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Shin MJ, Eum WS, Youn GS, Park JH, Yeo HJ, Yeo EJ, Kwon HJ, Sohn EJ, Lee LR, Kim NY, Kwon SY, Kim SM, Jung HY, Kim DS, Cho SW, Kwon OS, Kim DW, Choi SY. Protective effects of cell permeable Tat-PIM2 protein on oxidative stress induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15945. [PMID: 37223703 PMCID: PMC10200856 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is considered as one of the main causes of Parkinson's disease (PD), however the exact etiology of PD is still unknown. Although it is known that Proviral Integration Moloney-2 (PIM2) promotes cell survival by its ability to inhibit formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain, the precise functional role of PIM2 in PD has not been fully studied yet. Objective We investigated the protective effect of PIM2 against apoptosis of dopaminergic neuronal cells caused by oxidative stress-induced ROS damage by using the cell permeable Tat-PIM2 fusion protein in vitro and in vivo. Methods Transduction of Tat-PIM2 into SH-SY5Y cells and apoptotic signaling pathways were determined by Western blot analysis. Intracellular ROS production and DNA damage was confirmed by DCF-DA and TUNEL staining. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. PD animal model was induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and protective effects were examined using immunohistochemistry. Results Transduced Tat-PIM2 inhibited the apoptotic caspase signaling and reduced the production of ROS induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that Tat-PIM2 transduced into the substantia nigra (SN) region through the blood-brain barrier and this protein protected the Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells by observation of immunohistostaining. Tat-PIM2 also regulated antioxidant biomolecules such as SOD1, catalase, 4-HNE, and 8-OHdG which reduce the formation of ROS in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model. Conclusion These results indicated that Tat-PIM2 markedly inhibited the loss of dopaminergic neurons by reducing ROS damage, suggesting that Tat-PIM2 might be a suitable therapeutic agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Lee Re Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Su Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy and BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si 31538, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Oh-Shin Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Kyungpook National University, Taegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
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Pirhaghi M, Frank SA, Alam P, Nielsen J, Sereikaite V, Gupta A, Strømgaard K, Andreasen M, Sharma D, Saboury AA, Otzen DE. A penetratin-derived peptide reduces the membrane permeabilization and cell toxicity of α-synuclein oligomers. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102688. [PMID: 36370848 PMCID: PMC9791135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative movement disorder associated with the intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Cytotoxicity is mainly associated with the oligomeric species (αSOs) formed at early stages in α-syn aggregation. Consequently, there is an intense focus on the discovery of novel inhibitors such as peptides to inhibit oligomer formation and toxicity. Here, using peptide arrays, we identified nine peptides with high specificity and affinity for αSOs. Of these, peptides p194, p235, and p249 diverted α-syn aggregation from fibrils to amorphous aggregates with reduced β-structures and increased random coil content. However, they did not reduce αSO cytotoxicity and permeabilization of large anionic unilamellar vesicles. In parallel, we identified a non-self-aggregating peptide (p216), derived from the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin, which showed 12-fold higher binding affinity to αSOs than to α-syn monomers (Kdapp 2.7 and 31.2 μM, respectively). p216 reduced αSOs-induced large anionic unilamellar vesicle membrane permeability at 10-1 to 10-3 mg/ml by almost 100%, was not toxic to SH-SY5Y cells, and reduced αSOs cytotoxicity by about 20%. We conclude that p216 is a promising starting point from which to develop peptides targeting toxic αSOs in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Pirhaghi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Signe Andrea Frank
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vita Sereikaite
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Arpit Gupta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Andreasen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India; G.N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Abstract
Vaccination with small antigens, such as proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, is used to activate the immune system and trigger the protective immune responses against a pathogen. Currently, nanovaccines are undergoing development instead of conventional vaccines. The size of nanovaccines is in the range of 10-500 nm, which enables them to be readily taken up by cells and exhibit improved safety profiles. However, low-level immune responses, as the removal of redundant pathogens, trigger counter-effective activation of the immune system invalidly and present a challenging obstacle to antigen recognition and its uptake via antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In addition, toxicity can be substantial. To overcome these problems, a variety of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-mediated vaccine delivery systems based on nanotechnology have been proposed, most of which are designed to improve the stability of antigens in vivo and their delivery into immune cells. CPPs are particularly attractive components of antigen delivery. Thus, the unique translocation property of CPPs ensures that they remain an attractive carrier with the capacity to deliver cargo in an efficient manner for the application of drugs, gene transfer, protein, and DNA/RNA