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Guenther F, Melzig MF. Protease-activated receptors and their biological role - focused on skin inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:1623-33. [PMID: 26709036 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For several years, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are targets of science regarding to various diseases and platelet aggregation. In the past, a number of publications related to PARs have been published, which refer to a variety of aspects. An important point of view is the inflammation of the skin, which has not been reported in detail yet. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge on PARs, and in particular, on the involvement of PARs in terms of skin inflammation. KEY FINDINGS Wound healing is an important step after skin injury and is connected with involvement of PARs and inflammation. An important point in skin inflammation is the coagulation-dependent skin inflammation. SUMMARY PARs are a special kind of receptors, being activated by proteolytic cleavage or chemical agonists. They may play an important role in various physiological processes. It is shown that the proteases are involved in many diseases for example Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The fact, that proteases regulate the coagulation, and are involved in interleukin and cytokine release leads to the conclusion that they are involved in inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guenther
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Milioli M, Ibáñez-Vea M, Sidoli S, Palmisano G, Careri M, Larsen MR. Quantitative proteomics analysis of platelet-derived microparticles reveals distinct protein signatures when stimulated by different physiological agonists. J Proteomics 2015; 121:56-66. [PMID: 25835965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) are a heterogeneous population of microvesicles released from platelets upon activation and apoptosis. Different platelet activations may affect PMP protein profiles and roles in intercellular communication. Here, we performed a quantitative proteomics study to characterize the protein content of PMPs generated by four differentially activated platelet samples. We selected known physiological agonists for platelet activation such as ADP, thrombin and collagen. Thrombin, which is mostly used to generate PMPs in vitro, was set as control. Platelets were activated by following a known agonist strength scale in which ADP was the weakest activation and thrombin and collagen stimulations were the strongest ones. Our proteomic analysis allowed the quantification of 3383 proteins, of which 428 membrane and 131 soluble proteins were found as significantly different in at least one of the analyzed conditions. Activation with stronger agonists led to the enrichment of proteins related to platelet activation in PMPs. In addition, proteins involved in platelet degranulation and proteins from the electron transport chain were less abundant in PMPs when stronger activation was used. Collectively, our data describe the most detailed characterization of PMPs after platelet physiological activation. Furthermore, we show that PMP protein content is highly dependent on the type of physiological agonist involved in platelet stimulation. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) are a population of vesicles generated upon platelet activation by various stimuli known to be involved in several physiological and pathological processes. This manuscript investigates the protein profile of PMPs obtained by performing four different activation protocols using mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. By following a known physiological agonist strength scale our findings suggest a biological link between agonist strength and proteins associated to platelet mediated processes such as activation and degranulation. These data may provide new insights for understanding PMP biological role and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milioli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Ibáñez-Vea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Hollenberg MD, Mihara K, Polley D, Suen JY, Han A, Fairlie DP, Ramachandran R. Biased signalling and proteinase-activated receptors (PARs): targeting inflammatory disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1180-94. [PMID: 24354792 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known since the 1960s that trypsin and chymotrypsin can mimic hormone action in tissues, it took until the 1990s to discover that serine proteinases can regulate cells by cleaving and activating a unique four-member family of GPCRs known as proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). PAR activation involves the proteolytic exposure of its N-terminal receptor sequence that folds back to function as a 'tethered' receptor-activating ligand (TL). A key N-terminal arginine in each of PARs 1 to 4 has been singled out as a target for cleavage by thrombin (PARs 1, 3 and 4), trypsin (PARs 2 and 4) or other proteases to unmask the TL that activates signalling via Gq , Gi or G12 /13 . Similarly, synthetic receptor-activating peptides, corresponding to the exposed 'TL sequences' (e.g. SFLLRN-, for PAR1 or SLIGRL- for PAR2) can, like proteinase activation, also drive signalling via Gq , Gi and G12 /13 , without requiring receptor cleavage. Recent data show, however, that distinct proteinase-revealed 'non-canonical' PAR tethered-ligand sequences and PAR-activating agonist and antagonist peptide analogues can induce 'biased' PAR signalling, for example, via G12 /13 -MAPKinase instead of Gq -calcium. This overview summarizes implications of this 'biased' signalling by PAR agonists and antagonists for the recognized roles the PARs play in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Tantry US, Mahla E, Gesheff MG, Gurbel PA. Importance of measurement of platelet reactivity to ADP in patients with coronary artery disease: an historical account. