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Yassa MA, Edinger AL. Diversifying faculty recruitment in biomedical sciences. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23224. [PMID: 37779389 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300688rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of data has consistently demonstrated that a diverse faculty maximizes productivity and innovation in the research enterprise and increases the persistence and success of groups that are underrepresented in STEM. While the diversity of students in graduate programs has steadily increased, faculty diversity, particularly in the biomedical sciences, continues to remain relatively flat. Several issues contribute to this mismatch between the pipeline and the professoriate including biases in search and hiring practices, lack of equity and equal opportunities for individuals from underrepresented backgrounds, and unwelcoming campus climates that lead to marginalization and isolation in academic life. A comprehensive approach that addresses these challenges is necessary for institutions of higher education to achieve their faculty diversity goals and create a climate where individuals from all groups feel welcomed and succeed. This article focuses on the first step in this approach-diversifying faculty recruitment through adopting search practices that generate an applicant pool that matches national availability, ensures equity in evaluation and hiring practices, and promotes inclusion and belonging in the hiring experience. These strategies have been recently used at the University of California, Irvine's School of Biological Sciences and while the long-term impact remains unknown, short-term outcomes in recruitment and hiring have demonstrated significant improvement over previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Iversen ZA, Almagor Tikotzki M, Kurman J. Psychological resilience: Predictors and measurement among Israel Defense Force combat officer candidates. Mil Psychol 2023; 35:493-506. [PMID: 37903167 PMCID: PMC10617368 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2127986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to develop a resilience selection tool for combat officers that would augment the test battery at the Israel Defense Force (IDF) Officer Selection Center (OSC). To enable this goal, we sought to explore the underlying structure of resilience in a diverse number of resilience predictors. Participants were 1,533 male candidates at the IDF OSC. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, 159 items from 13 separate resilience scales were refined into a single, 18-item psychological resilience scale. The new scale emphasizes self-efficacy, competency and overall positive self-perception. The new scale is tailored specifically to military combat officers. Initial construct validity was demonstrated against Big Five dimensions and psychological evaluations at IDF OSC. Predictive validity was demonstrated against command and peer evaluations from IDF Officer Training School (OTS). Medium to strong positive correlations were found between the resilience scale and Big Five dimensions of Extroversion and Conscientiousness, as well as a medium negative correlation with Neuroticism. Low but significant correlations were found between the resilience measure and psychological evaluations of combat officer vocational congruence. Low but significant correlations were also found with command and peer evaluations from Officer Training School. Resilience scale scores were found to predict OTS commander evaluations, but not OTS peer evaluations, beyond standard OSC scores when controlling for demographic variables. The theoretical importance of findings as well as implications for military officer selection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny Kurman
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Gorelik AJ, Paul SE, Miller AP, Baranger DAA, Lin S, Zhang W, Elsayed NM, Modi H, Addala P, Bijsterbosch J, Barch DM, Karcher NR, Hatoum AS, Agrawal A, Bogdan R, Johnson EC. Associations Between Polygenic Scores for Cognitive and Non-cognitive Factors of Educational Attainment and Measures of Behavior, Psychopathology, and Neuroimaging in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. medRxiv 2023:2023.10.27.23297675. [PMID: 37961716 PMCID: PMC10635216 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.23297675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Both cognitive and non-cognitive (e.g., traits like curiosity) factors are critical for social and emotional functioning and independently predict educational attainment. These factors are heritable and genetically correlated with a range of health-relevant traits and behaviors in adulthood (e.g., risk-taking, psychopathology). However, whether these associations are present during adolescence, and to what extent these relationships diverge, could have implications for adolescent health and well-being. Methods Using data from 5,517 youth of European ancestry from the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study, we examined associations between polygenic scores (PGS) for cognitive and non-cognitive factors and outcomes related to cognition, socioeconomic status, risk tolerance and decision-making, substance initiation, psychopathology, and brain structure. Results Cognitive and non-cognitive PGSs were both positively associated with cognitive performance and family income, and negatively associated with ADHD and severity of psychotic-like experiences. The cognitive PGS was also associated with greater risk-taking, delayed discounting, and anorexia, as well as lower likelihood of nicotine initiation. The cognitive PGS was further associated with cognition scores and anorexia in within-sibling analyses, suggesting these results do not solely reflect the effects of assortative mating or passive gene-environment correlations. The cognitive PGS showed significantly stronger associations with cortical volumes than the non-cognitive PGS and was associated with right hemisphere caudal anterior cingulate and pars-orbitalis in within-sibling analyses, while the non-cognitive PGS showed stronger associations with white matter fractional anisotropy and a significant within-sibling association for right superior corticostriate-frontal cortex. Conclusions Our findings suggest that PGSs for cognitive and non-cognitive factors show similar associations with cognition and socioeconomic status as well as other psychosocial outcomes, but distinct associations with regional neural phenotypes in this adolescent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Gorelik
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah E Paul
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alex P Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A A Baranger
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shuyu Lin
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nourhan M Elsayed
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hailey Modi
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pooja Addala
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janine Bijsterbosch