vaccination delivery. CPP-mediated nanovaccines can enhance antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by APCs, which are the fundamental steps in initiating an immune response. This review describes the different types of CPP-based nanovaccines delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Jiang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Niu X, Gao Z, Qi S, Su L, Yang N, Luan X, Li J, Zhang Q, An Y, Zhang S. Macropinocytosis activated by oncogenic Dbl enables specific targeted delivery of Tat/pDNA nano-complexes into ovarian cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4895-4911. [PMID: 30214196 PMCID: PMC6122892 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s171361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful implementation of gene therapy heavily relies on efficiently delivering genetic materials and specific targeting into cells. Oncogene-driven endocytosis stimulates nutrient uptake and also develops an endocytosis-mediated defense against therapeutic agents. Cell-penetrating peptides, typically HIV-Tat, are well known for efficient delivery of nucleic acid drugs but lack targeting specificity. Various passive targeting strategies were pursued to enhance the tumor targeting efficiency; however, they are still limited by complicated cellular endocytosis routes and the heterogeneity of cancer types. METHODS Tat/pDNA complexes were noncovalently compacted and their physiochemical properties were determined. The siRNA pool and pLV-RNAi-GFP lentivirus were used to knock down dbl oncogene (originally isolated from diffuse B-cell lymphoma) expression, and its overexpression was performed by plasmid transient transfection. The cellular uptake of fluorescent ligands was quantified by confocal imaging and flow cytometry analysis. The transgene efficiency was determined by the Luciferase expression assay. Rho GTPase activation was checked by the GST-Rho GTPase-binding domain pull-down assay. RESULTS pGL3 plasmid DNA was noncovalently compacted with the Tat peptide into nano-size complexes at high N/P ratios. Macropinocytosis, a clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis process, was shown to contribute to the uptake of middle-sized (∼600 nm) Tat/pGL3 complexes. Cell-type-specific variation in macropinocytosis was essentially controlled by the action of the Dbl oncogene. Onco-Dbl presentation constantly induced a high level of macropinocytosis activity in ovarian cancer cells. Onco-Dbl overexpression hyperstimulated macropinocytosis enhancement in cells mainly through actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediated by the PH domain and Rac1 activation. The Dbl-driven Rho GTPase signaling collectively determined the cell-type-specific macropinocytosis phenotype. CONCLUSION Such an aspect can be exploited to selectively confer targeted delivery of Tat/pDNA nano-complexes into ovarian cancer cells. Our work provides a novel alternative for targeted delivery of cell-penetrating peptide-based nucleic acid drugs into certain tumor types if specific endocytosis pathways are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuran Niu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhihui Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Linjia Su
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiuli Luan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingli An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
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Shi NQ, Qi XR. Taming the Wildness of "Trojan-Horse" Peptides by Charge-Guided Masking and Protease-Triggered Demasking for the Controlled Delivery of Antitumor Agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:10519-10529. [PMID: 28290666 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), also called "Trojan Horse" peptide, has become a successful approach to deliver various payloads into cells for achieving the intracellular access. However, the "Trojan Horse" peptide is too wild, not just to "Troy", but rather widely distributed in the body. Thus, there is an urgent need to tame the wildness of "Trojan Horse" peptide for targeted delivery of antineoplastic agents to the tumor site. To achieve this goal, we exploit a masked CPP-doxorubicin conjugate platform for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs using charge-guided masking and protease-triggered demasking strategies. In this platform, the cell-penetrating function of the positively CPP (d-form nonaarginine) is abrogated by a negatively shielding peptide (masked CPP), and between them is a cleavable substrate peptide by the protease (MMP-2/9). Protease-triggered demasking would occur when the masked CPP reached the MMP-2/9-riched tumor. The CPP-doxorubicin conjugate (CPP-Dox) and the masked CPP-Dox conjugate (mCPP-Dox) were used as models for the evaluation of masking and demasking processes. It was found that exogenous MMP-2/9 could effectively trigger the reversion of CPP-cargo in this conjugate, and this trigger adhered to the Michaelis-Menten kinetics profile. This conjugate was sensitive to the trigger of endogenous MMP-2/9 and could induce enhanced cytotoxicity toward MMP-2/9-rich tumor cells. In vivo antitumor efficacy revealed that this masked conjugate had considerable antitumor activity and could inhibit the tumor growth at a higher level relative to CPP-cargo. Low toxicity in vivo showed the noticeably decreased wildness of this conjugate toward normal tissues and more controllable entry of antitumor agents into "Troy". On the basis of analyses in vitro and in vivo, this mCPP-cargo conjugate delivery system held an improved selectivity toward MMP-2/9-rich tumors and would be a promising strategy for tumor-targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Qiu Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University , Jilin City 132013, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Rong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Beijing, 100191 P. R. China