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:1547-56. [PMID: 24147519 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2013.839382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pivotal roles of platelets in physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis at the site of plaque rupture are well established. The latter roles provide the fundamental basis for the most widely implemented pharmacologic management of coronary artery disease--dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin to inhibit platelet thromboxane A2 generation, and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor to prevent adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet activation. Although suboptimal pharmacodynamic efficacy, also described as high on-treatment platelet reactivity to ADP, has been associated with greater risk for post-stenting ischemic event occurrence, enhanced responsiveness is associated with higher risk for bleeding in selected patients. In this review article, we aim to provide an historical account of the one and a half century long journey starting with the first description of platelets through the first report of ex vivo measurement of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, the first demonstration of an association between ADP-induced platelet aggregation and post-stenting ischemic event occurrence, and finally to the most recent description of a 'therapeutic window' concept for P2Y12 receptor inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya S Tantry
- Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, 2401 W. Belvedere Ave, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA
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5
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Packham MA, Rand ML. Historical perspective on ADP-induced platelet activation. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:283-92. [PMID: 21484086 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Packham
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
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6
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Static platelet adhesion, flow cytometry and serum TXB2 levels for monitoring platelet inhibiting treatment with ASA and clopidogrel in coronary artery disease: a randomised cross-over study. J Transl Med 2009; 7:42. [PMID: 19508722 PMCID: PMC2699331 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the use of anti-platelet agents such as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel in coronary heart disease, some patients continue to suffer from atherothrombosis. This has stimulated development of platelet function assays to monitor treatment effects. However, it is still not recommended to change treatment based on results from platelet function assays. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity of a static platelet adhesion assay to detect platelet inhibiting effects of ASA and clopidogrel. The adhesion assay measures several aspects of platelet adhesion simultaneously, which increases the probability of finding conditions sensitive for anti-platelet treatment. Methods With a randomised cross-over design we evaluated the anti-platelet effects of ASA combined with clopidogrel as well as monotherapy with either drug alone in 29 patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. Also, 29 matched healthy controls were included to evaluate intra-individual variability over time. Platelet function was measured by flow cytometry, serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2)-levels and by static platelet adhesion to different protein surfaces. The results were subjected to Principal Component Analysis followed by ANOVA, t-tests and linear regression analysis. Results The majority of platelet adhesion measures were reproducible in controls over time denoting that the assay can monitor platelet activity. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet adhesion decreased significantly upon treatment with clopidogrel compared to ASA. Flow cytometric measurements showed the same pattern (r2 = 0.49). In opposite, TXB2-levels decreased with ASA compared to clopidogrel. Serum TXB2 and ADP-induced platelet activation could both be regarded as direct measures of the pharmacodynamic effects of ASA and clopidogrel respectively. Indirect pharmacodynamic measures such as adhesion to albumin induced by various soluble activators as well as SFLLRN-induced activation measured by flow cytometry were lower for clopidogrel compared to ASA. Furthermore, adhesion to collagen was lower for ASA and clopidogrel combined compared with either drug alone. Conclusion The indirect pharmacodynamic measures of the effects of ASA and clopidogrel might be used together with ADP-induced activation and serum TXB2 for evaluation of anti-platelet treatment. This should be further evaluated in future clinical studies where screening opportunities with the adhesion assay will be optimised towards increased sensitivity to anti-platelet treatment.
