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Philip J. Magnetic nanofluids (Ferrofluids): Recent advances, applications, challenges, and future directions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102810. [PMID: 36417827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impelled by the need to find solutions to new challenges of modern technologies new materials with unique properties are being explored. Among various new materials that emerged over the decades, magnetic fluids exhibiting interesting physiochemical properties (optical, thermal, magnetic, rheological, apparent density, etc.) under a magnetic stimulus have been at the forefront of research. In the initial phase, there has been a fervent scientific curiosity to understand the field-induced intriguing properties of such fluids but later a plethora of technological applications emerged. Magnetic nanofluid, popularly known as ferrofluid, is a colloidal suspension of fine magnetic nanoparticles, has been at the forefront of research because of its magnetically tunable physicochemical properties and applications. Due to their stimuli-responsive behaviour, they have been finding more applications in biology and other engineering disciplines in recent years. Therefore, a critical review of this topic highlighting the necessary background, the potential of this material for emerging technologies, and the latest developments is warranted. This review also provides a summary of various applications, along with the key challenges and future research directions. The first part of the review addresses the different types of magnetic fluids, the genesis of magnetic fluids, their synthesis methodologies, properties, and stabilization techniques are discussed in detail. The second part of the review highlights the applications of magnetic nanofluids and nanoemulsions (as model systems) in probing order-disorder transitions, scattering, diffraction, magnetically reconfigurable internal structures, molecular interaction, and weak forces between colloidal particles, conformational changes of macromolecules at interfaces and polymer-surfactant complexation at the oil-water interface. The last part of the review summarizes the interesting applications of magnetic fluids such as heat transfer, sensors (temperature, pH, urea detection, cations, defect detection sensors), tunable optical filters, removal of dyes, dynamic seals, magnetic hyperthermia-based cancer therapy and other biomedical applications. The applications of magnetic nanofluids in diverse disciplines are growing day by day, yet there are challenges in their practical adaptation as field-worthy or packaged products. This review provides a pedagogical description of magnetic fluids, with the necessary background, key concepts, physics, experimental protocols, design of experiments, challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Philip
- Smart Materials Section, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India.
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2
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Liu L, Dodd S, Hunt RD, Pothayee N, Atanasijevic T, Bouraoud N, Maric D, Moseman EA, Gossa S, McGavern DB, Koretsky AP. Early detection of cerebrovascular pathology and protective antiviral immunity by MRI. eLife 2022; 11:74462. [PMID: 35510986 PMCID: PMC9106335 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Even patients that survive CNS infections can have lasting neurological dysfunction resulting from immune and pathogen induced pathology. Developing approaches to noninvasively track pathology and immunity in the infected CNS is crucial for patient management and development of new therapeutics. Here, we develop novel MRI-based approaches to monitor virus-specific CD8+ T cells and their relationship to cerebrovascular pathology in the living brain. We studied a relevant murine model in which a neurotropic virus (vesicular stomatitis virus) was introduced intranasally and then entered the brain via olfactory sensory neurons - a route exploited by many pathogens in humans. Using T2*-weighted high-resolution MRI, we identified small cerebral microbleeds as an early form of pathology associated with viral entry into the brain. Mechanistically, these microbleeds occurred in the absence of peripheral immune cells and were associated with infection of vascular endothelial cells. We monitored the adaptive response to this infection by developing methods to iron label and track individual virus specific CD8+ T cells by MRI. Transferred antiviral T cells were detected in the brain within a day of infection and were able to reduce cerebral microbleeds. These data demonstrate the utility of MRI in detecting the earliest pathological events in the virally infected CNS as well as the therapeutic potential of antiviral T cells in mitigating this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Steve Dodd
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Ryan D Hunt
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nikorn Pothayee
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Tatjana Atanasijevic
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nadia Bouraoud
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Selamawit Gossa
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, United States
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3
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Helfer BM, Ponomarev V, Patrick PS, Blower PJ, Feitel A, Fruhwirth GO, Jackman S, Pereira Mouriès L, Park MVDZ, Srinivas M, Stuckey DJ, Thu MS, van den Hoorn T, Herberts CA, Shingleton WD. Options for imaging cellular therapeutics in vivo: a multi-stakeholder perspective. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:757-773. [PMID: 33832818 PMCID: PMC9344904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have been making great advances toward clinical reality. Despite the increase in trial activity, few therapies have successfully navigated late-phase clinical trials and received market authorization. One possible explanation for this is that additional tools and technologies to enable their development have only recently become available. To support the safety evaluation of cell therapies, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Cell Therapy-Tracking, Circulation and Safety Committee, a multisector collaborative committee, polled the attendees of the 2017 International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy conference in London, UK, to understand the gaps and needs that cell therapy developers have encountered regarding safety evaluations in vivo. The goal of the survey was to collect information to inform stakeholders of areas of interest that can help ensure the safe use of cellular therapeutics in the clinic. This review is a response to the cellular imaging interests of those respondents. The authors offer a brief overview of available technologies and then highlight the areas of interest from the survey by describing how imaging technologies can meet those needs. The areas of interest include imaging of cells over time, sensitivity of imaging modalities, ability to quantify cells, imaging cellular survival and differentiation and safety concerns around adding imaging agents to cellular therapy protocols. The Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Cell Therapy-Tracking, Circulation and Safety Committee believes that the ability to understand therapeutic cell fate is vital for determining and understanding cell therapy efficacy and safety and offers this review to aid in those needs. An aim of this article is to share the available imaging technologies with the cell therapy community to demonstrate how these technologies can accomplish unmet needs throughout the translational process and strengthen the understanding of cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Stephen Patrick
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Feitel
- Formerly, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shawna Jackman
- Charles River Laboratories, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Margriet V D Z Park
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Cenya Imaging BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mya S Thu
- Visicell Medical Inc, La Jolla, California, USA
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4
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Gao T, Wu Y, Wang W, Deng C, Chen Y, Yi L, Song Y, Li W, Xu L, Xie Y, Fang L, Jin Q, Zhang L, Tang BZ, Xie M. Biomimetic Glucan Particles with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics for Noninvasive Monitoring of Transplant Immune Response. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11908-11928. [PMID: 34264052 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of post-transplant immune response is critical to prolong the survival of grafts. The current gold standard for assessing the immune response to graft is biopsy. However, such a method is invasive and prone to false negative results due to limited tissue size available and the heterogeneity of the rejection site. Herein, we report biomimetic glucan particles with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics (HBTTPEP/GPs) for real-time noninvasive monitoring of post-transplant immune response. We have found that the positively charged near-infrared AIEgens can effectively aggregate in the confined space of glucan particles (GPs), thereby turning on the fluorescence emission. HBTTPEP/GPs can track macrophages for 7 days without hampering the bioactivity. Oral administration of HBTTPEP/GPs can specially target macrophages by mimicking yeast, which then migrate to the transplant rejection site. The fluorescence emitted from HBTTPEP/GPs correlated well with the infiltration of macrophages and the degree of allograft rejection. Furthermore, a single oral HBTTPEP/GPs dose can dynamically evaluate the therapeutic response to immunosuppressive therapy. Consequently, the biomimetic AIE-active glucan particles can be developed as a promising probe for immune-monitoring in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Gao
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ya Wu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Luyang Yi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yishu Song
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenqu Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuji Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lingyun Fang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
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5