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Raucher D, Ryu JS. Cell-penetrating peptides: strategies for anticancer treatment. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:560-70. [PMID: 26186888 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) provide an efficient strategy for the intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules in various biomedical applications. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of CPPs to deliver anticancer therapeutics and imaging reagents to cancer cells, along with CPP contributions to novel tumor-targeting techniques. CPPs are now used extensively to deliver a variety of therapeutics, despite lacking cell specificity and having a short duration of action. Resolution of these shortcomings to enable increased cancer cell and/or tumor specificity could improve CPP-based drug delivery strategies, expand combined drug delivery possibilities, and strengthen future clinical applications of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Raucher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Jung Su Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Goswami D, Machini MT, Silvestre DM, Nomura CS, Esposito BP. Cell penetrating peptide (CPP)-conjugated desferrioxamine for enhanced neuroprotection: synthesis and in vitro evaluation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2067-80. [PMID: 25299707 DOI: 10.1021/bc5004197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload causes progressive and sometimes irreversible damage due to accelerated production of reactive oxygen species. Desferrioxamine (DFO), a siderophore, has been used clinically to remove excess iron. However, the applications of DFO are limited because of its inability to access intracellular labile iron. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have become an efficient delivery vector for the enhanced internalization of drugs into the cytosol. We describe, herein, an efficient method for covalently conjugating DFO to the CPPs TAT(47-57) and Penetratin. Both conjugates suppressed the redox activity of labile plasma iron in buffered solutions and in iron-overloaded sera. Enhanced access to intracellular labile iron compared to the parent siderophore was achieved in HeLa and RBE4 (a model of blood-brain-barrier) cell lines. Iron complexes of both conjugates also had better permeability in both cell models. DFO antioxidant and iron binding properties were preserved and its bioavailability was increased upon CPP conjugation, which opens new therapeutic possibilities for neurodegenerative processes associated with brain iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibakar Goswami
- Departamentos de Química Fundamental e de ‡Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shi NQ, Qi XR, Xiang B, Zhang Y. A survey on "Trojan Horse" peptides: opportunities, issues and controlled entry to "Troy". J Control Release 2014; 194:53-70. [PMID: 25151981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), often vividly termed as the "Trojan Horse" peptides, have attracted considerable interest for the intracellular delivery of a wide range of cargoes, such as small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, contrast agents, nanocarriers and so on. Some preclinical and clinical developments of CPP conjugates demonstrate their promise as therapeutic agents for drug discovery. There is increasing evidence to suggest that CPPs have the potential to cross several bio-barriers (e.g., blood-brain barriers, intestinal mucosa, nasal mucosa and skin barriers). Despite revolutionary process in many aspects, there are a lot of basic issues unclear for these entities, such as internalization mechanisms, translocation efficiency, translocation kinetics, metabolic degradation, toxicity, side effect, distribution and non-specificity. Among them, non-specificity remains a major drawback for the in vivo application of CPPs in the targeted delivery of cargoes. So far, diverse organelle-specific CPPs or controlled delivery strategies have emerged and improved their specificity. In this review, we will look at the opportunities of CPPs in clinical development, bio-barriers penetration and nanocarriers delivery. Then, a series of basic problems of CPPs will be discussed. Finally, this paper will highlight the use of various controlled strategies in the organelle-specific delivery and targeted delivery of CPPs. The purpose of this review will be to emphasize most influential advance in this field and present a fundamental understanding for challenges and utilizations of CPPs. This will accelerate their translation as efficient vectors from the in vitro setting into the clinic arena, and retrieve the entry art to "Troy".
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Wang YF, Xu X, Fan X, Zhang C, Wei Q, Wang X, Guo W, Xing W, Yu J, Yan JL, Liang HP. A cell-penetrating peptide suppresses inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1849-57. [PMID: 21556052 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a central regulator of immune response and a potential target for developing anti-inflammatory agents. Mechanistic studies suggest that compounds that directly inhibit NF-κB DNA binding may block inflammation and the associated tissue damage. Thus, we attempted to discover peptides that could interfere with NF-κB signaling based on a highly conserved DNA-binding domain found in all NF-κB members. One such small peptide, designated as anti-inflammatory peptide-6 (AIP6), was characterized in the current study. AIP6 directly interacted with p65 and displayed an intrinsic cell-penetrating property. This peptide demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, AIP6 inhibited the DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of the p65 NF-κB subunit as well as the production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages upon stimulation. Local administration of AIP6 significantly inhibited inflammation induced by zymosan in mice. Collectively, our results suggest that AIP6 is a promising lead peptide for the development of specific NF-κB inhibitors as potential anti-inflammatory agents.