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole R Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Dijksma I, Stuiver M, Lucas C, Lindeboom R. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Grit scale in Marine recruits using Rasch analysis. BMJ Mil Health 2023; 169:425-429. [PMID: 34615729 PMCID: PMC10579500 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Successful completion of initial military training has been suggested to be predicted by physical abilities, cognitive abilities and non-cognitive abilities such as hardiness and grit. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a Dutch version of a grit measurement scale: the NL-Grit scale. METHODS We assessed the factor structure, unidimensionality of the subscales, discriminative quality of the rating scale and investigated to what extend the items together can reliably measure the entire range of grit levels in Dutch Marine recruits. We used data of Marine recruit training platoons of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps. RESULTS Principal component analysis reflected two subscales: 'consistency of interests' and 'perseverance of effort'. Rasch analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the intended subscales. Rasch rating scale analysis indicated that the five-point response scale was not used as intended by respondents. Disordered rating scale categories were collapsed to obtain ordered rating categories. The item and person parameters (grit levels) largely overlapped, indicating that the item spread was sufficient for measuring the entire range of grit trait levels. However, larger gaps between item location parameters suggested a low discriminative capacity of the NL-Grit scale for respondents with trait levels within the gaps. CONCLUSION Our evaluation of the NL-Grit scale suggests sound psychometric quality of the NL-Grit in Dutch Marine recruits. Reliability could be improved by adding items to fill the observed gaps in item content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dijksma
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Master Evidence Based Practice in Health Care, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Defense Health Care Organization, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Stuiver
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Master Evidence Based Practice in Health Care, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Lucas
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Master Evidence Based Practice in Health Care, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Lindeboom
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Master Evidence Based Practice in Health Care, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Landoll RR, Highland K, Bell K, Artino AR, Moores CLK, Soh M, Uijtdehaage S, Durning SJ, Grunberg NE, Dong T. Breaking Down Grit: Persistency and Flexibility in the Career Plans of Military Medical Students. Mil Med 2023; 188:43-49. [PMID: 37201494 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of medicine is experiencing a crisis as high levels of physician and trainee burnout threaten the pipeline of future physicians. Grit, or passion and perseverance for long-term goals, has been studied in high-performing and elite military units and found to be predictive of successful completion of training in adverse conditions. The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) graduates military medical leaders who make up a significant portion of the Military Health System physician workforce. Taken together, an improved understanding of the relationships between burnout, well-being, grit, and retention among USU graduates is critical to the success of the Military Health System. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at USU and explored these relations among 519 medical students across three graduating classes. These students participated in two surveys approximately one year apart from October 2018 until November 2019. Participants completed measures on grit, burnout, and likelihood of leaving the military. These data were then merged with demographic and academic data (e.g., Medical College Admission Test scores) from the USU Long Term Career Outcome Study. These variables were then analyzed simultaneously using structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among variables in a single model. RESULTS Results reaffirmed the 2-factor model of grit as both passion and perseverance (or interest consistency). No significant relationships emerged between burnout and other study variables. Sustained and focused interest was predictive of less likelihood of staying in the military. CONCLUSION This study offers important insights into the relationship among well-being factors, grit, and long-term career planning in the military. The limitations of using a single-item measure of burnout and measuring behavioral intentions in a short time frame during undergraduate medical education highlight the importance of future longitudinal studies that can examine actual behaviors across a career lifespan. However, this study offers some key insights into potential impacts on the retention of military physicians. The findings suggest that military physicians who are most likely to stay in the military tend to embrace a more fluid and flexible medical specialty path. This is critical in expectation setting for the military to train and retain military physicians across a wide range of critical wartime specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Landoll
- Department of Family Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Office for Student Affairs, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Center for Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Krista Highland
- Defense and Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kameha Bell
- Office for Student Affairs, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anthony R Artino
- Department of Health, Human Function, and Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Col Lisa K Moores
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Michael Soh
- Center for Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sebastian Uijtdehaage
- Center for Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Steven J Durning
- Center for Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Neil E Grunberg
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ting Dong
- Center for Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Asselmann E, Holst E, Specht J. Longitudinal bidirectional associations between personality and becoming a leader. J Pers 2023; 91:285-298. [PMID: 35428997 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leaders differ in their personalities from non-leaders. However, when do these differences emerge? Are leaders "born to be leaders" or does their personality change in preparation for a leadership role and due to increasing leadership experience? METHOD Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, we examined personality differences between leaders (N = 2683 leaders, women: n = 967; 36.04%) and non-leaders (N = 33,663) as well as personality changes before and after becoming a leader. RESULTS Already in the years before starting a leadership position, leaders-to-be were more extraverted, open, emotionally stable, conscientious, and willing to take risks, felt to have greater control, and trusted others more than non-leaders. Moreover, personality changed in emergent leaders: While approaching a leadership position, leaders-to-be (especially men) became gradually more extraverted, open, and willing to take risks and felt to have more control over their life. After becoming a leader, they became less extraverted, less willing to take risks, and less conscientious but gained self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that people are not simply "born to be leaders" but that their personalities change considerably in preparation for a leadership role and due to leadership experience. Some changes are transient, but others last for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Elke Holst