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Chelluri LK, Mohanram Y, Jain R, Mallarpu CS, Ponnana M, Kumar D, Krishna Venuganti VV, Kancherla R, Papineni RV, Towner R, Ghosal P. Effect of engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in targeted cardiac precursor cell delivery by MRI. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 541:15-21. [PMID: 33461063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A scientific approach is presented describing the fabrication of nanoprobe (GloTrack) that can act as cardiac precursor label to segregate cells from cardiac/non cardiac origins and traced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA) and kinase domain receptor (KDR) recognizing antibodies, form a layer on super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle - poly-ethylene glycol (SPION-PEG) complex, and bind to protein expressed on the surface of cardiac muscle cells. Physical attributes size, distribution, labelling efficiency, echocardiogram (ECG) changes and bio-distribution by MRI were analysed. The results indicate that GloTrack has an average size of 471 nm, exhibits negative potential and promotes labelling efficiency. The bio-distribution of GloTrack in in vivo experiments was traceable in 7T MRI showing high accumulation of GloTrack in cardiac muscles as compared to the liver and spleen. ECG data revealed that GloTrack segregated cardiac precursors has the potential benefit in treating heart failure, thereby paving way in the development of minimal cell manipulation with targeted cell delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Lab, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Yamuna Mohanram
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Lab, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rashi Jain
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Lab, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandra Shekar Mallarpu
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Lab, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Meenakshi Ponnana
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Lab, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Defence Metallurgical Research Lab, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ravindranath Kancherla
- Department of Transplant Biology, Immunology and Stem Cell Lab, Gleneagles Global Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rheal Towner
- Department of Pathology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, USA
| | - Partha Ghosal
- Defence Metallurgical Research Lab, Hyderabad, India
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6
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Wu YL. Cardiac MRI Assessment of Mouse Myocardial Infarction and Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2158:81-106. [PMID: 32857368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0668-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Small animal models are indispensable for cardiac regeneration research. Studies in mouse and rat models have provided important insights into the etiology and mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases and accelerated the development of therapeutic strategies. It is vitally important to be able to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and have reliable surrogate markers for therapeutic development for cardiac regeneration research. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a versatile and noninvasive imaging modality with excellent penetration depth, tissue coverage, and soft-tissue contrast, is becoming a more important tool in both clinical settings and research arenas. Cardiac MRI (CMR) is versatile, noninvasive, and capable of measuring many different aspects of cardiac functions, and, thus, is ideally suited to evaluate therapeutic efficacy for cardiac regeneration. CMR applications include assessment of cardiac anatomy, regional wall motion, myocardial perfusion, myocardial viability, cardiac function assessment, assessment of myocardial infarction, and myocardial injury. Myocardial infarction models in mice are commonly used model systems for cardiac regeneration research. In this chapter, we discuss various CMR applications to evaluate cardiac functions and inflammation after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijen L Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Helfer BM, Bulte JW. Cell Surveillance Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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8
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Farcas CG, Macasoi I, Pinzaru I, Chirita M, Chirita Mihaila MC, Dehelean C, Avram S, Loghin F, Mocanu L, Rotaru V, Ieta A, Ercuta A, Coricovac D. Controlled Synthesis and Characterization of Micrometric Single Crystalline Magnetite With Superparamagnetic Behavior and Cytocompatibility/Cytotoxicity Assessments. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32317973 PMCID: PMC7147350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of magnetite (Fe3O4) particles, coined as “Single Crystalline Micrometric Iron Oxide Particles” (SCMIOPs), were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. Both the single Fe3O4 phase content and the particle sizes range, from 1 µm to 30 µm, can be controlled by synthesis. The notable finding states that these particles exhibit vanishing remanent magnetization (σr=0.28 emu/g) and coercive force (Hc=1.5 Oe), which indicate a superparamagnetic-like behavior (unexpected at micrometric particles size), and remarkably high saturation magnetization (σs=95.5 emu/g), what ensures strong magnetic response, and the lack of agglomeration after the magnetic field removal. These qualities make such particles candidates for biomedical applications, to be used instead of magnetic nanoparticles which inevitably involve some drawbacks like aglommeration and insufficient magnetic response. In this sense, cytocompatibility/cytotoxicity tests were performed on human cells, and the results have clearly indicated that SCMIOPs are cytocompatible for healthy cell lines HaCaT (human keratinocytes) and HEMa (primary epidermal melanocytes) and cytotoxic for neoplastic cell lines A375 (human melanoma) and B164A5 (murine melanoma) in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Geanina Farcas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Chirita
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Constantin Chirita Mihaila
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania.,Max F. Prutz Laboratories, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviu Mocanu
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Rotaru
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Ieta
- Electrical and Computer Science Department SUNY Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States
| | - Aurel Ercuta
- Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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9
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Kapralov AA, Yang Q, Dar HH, Tyurina YY, Anthonymuthu TS, Kim R, St Croix CM, Mikulska-Ruminska K, Liu B, Shrivastava IH, Tyurin VA, Ting HC, Wu YL, Gao Y, Shurin GV, Artyukhova MA, Ponomareva LA, Timashev PS, Domingues RM, Stoyanovsky DA, Greenberger JS, Mallampalli RK, Bahar I, Gabrilovich DI, Bayır H, Kagan VE. Redox lipid reprogramming commands susceptibility of macrophages and microglia to ferroptotic death. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:278-290. [PMID: 32080625 PMCID: PMC7233108 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptotic death is the penalty for losing control over three processes-iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation and thiol regulation-that are common in the pro-inflammatory environment where professional phagocytes fulfill their functions and yet survive. We hypothesized that redox reprogramming of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) during the generation of pro-ferroptotic signal 15-hydroperoxy-eicosa-tetra-enoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (15-HpETE-PE) modulates ferroptotic endurance. Here, we have discovered that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/NO•-enrichment of activated M1 (but not alternatively activated M2) macrophages/microglia modulates susceptibility to ferroptosis. Genetic or pharmacologic depletion/inactivation of iNOS confers sensitivity on M1 cells, whereas NO• donors empower resistance of M2 cells to ferroptosis. In vivo, M1 phagocytes, in comparison to M2 phagocytes, exert higher resistance to pharmacologically induced ferroptosis. This resistance is diminished in iNOS-deficient cells in the pro-inflammatory conditions of brain trauma or the tumour microenvironment. The nitroxygenation of eicosatetraenoyl (ETE)-PE intermediates and oxidatively truncated species by NO• donors and/or suppression of NO• production by iNOS inhibitors represent a novel redox mechanism of regulation of ferroptosis in pro-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr A Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haider H Dar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rina Kim
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karolina Mikulska-Ruminska
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Indira H Shrivastava
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hsiu-Chi Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yijen L Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rangos Research Center of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Margarita A Artyukhova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov A Ponomareva
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rosario M Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM&ECOMARE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Detcho A Stoyanovsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Magnetic Materials and Systems: Domain Structure Visualization and Other Characterization Techniques for the Application in the Materials Science and Biomedicine. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic structures have attracted a great interest due to their multiple applications, from physics to biomedicine. Several techniques are currently employed to investigate magnetic characteristics and other physicochemical properties of magnetic structures. The major objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the usage, advances, advantages, and disadvantages of a large number of techniques that are currently available to characterize magnetic systems. The present review, aiming at helping in the choice of the most suitable method as appropriate, is divided into three sections dedicated to characterization techniques. Firstly, the magnetism and magnetization (hysteresis) techniques are introduced. Secondly, the visualization methods of the domain structures by means of different probes are illustrated. Lastly, the characterization of magnetic nanosystems in view of possible biomedical applications is discussed, including the exploitation of magnetism in imaging for cell tracking/visualization of pathological alterations in living systems (mainly by magnetic resonance imaging, MRI).