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Patsch C, Kesseler D, Edenhofer F. Genetic engineering of mammalian cells by direct delivery of FLP recombinase protein. Methods 2011; 53:386-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kern SM, Feig AL. Adaptation of Clostridium difficile toxin A for use as a protein translocation system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:570-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sarantseva S, Timoshenko S, Bolshakova O, Karaseva E, Rodin D, Schwarzman AL, Vitek MP. Apolipoprotein E-mimetics inhibit neurodegeneration and restore cognitive functions in a transgenic Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8191. [PMID: 19997607 PMCID: PMC2782140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) are found in familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and some lead to the elevated production of amyloid-β-protein (Aβ). While Aβ has been implicated in the causation of AD, the exact role played by Aβ and its APP precursor are still unclear. Principal Findings In our study, Drosophila melanogaster transgenics were established as a model to analyze AD-like pathology caused by APP overexpression. We demonstrated that age related changes in the levels and pattern of synaptic proteins accompanied progressive neurodegeneration and impairment of cognitive functions in APP transgenic flies, but that these changes may be independent from the generation of Aβ. Using novel peptide mimetics of Apolipoprotein-E, COG112 or COG133 proved to be neuroprotective and significantly improved the learning and memory of APP transgenic flies. Conclusions The development of neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits was corrected by injections of COG112 or COG133, novel mimetics of apolipoprotein-E (apoE) with neuroprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Sarantseva
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Svetlana Timoshenko
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Olga Bolshakova
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Eugenia Karaseva
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Dmitry Rodin
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Schwarzman
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Räägel H, Säälik P, Hansen M, Langel U, Pooga M. CPP-protein constructs induce a population of non-acidic vesicles during trafficking through endo-lysosomal pathway. J Control Release 2009; 139:108-17. [PMID: 19577599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The major limitation in the application of bioactive molecules is their low permeation across plasma membrane. Effective transporters - cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) - are utilized to enhance uptake of various cargo upon attachment to its sequences. Still, information about relevance of different endocytic routes during CPP-cargo internalization is ambiguous and underlying mechanism(s) of intracellular trafficking is even less understood. We first defined involvement of recycling pathway in trafficking of 3 different CPPs - transportan, oligoarginine and Tat - complexed to avidin-TexasRed in Cos-7 cells in relation to trans-Golgi network spatially constraining recycling endosomes. By confocal microscopy, only a negligible fraction of complexes-containing vesicles were found inside trans-Golgi ring suggesting its marginal role in CPP-mediated delivery. Secondly, we characterized engagement of endo-lysosomal pathway to assess acidity of complexes-containing vesicles. CPPs induced 3 different populations of complexes-containing vesicles which size and proportion depended on CPP, time and concentration. In time, more complexes were targeted to low-pH structures. However, a population of complexes-containing vesicles was observed to retain rather neutral pH. Induction of vesicles with non-acidic pH generated i.e. by caveolin-dependent endocytosis or by CPPs themselves during intracellular trafficking could be the key step in inducement of escape of complexes from endosomal structures, a limiting step in effective cargo delivery by CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Räägel
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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16
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Abstract
Cell delivery vectors (CDVs) are short amphipathic and cationic peptides and peptide derivatives, usually containing multiple lysine and arginine residues. They possess inherent membrane activity and can be conjugated or complexed with large impermeable macromolecules and even microscopic particles to facilitate cell entry. Various mechanisms have been proposed but it is now becoming clear that the main port of entry into cells of such CDV constructs involves adsorptive-mediated endocytosis rather than direct penetration of the plasma membrane. It is still unclear, however, how and to what extent CDV constructs are capable of exiting endosomal compartments and reaching their intended cellular site of action, usually the cytosol or the nucleus. Furthermore, although many CDVs can mediate cellular uptake of their cargo and appear comparatively non-toxic to cells in tissue culture, the utility of CDVs for in vivo applications remains poorly understood. Whatever the mechanisms of cell entry and disposition, the overriding question as far as potential pharmacological application of CDV conjugates is concerned is whether or not a therapeutic margin can be achieved by their administration. Such a margin will only result if the intracellular concentration in the target tissues necessary to elicit the biological effect of the CDV cargo can be achieved at systemic CDV exposure levels that are non-toxic to both target and bystander cells. It is proposed that the focus of CDV research now be shifted from mechanistic in vitro studies with labeled but otherwise unconjugated CDVs to in vivo pharmacological and toxicological studies using CDV-derivatized and other cationized forms of inherently non-permeable macromolecules of true therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fischer
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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17
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Abstract
The combination of two powerful technologies, the Cre/loxP recombination system and the protein transduction technique, holds great promise for the advancement of biomedical and genome research by enabling precise and rapid control over mutation events. Protein transduction is a recently developed technology to deliver biologically active proteins directly into mammalian cells. It involves the generation of fusion proteins consisting of the cargo molecule to be delivered and a so-called protein transduction domain. Recently, the derivation of cell permeable variants of the DNA recombinase Cre has been reported. Cre is a site-specific recombinase that recognizes 34 base pair loxP sites and has been widely used to genetically engineer mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant cell-permeable Cre recombinase was found to efficiently induce recombination of loxP-modified alleles in various mammalian cell lines. Here we review recent advances in conditional expression and mutagenesis employing cell-permeable Cre proteins. Moreover, this review summarizes recent findings of studies aimed at deciphering the molecular mechanism of the cellular uptake of cell-permeable fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patsch
