most terrestrial plants that facilitate plant nutrient uptake and increase host resistance to diverse environmental stresses. AM association is an endosymbiotic process that relies on the differentiation of both host plant roots and AM fungi to create novel contact interfaces within the cells of plant roots. AM plants have two pathways for nutrient uptake: either direct uptake via the root hairs and root epidermis, or indirectly through AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated modulation of nutrient uptake processes, and a growing number of fungal and plant genes responsible for the uptake of nutrients from soil or transfer across the fungi-root interface have been identified. Here, we mainly summarize the recent advances in N uptake, assimilation, and translocation in AM symbiosis, and also discuss how N interplays with C and P in modulating AM development, as well as the synergies between AM fungi and soil microbial communities in N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Congfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Ecological Environment and Soil Science, Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Xie W, Hodge A, Hao Z, Fu W, Guo L, Zhang X, Chen B. Increased Carbon Partitioning to Secondary Metabolites Under Phosphorus Deficiency in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Is Modulated by Plant Growth Stage and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:876192. [PMID: 35720585 PMCID: PMC9201690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.876192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the macronutrients limiting plant growth. Plants regulate carbon (C) allocation and partitioning to cope with P deficiency, while such strategy could potentially be influenced by plant growth stage and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. In a greenhouse pot experiment using licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) as the host plant, we investigated C allocation belowground and partitioning in roots of P-limited plants in comparison with P-sufficient plants under different mycorrhization status in two plant growth stages. The experimental results indicated that increased C allocation belowground by P limitation was observed only in non-AM plants in the early growth stage. Although root C partitioning to secondary metabolites (SMs) in the non-AM plants was increased by P limitation as expected, trade-off patterns were different between the two growth stages, with C partitioning to SMs at the expense of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in the early growth stage but at the expense of root growth in the late growth stage. These changes, however, largely disappeared because of AM symbiosis, where more root C was partitioned to root growth and AM fungus without any changes in C allocation belowground and partitioning to SMs under P limitations. The results highlighted that besides assisting with plant P acquisition, AM symbiosis may alter plant C allocation and partitioning to improve plant tolerance to P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Zhipeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhipeng Hao,
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Baodong Chen,
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Emmett BD, Lévesque-Tremblay V, Harrison MJ. Conserved and reproducible bacterial communities associate with extraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ISME J 2021; 15:2276-2288. [PMID: 33649552 PMCID: PMC8319317 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extraradical hyphae (ERH) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) extend from plant roots into the soil environment and interact with soil microbial communities. Evidence of positive and negative interactions between AMF and soil bacteria point to functionally important ERH-associated communities. To characterize communities associated with ERH and test controls on their establishment and composition, we utilized an in-growth core system containing a live soil-sand mixture that allowed manual extraction of ERH for 16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling. Across experiments and soils, consistent enrichment of members of the Betaproteobacteriales, Myxococcales, Fibrobacterales, Cytophagales, Chloroflexales, and Cellvibrionales was observed on ERH samples, while variation among samples from different soils was observed primarily at lower taxonomic ranks. The ERH-associated community was conserved between two fungal species assayed, Glomus versiforme and Rhizophagus irregularis, though R. irregularis exerted a stronger selection and showed greater enrichment for taxa in the Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. A distinct community established within 14 days of hyphal access to the soil, while temporal patterns of establishment and turnover varied between taxonomic groups. Identification of a conserved ERH-associated community is consistent with the concept of an AMF microbiome and can aid the characterization of facilitative and antagonistic interactions influencing the plant-fungal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Emmett
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XBoyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY USA ,grid.508983.fPresent Address: USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA USA
| | - Véronique Lévesque-Tremblay
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XBoyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY USA ,grid.146611.50000 0001 0775 5922Present Address: Laurentian Forestry Center, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC Canada
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Jansa J, Hodge A. Swimming, gliding, or hyphal riding? On microbial migration along the arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal highway and functional consequences thereof. New Phytol 2021; 230:14-16. [PMID: 33600606 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Bukovská P, Rozmoš M, Kotianová M, Gančarčíková K, Dudáš M, Hršelová H, Jansa J. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Mediates Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:574060. [PMID: 33679625 PMCID: PMC7933022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.574060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. The latter is particularly important for efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms. Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
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Weemstra M, Peay KG, Davies SJ, Mohamad M, Itoh A, Tan S, Russo SE. Lithological constraints on resource economies shape the mycorrhizal composition of a Bornean rain forest. New Phytol 2020; 228:253-268. [PMID: 32436227 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) produce contrasting plant-soil feedbacks, but how these feedbacks are constrained by lithology is poorly understood. We investigated the hypothesis that lithological drivers of soil fertility filter plant resource economic strategies in ways that influence the relative fitness of trees with AMF or EMF symbioses in a Bornean rain forest containing species with both mycorrhizal strategies. Using forest inventory data on 1245 tree species, we found that although AMF-hosting trees had greater relative dominance on all soil types, with declining lithological soil fertility EMF-hosting trees became more dominant. Data on 13 leaf traits and wood density for a total of 150 species showed that variation was almost always associated with soil type, whereas for six leaf traits (structural properties; carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus ratios, nitrogen isotopes), variation was also associated with mycorrhizal strategy. EMF-hosting species had slower leaf economics than AMF-hosts, demonstrating the central role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant resource economies. At the global scale, climate has been shown to shape forest mycorrhizal composition, but here we show that in communities it depends on soil lithology, suggesting scale-dependent abiotic factors influence feedbacks underlying the relative fitness of different mycorrhizal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Weemstra
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier), 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Mohizah Mohamad
- Forest Department Sarawak, Wisma Sumber Alam, Petra Jaya, Kuching, Sarawak, 93660, Malaysia
| | - Akira Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Sylvester Tan
- Smithsonian ForestGEO, Lambir Hills National Park, Km32 Miri-Bintulu Road, Miri, Sarawak, 9800, Malaysia