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11
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Tada Y, Tachibana A, Heidary S, Yang PC, McConnell MV, Dash R. Ferumoxytol-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance detection of early stage acute myocarditis. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2019; 21:77. [PMID: 31842900 PMCID: PMC6913003 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-019-0587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is limited during the early stages of myocarditis. This study examined whether ferumoxytol-enhanced CMR (FE-CMR) could detect an earlier stage of acute myocarditis compared to gadolinium-enhanced CMR. METHODS Lewis rats were induced to develop autoimmune myocarditis. CMR (3 T, GE Signa) was performed at the early- (day 14, n = 7) and the peak-phase (day 21, n = 8) of myocardial inflammation. FE-CMR was evaluated as % myocardial dephasing signal loss on gradient echo images at 6 and 24 h (6 h- & 24 h-FE-CMR) following the administration of ferumoxytol (300μmolFe/kg). Pre- and post-contrast T2* mapping was also performed. Early (EGE) and late (LGE) gadolinium enhancement was obtained after the administration of gadolinium-DTPA (0.5 mmol/kg) on day 14 and 21. Healthy rats were used as control (n = 6). RESULTS Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was preserved at day 14 with inflammatory cells but no fibrosis seen on histology. EGE and LGE at day 14 both showed limited myocardial enhancement (EGE: 11.7 ± 15.5%; LGE: 8.7 ± 8.7%; both p = ns vs. controls). In contrast, 6 h-FE-CMR detected extensive myocardial signal loss (33.2 ± 15.0%, p = 0.02 vs. EGE and p < 0.01 vs. LGE). At day 21, LVEF became significantly decreased (47.4 ± 16.4% vs control: 66.2 ± 6.1%, p < 0.01) with now extensive myocardial involvement detected on EGE, LGE, and 6 h-FE-CMR (41.6 ± 18.2% of LV). T2* mapping also detected myocardial uptake of ferumoxytol both at day 14 (6 h R2* = 299 ± 112 s- 1vs control: 125 ± 26 s- 1, p < 0.01) and day 21 (564 ± 562 s- 1, p < 0.01 vs control). Notably, the myocardium at peak-phase myocarditis also showed significantly higher pre-contrast T2* (27 ± 5 ms vs control: 16 ± 1 ms, p < 0.001), and the extent of myocardial necrosis had a strong positive correlation with T2* (r = 0.86, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS FE-CMR acquired at 6 h enhance detection of early stages of myocarditis before development of necrosis or fibrosis, which could potentially enable appropriate therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tada
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Atsushi Tachibana
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Shahriar Heidary
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Phillip C. Yang
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Michael V. McConnell
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Rajesh Dash
- Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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12
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Mukherjee S, Sonanini D, Maurer A, Daldrup-Link HE. The yin and yang of imaging tumor associated macrophages with PET and MRI. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7730-7748. [PMID: 31695797 PMCID: PMC6831464 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) are key players in the cancer microenvironment. Molecular imaging modalities such as MRI and PET can be used to track and monitor TAM dynamics in tumors non-invasively, based on specific uptake and quantification of MRI-detectable nanoparticles or PET-detectable radiotracers. Particular molecular signatures can be leveraged to target anti-inflammatory TAM, which support tumor growth, and pro-inflammatory TAM, which suppress tumor growth. In addition, TAM-directed imaging probes can be designed to include immune modulating properties, thereby leading to combined diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) effects. In this review, we will discuss the complementary role of TAM-directed radiotracers and iron oxide nanoparticles for monitoring cancer immunotherapies with PET and MRI technologies. In addition, we will outline how TAM-directed imaging and therapy is interdependent and can be connected towards improved clinical outcomes
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13
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Saini S, Poelmans J, Korf H, Dooley JL, Liang S, Manshian BB, Verbeke R, Soenen SJ, Vande Velde G, Lentacker I, Lagrou K, Liston A, Gysemans C, De Smedt SC, Himmelreich U. Longitudinal In Vivo Assessment of Host-Microbe Interactions in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Aspergillosis. iScience 2019; 20:184-194. [PMID: 31581067 PMCID: PMC6817634 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is ubiquitous in nature and the most common cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with a compromised immune system. The development of IPA in patients under immunosuppressive treatment or in patients with primary immunodeficiency demonstrates the importance of the host immune response in controlling aspergillosis. However, study of the host-microbe interaction has been hampered by the lack of tools for their non-invasive assessment. We developed a methodology to study the response of the host's immune system against IPA longitudinally in vivo by using fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI). We showed the advantage of a perfluorocarbon-based contrast agent for the in vivo labeling of macrophages and dendritic cells, permitting quantification of pulmonary inflammation in different murine IPA models. Our findings reveal the potential of 19F MRI for the assessment of rapid kinetics of innate immune response against IPA and the permissive niche generated through immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Saini
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Poelmans
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Hepatology, CHROMETA Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James L Dooley
- Laboratory of Genetics of Autoimmunity (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sayuan Liang
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Philips Research China, Shanghai, China
| | - Bella B Manshian
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory of Genetics of Autoimmunity (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI/Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Preclinical 19F MRI cell tracking at 3 Tesla. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:123-132. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Zhang H, Wu Y, Wang J, Tang Z, Ren Y, Ni D, Gao H, Song R, Jin T, Li Q, Bu W, Yao Z. In Vivo MR Imaging of Glioma Recruitment of Adoptive T-Cells Labeled with NaGdF 4 -TAT Nanoprobes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702951. [PMID: 29168917 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T lymphocyte immunotherapy is one of the most promising methods to treat residual lesions after glioma surgery. However, the fate of the adoptively transferred T-cells in vivo is unclear, hampering the understanding of this emerging therapy. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop noninvasive and quantitative in vivo tracking of these T-cells to glioma for better identification of the migratory fate and to provide objective evaluation of outcomes of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy targeting glioma. In this work, ultrasmall T1 MR-based nanoprobes, NaGdF4 -TAT, as molecular probes with high longitudinal relaxivity (8.93 mm-1 s-1 ) are designed. By means of HIV-1 transactivator (TAT) peptides, nearly 95% of the adoptive T-cells are labeled with the NaGdF4 -TAT nanoprobes without any measurable side effects on the labeled T-cells, which is remarkably superior to that of the control fluorescein isothiocyanate-NaGdF4 concerning labeling efficacy. Labeled adoptive T-cell clusters can be sensitively tracked in an orthotopic GL261-glioma model 24 h after intravenous infusion of 107 labeled T-cells by T1 -weighted MR imaging. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show that the NaGdF4 -TAT nanoprobes labeling of T-cells may be a promising method to track adoptive T-cells to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology in adoptive immunotherapy for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Dalong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruixue Song
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Teng Jin
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
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Ochando J, Braza MS. Nanoparticle-Based Modulation and Monitoring of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1888. [PMID: 29312352 PMCID: PMC5743935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific unresponsiveness while preserving an intact immune function remains difficult to achieve in organ transplantation. Induction of tolerance requires a fine modulation of the interconnected innate and adaptive immune systems. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) predominate during allograft rejection and create a highly inflammatory context where allospecific T cells are primed. Currently, the available protocols to prevent allograft rejection include a cocktail of drugs that are efficient in the short-term, but with severe long-term side effects and considerable toxicity. Consequently, better and less burdensome strategies are needed to promote indefinite allograft survival. Targeted delivery of immunosuppressive drugs that prevent the alloimmune response may address some of these problems. Nanoparticle-based approaches represent a promising strategy to negatively modulate the alloresponse by specifically delivering small compounds to APCs in vivo. Nanoparticles are also used as integrating imaging moieties to monitor inflammation for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, nanotechnology approaches represent an attractive strategy to deliver and monitor the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation with the potential to improve the clinical treatment of transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mounia S Braza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Immunology Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Squires JE, Soltys KA, McKiernan P, Squires RH, Strom SC, Fox IJ, Soto-Gutierrez A. Clinical Hepatocyte Transplantation: What Is Next? CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:280-289. [PMID: 29732274 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Significant recent scientific developments have occurred in the field of liver repopulation and regeneration. While techniques to facilitate liver repopulation with donor hepatocytes and different cell sources have been studied extensively in the laboratory, in recent years clinical hepatocyte transplantation (HT) and liver repopulation trials have demonstrated new disease indications and also immunological challenges that will require the incorporation of a fresh look and new experimental approaches. Recent findings Growth advantage and regenerative stimulus are necessary to allow donor hepatocytes to proliferate. Current research efforts focus on mechanisms of donor hepatocyte expansion in response to liver injury/preconditioning. Moreover, latest clinical evidence shows that important obstacles to HT include optimizing engraftment and limited duration of effectiveness, with hepatocytes being lost to immunological rejection. We will discuss alternatives for cellular rejection monitoring, as well as new modalities to follow cellular graft function and near-to-clinical cell sources. Summary HT partially corrects genetic disorders for a limited period of time and has been associated with reversal of ALF. The main identified obstacles that remain to make HT a curative approach include improving engraftment rates, and methods for monitoring cellular graft function and rejection. This review aims to discuss current state-of-the-art in clinical HT and provide insights into innovative approaches taken to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Squires
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kyle A Soltys
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patrick McKiernan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert H Squires
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Targeted Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of T-Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:233-244. [PMID: 27572293 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to develop a targeted nanoparticle platform for T cell labeling and tracking in vivo. PROCEDURES Through carboxylation of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface of SPION, carboxylated-PEG-SPION (IOPC) was generated as a precursor for further conjugation with the targeting probe. The IOPC could readily cross-link with a variety of amide-containing molecules by exploiting the reaction between 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The subsequent conjugation of monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody with IOPC made it possible to construct a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agente (CA) that targets T cells, named IOPC-CD3. RESULTS IOPC-CD3 was found to have high transverse relaxivity, good targeting selectivity, and good safety profile in vitro. The utility of this newly synthesized CA was explored in an in vivo rodent collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of rheumatoid arthritis. Serial MRI experiments revealed a selective decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio of the femoral growth plates of CIA rats infused with IOPC-CD3, with this finding being consistent with immunohistochemical results showing the accumulation of T cells and iron oxide nanoparticles in the corresponding region. CONCLUSIONS Together with the abovementioned desirable features, these results indicate that IOPC-CD3 offers a promising prospect for a wide range of cellular and molecular MRI applications.