- Stem Cell Engineering Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Life and Brain Center and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Chauhan A, Tikoo A, Kapur AK, Singh M. The taming of the cell penetrating domain of the HIV Tat: myths and realities. J Control Release 2006; 117:148-62. [PMID: 17196289 PMCID: PMC1859861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein transduction with cell penetrating peptides over the past several years has been shown to be an effective way of delivering proteins in vitro and now several reports have also shown valuable in vivo applications in correcting disease states. An impressive bioinspired phenomenon of crossing biological barriers came from HIV transactivator Tat protein. Specifically, the protein transduction domain of HIV Tat has been shown to be a potent pleiotropic peptide in protein delivery. Various approaches such as molecular modeling, arginine guanidinium head group structural strategy, multimerization of PTD sequence and phage display system have been applied for taming of the PTD. This has resulted in identification of PTD variants which are efficient in cell membrane penetration and cytoplasmic delivery. In spite of these state of the art technologies, the dilemma of low protein transduction efficiency and target specific delivery of PTD fusion proteins remains unsolved. Moreover, some misconceptions about PTD of Tat in the literature require considerations. We have assembled critical information on secretory, plasma membrane penetration and transcellular properties of Tat and PTD using molecular analysis and available experimental evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, Richard Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Johns Hopkins University, 509 Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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19
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Letoha T, Kusz E, Pápai G, Szabolcs A, Kaszaki J, Varga I, Takács T, Penke B, Duda E. In vitro and in vivo nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitory effects of the cell-penetrating penetratin peptide. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:2027-36. [PMID: 16505157 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.019653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Penetratin is a cationic cell-penetrating peptide that has been frequently used for the intracellular delivery of polar bioactive compounds. Recent studies have just revealed the major role of polyanionic membrane proteoglycans and cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts in the uptake of the peptide. Both proteoglycans and lipid-rafts influence inflammatory processes by binding a wide array of proinflammatory mediators; thus, we decided to analyze the effect of penetratin on in vitro and in vivo inflammatory responses. Our in vitro luciferase gene assays demonstrated that penetratin decreased transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated L929 fibroblasts and lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Penetratin also inhibited TNF-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human endothelial HMEC-1 cells. Exogenous heparan sulfate abolished the in vitro NF-kappaB inhibitory effects of the peptide. Uptake experiments showed that penetratin was internalized by all of the above-mentioned cell lines in vitro and rapidly entered the cells of the lung and pancreas in vivo. In an in vivo rat model of acute pancreatitis, a disease induced by elevated activities of stress-responsive transcription factors like NF-kappaB, pretreatment with only 2 mg/kg penetratin attenuated the severity of pancreatic inflammation by interfering with IkappaB degradation and subsequent nuclear import of NF-kappaB, inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory genes and improving the monitored laboratory and histological parameters of pancreatitis and associated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Letoha
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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20
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Cryan SA, Devocelle M, Moran PJ, Hickey AJ, Kelly JG. Increased Intracellular Targeting to Airway Cells Using Octaarginine-Coated Liposomes: In Vitro Assessment of Their Suitability for Inhalation. Mol Pharm 2005; 3:104-12. [PMID: 16579639 DOI: 10.1021/mp050070i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of macromolecular drugs to airway cells after inhalation can be limited by rapid clearance, in vivo degradation, and poor intracellular targeting. Liposome carriers offer an effective method of improving drug stability, but conventional liposomes have limited intracellular targeting capacity and are cleared rapidly by the lungs. Further modification is required to improve liposome-cell interaction and intracellular targeting. Therefore, we proposed conjugating three arginine-rich membrane translocating peptides, namely, HIV-TAT, Antennapedia, and octaarginine, to neutral liposomes as a biocompatible alternative to cationic lipids for intracellular delivery of macromolecules to airway cells. Conjugation did not significantly affect liposome stability, and each system was nebulized to produce aerosols of mean aerodynamic diameter < 1.5 microm. The peptides caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liposome-airway cell association compared to untagged liposomes and to DOTAP liposomes. Up to 30% of the peptide-conjugated liposomes added were bound and internalized (via a temperature-dependent, endocytic process) after just 2 h. The novel carriers all delivered encapsulated dextrans rapidly and efficiently to the cytoplasm of Calu-3 cells. Once internalized by the cells, the modified carriers localize for the most part in the cytoplasm with only a small amount of nuclear localization. These peptide-conjugated liposomes were significantly (p < 0.05) less toxic than DOTAP liposomes with octaarginine-coated liposomes the least toxic. These systems, particularly octaarginine-coated liposomes, offer many advantages for drug delivery to airway epithelial cells including increased stability, improved cell binding, and cell uptake with an improved toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally-Ann Cryan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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21
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Abstract
Over the last 15 years, many publications described the use of peptide sequences that have been dubbed cell penetrating peptides (CPP), Trojan Horse peptides, protein transduction domains, or membrane-translocating sequences. These mostly positively charged domains bring attached cargo across biological membranes. One of the reasons for the interest in CPP is their potential as delivery tools to enhance the pharmacodynamics of drugs otherwise poorly bioavailable. In particular, the neuroscientist aiming to deliver a protein or other compound into the brain for analytical or therapeutic reasons is faced with the challenge that few drugs cross the blood-brain barrier. CPP are valuable tools to overcome the plasma membrane or the blood-brain barrier in basic research, and in relevant models of neural disease, and will hopefully help to increase the precious few treatments or even cures for people with diseases of the brain and nervous system. Here, we review applications in neuroscience and recent insights into the mechanism of CPP-mediated trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar P H Dietz
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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22