| | - Sabrina E Russo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0660, USA
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Balestrini R, Brunetti C, Chitarra W, Nerva L. Photosynthetic Traits and Nitrogen Uptake in Crops: Which Is the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi? Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1105. [PMID: 32867243 PMCID: PMC7570035 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that provide mineral nutrients to the host plant in exchange for carbon compounds. AM fungi positively affect several aspects of plant life, improving nutrition and leading to a better growth, stress tolerance, and disease resistance and they interact with most crop plants such as cereals, horticultural species, and fruit trees. For this reason, they receive expanding attention for the potential use in sustainable and climate-smart agriculture context. Although several positive effects have been reported on photosynthetic traits in host plants, showing improved performances under abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperature, the involved mechanisms are still to be fully discovered. In this review, some controversy aspects related to AM symbiosis and photosynthesis performances will be discussed, with a specific focus on nitrogen acquisition-mediated by AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Walter Chitarra
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, (CREA-VE), 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, (CREA-VE), 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
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Gui H, Purahong W, Wubet T, Peršoh D, Shi L, Khan S, Li H, Ye L, Hyde KD, Xu J, Mortimer PE. Funneliformis mosseae alters soil fungal community dynamics and composition during litter decomposition. FUNGAL ECOL 2020; 43:100864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Thirkell T, Cameron D, Hodge A. Contrasting Nitrogen Fertilisation Rates Alter Mycorrhizal Contribution to Barley Nutrition in a Field Trial. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1312. [PMID: 31736991 PMCID: PMC6831614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlled environment studies show that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake, but the role of these near-ubiquitous symbionts in crop plant N nutrition under natural field conditions remains largely unknown. In a field trial, we tested the effects of N fertilisation and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar identity on the contribution of AMF to barley N uptake using 15N tracers added to rhizosphere soil compartments. AMF were shown capable of significantly increasing plant 15N acquisition from root exclusion zones, and this was influenced by nitrogen addition type, N fertiliser application rate and barley cultivar identity. Our data demonstrate a previously overlooked potential route of crop plant N uptake which may be influenced substantially and rapidly in response to shifting agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Thirkell
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Harkes P, Suleiman AKA, van den Elsen SJJ, de Haan JJ, Holterman M, Kuramae EE, Helder J. Conventional and organic soil management as divergent drivers of resident and active fractions of major soil food web constituents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13521. [PMID: 31534146 PMCID: PMC6751164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional agricultural production systems, typified by large inputs of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, reduce soil biodiversity and may negatively affect ecosystem services such as carbon fixation, nutrient cycling and disease suppressiveness. Organic soil management is thought to contribute to a more diverse and stable soil food web, but data detailing this effect are sparse and fragmented. We set out to map both the resident (rDNA) and the active (rRNA) fractions of bacterial, fungal, protozoan and metazoan communities under various soil management regimes in two distinct soil types with barley as the main crop. Contrasts between resident and active communities explained 22%, 14%, 21% and 25% of the variance within the bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and metazoan communities. As the active fractions of organismal groups define the actual ecological functioning of soils, our findings underline the relevance of characterizing both resident and active pools. All four major organismal groups were affected by soil management (p < 0.01), and most taxa showed both an increased presence and an enlarged activity under the organic regime. Hence, a prolonged organic soil management not only impacts the primary decomposers, bacteria and fungi, but also major representatives of the next trophic level, protists and metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Harkes
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Afnan K A Suleiman
- Department Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433, PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Sven J J van den Elsen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J de Haan
- Wageningen University & Research Open Teelten, Edelhertweg 10, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Holterman
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eiko E Kuramae
- Department Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Dept. Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wipf D, Krajinski F, van Tuinen D, Recorbet G, Courty PE. Trading on the arbuscular mycorrhiza market: from arbuscules to common mycorrhizal networks. New Phytol 2019; 223:1127-1142. [PMID: 30843207 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and AM fungi (AMF) is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation). First, we focus on phosphorus and nitrogen transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant, and on the reciprocal transfer of carbon compounds, with a highlight on a possible interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition during AM symbiosis. We further discuss potential mechanisms of regulation of these nutrient exchanges linked to membrane dynamics. The review finally addresses the common mycorrhizal networks formed AMF, which interconnect plants from similar and/or different species. Finally the best way to integrate this knowledge and the ensuing potential benefits of AM into sustainable agriculture is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Franziska Krajinski
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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Wilkinson TDJ, Miranda JP, Ferrari J, Hartley SE, Hodge A. Aphids Influence Soil Fungal Communities in Conventional Agricultural Systems. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:895. [PMID: 31354767 PMCID: PMC6640087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with the roots of most plant species, including cereals. AMF can increase the uptake of nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and of silicon (Si) as well as increase host resistance to various stresses. Plants can simultaneously interact with above-ground insect herbivores such as aphids, which can alter the proportion of plant roots colonized by AMF. However, it is unknown if aphids impact the structure of AMF communities colonizing plants or the extent of the extraradical mycelium produced in the soil, both of which can influence the defensive and nutritional benefit a plant derives from the symbiosis. This study investigated the effect of aphids on the plant-AMF interaction in a conventionally managed agricultural system. As plants also interact with other soil fungi, the non-AMF fungal community was also investigated. We hypothesized that aphids would depress plant growth, and reduce intraradical AMF colonization, soil fungal hyphal density and the diversity of AM and non-AM fungal communities. To test the effects of aphids, field plots of barley enclosed with insect proof cages were inoculated with Sitobion avenae or remained uninoculated. AMF specific and total fungal amplicon sequencing assessed root fungal communities 46 days after aphid addition. Aphids did not impact above-ground plant biomass, but did increase the grain N:P ratio. Whilst aphid presence had no impact on AMF intraradical colonization, soil fungal hyphal length density, or AMF community characteristics, there was a trend for the aphid treatment to increase vesicle numbers and the relative abundance of the AMF family Gigasporaceae. Contrary to expectations, the aphid treatment also increased the evenness of the total fungal community. This suggests that aphids can influence soil communities in conventional arable systems, a result that could have implications for multitrophic feedback loops between crop pests and soil organisms across the above-below-ground interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sue E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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16