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19
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Molecular Imaging of Acute Cardiac Transplant Rejection: Animal Experiments and Prospects. Transplantation 2017; 101:1977-1986. [PMID: 28538050 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute rejection (AR) remains the biggest challenge during the first year after heart transplantation despite advances in immunosuppressive therapy. The early detection and curbing of AR are crucial to the survival of transplant recipients. However, as the criterion standard for AR, endomyocardial biopsy has several limitations because of its inherent invasiveness and morbidity. Traditional imaging techniques, such as echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, are of certain value for AR, but their diagnostic criteria and accuracy remain in question. Molecular imaging sheds new light on AR diagnosis because it can provide information about gene expression and the location of molecules and cells. This article reviews the latest research and applications of several typical modalities of molecular imaging used in AR and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
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20
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Mavrogeni SI, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Kolovou G. Ferumoxytol in acute myocarditis: ‘keep your head in the clouds and your feet on the earth’. Heart 2017; 104:278-279. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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21
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Pothayee N, Cummings DM, Schoenfeld TJ, Dodd S, Cameron HA, Belluscio L, Koretsky AP. Magnetic resonance imaging of odorant activity-dependent migration of neural precursor cells and olfactory bulb growth. Neuroimage 2017; 158:232-241. [PMID: 28669915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitors or neuroblasts are produced by precursor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulbs (OB) throughout life. In the OB, these adult born neurons either die or replace existing olfactory interneurons, playing a critical role in the stabilization of OB circuitry. Although several aspects of the addition of new neurons into the OB have been studied, it is unclear whether long-distance activity from the OB can regulate the influx of migrating neuroblasts along the RMS. In this study, iron oxide-assisted MRI was used to track the migration of neuroblasts in combination with reversible naris occlusion to manipulate odorant-induced activity. It was found that decreasing olfactory activity led to a decrease in the rate of neuroblast migration along the RMS. Removal of the naris occlusion led to an increase in migratory rate back to control levels, indicating that olfactory activity has regulatory function on neuroblast migration in the RMS. Blocking odorant activity also led to an arrest in OB growth and re-opening the block led to a rapid re-growth returning the bulb size to control levels. Furthermore, pharmacogenetic elimination of the neuroblasts demonstrated that they were required for re-growth of the bulb following sensory deprivation. Together, these results show that sensory activity, neural migration and OB growth are tightly coupled in an interdependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikorn Pothayee
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana M Cummings
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy J Schoenfeld
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen Dodd
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heather A Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonardo Belluscio
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ye Q, Liu L, Wu Y, Yeh F, Li W, Tseng L, Ho C. Intralipid ® attenuates acute cardiac allograft rejection in relation to promoting CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T-cells and inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 expression. TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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23
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A multimodality imaging model to track viable breast cancer cells from single arrest to metastasis in the mouse brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35889. [PMID: 27767185 PMCID: PMC5073295 DOI: 10.1038/srep35889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular MRI involves sensitive visualization of iron-labeled cells in vivo but cannot differentiate between dead and viable cells. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) measures cellular viability, and thus we explored combining these tools to provide a more holistic view of metastatic cancer cell fate in mice. Human breast carcinoma cells stably expressing Firefly luciferase were loaded with iron particles, injected into the left ventricle, and BLI and MRI were performed on days 0, 8, 21 and 28. The number of brain MR signal voids (i.e., iron-loaded cells) on day 0 significantly correlated with BLI signal. Both BLI and MRI signals decreased from day 0 to day 8, indicating a loss of viable cells rather than a loss of iron label. Total brain MR tumour volume on day 28 also correlated with BLI signal. Overall, BLI complemented our sensitive cellular MRI technologies well, allowing us for the first time to screen animals for successful injections, and, in addition to MR measures of cell arrest and tumor burden, provided longitudinal measures of cancer cell viability in individual animals. We predict this novel multimodality molecular imaging framework will be useful for evaluating the efficacy of emerging anti-cancer drugs at different stages of the metastatic cascade.
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He J, Liu Q, Christodoulou AG, Ma C, Lam F, Liang ZP. Accelerated High-Dimensional MR Imaging With Sparse Sampling Using Low-Rank Tensors. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2016; 35:2119-29. [PMID: 27093543 PMCID: PMC5487008 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2550204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional MR imaging often requires long data acquisition time, thereby limiting its practical applications. This paper presents a low-rank tensor based method for accelerated high-dimensional MR imaging using sparse sampling. This method represents high-dimensional images as low-rank tensors (or partially separable functions) and uses this mathematical structure for sparse sampling of the data space and for image reconstruction from highly undersampled data. More specifically, the proposed method acquires two datasets with complementary sampling patterns, one for subspace estimation and the other for image reconstruction; image reconstruction from highly undersampled data is accomplished by fitting the measured data with a sparsity constraint on the core tensor and a group sparsity constraint on the spatial coefficients jointly using the alternating direction method of multipliers. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated in MRI applications; it may also have applications beyond MRI.