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Jain M, Chauhan SC, Singh AP, Venkatraman G, Colcher D, Batra SK. Penetratin Improves Tumor Retention of Single-Chain Antibodies: A Novel Step toward Optimization of Radioimmunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7840-6. [PMID: 16140953 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments exhibit improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution compared with intact IgG. The tumor uptake of scFvs is rapid, and the serum half-life is shorter than IgG. However, scFvs exhibit lower net dose deposition in the tumor due to a shorter residence time that limits their use in radioimmunotherapy. To improve the tumor uptake and retention of scFvs, we investigated the utility of cell-penetrating peptides, penetratin and transactivator of transcription (TAT). Biodistribution studies were done in LS174T tumor-bearing mice with divalent scFv derived from anti-tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 monoclonal antibody (mAb) CC49. Penetratin increased the tumor retention of scFvs without affecting the peak dose accumulation. The percentage of doses retained in tumors at 24 hours post-administration with a control (no peptide), penetratin, and TAT were 27.25%, 79.84%, and 48.55%, respectively, of that accumulated at 8 hours postinjection. The tumor-to-blood ratios at 24 hours postadministration were 7.14, 19.53, and 16.48 with control, penetratin, and TAT treatment, respectively, whereas the pharmacokinetics were unaltered. Coinjection with TAT, however, resulted in increased uptake of the radioconjugate by the lungs. Autoradiography of the excised tumors indicated a more homogenous distribution of the radiolabeled scFv with both penetratin and TAT in comparison with the control treatment. Real-time whole-body imaging of the live animals confirmed improved tumor localization with penetratin without any increase in the uptake by normal tissues. In conclusion, a significant improvement in the tumor retention of sc(Fv)2 was achieved by administration of penetratin. Therefore, the combination of penetratin and scFvs has the potential of improving the utility of mAb-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5870, USA
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23
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Abstract
Bcl-2 and other closely related members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins inhibit the death of neurons and many other cells in response to a wide variety of pathogenic stimuli. Bcl-2 inhibition of apoptosis is mediated by its binding to pro-apoptotic proteins, e.g., Bax and tBid, inhibition of their oligomerization, and thus inhibition of mitochondrial outer membrane pore formation, through which other pro-apoptotic proteins, e.g., cytochrome c, are released to the cytosol. Bcl-2 also exhibits an indirect antioxidant activity caused by a sub-toxic elevation of mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and a compensatory increase in expression of antioxidant gene products. While classic approaches to cytoprotection based on Bcl-2 family gene delivery have significant limitations, cellular protein transduction represents a new and exciting approach utilizing peptides and proteins as drugs with intracellular targets. The mechanism by which proteins with transduction domains are taken up by cells and delivered to their targets is controversial but usually involves endocytosis. The effectiveness of transduced proteins may therefore be limited by their release from endosomes into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Soane
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary Fiskum
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Owada-Makabe K, Tsubota Y, Yukawa K, Kakimoto N, Liang XM, Ichinose M, Maeda M. Direct in vivo protein transduction into a specific restricted brain area in rats. Neurosci Lett 2005; 378:18-21. [PMID: 15763165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attempts at protein transduction into specific restricted brain areas have remained unsuccessful. We attempted targeted, direct in vivo protein transduction by microinjecting beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) with hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) vector into the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The medulla oblongata including the NTS was removed 6h post-injection and cryostat sections were histochemically stained to detect beta-gal enzymatic activity. beta-gal-positive cells were present in these sections as was beta-gal activity determined by colorimetric analysis. beta-gal-positive cells were not present in the rats microinjected only beta-gal protein without HVJ-E vector. Our findings suggest that direct in vivo protein transduction into specific restricted brain areas is possible. The type of targeted delivery system we present may have wide applications in the administration of therapeutic proteins to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Owada-Makabe
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides of less than 30 amino acids that are able to penetrate cell membranes and translocate different cargoes into cells. The only common feature of these peptides appears to be that they are amphipathic and net positively charged. The mechanism of cell translocation is not known but it is apparently receptor and energy independent although, in certain cases, translocation can be partially mediated by endocytosis. Cargoes that are successfully internalized by CPPs range from small molecules to proteins and supramolecular particles. Most CPPs are inert or have very limited side effects. Their penetration into cells is rapid and initially first-order, with half-times from 5 to 20 min. The size of smaller cargoes does not affect the rate of internalization, but with larger cargoes, the rate is substantially decreased. CPPs are novel vehicles for the translocation of cargo into cells, whose properties make them potential drug delivery agents, of interest for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaz Zorko
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SLO-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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26
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Dietz GPH, Bähr M. Delivery of bioactive molecules into the cell: the Trojan horse approach. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 27:85-131. [PMID: 15485768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, vast amounts of data on the mechanisms of neural de- and regeneration have accumulated. However, only in disproportionally few cases has this led to efficient therapies for human patients. Part of the problem is to deliver cell death-averting genes or gene products across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cellular membranes. The discovery of Antennapedia (Antp)-mediated transduction of heterologous proteins into cells in 1992 and other "Trojan horse peptides" raised hopes that often-frustrating attempts to deliver proteins would now be history. The demonstration that proteins fused to the Tat protein transduction domain (PTD) are capable of crossing the BBB may revolutionize molecular research and neurobiological therapy. However, it was only recently that PTD-mediated delivery of proteins with therapeutic potential has been achieved in models of neural degeneration in nerve trauma and ischemia. Several groups have published the first positive results using protein transduction domains for the delivery of therapeutic proteins in relevant animal models of human neurological disorders. Here, we give an extensive review of peptide-mediated protein transduction from its early beginnings to new advances, discuss their application, with particular focus on a critical evaluation of the limitations of the method, as well as alternative approaches. Besides applications in neurobiology, a large number of reports using PTD in other systems are included as well. Because each protein requires an individual purification scheme that yields sufficient quantities of soluble, transducible material, the neurobiologist will benefit from the experiences of other researchers in the growing field of protein transduction.