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sue E. Hartley
- Department of Biology University of York York UK
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute University of York York UK
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology University of York York UK
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Storer K, Coggan A, Ineson P, Hodge A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce nitrous oxide emissions from N 2 O hotspots. New Phytol 2018; 220:1285-1295. [PMID: 29206293 PMCID: PMC6282961 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2 O) is a potent, globally important, greenhouse gas, predominantly released from agricultural soils during nitrogen (N) cycling. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic symbiosis with two-thirds of land plants, providing phosphorus and/or N in exchange for carbon. As AMF acquire N, it was hypothesized that AMF hyphae may reduce N2 O production. AMF hyphae were either allowed (AMF) or prevented (nonAMF) access to a compartment containing an organic matter and soil patch in two independent microcosm experiments. Compartment and patch N2 O production was measured both before and after addition of ammonium and nitrate. In both experiments, N2 O production decreased when AMF hyphae were present before inorganic N addition. In the presence of AMF hyphae, N2 O production remained low following ammonium application, but increased in the nonAMF controls. By contrast, negligible N2 O was produced following nitrate application to either AMF treatment. Thus, the main N2 O source in this system appeared to be via nitrification, and the production of N2 O was reduced in the presence of AMF hyphae. It is hypothesized that AMF hyphae may be outcompeting slow-growing nitrifiers for ammonium. This has significant global implications for our understanding of soil N cycling pathways and N2 O production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Storer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkWentworth WayYorkYO10 5DDUK
- Present address:
ADAS High MowthorpeDuggleby, MaltonNorth YorkshireYO17 8BPUK
| | - Aisha Coggan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkWentworth WayYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Phil Ineson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkWentworth WayYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkWentworth WayYorkYO10 5DDUK
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18
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Bukovská P, Bonkowski M, Konvalinková T, Beskid O, Hujslová M, Püschel D, Řezáčová V, Gutiérrez-Núñez MS, Gryndler M, Jansa J. Utilization of organic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-is there a specific role for protists and ammonia oxidizers? Mycorrhiza 2018; 28:269-283. [PMID: 29455336 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake from complex organic sources, most likely in concert with activity of soil saprotrophs and other microbes releasing and transforming the N bound in organic forms. Here, we tested whether AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) extraradical hyphal networks showed any preferences towards certain forms of organic N (chitin of fungal or crustacean origin, DNA, clover biomass, or albumin) administered in spatially discrete patches, and how the presence of AM fungal hyphae affected other microbes. By direct 15N labeling, we also quantified the flux of N to the plants (Andropogon gerardii) through the AM fungal hyphae from fungal chitin and from clover biomass. The AM fungal hyphae colonized patches supplemented with organic N sources significantly more than those receiving only mineral nutrients, organic carbon in form of cellulose, or nothing. Mycorrhizal plants grew 6.4-fold larger and accumulated, on average, 20.3-fold more 15N originating from the labeled organic sources than their nonmycorrhizal counterparts. Whereas the abundance of microbes (bacteria, fungi, or Acanthamoeba sp.) in the different patches was primarily driven by patch quality, we noted a consistent suppression of the microbial abundances by the presence of AM fungal hyphae. This suppression was particularly strong for ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Our results indicate that AM fungi successfully competed with the other microbes for free ammonium ions and suggest an important role for the notoriously understudied soil protists to play in recycling organic N from soil to plants via AM fungal hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bukovská
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany
| | - Tereza Konvalinková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Beskid
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hujslová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - David Püschel
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Řezáčová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - María Semiramis Gutiérrez-Núñez
- Institute of Ecosystems and Sustainability Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro, 8701, C.P, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Hill EM, Robinson LA, Abdul-Sada A, Vanbergen AJ, Hodge A, Hartley SE. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Chemical Defence: Effects of Colonisation on Aboveground and Belowground Metabolomes. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:198-208. [PMID: 29392532 PMCID: PMC5843688 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonisation of plant roots is one of the most ancient and widespread interactions in ecology, yet the systemic consequences for plant secondary chemistry remain unclear. We performed the first metabolomic investigation into the impact of AMF colonisation by Rhizophagus irregularis on the chemical defences, spanning above- and below-ground tissues, in its host-plant ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). We used a non-targeted metabolomics approach to profile, and where possible identify, compounds induced by AMF colonisation in both roots and shoots. Metabolomics analyses revealed that 33 compounds were significantly increased in the root tissue of AMF colonised plants, including seven blumenols, plant-derived compounds known to be associated with AMF colonisation. One of these was a novel structure conjugated with a malonyl-sugar and uronic acid moiety, hitherto an unreported combination. Such structural modifications of blumenols could be significant for their previously reported functional roles associated with the establishment and maintenance of AM colonisation. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), key anti-herbivore defence compounds in ragwort, dominated the metabolomic profiles of root and shoot extracts. Analyses of the metabolomic profiles revealed an increase in four PAs in roots (but not shoots) of AMF colonised plants, with the potential to protect colonised plants from below-ground organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Lynne A Robinson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ali Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Adam J Vanbergen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
- York Environment and Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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21
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Gui H, Purahong W, Hyde KD, Xu J, Mortimer PE. The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Funneliformis mosseae Alters Bacterial Communities in Subtropical Forest Soils during Litter Decomposition. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1120. [PMID: 28676797 PMCID: PMC5476864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial communities and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) co-occur in the soil, however, the interaction between these two groups during litter decomposition remains largely unexplored. In order to investigate the effect of AMF on soil bacterial communities, we designed dual compartment microcosms, where AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) was allowed access (AM) to, or excluded (NM) from, a compartment containing forest soil and litterbags. Soil samples from this compartment were analyzed at 0, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. For each sample, Illumina sequencing was used to assess any changes in the soil bacterial communities. We found that most of the obtained operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from both treatments belonged to the phylum of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The community composition of bacteria at phylum and class levels was slightly influenced by both time and AMF. In addition, time and AMF significantly affected bacterial genera (e.g., Candidatus Solibacter, Dyella, Phenylobacterium) involved in litter decomposition. Opposite to the bacterial community composition, we found that overall soil bacterial OTU richness and diversity are relatively stable and were not significantly influenced by either time or AMF inoculation. OTU richness at phylum and class levels also showed consistent results with overall bacterial OTU richness. Our study provides new insight into the influence of AMF on soil bacterial communities at the genus level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Gui
- Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central AsiaKunming, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchHalle, Germany
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central AsiaKunming, China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central AsiaKunming, China
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22
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Gui H, Hyde K, Xu J, Mortimer P. Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhance the rate of litter decomposition while inhibiting soil microbial community development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42184. [PMID: 28176855 PMCID: PMC5296878 DOI: 10.1038/srep42184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a growing amount of evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence the decomposition process, the extent of their involvement remains unclear. Therefore, given this knowledge gap, our aim was to test how AMF influence the soil decomposer communities. Dual compartment microcosms, where AMF (Glomus mosseae) were either allowed access (AM+) to or excluded (AM-) from forest soil compartments containing litterbags (leaf litter from Calophyllum polyanthum) were used. The experiment ran for six months, with destructive harvests at 0, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days. For each harvest we measured AMF colonization, soil nutrients, litter mass loss, and microbial biomass (using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA)). AMF significantly enhanced litter decomposition in the first 5 months, whilst delaying the development of total microbial biomass (represented by total PLFA) from T150 to T180. A significant decline in soil available N was observed through the course of the experiment for both treatments. This study shows that AMF have the capacity to interact with soil microbial communities and inhibit the development of fungal and bacterial groups in the soil at the later stage of the litter decomposition (180 days), whilst enhancing the rates of decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Gui
- Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin Hyde
- Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, China
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Thirkell TJ, Cameron DD, Hodge A. Resolving the 'nitrogen paradox' of arbuscular mycorrhizas: fertilization with organic matter brings considerable benefits for plant nutrition and growth. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:1683-90. [PMID: 26510552 PMCID: PMC4982020 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can transfer nitrogen (N) to host plants, but the ecological relevance is debated, as total plant N and biomass do not generally increase. The extent to which the symbiosis is mutually beneficial is thought to rely on the stoichiometry of N, phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) availability. While inorganic N fertilization has been shown to elicit strong mutualism, characterized by improved plant and fungal growth and mineral nutrition, similar responses following organic N addition are lacking. Using a compartmented microcosm experiment, we determined the significance to a mycorrhizal plant of placing a (15) N-labelled, nitrogen-rich patch of organic matter in a compartment to which only AMF hyphae had access. Control microcosms denied AMF hyphal access to the patch compartment. When permitted access to the patch compartment, the fungus proliferated extensively in the patch and transferred substantial quantities of N to the plant. Moreover, our data demonstrate that allowing hyphal access to an organic matter patch enhanced total plant N and P contents, with a simultaneous and substantial increase in plant biomass. Furthermore, we demonstrate that organic matter fertilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants can foster a mutually beneficial symbiosis based on nitrogen transfer, a phenomenon previously thought irrelevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Thirkell
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations are widespread and form between ca. two-thirds of all land plants and fungi in the phylum Glomeromycota. The association is a mutualistic symbiosis with the fungi enhancing nutrient capture for the plant while obtaining carbon in return. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) lack any substantial saprophytic capability they do preferentially associate with various organic substrates and respond by hyphal proliferation, indicating the fungus derives a benefit from the organic substrate. AMF may also enhance decomposition of the organic material. The benefit to the host plant of this hyphal proliferation is not always apparent, particularly regarding nitrogen (N) transfer, and there may be circumstances under which both symbionts compete for the N released given both have a large demand for N. The results of various studies examining AMF responses to organic substrates and the interactions with other members of the soil community will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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25
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Ceasar SA, Hodge A, Baker A, Baldwin SA. Phosphate concentration and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation influence the growth, yield and expression of twelve PHT1 family phosphate transporters in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). PLoS One 2014; 9:e108459. [PMID: 25251671 PMCID: PMC4177549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element which plays several key roles in all living organisms. Setaria italica (foxtail millet) is a model species for panacoid grasses including several millet species widely grown in arid regions of Asia and Africa, and for the bioenergy crop switchgrass. The growth responses of S. italica to different levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and to colonisation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae (syn. Glomus mosseae) were studied. Phosphate is taken up from the environment by the PHT1 family of plant phosphate transporters, which have been well characterized in several plant species. Bioinformatic analysis identified 12 members of the PHT1 gene family (SiPHT1;1-1;12) in S. italica, and RT and qPCR analysis showed that most of these transporters displayed specific expression patterns with respect to tissue, phosphate status and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. SiPHT1;2 was found to be expressed in all tissues and in all growth conditions tested. In contrast, expression of SiPHT1;4 was induced in roots after 15 days growth in hydroponic medium of low Pi concentration. Expression of SiPHT1;8 and SiPHT1;9 in roots was selectively induced by colonisation with F. mosseae. SiPHT1;3 and SiPHT1;4 were found to be predominantly expressed in leaf and root tissues respectively. Several other transporters were expressed in shoots and leaves during growth in low Pi concentrations. This study will form the basis for the further characterization of these transporters, with the long term goal of improving the phosphate use efficiency of foxtail millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Antony Ceasar
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Baker
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Baldwin