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Vaithilingam V, Yim MMW, Foster JL, Stait-Gardner T, Oberholzer J, Tuch BE. Noninvasive Tracking of Encapsulated Insulin Producing Cells Labelled with Magnetic Microspheres by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:6165893. [PMID: 27631014 PMCID: PMC5007365 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6165893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulated islets are usually injected free-floating into the peritoneal cavity, so the position of the grafts remains elusive after transplantation. This study aims to assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a noninvasive means to track microencapsulated insulin producing cells following transplantation. Encapsulated insulin producing cells (MIN6 and human islets) were labelled with magnetic microspheres (MM), assessed for viability and insulin secretion, and imaged in vitro using a clinical grade 3 T MRI and in vivo using both clinical grade 3 T and research grade 11.7 T MRI. Fluorescent imaging demonstrated the uptake of MM by both MIN6 and human islets with no changes in cell morphology and viability. MM labelling did not affect the glucose responsiveness of encapsulated MIN6 and islets in vitro. In vivo encapsulated MM-labelled MIN6 normalized sugar levels when transplanted into diabetic mice. In vitro MRI demonstrated that single microcapsules as well as clusters of encapsulated MM-labelled cells could be visualised clearly in agarose gel phantoms. In vivo encapsulated MM-labelled MIN6 could be visualised more clearly within the peritoneal cavity as discrete hypointensities using the high power 11.7 T but not the clinical grade 3 T MRI. This study demonstrates a method to noninvasively track encapsulated insulin producing cells by MM labelling and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaganapathy Vaithilingam
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Future Manufacturing Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Mandy M. W. Yim
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jayne L. Foster
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Timothy Stait-Gardner
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bernard E. Tuch
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Future Manufacturing Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Discipline Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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26
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Liu L, Tseng L, Ye Q, Wu YL, Bain DJ, Ho C. A New Method for Preparing Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Labeling with Ferumoxytol for Cell Tracking by MRI. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26271. [PMID: 27188664 PMCID: PMC4870722 DOI: 10.1038/srep26271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the major stem cells used for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In-vivo cell-tracking by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial for regenerative medicine, allowing verification that the transplanted cells reach the targeted sites. Cellular MRI combined with superparamagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO) contrast agents is an effective cell-tracking method. Here, we are reporting a new “bio-mimicry” method by making use of the “in-vivo environment” of MSCs to prepare native MSCs, so that (i) the phagocytic activity of cultured MSCs can be recovered and expanded MSCs can be ex-vivo labeled with Ferumoxytol, which is currently the only FDA approved SPIO nanoparticles for human use. Using our new method, 7-day cultured MSCs regain the capability to take up Ferumoxytol and exhibit an intracellular iron concentration of 2.50 ± 0.50 pg/MSC, comparable to that obtained by using Ferumoxytol-heparin-protamine nanocomplex; and (ii) cells can be re-sized to more native size, reducing from 32.0 ± 7.2 μm to 19.5 ± 5.2 μm. Our method can be very useful for expanding MSCs and labeling with Ferumoxytol, without the need for transfection agents and/or electroporation, allowing cell-tracking by MRI in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lanya Tseng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yijen L Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Bain
- Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chien Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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27
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Siegers GM, Krishnamoorthy S, Gonzalez-Lara LE, McFadden C, Chen Y, Foster PJ. Pre-Labeling of Immune Cells in Normal Bone Marrow and Spleen for Subsequent Cell Tracking by MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:26-34. [PMID: 30042956 PMCID: PMC6024446 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Iron particles are intravenously (IV) administered to label cells in vivo during magnetic resonance imaging. This technique has been extensively used to monitor immune cells in the context of inflammatory diseases. Here, we have investigated whether resting immune cells can be labeled in vivo in healthy mice before disease onset or injury, thus allowing visualization of critical early cellular events. Using 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging, we were able to detect signal loss in bone marrow, liver, and spleen as early as 1 hour after the IV injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Feridex; 80 to 120 nm in diameter) or larger micron-sized iron oxide particles (Bangs; 0.9 μm in diameter). Results were confirmed via histology. Further, flow cytometric analysis confirmed the presence of iron-labeled CD19+ B cells, CD3+ T cells, and CD11b+ myeloid cells within the spleen and the bone marrow. Extending this work to a murine model of multiple sclerosis, we IV administered superparamagnetic iron oxide to healthy mice 1 week before inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Images acquired 1 week after the onset of hindlimb paralysis showed regions of signal hypointensity in the mouse brain that corresponded with iron-labeled macrophages. In summary, we show that resting immune cells in the healthy mouse liver, spleen, and bone marrow can be prelabeled with iron oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, iron oxide preloading of immune cells in the reticuloendothelial system can be used to detect cellular infiltration in the brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Siegers
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Shruti Krishnamoorthy
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura E Gonzalez-Lara
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Catherine McFadden
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Xu Y, Sherwood JA, Lackey KH, Qin Y, Bao Y. The responses of immune cells to iron oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:543-53. [PMID: 26817529 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells play an important role in recognizing and removing foreign objects, such as nanoparticles. Among various parameters, surface coatings of nanoparticles are the first contact with biological system, which critically affect nanoparticle interactions. Here, surface coating effects on nanoparticle cellular uptake, toxicity and ability to trigger immune response were evaluated on a human monocyte cell line using iron oxide nanoparticles. The cells were treated with nanoparticles of three types of coatings (negatively charged polyacrylic acid, positively charged polyethylenimine and neutral polyethylene glycol). The cells were treated at various nanoparticle concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 50 μg ml(-1) or 2, 4, 8, 12, 20 μg cm(-2)) with 6 h incubation or treated at a nanoparticle concentration of 50 μg ml(-1) (20 μg cm(-2)) at different incubation times (6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h). Cell viability over 80% was observed for all nanoparticle treatment experiments, regardless of surface coatings, nanoparticle concentrations and incubation times. The much lower cell viability for cells treated with free ligands (e.g. ~10% for polyethylenimine) suggested that the surface coatings were tightly attached to the nanoparticle surfaces. The immune responses of cells to nanoparticles were evaluated by quantifying the expression of toll-like receptor 2 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and toll-like receptor 2 were not significant in any case of the surface coatings, nanoparticle concentrations and incubation times. These results provide useful information to select nanoparticle surface coatings for biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sherwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Kimberly H Lackey
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Ying Qin
- Alabama Innovation and Mentoring of Entrepreneurs, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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29
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Amsallem M, Saito T, Tada Y, Dash R, McConnell MV. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography Approaches to Imaging Vascular and Cardiac Inflammation. Circ J 2016; 80:1269-77. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Amsallem
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Toshinobu Saito
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Yuko Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Rajesh Dash
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
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30
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Granot D, Nkansah MK, Bennewitz MF, Tang KS, Markakis EA, Shapiro EM. Clinically viable magnetic poly(lactide-co-glycolide) particles for MRI-based cell tracking. Magn Reson Med 2015; 71:1238-50. [PMID: 23568825 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To design, fabricate, characterize, and in vivo assay clinically viable magnetic particles for MRI-based cell tracking. METHODS Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) encapsulated magnetic nano and microparticles were fabricated. Multiple biologically relevant experiments were performed to assess cell viability, cellular performance, and stem cell differentiation. In vivo MRI experiments were performed to separately test cell transplantation and cell migration paradigms, as well as in vivo biodegradation. RESULTS Highly magnetic nano (∼100 nm) and microparticles (∼1-2 µm) were fabricated. Magnetic cell labeling in culture occurred rapidly achieving 3-50 pg Fe/cell at 3 h for different particles types, and >100 pg Fe/cell after 10 h, without the requirement of a transfection agent, and with no effect on cell viability. The capability of magnetically labeled mesenchymal or neural stem cells to differentiate down multiple lineages, or for magnetically labeled immune cells to release cytokines following stimulation, was uncompromised. An in vivo biodegradation study revealed that NPs degraded ∼80% over the course of 12 weeks. MRI detected as few as 10 magnetically labeled cells, transplanted into the brains of rats. Also, these particles enabled the in vivo monitoring of endogenous neural progenitor cell migration in rat brains over 2 weeks. CONCLUSION The robust MRI properties and benign safety profile of these particles make them promising candidates for clinical translation for MRI-based cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Granot
- Molecular and Cellular MRI Laboratory, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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31
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Korchinski DJ, Taha M, Yang R, Nathoo N, Dunn JF. Iron Oxide as an MRI Contrast Agent for Cell Tracking. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2015; 8:15-29. [PMID: 26483609 PMCID: PMC4597836 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide contrast agents have been combined with magnetic resonance imaging for cell tracking. In this review, we discuss coating properties and provide an overview of ex vivo and in vivo labeling of different cell types, including stem cells, red blood cells, and monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, we provide examples of applications of cell tracking with iron contrast agents in stroke, multiple sclerosis, cancer, arteriovenous malformations, and aortic and cerebral aneurysms. Attempts at quantifying iron oxide concentrations and other vascular properties are examined. We advise on designing studies using iron contrast agents including methods for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Korchinski
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - May Taha
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Runze Yang
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nabeela Nathoo
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F. Dunn
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Experimental Imaging Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,CORRESPONDENCE:
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32
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerosis Using CD81-Targeted Microparticles of Iron Oxide in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:758616. [PMID: 26266263 PMCID: PMC4523685 DOI: 10.1155/2015/758616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using CD81- (Cluster of Differentiation 81 protein-) targeted microparticles of iron oxide (CD81-MPIO) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the murine atherosclerosis. CD81-MPIO and IgG- (Immunoglobulin G-) MPIO were prepared by covalently conjugating, respectively, with anti-CD81 monoclonal and IgG antibodies to the surface of the tosyl activated MPIO. The relevant binding capability of the MPIO was examined by incubating them with murine bEnd.3 cells stimulated with phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and its effect in shortening T2 relaxation time was also examined. MRI in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice was studied in vivo. Our results show that CD81-MPIO, but not IgG-MPIO, can bind to the PMS-stimulated bEnd.3 cells. The T2 relaxation time was significantly shortened for stimulated bEnd.3 cells when compared with IgG-MPIO. In vivo MRI in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice showed highly conspicuous areas of low signal after CD81-MPIO injection. Quantitative analysis of the area of CD81-MPIO contrast effects showed 8.96- and 6.98-fold increase in comparison with IgG-MPIO or plain MPIO, respectively (P < 0.01). Histological assay confirmed the expression of CD81 and CD81-MPIO binding onto atherosclerotic lesions. In conclusion, CD81-MPIO allows molecular assessment of murine atherosclerotic lesions by magnetic resonance imaging.