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Savini I, Catani MV, Arnone R, Rossi A, Frega G, Del Principe D, Avigliano L. Translational control of the ascorbic acid transporter SVCT2 in human platelets. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:608-16. [PMID: 17291984 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox state have emerged as physiological mediators, controlling blood coagulation and thrombosis. The redox balance is obviously linked to the presence of antioxidants; in particular, vitamin C appears to be a key modulator of platelet oxidative state, since these cells physiologically accumulate ascorbic acid and, moreover, platelet ascorbate plays a role during aggregation. Here, we showed that platelets could compensate for fluctuations in ascorbate levels by modulating the expression of the Na+-dependent transporter SVCT2. Furthermore, the use of anucleated cells demonstrated, for the first time, that SVCT2 expression could be regulated at the translational level. The control of ascorbic acid uptake, through regulation of its carrier, was not only related to substrate availability, but it also occurred during platelet activation, which was accompanied by vitamin C deprivation and alteration in the redox state. Finally, we showed that changes in intracellular ascorbic acid content had physiological relevance, since they modulate the surface sulfhydryl content and the thrombus viscoelastic properties. Beside its role during aggregation, vitamin C may also have important effects during postaggregatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Falcinelli E, Guglielmini G, Torti M, Gresele P. Intraplatelet signaling mechanisms of the priming effect of matrix metalloproteinase-2 on platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2526-35. [PMID: 16241951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelets contain and release some matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix, and one of these (MMP-2) exerts a proaggregatory effect. We explored the signal transduction mechanisms activated by MMP-2 in human blood platelets. METHODS AND RESULTS Recombinant, human MMP-2, added before stimulation with subthreshold doses of different agonists, potentiated platelet activation, calcium influx, IP3 formation, and pleckstrin phosphorylation. Wortmannin and LY29400, two PI3-K inhibitors, suppressed the potentiating effects of MMP-2 and preincubation with MMP-2 enhanced the thrombin-induced association of the p85alpha PI3-K subunit with the cytoskeleton and increased the phosphorylation of PKB. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, MAP kinase inhibitors, PLA2 inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors and antagonists of the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors did not affect the potentiating activity of MMP-2 on platelets. CONCLUSION Our data show that MMP-2, at a concentration released by activated platelets, facilitates platelet activation acting at the level of a second messenger system common to different agonists and related to the activation of PI3-K. Platelet-released MMP-2 may contribute to platelet activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Falcinelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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9
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Tognetto M, D'Andrea MR, Trevisani M, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Spisani L, Daniele C, Andrade-Gordon P, Geppetti P, Harrison S. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) activation contracts the isolated human renal artery in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:21-7. [PMID: 12746219 PMCID: PMC1573818 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The in vitro motor function of protease-activated recepter-1 (PAR-1), PAR-2 and PAR-4 and the presence by immunohistochemistry of PAR-1 in the human renal artery have been investigated. 2. Thrombin and the human PAR-1 (SFLLRN-NH(2)) activating peptide, but not the PAR-1 reverse peptide (NRLLFS-NH(2)), contracted both endothelial-intact and endothelial-denuded human renal artery strips, whereas no relaxation was observed either in strips non-precontracted or precontracted with phenylephrine. Maximum contraction by thrombin or SFLLRN-NH(2) was about 60% of phenylephrine. However, thrombin was approximately 1000-fold more potent than SFLLRN-NH(2). 3. PAR-1 desensitisation, using repeated applications of SFLLRN-NH(2), almost completely blocked the response to thrombin. The contractile effect produced by thrombin and SFLLRN-NH(2) was not affected by nitric oxide synthase inhibition, but was significantly reduced by cyclooxygenase blockade. 4. Trypsin, the PAR-2 (SLIGKV-NH(2) and SLIGRL-NH(2)) and PAR-4 (GYPGQV-NH(2) and AYPGKF-NH(2)) activating peptides did not produce any significant contraction or relaxation. 5. In agreement with the motor function data immunohistochemistry showed specific staining patterns for PAR-1 in the human renal artery. 6. Combined, these studies would suggest a possible role for PAR-1 in renal vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tognetto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michael R D'Andrea