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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McNickle GG, Deyholos MK, Cahill Jr JF. Ecological implications of single and mixed nitrogen nutrition in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:28. [PMID: 23875896 PMCID: PMC3723926 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecologists recognize that plants capture nitrogen in many chemical forms that include amino acids. Access to multiple nitrogen types in plant communities has been argued to enhance plant performance, access to nitrogen and alter ecological interactions in ways that may promote species coexistence. However, data supporting these arguments have been limited. While it is known that plants uptake amino acids from soil, long term studies that link amino acid uptake to measures of plant performance and potential reproductive effort are not typically performed. Here, a series of experiments that link uptake of nitrate, glutamine or asparagine with lifetime reproductive effort in Arabidopsis thaliana are reported. Nitrogen was offered either singly or in mixture and at a variety of combinations. Traits related to reproductive output were measured, as was the preference for each type of nitrogen. RESULTS When plants were supplied with a single nitrogen type at concentrations from 0.1-0.9 mM, the ranking of nitrogen types was nitrate > glutamine > asparagine in terms of the relative performance of plants. When plants were supplied with two types of nitrogen in mixture at ratios between 0.1:0.9-0.9:0.1 mM, again plants performed best when nitrate was present, and poorly when amino acids were mixed. Additionally, stable isotopes revealed that plants preferentially captured nitrogen types matching the hierarchy of nitrate > glutamine > asparagine. Comparing between the two experiments revealed that mixed nitrogen nutrition was a net cost to the plants. CONCLUSIONS Plant performance on mixed nitrogen was less than half the performance on equal amounts of any single nitrogen type. We asked: why did A. thaliana capture amino acids when doing so resulted in a net cost? We argue that available data cannot yet answer this question, but hypothesize that access to lower quality forms of nitrogen may become important when plants compete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon G McNickle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
- Current address: Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James F Cahill Jr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the amounts of extractable organic nitrogen (EON), and the relationships between EON and total extractable nitrogen (TEN), especially the amino acids (AAs) adsorbed by soils, and a series of other hydrolyzed soil nitrogen indices in typical land use soil types from southeast China. Under traditional agricultural planting conditions, the functions of EON, especially AAs in the rhizosphere and in bulk soil zones were also investigated. METHODS Pot experiments were conducted using plants of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the rhizosphere and bulk soil zone studies, organic nitrogen components were extracted with either distilled water, 0.5 mol/L K2SO4 or acid hydrolysis. RESULTS K2SO4-EON constituted more than 30% of TEN pools. K2SO4-extractable AAs accounted for 25% of EON pools and nearly 10% of TEN pools in rhizosphere soils. Overall, both K2SO4-EON and extractable AAs contents had positive correlations with TEN pools. CONCLUSIONS EON represented a major component of TEN pools in garden and paddy soils under traditional planting conditions. Although only a small proportion of the EON was present in the form of water-extractable and K2SO4-extractable AAs, the release of AAs from soil exchangeable sites might be an important source of organic nitrogen (N) for plant growth. Our findings suggest that the content of most organic forms of N was significantly greater in rhizosphere than in bulk soil zone samples. However, it was also apparent that the TEN pool content was lower in rhizosphere than in bulk soil samples without added N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-you Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang-huan Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-chuang Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan-hong Zhu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania PA 16802, USA
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Karasawa T, Hodge A, Fitter AH. Growth, respiration and nutrient acquisition by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and its host plant Plantago lanceolata in cooled soil. Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:819-28. [PMID: 22070553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although plant phosphate uptake is reduced by low soil temperature, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are responsible for P uptake in many plants. We investigated growth and carbon allocation of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae and a host plant (Plantago lanceolata) under reduced soil temperature. Plants were grown in compartmented microcosm units to determine the impact on both fungus and roots of a constant 2.7 °C reduction in soil temperature for 16 d. C allocation was measured using two (13)CO(2) pulse labels. Although root growth was reduced by cooling, AM colonization, growth and respiration of the extraradical mycelium (ERM) and allocation of assimilated (13)C to the ERM were all unaffected; the frequency of arbuscules increased. In contrast, root respiration and (13)C content and plant P and Zn content were all reduced by cooling. Cooling had less effect on N and K, and none on Ca and Mg content. The AM fungus G. mosseae was more able to sustain activity in cooled soil than were the roots of P. lanceolata, and so enhanced plant P content under a realistic degree of soil cooling that reduced plant growth. AM fungi may therefore be an effective means to promote plant nutrition under low soil temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karasawa
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Abstract
Foraging for resources influences ecological interactions among individuals and species, regardless of taxonomic affiliation. Here we review studies of nutrient foraging in plants, with an emphasis on how nutritious and non-nutritious cues in the soil alter behavioral decisions and patterns of root placement. Three patterns emerge: (a) Plants alter root placement in response to many diverse cues; (b) species respond differently to these cues; and (c) there are nonadditive responses to multiple cues, indicating that plants exhibit complex multidimensional root foraging strategies. We suggest that this complexity calls for novel approaches to understanding nutrient foraging by plants. Resource selection functions are commonly used by animal behaviorists and may be useful to describe plant foraging strategies. Understanding such approaches may allow researchers to link individual behavior to population and community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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Eilts JA, Mittelbach GG, Reynolds HL, Gross KL. Resource heterogeneity, soil fertility, and species diversity: effects of clonal species on plant communities. Am Nat 2011; 177:574-88. [PMID: 21508605 DOI: 10.1086/659633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity in soil resources is widely thought to promote plant species coexistence, and this mechanism figures prominently in resource-ratio models of competition. However, most experimental studies have found that nutrient enhancements depress diversity regardless of whether nutrients are uniformly or heterogeneously applied. This mismatch between theory and empirical pattern is potentially due to an interaction between plant size and the scale of resource heterogeneity. Clonal plants that spread vegetatively via rhizomes or stolons can grow large and may integrate across resource patches, thus reducing the positive effect of small-scale resource heterogeneity on plant species richness. Many rhizomatous clonal species respond strongly to increased soil fertility, and they have been hypothesized to drive the descending arm of the hump-shaped productivity-diversity relationship in grasslands. We tested whether clonals reduce species richness in a grassland community by manipulating nutrient heterogeneity, soil fertility, and the presence of rhizomatous clonal species in a 6-year field experiment. We found strong and consistent negative effects of clonals on species richness. These effects were greatest at high fertility and when soil resources were applied at a scale at which rhizomatous clonals could integrate across resource patches. Thus, we find support for the hypothesis that plant size and resource heterogeneity interact to determine species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alexander Eilts
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, 49060, USA.