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33
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McMinn JF, Lang NN, McPhadden A, Payne JR, Petrie MC, Gardner RS. Biomarkers of acute rejection following cardiac transplantation. Biomark Med 2015; 8:815-32. [PMID: 25224938 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac transplantation can be a life-saving treatment for selected patients with heart failure. However, despite advances in immunosuppressive therapy, acute allograft rejection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The current 'gold standard' for rejection surveillance is endomyocardial biopsy, which aims to identify episodes of rejection prior to development of clinical manifestations. This is an invasive technique with a risk of false-positive and false-negative results. Consequently, a wide variety of noninvasive alternatives have been investigated for their potential role as biomarkers of rejection. This article reviews the evidence behind proposed alternatives such as imaging techniques, electrophysiological parameters and peripheral blood markers, and highlights the potential future role for biomarkers in cardiac transplantation as an adjunct to biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna F McMinn
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK
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34
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Tsukasaki Y, Komatsuzaki A, Mori Y, Ma Q, Yoshioka Y, Jin T. A short-wavelength infrared emitting multimodal probe for non-invasive visualization of phagocyte cell migration in living mice. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:14356-9. [PMID: 25296382 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the non-invasive visualization of cell migration in deep tissues, we synthesized a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) emitting multimodal probe that contains PbS/CdS quantum dots, rhodamine 6G and iron oxide nanoparticles. This probe enables multimodal (SWIR fluorescence/magnetic resonance) imaging of phagocyte cell migration in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsukasaki
- RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.
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35
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Kim B, Yang J, Lee YH, Kim MH, Heo D, Lee E, Suh JS, Haam S, Huh YM. Compensatory UTE/T2W Imaging of Inflammatory Vascular Wall in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124572. [PMID: 25978437 PMCID: PMC4433322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To obtain compensatory ultra-short echo time (UTE) imaging and T2-weighted (T2W) imaging of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits following dextran-coated magnetic nanocluster (DMNC) injection for the effective in vivo detection of inflammatory vascular wall. METHODS Magnetic nanoparticle was synthesized by thermal decomposition and encapsulated with dextran to prepare DMNC. The contrast enhancement efficiency of DMNC was investigated using UTE (repetition time [TR] = 5.58 and TE = 0.07 ms) and T2W (TR = 4000 and TE = 60 ms) imaging sequences. To confirm the internalization of DMNC into macrophages, DMNC-treated macrophages were visualized by cellular transmission electron microscope (TEM) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. WHHL rabbits expressing macrophage-rich plaques were subjected to UTE and T2W imaging before and after intravenous DMNC (120 μmol Fe/kg) treatment. Ex vivo MR imaging of plaques and immunostaining studies were also performed. RESULTS Positive and negative contrast enhancement of DMNC solutions with increasing Fe concentrations were observed in UTE and T2W imaging, respectively. The relative signal intensities of the DMNC solution containing 2.9 mM Fe were calculated as 3.53 and 0.99 in UTE and T2W imaging, respectively. DMNC uptake into the macrophage cytoplasm was visualized by electron microscopy. Cellular MR imaging of DMNC-treated macrophages revealed relative signals of 3.00 in UTE imaging and 0.98 in T2W imaging. In vivo MR images revealed significant brightening and darkening of plaque areas in the WHHL rabbit 24 h after DMNC injection in UTE and T2W imaging, respectively. Ex vivo MR imaging results agreed with these in vivo MR imaging results. Histological analysis showed that DMNCs were localized to areas of inflammatory vascular wall. CONCLUSIONS Using compensatory UTE and T2W imaging in conjunction with DMNC is an effective approach for the noninvasive in vivo imaging of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjune Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Heo
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nanomedical National Core Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Lee
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nanomedical National Core Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suck Suh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nanomedical National Core Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SH); (YMH)
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SH); (YMH)
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Roach DR, Garrett WM, Welch G, Caperna TJ, Talbot NC, Shapiro EM. Magnetic cell labeling of primary and stem cell-derived pig hepatocytes for MRI-based cell tracking of hepatocyte transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123282. [PMID: 25856627 PMCID: PMC4391930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig hepatocytes are an important investigational tool for optimizing hepatocyte transplantation schemes in both allogeneic and xenogeneic transplant scenarios. MRI can be used to serially monitor the transplanted cells, but only if the hepatocytes can be labeled with a magnetic particle. In this work, we describe culture conditions for magnetic cell labeling of cells from two different pig hepatocyte cell sources; primary pig hepatocytes (ppHEP) and stem cell-derived hepatocytes (PICM-19FF). The magnetic particle is a micron-sized iron oxide particle (MPIO) that has been extensively studied for magnetic cell labeling for MRI-based cell tracking. ppHEP could endocytose MPIO with labeling percentages as high as 70%, achieving iron content as high as ~55 pg/cell, with >75% viability. PICM-19FF had labeling >97%, achieving iron content ~38 pg/cell, with viability >99%. Extensive morphological and functional assays indicated that magnetic cell labeling was benign to the cells. The results encourage the use of MRI-based cell tracking for the development and clinical use of hepatocyte transplantation methodologies. Further, these results generally highlight the importance of functional cell assays in the evaluation of contrast agent biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne R. Roach
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wesley M. Garrett
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Glenn Welch
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Caperna
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neil C. Talbot
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu W, Wu Z, Yu T, Jiang C, Kim WS. Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, surface functional strategies and biomedical applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:023501. [PMID: 27877761 PMCID: PMC5036481 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/023501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent development and various strategies in the preparation, microstructure, and magnetic properties of bare and surface functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs); their corresponding biological application was also discussed. In order to implement the practical in vivo or in vitro applications, the IONPs must have combined properties of high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility, and interactive functions at the surface. Moreover, the surface of IONPs could be modified by organic materials or inorganic materials, such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The new functionalized strategies, problems and major challenges, along with the current directions for the synthesis, surface functionalization and bioapplication of IONPs, are considered. Finally, some future trends and the prospects in these research areas are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohui Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Korea
| | - Taekyung Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Korea
| | - Changzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Woo-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Korea
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38
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Mori Y, Chen T, Fujisawa T, Kobashi S, Ohno K, Yoshida S, Tago Y, Komai Y, Hata Y, Yoshioka Y. From cartoon to real time MRI: in vivo monitoring of phagocyte migration in mouse brain. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6997. [PMID: 25385430 PMCID: PMC4227027 DOI: 10.1038/srep06997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that immune cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of many neurological conditions. Immune cells constantly survey the brain microvasculature for irregularities in levels of factors that signal homeostasis. Immune responses are initiated when necessary, resulting in mobilisation of the microglial cells resident in the central nervous system (CNS) and/or of infiltrating peripheral cells. However, little is known about the kinetics of immune cells in healthy and diseased CNS, because it is difficult to perform long-term visualisation of cell motility in live tissue with minimal invasion. Here, we describe highly sensitive in vivo MRI techniques for sequential monitoring of cell migration in the CNS at the single-cell level. We show that MRI combined with intravenous administration of super-paramagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIO) can be used to monitor the transmigration of peripheral phagocytes into healthy or LPS-treated mouse brains. We also demonstrate dynamic cell migration in live animal brains with time-lapse MRI videos. Time-lapse MRI was used to visualise and track cells with low motility in a control mouse brain. High-sensitivity MRI cell tracking using SPIO offers new insights into immune cell kinetics in the brain and the mechanisms of CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mori
- 1] Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ting Chen
- 1] Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fujisawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Syoji Kobashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Kohji Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshida
- Biotechnology Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, 1-8 Takasago-cho Miyamae-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tago
- Biotechnology Development Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, 1-8 Takasago-cho Miyamae-cho, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Yutaka Komai