- The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Spring House, Philadelphia, U.S.A
| | - Marcello Trevisani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Daniele
- Division of Urology, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Selena Harrison
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, S. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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10
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Chabannes B, Moliere P, Merhi-Soussi F, Poubelle PE, Lagarde M. Platelets may inhibit leucotriene biosynthesis by human neutrophils at the integrin level. Br J Haematol 2003; 121:341-8. [PMID: 12694258 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes and blood platelets co-operate in several pathophysiological processes, and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites produced in response to the activation of these cells are potent mediators of their functions. We studied the role of platelets in the formation of 5-lipoxygenase products from AA by autologous neutrophils, especially the chemotactic agent leucotriene (LT) B4. The formation of all products, namely 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), LTB4 and the other LTA4-derived metabolites, in response to the calcium ionophore A23187 was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. All the 5-lipoxygenase products were significantly diminished by physiological concentrations of platelets. This inhibitory effect was lost when platelets were previously degranulated by thrombin in non-aggregating conditions. Peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser or His-His-Leu-Gly-Gly-Ala-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Asp-Val sequence, which prevent the adhesion of platelets to neutrophils via the fibrinogen released from platelet granules and the integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, markedly decreased the inhibitory effect of non-degranulated platelets. The production of transcellular metabolites of AA such as LTC4, the dual 5- and 12-lipoxygenase product 5,12-diHETE and lipoxins could not account for the decreased formation of 5-HETE and LTA4-derived metabolites. It is concluded that platelets may inhibit the neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase activity at the integrin level and in turn may play a role in slowing down the production of LTB4 in the course of inflammation.
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Hansson KM, Tengvall P, Lundström I, Rånby M, Lindahl TL. Surface plasmon resonance and free oscillation rheometry in combination: a useful approach for studies on haemostasis and interactions between whole blood and artificial surfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2002; 17:747-59. [PMID: 12191923 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In haemostatic and biomaterial research biological processes at surfaces and in the bulk phase of the surface-contacting medium are important. The present work demonstrates the usefulness of the combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), sensitive to changes in refractive index at surfaces, and free oscillation rheometry (FOR), sensitive to rheological properties of the bulk, for simultaneous real-time measurements on coagulation and fibrinolysis of blood plasma and coagulation of whole blood. SFLLRN stimulated coagulation of native whole blood presented a higher SPR signal with different appearance than plasma coagulation, while the FOR signals corresponding to plasma and whole blood coagulation were similar. This indicated that the SPR technique was more sensitive to cell-surface interactions than to fibrin formation in whole blood during coagulation, while the FOR technique were equally sensitive to coagulation in whole blood and plasma. Spontaneous coagulation of native whole blood in contact with methyl- and hydroxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on gold and gold surfaces regenerated after coagulation were also studied. The regenerated gold surfaces displayed the shortest coagulation times, although the contact-activation of blood coagulation for these surfaces was low. The methylated and hydroxylated surfaces were comparable in terms of coagulation activation, while the hydroxylated surfaces presented FOR signals that indicated detaching of the coagulum from the surface. The combination of SPR and FOR is well suited for studies of cell- and protein-surface interactions and simultaneous bulk processes. Possible applications are investigations of blood cell defects in patients and monitoring of native whole blood interactions with artificial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny M Hansson