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Hättenschwiler S, Coq S, Barantal S, Handa IT. Leaf traits and decomposition in tropical rainforests: revisiting some commonly held views and towards a new hypothesis. New Phytol 2011; 189:950-965. [PMID: 21374832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Proper estimates of decomposition are essential for tropical forests, given their key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. However, the current paradigm for litter decomposition is insufficient to account for recent observations and may limit model predictions for highly diverse tropical ecosystems. In light of recent findings from a nutrient-poor Amazonian rainforest, we revisit the commonly held views that: litter traits are a mere legacy of live leaf traits; nitrogen (N) and lignin are the key litter traits controlling decomposition; and favourable climatic conditions result in rapid decomposition in tropical forests. Substantial interspecific variation in litter phosphorus (P) was found to be unrelated to variation in green leaves. Litter nutrients explained no variation in decomposition, which instead was controlled primarily by non-lignin litter C compounds at low concentrations with important soil fauna effects. Despite near-optimal climatic conditions, tropical litter decomposition proceeded more slowly than in a climatically less favourable temperate forest. We suggest that slow decomposition in the studied rainforest results from a syndrome of poor litter C quality beyond a simple lignin control, enforcing energy starvation of decomposers.We hypothesize that the litter trait syndrome in nutrient-poor tropical rainforests may have evolved to increase plant access to limiting nutrients via mycorrhizal associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Altomare C, Tringovska I. Beneficial Soil Microorganisms, an Ecological Alternative for Soil Fertility Management. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1521-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Root systems of most land plants form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses in the field, and these contribute to nutrient uptake. AM roots have two pathways for nutrient absorption, directly through the root epidermis and root hairs and via AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells, where arbuscules or hyphal coils provide symbiotic interfaces. New physiological and molecular evidence shows that for phosphorus the mycorrhizal pathway (MP) is operational regardless of plant growth responses (positive or negative). Amounts delivered cannot be determined from plant nutrient contents because when responses are negative the contribution of the direct pathway (DP) is reduced. Nitrogen (N) is also delivered to roots via an MP, but the contribution to total N requirement and the costs to the plant are not clear. The functional interplay between activities of the DP and MP has important implications for consideration of AM symbioses in ecological, agronomic, and evolutionary contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Smith
- Soils Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate biotrophs that acquire carbon (C) solely from host plants. AM fungi can proliferate hyphae in, and acquire nitrogen (N) from, organic matter. Although they can transfer some of that N to plants, we tested the hypothesis that organic matter is an important N source for the AM fungi themselves. We grew pairs of plants with and without the AM fungus Glomus hoi in microcosms that allowed only the fungus access to a 15N/13C-labeled organic patch; in some cases, one plant was shaded to reduce C supply to the fungus. The fungal hyphae proliferated vigorously in the patch, irrespective of shading, and increased plant growth and N content; approximately 3% of plant N came from the patch. The extraradical mycelium of the fungus was N-rich (3-5% N) and up to 31% of fungal N came from the patch, confirming the hypothesis. The fungus acquired N as decomposition products, because hyphae were not 13C-enriched. In a second experiment, hyphae of both G. hoi and Glomus mosseae that exploited an organic material patch were also better able to colonize a new host plant, demonstrating a fungal growth response. These findings show that AM fungi can obtain substantial amounts of N from decomposing organic materials and can enhance their fitness as a result. The large biomass and high N demand of AM fungi means that they represent a global N pool equivalent in magnitude to fine roots and play a substantial and hitherto overlooked role in the nitrogen cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom.