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27
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Abstract
In the past decade, several peptides that can translocate cell membranes have been identified. Some of these peptides, which can be divided into different families, have short amino acid sequences (10-27 residues in length) and enter the cell by a receptor-independent mechanism. Furthermore, these peptides are capable of internalizing hydrophilic cargoes. Although the detailed mechanism by which these molecules enter cells is poorly understood, their ability to traverse the membrane into the cytoplasm has provided a new and powerful biological tool for transporting drugs across cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Temsamani
- Synt:em, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France.
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28
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Tréhin R, Merkle HP. Chances and pitfalls of cell penetrating peptides for cellular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:209-23. [PMID: 15296950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, several classes and/or prototypes of cell penetrating peptides (CPP) have been identified and investigated in multiple aspects. CPP represent peptides, which show the ability to cross the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, and may thus give rise to the intracellular delivery of problematic therapeutic cargos, such as peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, plasmids and even nanometer-sized particles, which otherwise cannot cross the plasma membrane. Most of the currently recognized CPP are of cationic nature and derived from viral, insect or mammalian proteins endowed with membrane translocation properties. The exact mechanisms underlying the translocation of CPP across the cellular membrane are still poorly understood. However, several similarities in translocation can be found. Early studies on CPP translocation mechanisms tended to suggest that the internalization of these peptides was neither significantly inhibited by low temperature, depletion of the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pool, nor by inhibitors of endocytosis. Moreover, chemical modification of the peptide sequence, such as the synthesis of retro-, enantio- or retroenantio-analogs, appeared not to affect the internalization properties. Therefore, translocation was concluded to result from direct, physical transfer through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Later studies, however, showed convincing evidence for the involvement of endocytosis as the dominating mechanism for cellular internalization. In addition to describing the general properties of the commonly recognized classes of CPP, in this review we will also point out some limitations and typical pitfalls of CPP as carriers for therapeutics. In particular we will comment on emerging discrepancies with the current dogma, on cell-to-cell variability, biological barrier permeability, metabolic fate, toxicity and immunogenicity of CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tréhin
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research (CMIR), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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29
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Abstract
During the past fifteen years, a variety of peptides have been characterized for their ability to translocate into live cells. Most are efficient vectors that can internalize hydrophilic cargoes, and so provide a valuable biological (and potentially therapeutic) tool for targeting proteins into cells. Furthermore, translocation of cell-permeable peptides across the plasma membrane and their subsequent access to the cytosol, even when fused to large hydrophilic proteins, is challenging the perception of the plasma membrane as an impermeable barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Joliot
- Homeoprotein Cell Biology Group, CNRS UMR 8542, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris, Cedex 05 France.
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30
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Abstract
The introduction of exogenous proteins and peptides into cells is a valuable experimental approach. However, exogenous proteins are not internalized by living cells readily. This limitation has been overcome by the development of peptide-based methods that assist in the delivery of exogenous proteins into the cytoplasm and nucleus. These methods may facilitate the in vivo delivery of reagents in therapies aimed at neurodegenerative disorders and recovery from nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gallo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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31
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Temsamani J, Scherrmann JM. Peptide vectors as drug carriers. Peptide Transport and Delivery into the Central Nervous System 2003; 61:221-38. [PMID: 14674614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8049-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Temsamani
- Synt:em, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France
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32
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Bogoyevitch MA, Kendrick TS, Ng DCH, Barr RK. Taking the cell by stealth or storm? Protein transduction domains (PTDs) as versatile vectors for delivery. DNA Cell Biol 2002; 21:879-94. [PMID: 12573048 DOI: 10.1089/104454902762053846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell delivery system is increasing in use in many areas of cell and molecular biology and bio-medicine. This system is based on a number of naturally occurring protein motifs and/or sequences which show the remarkable ability to rapidly cross the mammalian cell membrane without compromising its structure or function. These so-called Protein Transduction Domains (PTDs) offer unprecedented advantages for intracellular delivery. These advantages include, but are not limited to, their applicability to all cell types (no cell type has yet been described which is not transduced by these PTDs), and the range of cargoes that can be transduced (including peptides, small proteins, full-length enzymes, DNA oligomers, peptide-nucleic acid oligomers, liposomes, and magnetic nanoparticles). Furthermore, the PTDs have been demonstrated to be suitable for in vivo delivery including delivery across the blood brain barrier, and have been shown to cross the plasma membrane rapidly and enter the cytoplasm and nuclear regions of the cell. In this review, the general properties of the most commonly used PTDs are described. The strategies currently being undertaken also highlight that improvements in membrane transduction are possible despite our lack of understanding of the exact biochemical and/or physical mechanisms of transduction. Recent examples of the range of potential applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia.