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
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12
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Henriksen RA, Hanks VK. PAR-4 agonist AYPGKF stimulates thromboxane production by human platelets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:861-6. [PMID: 12006403 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000014742.56572.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have indicated that thrombin-induced thromboxane production by human platelets occurs through two types of interaction between thrombin and the platelet surface. One of these interactions is with protease activated receptor(PAR)-1, the first identified thrombin receptor. These studies were undertaken to determine whether stimulation of PAR-4 also results in thromboxane production. The results show that treatment of washed human platelets with the PAR-4 agonist AYPGKF stimulates a maximum of 40% to 60% of the thromboxane produced by 100 nmol/L thrombin. Maximal thromboxane production requires approximately 1.0 mmol/L AYPGKF, despite the observation that maximal aggregation is produced by 45 micromol/L AYPGKF. Thromboxane produced by the combined stimulation of PAR-1 and PAR-4 is additive. Pretreatment of platelets with 45 micromol/L AYPGKF partially desensitizes thromboxane production in response to higher concentrations of AYPGKF and thrombin but not to stimulation by SFLLRN. PAR-4-induced stimulation is also significantly inhibited by 60 micromol/L genistein. It is concluded that activation through either PAR-1 or PAR-4 results in thromboxane production, but that stimulation of neither receptor alone produces thromboxane equivalent to that produced by 100 nmol/L thrombin. Thus, these findings demonstrate the presence of two pathways for thrombin-induced thromboxane production by platelets as proposed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ann Henriksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4354, USA. henriksenr@ mail.ecu.edu
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13
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Arnaud E, Nicaud V, Poirier O, Rendu F, Alhenc-Gelas M, Fiessinger JN, Emmerich J, Aiach M. Protective effect of a thrombin receptor (protease-activated receptor 1) gene polymorphism toward venous thromboembolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:585-92. [PMID: 10669659 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.2.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is activated by thrombin at the surface of platelets and endothelial cells, 2 cells that are implicated in hemostasis and thrombosis. We studied the PAR-1 gene in a large case-control study from the Paris Thrombosis Study (PATHROS), and the possible implication of polymorphisms in venous thromboembolism was evaluated. Two polymorphisms were found in the 5' regulatory region. The first is a C to T transition that is 1426 nucleotides upstream from the translation start site (-1426 C/T), and the second is a 13-bp insertion repeating the preceding -506 5'-CGGCCGCGGGAAG-3' sequence (-506 I/D, where I indicates insertion and D indicates deletion), a putative cis-acting element of the Ets family. The third polymorphism is an A to T transversion in the intervening sequence (IVS) that is 14 nucleotides upstream from the exon 2 start site (IVS-14 A/T). The distribution of the 3 polymorphisms was otherwise similar in the 250 cases and the 1214 controls. A noteworthy sex heterogeneity led us to analyze men and women separately with regard to the -506 I/D polymorphism. We found that allele I was less frequent in male cases than in male controls (0.154 versus 0.247, P<0.01), with an odds ratio at 0.52 (95% CI 0. 32 to 0.82, P<0.01). Furthermore, a reduction of prothrombin fragment 1+2 levels was observed in homozygous carriers of allele -506 I (P=0.04). Altogether, these data suggested a protective effect in men of -506 I/D polymorphism for venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arnaud
- Laboratoire d'Hémostase and Service des Maladies Vasculaires, Hôpital Broussais-AP-HP, Paris, France.