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Moche M, Stremlau S, Hecht L, Göbel C, Feussner I, Stöhr C. Effect of nitrate supply and mycorrhizal inoculation on characteristics of tobacco root plasma membrane vesicles. Planta 2010; 231:425-36. [PMID: 19937342 PMCID: PMC2799628 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane (pm) vesicles from mycorrhizal tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) roots were isolated with negligible fungal contamination by the aqueous two-phase partitioning technique as proven by fatty acid analysis. Palmitvaccenic acid became apparent as an appropriate indicator for fungal membranes in root pm preparations. The pm vesicles had a low specific activity of the vanadate-sensitive ATPase and probably originated from non-infected root cells. In a phosphate-limited tobacco culture system, root colonisation by the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, is inhibited by external nitrate in a dose-dependent way. However, detrimental high concentrations of 25 mM nitrate lead to the highest colonisation rate observed, indicating that the defence system of the plant is impaired. Nitric oxide formation by the pm-bound nitrite:NO reductase increased in parallel with external nitrate supply in mycorrhizal roots in comparison to the control plants, but decreased under excess nitrate. Mycorrhizal pm vesicles had roughly a twofold higher specific activity as the non-infected control plants when supplied with 10-15 mM nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Moche
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stremlau
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Hecht
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cornelia Göbel
- Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stöhr
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Grimmer Str. 88, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Dwivedi D, Johri BN, Ineichen K, Wray V, Wiemken A. Impact of antifungals producing rhizobacteria on the performance of Vigna radiata in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 2009; 19:559-570. [PMID: 19458967 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that produce antifungal metabolites are potential threats for the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi known for their beneficial symbiosis with plants that is crucially important for low-input sustainable agriculture. To address this issue, we used a compartmented container system where test plants, Vigna radiata, could only reach a separate nutrient-rich compartment indirectly via the hyphae of AM fungi associated with their roots. In this system, where plants depended on nutrient uptake via AM symbiosis, we explored the impact of various PGPR. Plants were inoculated with or without a consortium of four species of AM fungi (Glomus coronatum, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus constrictum, and Glomus intraradices), and one or more of the following PGPR strains: phenazine producing (P(+)) and phenazine-less mutant (P(-)), diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) producing (G(+)) and DAPG-less mutant (G(-)) strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens, and an unknown antifungal metabolite-producing Alcaligenes faecalis strain, SLHRE425 (D). PGPR exerted only a small if any effect on the performance of AM symbiosis. G(+) enhanced AM root colonization and had positive effects on shoot growth and nitrogen content when added alone, but not in combination with P(+). D negatively influenced AM root colonization, but did not affect nutrient acquisition. Principal component analysis of all treatments indicated correlation between root weight, shoot weight, and nutrient uptake by AM fungus. The results indicate that antifungal metabolites producing PGPR do not necessarily interfere with AM symbiosis and may even promote it thus carefully chosen combinations of such bioinoculants could lead to better plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Dwivedi
- Department of Microbiology, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145, Uttaranchal, India.
- Department of Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Bhavdish N Johri
- Department of Microbiology, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263 145, Uttaranchal, India
| | - Kurt Ineichen
- Department of Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Wray
- Department of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andres Wiemken
- Department of Botany, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Root systems have recognizable developmental plans when grown in solution or agar; however, these plans often must be modified to cope with the prevailing conditions in the soil environment such as the avoidance of obstacles and the exploitation of nutrient-rich patches or water zones. The modular structure of roots enables them to respond to their environment, and roots are very adaptive at modifying growth throughout the root system to concentrate their efforts in the areas that are the most profitable. Roots also form associations with microorganisms as a strategy to enhance resource capture. However, while the responses of roots in nutrient patches are well-recognized, overall 'rules of response' and variation in strategy among plant species that can be applied in a number of different environments are still lacking. Finally, there is increasing evidence that root-root interactions are much more sophisticated than previously thought, and the evidence for roots to identify self from non-self roots will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, Area 14, University of York, York YO105YW, UK.
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Leigh J, Hodge A, Fitter AH. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can transfer substantial amounts of nitrogen to their host plant from organic material. New Phytol 2009; 181:199-207. [PMID: 18811615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) capture by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from organic material is a recently discovered phenomenon. This study investigated the ability of two Glomus species to transfer N from organic material to host plants and examined whether the ability to capture N is related to fungal hyphal growth. Experimental microcosms had two compartments; these contained either a single plant of Plantago lanceolata inoculated with Glomus hoi or Glomus intraradices, or a patch of dried shoot material labelled with (15)N and (13)carbon (C). In one treatment, hyphae, but not roots, were allowed access to the patch; in the other treatment, access by both hyphae and roots was prevented. When allowed, fungi proliferated in the patch and captured N but not C, although G. intraradices transferred more N than G. hoi to the plant. Plants colonized with G. intraradices had a higher concentration of N than controls. Up to one-third of the patch N was captured by the AM fungi and transferred to the plant, while c. 20% of plant N may have been patch derived. These findings indicate that uptake from organic N could be important in AM symbiosis for both plant and fungal partners and that some AM fungi may acquire inorganic N from organic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Leigh
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Alastair H Fitter
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
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Atkin OK, Sherlock D, Fitter AH, Jarvis S, Hughes JK, Campbell C, Hurry V, Hodge A. Temperature dependence of respiration in roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 2008; 182:188-199. [PMID: 19140938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
* The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is ubiquitous, and the fungus represents a major pathway for carbon movement in the soil-plant system. Here, we investigated the impacts of AM colonization of Plantago lanceolata and temperature on the regulation of root respiration (R). * Warm-grown AM plants exhibited higher rates of R than did nonAM plants, irrespective of root mass. AM plants exhibited higher maximal rates of R (R(max)-R measured in the presence of an uncoupler and exogenous substrate) and greater proportional use of R(max) as a result of increased energy demand and/or substrate supply. The higher R values exhibited by AM plants were not associated with higher maximal rates of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) or protein abundance of either the COX or the alternative oxidase. * Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization had no effect on the short-term temperature dependence (Q(10)) of R. Cold-acclimated nonAM plants exhibited higher rates of R than their warm-grown nonAM counterparts. By contrast, chilling had a negligible effect on R of AM-plants. Thus, AM plants exhibited less cold acclimation than their nonAM counterparts. * Overall, these results highlight the way in which AM colonization alters the underlying components of respiratory metabolism and the response of root R to sustained changes in growth temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen K Atkin
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - David Sherlock
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Alastair H Fitter
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Susan Jarvis
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - John K Hughes
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Catherine Campbell
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
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Abstract
Soil nutrients are distributed in a non-uniform or 'patchy' manner. It is well established that the modular nature of root systems allows them to show both morphological and/or physiological plasticity upon encountering nutrient-rich patches. These plastic responses are widely believed to be foraging mechanisms by the plant to enhance nutrient resource capture. Although morphological plasticity has traditionally been viewed as the more expensive option as it requires new root construction, more recent evidence suggests this may not necessarily be the case. Moreover, plants may be able to recapture most of the initial outlay involved in new root construction, again lowering the overall cost to the plant. Under natural conditions the roots of most plant species have an additional nutrient acquisition mechanism namely mycorrhizal symbiosis. However, the impact of these important symbiotic associations upon the host plant's response to nutrient patches has received relatively little attention. The mycorrhizal fungal symbiont should, in theory, be better able to compete directly with the rest of the microbial community for the nutrients in the patch. This could potentially be important to the host plant, as generally, root proliferation responses are more important for interspecific plant, than plant-microbial, competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hodge
- Department of Biology, Area 14, PO Box 373, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK.