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33
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Drin G, Rousselle C, Scherrmann JM, Rees AR, Temsamani J. Peptide delivery to the brain via adsorptive-mediated endocytosis: advances with SynB vectors. AAPS PharmSci 2002; 4:E26. [PMID: 12645998 PMCID: PMC2751315 DOI: 10.1208/ps040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological membranes normally restrict the passage of hydrophilic molecules. This impairs the use of a wide variety of drugs for biomedical applications. To overcome this problem, researchers have developed strategies that involve conjugating the molecule of interest to one of a number of peptide entities that are efficiently transported across the cell membranes. In the past decade, a number of different peptide families with the ability to cross the cell membranes have been identified. Certain of these families enter the cells by a receptor-independent mechanism, are short (10-27 amino acid residues), and can deliver successfully various cargoes across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm or nucleus. Surprisingly, some of these vectors, the SynB vectors, have also shown the ability to deliver hydrophilic molecules across the blood-brain barrier, one of the major obstacles to the development of drugs to combat diseases affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Drin
- Syntiem, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Hôpital Fernand Widal, Université René Descartes Paris 5 and INSERM U26, 200 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Anthony R Rees
- Syntiem, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France
| | - Jamal Temsamani
- Syntiem, Parc Scientifique Georges Besse, 30000 Nîmes, France
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34
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Bertrand E, Brouillet E, Caillé I, Bouillot C, Cole GM, Prochiantz A, Allinquant B. A short cytoplasmic domain of the amyloid precursor protein induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 18:503-11. [PMID: 11922141 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein presents several cleavage sites leading to the release of its entire C-terminal domain into the cytoplasm. During apoptosis, this C-terminal domain can be cleaved at amino acid 664 by caspases 3, 6, and 8 and can thus generate two peptides N- and C-terminal to amino acid 664 (C31). Recently, it was shown that the C31 induces apoptosis after transfection into N2A and 293 T cell lines. We have analyzed here, by internalization into neurons, the physiological consequences of the entire C-terminal domain (APP-Cter) and of its membrane proximal sequence corresponding to the N-terminal peptide unmasked after caspase cleavage. We find that whereas micromolar concentrations of APP-Cter are harmless, the peptide extending from the membrane (amino acid 649) to the caspase cleavage site (amino acid 664) in the same range of concentrations induces DNA fragmentation, cleavage of actin at a caspase-sensitive site, and activates caspase 3. A mutated version of this sequence (tyrosine 653 replaced by an aspartate) abolishes the effect in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this report suggests the existence of a new mechanism contributing to Alzheimer's Disease-associated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bertrand
- Centre National de la Recherche de Scientifique UMR 8542, Ecole normale supérieure, Paris, France
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35
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Fischer PM, Krausz E, Lane DP. Cellular delivery of impermeable effector molecules in the form of conjugates with peptides capable of mediating membrane translocation. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:825-41. [PMID: 11716670 DOI: 10.1021/bc0155115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most molecules that are not actively imported by living cells are impermeable to cell membranes, including practically all macromolecules and even many small molecules whose physicochemical properties prevent passive membrane diffusion. The use of peptide vectors capable of transporting such molecules into cells in the form of covalent conjugates has become an increasingly attractive solution to this problem. Not only has this technology permitted the study of modulating intracellular target proteins, but it has also gained importance as an alternative to conventional cellular transfection with oligonucleotides. Peptide vectors derived from viral, bacterial, insect, and mammalian proteins endowed with membrane translocation properties have now been proposed as delivery vectors. These are discussed comprehensively and critically in terms of relative utility, applications to compound classes and specific molecules, and relevant conjugation chemistry. Although in most cases the mechanisms of membrane translocation are still unclear, physicochemical studies have been carried out with a number of peptide delivery vectors. Unifying and distinguishing mechanistic features of the various vectors are discussed. Until a few years ago speculations that it might be possible to deliver peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, and impermeable small molecules with the aid of cellular delivery peptides not only to target cells in vitro, but in vivo, was received with scepticism. However, the first studies showing pharmacological applications of conjugates between macromolecules and peptide delivery vectors are now being reported, and therapies based on such conjugates are beginning to appear feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Fischer
- Cyclacel Limited, Dundee Technopole, James Lindsay Place, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland, UK.
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