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14
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Andersen H, Greenberg DL, Fujikawa K, Xu W, Chung DW, Davie EW. Protease-activated receptor 1 is the primary mediator of thrombin-stimulated platelet procoagulant activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:11189-93. [PMID: 10500152 PMCID: PMC18009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of human platelets by thrombin is mediated primarily by protease-activated receptors (PARs). PAR1 and PAR4 are present on human platelets and are activated by the hexapeptides SFLLRN and GYPGQV, respectively. To further characterize the involvement of PAR1 and PAR4 in platelet activation, the ability of SFLLRN or GYPGQV to generate annexin V binding to newly exposed phospholipids on the platelet surface and generate procoagulant activity has been examined. Exposure of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine on platelets, as determined by an increase in annexin V binding, was strongly stimulated by SFLLRN, thrombin, and collagen, but only to a minor extent by GYPGQV. In a clotting assay initiated with factor VIIa, soluble tissue factor, and calcium, the clotting time in the absence of platelets was >5 min. In the presence of unstimulated platelets, the clotting time was 200 +/- 20 sec. In the presence of platelets activated with SFLLRN or collagen, the clotting time decreased to 100 +/- 10 sec. This shortening of the clotting time is equivalent to about a 5-fold increase in coagulant activity when stimulated platelets are compared with unstimulated platelets and activated platelets are used as a reference. These results indicate that thrombin initiates a very strong response in platelets through PAR1, leading to exposure of anionic phospholipids that support blood clotting. The response mediated by PAR4, however, was limited to platelet aggregation and similar to that triggered in platelets by weaker agonists such as ADP or epinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357350, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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15
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Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Perry DW, Rand ML, Packham MA. Role of secreted adenosine diphosphate in the synergistic effects of cathepsin G on human platelets. Thromb Res 1999; 95:341-6. [PMID: 10527412 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(99)00052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Kinlough-Rathbone
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Cicala C, Bucci M, De Dominicis G, Harriot P, Sorrentino L, Cirino G. Bronchoconstrictor effect of thrombin and thrombin receptor activating peptide in guinea-pigs in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:478-84. [PMID: 10077241 PMCID: PMC1565816 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Several thrombin cellular effects are dependent upon stimulation of proteinase activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) localized over the cellular surface. Following activation by thrombin, a new N-terminus peptide is unmasked on PAR-1 receptor, which functions as a tethered ligand for the receptor itself. Synthetic peptides called thrombin receptor activating peptides (TRAPs), corresponding to the N-terminus residue unmasked, reproduce several thrombin cellular effects, but are devoid of catalytic activity. We have evaluated the bronchial response to intravenous administration of human alpha-thrombin or a thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP-9) in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated guinea-pigs. 2. Intravenous injection of thrombin (100 microkg(-1)) caused bronchoconstriction that was recapitulated by injection of TRAP-9 (1 mg kg(-1)). Animal pretreatment with the thrombin inhibitor Hirulog (10 mg kg(-1) i.v.) prevented thrombin-induced bronchoconstriction, but did not affect bronchoconstriction induced by TRAP-9. Both agents did not induce bronchoconstriction when injected intravenously to rats. 3. The bronchoconstrictor effect of thrombin and TRAP-9 was subjected to tolerance; however, in animals desensitized to thrombin effect, TRAP-9 was still capable of inducing bronchoconstriction, but not vice versa. 4. Depleting animals of circulating platelets prevented bronchoconstriction induced by both thrombin and TRAP-9. 5. Bronchoconstriction was paralleled by a biphasic change in arterial blood pressure, characterized by a hypotensive phase followed by a hypertensive phase. Thrombin-induced hypotension was not subject to tolerance and was inhibited by Hirulog; conversely, hypertension was subject to tolerance and was not inhibited by Hirulog. Hypotension and hypertension induced by TRAP-9 were neither subject to tolerance nor inhibited by Hirulog. 6. Our results indicate that thrombin causes bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs through a mechanism that requires proteolytic activation of its receptor and the exposure of the tethered ligand peptide. Platelet activation might be triggered by the thrombin effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cicala
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy.