- Single Molecule Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hata
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- 1] Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Geng K, Yang ZX, Huang D, Yi M, Jia Y, Yan G, Cheng X, Wu R. Tracking of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid by 7T magnetic resonance imaging in a model of cerebral ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:954-60. [PMID: 25352164 PMCID: PMC4262487 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the development of stem cell and gene therapy requires repeatable and non-invasive techniques to monitor the survival and integration of stem cells in vivo with a high temporal and spatial resolution. The purpose of the present study was to examine the feasibility of using the standard contrast agent gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) to label rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for stem cell tracking. MSCs, obtained from the bilateral femora of rats, were cultured and propagated. The non-liposomal lipid transfection reagent effectene was then used to induce the intracellular uptake of Gd-DTPA. Electron microscopy was used to detect the distribution of Gd-DTPA particles in the MSCs. The labeling efficiency of the Gd-DTPA particles in the MSCs was determined using spectrophotometry, and MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays were used to evaluate the viability and proliferation of the labeled MSCs. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to observe the labeled cells in vitro and in the rat brain. Gd-DTPA particles were detected inside the MSCs using transmission electron microscopy and a high labeling efficiency was observed. No difference was observed in cell viability or proliferation between the labeled and unlabeled MSCs (P>0.05). In the in vitro T1-weighted MRI and in the rat brain, a high signal intensity was observed in the labeled MSCs. The T1-weighted imaging of the labeled cells revealed a significantly higher signal intensity compared with that of the unlabeled cells (P<0.05) and the T1 values were significantly lower. The function of the labeled MSCs demonstrated no change following Gd-DTPA labeling, with no evident adverse effect on cell viability or proliferation. Therefore, a change in MR signal intensity was detected in vitro and in vivo, suggesting Gd-DTPA can be used to label MSCs for MRI tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Geng
- The Chinese People's Liberation Army 59 Hospital, Yunnan, Kaiyuan, Yunnan 661699, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Xian Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Dexiao Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Meizi Yi
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Yanlong Jia
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
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Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle prelabelling of human neural precursor cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5549-64. [PMID: 24726535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells prelabelled with iron oxide nanoparticles can be visualised using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique allows for noninvasive long-term monitoring of migration, integration and stem cell fate following transplantation into living animals. In order to determine biocompatibility, the present study investigated the biological impact of introducing ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) into primary human fetal neural precursor cells (hNPCs) in vitro. USPIOs with a mean diameter of 10-15 nm maghemite iron oxide core were sterically stabilised by 95% methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and either 5% cationic (NH2) end-functionalised, or 5% Rhodamine B end-functionalised, polyacrylamide. The stabilising polymer diblocks were synthesised by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation. Upon loading, cellular viability, total iron capacity, differentiation, average distance of migration and changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration were measured to determine optimal loading conditions. Taken together we demonstrate that prelabelling of hNPCs with USPIOs has no significant detrimental effect on cell biology and that USPIOs, when utilised at an optimised dosage, are an effective means of noninvasively tracking prelabelled hNPCs.
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Yeh FC, Ye Q, Hitchens TK, Wu YL, Parwani AV, Ho C. Mapping stain distribution in pathology slides using whole slide imaging. J Pathol Inform 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24672736 PMCID: PMC3952401 DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.126140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whole slide imaging (WSI) offers a novel approach to digitize and review pathology slides, but the voluminous data generated by this technology demand new computational methods for image analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, we report a method that recognizes stains in WSI data and uses kernel density estimator to calculate the stain density across the digitized pathology slides. The validation study was conducted using a rat model of acute cardiac allograft rejection and another rat model of heart ischemia/reperfusion injury. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to label ED1+ macrophages in the tissue sections and the stained slides were digitized by a whole slide scanner. The whole slide images were tessellated to enable parallel processing. Pixel-wise stain classification was conducted to classify the IHC stains from those of the background and the density distribution of the identified IHC stains was then calculated by the kernel density estimator. Results: The regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.8961 between the number of IHC stains counted by our stain recognition algorithm and that by the manual counting, suggesting that our stain recognition algorithm was in good agreement with the manual counting. The density distribution of the IHC stains showed a consistent pattern with those of the cellular magnetic resonance (MR) images that detected macrophages labeled by ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide or micron-sized iron-oxide particles. Conclusions: Our method provides a new imaging modality to facilitate clinical diagnosis. It also provides a way to validate/correlate cellular MRI data used for tracking immune-cell infiltration in cardiac transplant rejection and cardiac ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA ; Department of Biological Science, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Biological Science, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Department of Biological Science, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yijen L Wu
- Department of Biological Science, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil V Parwani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology Informatics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chien Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA ; Department of Biological Science, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hitchens TK, Liu L, Foley LM, Simplaceanu V, Ahrens ET, Ho C. Combining perfluorocarbon and superparamagnetic iron-oxide cell labeling for improved and expanded applications of cellular MRI. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:367-75. [PMID: 24478194 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ability to detect the migration of cells in living organisms is fundamental in understanding biological processes and important for the development of novel cell-based therapies to treat disease. MRI can be used to detect the migration of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO) or perfluorocarbon (PFC) agents. In this study, we explored combining these two cell-labeling approaches to overcome current limitations and enable new applications for cellular MRI. METHODS We characterized (19)F-NMR relaxation properties of PFC-labeled cells in the presence of SPIO and imaged cells both ex vivo and in vivo in a rodent inflammation model to demonstrate selective visualization of cell populations. RESULTS We show that with UTE3D, RARE, and FLASH (19) F images one can uniquely identify PFC-labeled cells, colocalized PFC- and SPIO-labeled cells, and PFC/SPIO-colabeled cells. CONCLUSION This new methodology has the ability to improve and expand applications of MRI cell tracking. Combining PFC and SPIO strategies can potentially provide a method to quench PFC signal transferred from dead cells to macrophages, thereby eliminating false positives. In addition, combining these techniques could also be used to track two cell types simultaneously and probe cell-cell proximity in vivo with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kevin Hitchens
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lesley M Foley
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Virgil Simplaceanu
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric T Ahrens
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chien Ho
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Santo VE, Rodrigues MT, Gomes ME. Contributions and future perspectives on the use of magnetic nanoparticles as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the field of regenerative medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 13:553-66. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2013.819169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Christodoulou AG, Wu YL, Hitchens TK, Ho C, Liang ZP. Self-navigated low-rank MRI for MPIO-labeled immune cell imaging of the heart. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2014; 2014:1529-1532. [PMID: 25570261 PMCID: PMC5341083 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6943893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Super-paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles can magnetically label immune cells in circulation; the accumulation of labeled cells can then be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This has enormous potential for imaging inflammatory responses in the heart, but it has been difficult to do in vivo using conventional free-breathing, ungated cardiac imaging. Subspace imaging with temporal navigation and sparse sampling of (k, t)-space has previously been used to accelerate several cardiac imaging applications, conventionally alternating between acquiring navigator data and sparse data every other TR. Here we describe a more efficient self-navigated pulse sequence to acquire both navigator and sparse (k, t)-space data in the space of a single TR, doubling imaging speed to approach 100 frames per second (fps). We show the feasibility of using the resulting method to assess myocardial inflammation in a pre-clinical rodent ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) model using micron-sized paramagnetic iron oxide (MPIO) particles to label immune cells in situ.