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Reynolds HL, Vogelsang KM, Hartley AE, Bever JD, Schultz PA. Variable responses of old-field perennials to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus source. Oecologia 2005; 147:348-58. [PMID: 16249897 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0270-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
If arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) promote phosphorus partitioning of plant hosts, they could provide one mechanism for the maintenance of plant community diversity. We investigated whether AMF improved the ability of old field perennials to grow on a range of phosphorus sources and whether AMF facilitated differential performance of plant species on different phosphorus sources (phosphorus niche partitioning). We manipulated form of phosphorus (control versus different inorganic and organic sources) and AM fungal species (control versus four individual AMF species or an AMF community) for five old field perennials grown in a greenhouse in individual culture. Based on biomass after four months of growth, we found no evidence for phosphorus niche partitioning. Rather, we found that effects of AMF varied from parasitic to mutualistic depending on plant species, AMF species, and phosphorus source (significant Plant x Fungus x Phosphorus interaction). Our results suggest that the degree of AMF benefit to a plant host depends not only on AMF species, plant species, and soil phosphorus availability (as has also been found in other work), but can also depend on the form of soil phosphorus. Thus, the position of any AMF species along the mutualism to parasitism continuum may be a complex function of local conditions, and this has implications for understanding plant competitive balance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Reynolds
- Department of Biology, Jordan Hall 142, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Reynolds HL, Hartley AE, Vogelsang KM, Bever JD, Schultz PA. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi do not enhance nitrogen acquisition and growth of old-field perennials under low nitrogen supply in glasshouse culture. New Phytol 2005; 167:869-80. [PMID: 16101923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant growth when phosphorus is limiting, but the role of AMF in plant growth under nitrogen (N) limiting conditions is unclear. Here, we manipulated N (control vs inorganic and organic forms) and AMF species (control vs four AMF species) for five old-field perennials grown individually in a glasshouse under N-limiting conditions. We found that AMF were at best neutral and that some AMF species depressed growth for some plant species (significant plant-fungus interaction). Native plant species growth was strongly depressed by all but one AMF species; exotic plant species were less sensitive to AMF. We found no evidence of plant N preferences. Both natives and exotics were able to acquire more N with N addition, but only exotics grew more with added N. Our results suggest that AMF do not promote plant N acquisition at low N supply, and our results are consistent with other research showing that AMF can act as a parasitic carbon drain when phosphorus availability is relatively high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Reynolds
- Department of Biology, Jordan Hall 142, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Zijlstra JD, Van't Hof P, Baar J, Verkley GJ, Summerbell RC, Paradi I, Braakhekke WG, Berendse F. Diversity of symbiotic root endophytes of the Helotiales in ericaceous plants and the grass, Deschampsia flexuosa. Stud Mycol 2005. [DOI: 10.3114/sim.53.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
The loss of carbon from roots (rhizodeposition) and the consequent proliferation of microorganisms in the surrounding soil, coupled with the physical presence of a root and processes associated with nutrient uptake, gives rise to a unique zone of soil called the rhizosphere. In this review, we bring together evidence to show that roots can directly regulate most aspects of rhizosphere C flow either by regulating the exudation process itself or by directly regulating the recapture of exudates from soil. Root exudates have been hypothesized to be involved in the enhanced mobilization and acquisition of many nutrients from soil or the external detoxification of metals. With few exceptions, there is little mechanistic evidence from soil-based systems to support these propositions. We conclude that much more integrated work in realistic systems is required to quantify the functional significance of these processes in the field. We need to further unravel the complexities of the rhizosphere in order to fully engage with key scientific ideas such as the development of sustainable agricultural systems and the response of ecosystems to climate change. Contents I. Introduction 460 II. What is rhizodeposition? 460 III. Regulation of rhizodeposition 460 IV. How large is the root exudation C flux? 463 V. How responsive is the root exudation C flux? 463 VI. How responsive is the microbial community to root exudation? 464 VII. The role of root exudates in nutrient acquisition 464 VIII. Mycorrhizal fungi and rhizodeposition 471 IX. Future thoughts 474 Acknowledgements 474 References 474.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Jones
- School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, Wales, UK
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, England, UK
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, Emil-Wolff-Strasse 27, D-70599 Stuttgart
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