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17
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Robinson MS, Mackie IJ, Khair K, Liesner R, Goodall AH, Savidge GF, Machin SJ, Harrison P. Flow cytometric analysis of reticulated platelets: evidence for a large proportion of non-specific labelling of dense granules by fluorescent dyes. Br J Haematol 1998; 100:351-7. [PMID: 9488626 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The labelling of platelets with thiazole orange (TO) has been utilized by various laboratories to determine the percentage of reticulated platelets within whole blood or platelet-rich plasma (PRP). A proportion of TO labelling, however, is not entirely mRNA specific and remains to be fully defined. Almost half of the total TO-positive signal within normal platelets (n = 5) was shown to be abrogated upon degranulation with 80 microM thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) (P = 0.006), strongly suggesting that platelet granules are non-specifically labelling with dye. We have confirmed this hypothesis by studying TO labelling of platelets within whole blood from dense granule deficient patients, e.g. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) (n = 5) and storage pool disease (SPD) (n = 4). The levels of TO-positive platelets were found to be significantly lower than normal (P = 0.0003 and P = 0.0002 respectively), but not significantly different from TRAP degranulated platelets. Upon degranulation of HPS and SPD platelets there was very little further reduction in the TO signal. Incubation of normals and SPD whole blood with different concentrations of either TO or coriphosphine-O confirmed that dense granules were non-specifically labelling even at high concentrations of both dyes. These findings suggest that although TO labelling is in part RNA specific, the dense granular pool of nucleotides appears to cause a substantial amount (approximately 50%) of non-specific labelling observed under these conditions of assay. This can easily be controlled for by a degranulation step with a non-enzymatic platelet agonist such as TRAP, and may have important consequences for the eventual standardization. clinical utilization and automation of reticulated platelet assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Robinson
- Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, London
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18
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Henriksen RA, Samokhin GP, Tracy PB. Thrombin-induced thromboxane synthesis by human platelets. Properties of anion binding exosite I-independent receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:3519-26. [PMID: 9437201 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.17.12.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
These studies have examined the effects of thrombin-related agonists in stimulating thromboxane production by human platelets. The results presented show that (1) the maximal response elicited by thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP) stimulation was 40% to 50% of that seen with thrombin or the thrombin mutant Thrombin Quick I; (2) pretreatment of platelets with prostaglandin E1 or genistein resulted in differential inhibition of thromboxane production in response to TRAP compared with either enzyme agonist; (3) an antibody to the thrombin receptor cleavage site that inhibits increases in intracellular [Ca2+] only partially reduced thromboxane production in response to 5 nmol+L thrombin and 15 nmol/L Thrombin Quick I; (4) preincubation with 20 mumol/L TRAP resulted in desensitization to further stimulation by 100 mumol/L TRAP, but not by 100 nmol/L thrombin; and (5) the response to thrombin after TRAP desensitization was completely inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and was independent of an intracellular [Ca2+] flux, The cumulative results may be explained by the existence of two proteolytically activated receptors that result in thromboxane production in response to thrombin. One is the thrombin receptor/substrate, PAR-1. Stimulation through the second receptor/substrate depends on a genistein-sensitive step, is independent of an intracellular Ca2+ flux, and is initiated by a thrombin-activated receptor that does not depend on interaction with anion-binding exosite I, as previously indicated by the relative activity of Thrombin Quick I in stimulating platelet aggregation and thromboxane production. The proposed second thrombin receptor on platelets represents an additional member of the class of proteolytically activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Henriksen
- Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4354, USA.
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19
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Vila V, Martinez-Sales V, Réganon E, Aznar J. Fibrinopeptide A release from intraplatelet fibrinogen is related to thrombin platelet activation. Thromb Res 1997; 86:263-9. [PMID: 9175247 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(97)00069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Vila
- Research Center, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Ishihara H, Connolly AJ, Zeng D, Kahn ML, Zheng YW, Timmons C, Tram T, Coughlin SR. Protease-activated receptor 3 is a second thrombin receptor in humans. Nature 1997; 386:502-6. [PMID: 9087410 DOI: 10.1038/386502a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a coagulation protease that activates platelets, leukocytes, endothelial and mesenchymal cells at sites of vascular injury, acting partly through an unusual proteolytically activated G-protein-coupled receptor. Knockout of the gene encoding this receptor provided definitive evidence for a second thrombin receptor in mouse platelets and for tissue-specific roles for different thrombin receptors. We now report the cloning and characterization of a new human thrombin receptor, designated protease-activated receptor 3 (PAR3). PAR3 can mediate thrombin-triggered phosphoinositide hydrolysis and is expressed in a variety of tissues, including human bone marrow and mouse megakaryocytes, making it a candidate for the sought-after second platelet thrombin receptor. PAR3 provides a new tool for understanding thrombin signalling and a possible target for therapeutics designed selectively to block thrombotic, inflammatory and proliferative responses to thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishihara