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Jaiswal MK, Gogoi M, Dev Sarma H, Banerjee R, Bahadur D. Biocompatibility, biodistribution and efficacy of magnetic nanohydrogels in inhibiting growth of tumors in experimental mice models. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:370-380. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Ding Y, Gao J, Yang X, He J, Zhou Z, Hu Y. Preparation of water dispersible, fluorescent Ag–PAA–PVP hybrid nanogels and their optical properties. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Brede C, Labhasetwar V. Applications of nanoparticles in the detection and treatment of kidney diseases. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20:454-65. [PMID: 24206598 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have emerged in the medical field as a technology well suited for the diagnosis and treatment of various disease states. They have been heralded as efficacious in terms of improved therapeutic efficacy and reduction of treatment side effects in some cases. Various nanomaterials have been developed that can be tagged with targeting moieties as well as with drug delivery and imaging capability or a combination of both as a theranostic agent. These nanomaterials have been investigated for treatment and detection of various pathological conditions. The emphasis of this review is to demonstrate current research and clinical applications for nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases.
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Wu YL, Ye Q, Eytan DF, Liu L, Rosario BL, Hitchens TK, Yeh FC, Rooijen van N, Ho C. Magnetic resonance imaging investigation of macrophages in acute cardiac allograft rejection after heart transplantation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:965-73. [PMID: 24097421 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.113.000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current immunosuppressive therapy after heart transplantation either generally suppresses the recipient's entire immune system or is mainly targeting T-lymphocytes. Monocytes/macrophages are recognized as a hallmark of acute allograft rejection, but the roles that they play are not well characterized in vivo, because the tools for accessing in situ macrophage infiltration are lacking. In this study, we used MRI to investigate the role of macrophages in acute heart allograft rejection by cellular and functional MRI with selectively depleted systemic macrophages without affecting other leukocyte population, as well as to explore the possibility that macrophages could be an alternative therapeutic target. METHODS AND RESULTS A rodent heterotopic working heart-lung transplantation model was used for studying acute allograft rejection. Systemic macrophages were selectively depleted by treating recipient animals with clodronate-liposomes. Macrophage infiltration in the graft hearts was monitored by cellular MRI with in vivo ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles labeling. Graft heart function was evaluated by tagging MRI followed by strain analysis. Clodronate-liposome treatment depletes circulating monocytes/macrophages in transplant recipients, and both cellular MRI and pathological examinations indicate a significant reduction in macrophage accumulation in the rejecting allograft hearts. In clodronate-liposome-treated group, allograft hearts exhibited preserved tissue integrity, partially reversed functional deterioration, and prolonged graft survival, compared with untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac cellular and functional MRI is a powerful tool to explore the roles of targeted immune cells in vivo. Our results indicate that macrophages are essential in acute cardiac allograft rejection, and selective depletion of macrophages with clodronate-liposomes protects hearts against allograft rejection, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue. Our findings show that there is a finite risk of forming an intraventricular mass, presumably from the cellular debris or lipid material. Further optimization of the dosing protocol is necessary before clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijen L Wu
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, and Department of Biological Sciences
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Guo Y, Zhang Z, Kim DH, Li W, Nicolai J, Procissi D, Huan Y, Han G, Omary RA, Larson AC. Photothermal ablation of pancreatic cancer cells with hybrid iron-oxide core gold-shell nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3437-46. [PMID: 24039426 PMCID: PMC3771851 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s47585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Photothermal ablation is a minimally invasive approach, which typically involves delivery of photothermal sensitizers to targeted tissues. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate that gold nanoparticles are phagocytosed by pancreatic cancer cells, thus permitting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of sensitizer delivery and photothermal ablation. Patients and methods Iron-oxide core/gold-shell nanoparticles (GoldMag®, 30 nm diameter; Xi’an GoldMag Biotechnology Co, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China) were used. In a 96-well plate, 3 × 104 PANC-1 (human pancreatic cancer cell line) cells were placed. GoldMag (0, 25, or 50 μg/mL) was added to each well and 24 hours allowed for cellular uptake. Samples were then divided into two groups: one treated with photothermal ablation (7.9 W/cm2) for 5 minutes, the other not treated. Photothermal ablation was performed using laser system (BWF5; B&W Tek, Inc, Newark, DE, USA). Intraprocedural temperature changes were measured using a fiber optic temperature probe (FTP-LN2; Photon Control Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada). After 24 hours, the remaining number of viable cells was counted using trypan blue staining; cell proliferation percentage was calculated based on the total number of viable cells after treatment compared with control. MRI of GoldMag uptake was performed using a 7.0T ClinScan system (Bruker BioSpin, Ettlingen, Germany). Results Temperature curves demonstrated that with increased GoldMag uptake, laser irradiation produced higher temperature elevations in the corresponding samples; temperature elevations of 12.89°C, 35.16°C, and 79.51°C were achieved for 0, 25, and 50 μg/mL GoldMag. Without photothermal ablation, the cell proliferation percentage changed from 100% to 71.3% and 47.0% for cells treated with 25 and 50 μg/mL GoldMag. Photothermal ablation of PANC-1 cells demonstrated an effective treatment response, specifically a reduction to only 61%, 21.9%, and 2.3% cell proliferation for cells treated with 0, 25, and 50 μg/mL GoldMag. MRI was able to visualize GoldMag uptake within PANC-1 cells. Conclusion Our findings suggest that photothermal ablation may be effective in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. GoldMag nanoparticles could serve as photothermal sensitizers, and MRI is feasible to quantify delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Balyasnikova IV, Prasol MS, Ferguson SD, Han Y, Ahmed AU, Gutova M, Tobias AL, Mustafi D, Rincón E, Zhang L, Aboody KS, Lesniak MS. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cells significantly extends survival of irradiated mice with experimental brain tumors. Mol Ther 2013; 22:140-8. [PMID: 24002694 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options of glioblastoma multiforme are limited due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we investigated the utility of intranasal (IN) delivery as a means of transporting stem cell-based antiglioma therapeutics. We hypothesized that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) delivered via nasal application could impart therapeutic efficacy when expressing TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in a model of human glioma. ¹¹¹In-oxine, histology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were utilized to track MSCs within the brain and associated tumor. We demonstrate that MSCs can penetrate the brain from nasal cavity and infiltrate intracranial glioma xenografts in a mouse model. Furthermore, irradiation of tumor-bearing mice tripled the penetration of (¹¹¹In)-oxine-labeled MSCs in the brain with a fivefold increase in cerebellum. Significant increase in CXCL12 expression was observed in irradiated xenograft tissue, implicating a CXCL12-dependent mechanism of MSCs migration towards irradiated glioma xenografts. Finally, MSCs expressing TRAIL improved the median survival of irradiated mice bearing intracranial U87 glioma xenografts in comparison with nonirradiated and irradiated control mice. Cumulatively, our data suggest that IN delivery of stem cell-based therapeutics is a feasible and highly efficacious treatment modality, allowing for repeated application of modified stem cells to target malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Balyasnikova
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melanie S Prasol
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Atique U Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Margarita Gutova
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Alex L Tobias
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Devkumar Mustafi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Esther Rincón
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lingjiao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Karen S Aboody
- Department of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Surgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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