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130, USA
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21
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McNicol A, Sutherland M, Zou R, Drouin J. Defective thrombin-induced calcium changes and aggregation of Bernard-Soulier platelets are not associated with deficient moderate-affinity receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:628-32. [PMID: 8963719 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.16.5.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cloning of the moderate-affinity, serpentine thrombin receptor has helped clarify the mechanism of thrombin-induced platelet activation. Proteolytic cleavage by thrombin generates a new amino terminal that autostimulates the receptor, leading to activation of multiple signaling pathways and the platelet response. The function of other thrombin receptors, such as high-affinity glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), on platelets and their relationships to the moderate-affinity receptor remain unclear. The present study examined the role of the moderate-affinity thrombin receptor in Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) platelets, which contain low amounts of GPIb. Platelets from four BSS subjects displayed normal aggregation profiles and cytosolic calcium changes in response to moderate or high concentrations of thrombin. In contrast, the BSS platelet aggregation response was delayed and calcium changes were absent in response to low thrombin concentrations. Platelets from an asymptomatic BSS heterozygote displayed an activation profile similar to those of control individuals. Specific activation of the moderate-affinity receptor by a synthetic peptide caused similar aggregation in platelets from all individuals. The synthetic peptide also elicited calcium responses in BSS platelets. Platelets from the BSS subjects and from an individual with the May-Hegglin anomaly showed increased expression of the moderate-affinity thrombin receptor by flow-cytometric analyses. These results suggest that BSS platelets possess high levels of a functional moderate-affinity thrombin receptor, probably due to large platelet size, and provide indirect evidence that a high-affinity thrombin receptor is associated with GPIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McNicol
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Suzuki H, Yamazaki H, Tanoue K. Immunocytochemical aspects of platelet membrane glycoproteins and adhesive proteins during activation. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1996; 30:1-106. [PMID: 8824844 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(96)80009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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23
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Kramer RM, Roberts EF, Hyslop PA, Utterback BG, Hui KY, Jakubowski JA. Differential activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) by thrombin and thrombin receptor agonist peptide in human platelets. Evidence for activation of cPLA2 independent of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:14816-23. [PMID: 7782348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.24.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The thrombin receptor agonist peptide SFLLRN was less effective than thrombin in eliciting the liberation of arachidonic acid and the generation of thromboxane A2 by human platelets. We found that while SFLLRN evokes an initial transient increase in cystolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of similar magnitude as that caused by thrombin, the SFLLRN-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i declines more rapidly to near resting levels than that evoked by thrombin, suggesting that disparate levels of [Ca2+]i may contribute to the attenuated arachidonic acid release. Furthermore, we observed that SFLLRN is less effective than thrombin in mediating the "activating" phosphorylation of cytolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Both thrombin and SFLLRN rapidly and transiently activated kinases that phosphorylate the 21-residue synthetic peptide Thr669 derived from the epidermal growth factor receptor, but the maximal activation of proline-directed kinases by SFLLRN was less pronounced than that by thrombin. MonoQ chromatography and immunoblot analysis of extracts from stimulated platelets revealed that while thrombin induced a prominent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2, SFLLRN completely failed to do so. On the other hand, SFLLRN, like thrombin, stimulated the activity of a proline-directed kinase distinct from ERK1/2, but the activation of this kinase was less pronounced following stimulation of platelets with SFLLRN compared with thrombin. We conclude 1) that the partial activation of cPLA2 and the subsequent attenuated mobilization of arachidonic acid in response to SFLLRN may be the consequence of a less prolonged elevation of [Ca2+]i and insufficient activation of proline-directed kinase(s) by SFLLRN and 2) that the ability of SFLLRN to mediate the activating phosphorylation of cPLA2 in the absence of ERK1/2 stimulation suggest that, at least in human platelets, proline-directed kinases other than ERK1/2 may phosphorylate and activate cPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kramer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0444, USA
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