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Metzger GA, Minneci PM, Gehred A, Day A, Klingele KE. Creatine supplementation in the pediatric and adolescent athlete-- A literature review. J Orthop 2023; 38:73-78. [PMID: 37008451 PMCID: PMC10063391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increase in intra-muscular creatine through supplementation has been proposed as a strategy for improving muscle performance and recovery, with studies showing some benefit for adult athletes who rely on short, explosive movements. We reviewed and summarized the current literature on creatine supplementation in a pediatric and adolescent population. Methods The databases PubMed and EMBASE were queried to identity articles related to the use of creatine supplementation in a healthy pediatric and adolescent population according to the guidelines established by PRISMA. The abstracts of all articles were reviewed to determine relevancy, with those meeting the pre-defined criteria included in the final review. Results A combined total of 9393 articles were identified. Following application of filters and review of abstracts, 13 articles were found to meet criteria and were included in the final review. There was a total of 268 subjects across all studies, with mean age ranging from 11.5 to 18.2 years. More than 75% of the studies were randomized-controlled trials, and 85% involved either soccer players or swimmers. The overall quality of the studies was poor, and there were no consistent findings regarding creatine supplementation and improvements in athletic performance. No studies were designed to address the topic of safety. Conclusions There is a gap in the study of the safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in adolescents. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effects of alterations in muscle composition on the growth, development, and performance of the developing athlete. Orthopedic providers should counsel their pediatric and adolescent patients on the current limitations in trying to assess the true risk and benefit of creatine supplementation for the aspiring athlete. Level of evidence Review, III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Metzger
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter M. Minneci
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alison Gehred
- Nationwide Children's Hospital Library, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexis Day
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin E. Klingele
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Dai X, Si K. The Fundamental Recruitment Error: Candidate-Recruiter Discrepancy in Their Relative Valuation of Innate Talent vs. Hard Work. Organization Science 2023. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2023.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Innate talent and orientation toward hard work are highly important personal attributes with respect to workers’ productive capabilities. In this research, we identify a discrepancy between job candidates and recruiters in their relative valuation of these two attributes. Although innate talent is valued relatively more by job candidates than recruiters, the opposite is true for orientation toward hard work. We propose that the discrepancy is rooted in a misalignment of the fundamental motivations of the two parties in the job market. In seven studies (four preregistered), which include randomized trial experiments and quasi-experiments and use real life recruiters and job seekers (across a total of 112 industries) as participants, we provide evidence of the current effect and its underlying mechanism. Studies 1A–1C demonstrate the negative consequence of the discrepancy on job market efficiency, showing that it can lead candidates to adopt impression management strategies that lower their chance of getting the job. Studies 2A and 2B show that full-time workers consider career potential to be associated with both innate talent and hard work but position performance to be more strongly associated with hard work than innate talent. Finally, Studies 3A and 3B indicate that candidates are relatively more career-focused, whereas recruiters are relatively more position focused and that this difference in their relative focus mediates the current discrepancy. Implications of the present research for both job candidates and recruiters are discussed. Funding: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program [Grant 72172136] awarded to X. Dai and University of Macau Multi-Year Research Grants [MYRG2020-00030-FBA and MYRG2022-00126-FBA] awarded to K. Si. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.1667 .
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Larkin P, Cocić D, Hendry DT, Williams AM, O'Connor D, Bilalić M. Gritting One's way to success - Grit explains skill in elite youth soccer players beyond (deliberate) practice. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 64:102328. [PMID: 37665813 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Practice is one of the most important predictors of skill. To become an expert, performers must engage in practice for a prolonged time to develop the psychological characteristics necessary for outstanding performance. Deliberate practice (DP), that is focused repetitive activities with corrective feedback, is particularly beneficial for skill development. The amount of accumulated DP differentiates experts and novices. However, the predictive strength of DP weakens considerably when it comes to differentiating between differently skilled experts, leaving a way clear for other non-practice related factors to exercise their influence. In this paper, we demonstrate using a large sample (388) of elite youth soccer players that one such factor, the personality trait of grit, predicts expertise level both directly and indirectly. Grittier players accumulated more time in coach-led team practice, the activity, which is arguably closest to DP in team sports, which in turn predicted the skill level. Other practice activities, such as self-led training or playing with peers, were not predictive of skill level, neither were they influenced by grit. Grit, however, continued to exert a direct positive influence on the skill level of players even after accounting for the hours of DP accumulated. Overall, a standard deviation of change in the grit score resulted in at least a third of standard deviation improvement in skill. Our findings highlight the need for the inclusion of additional factors in theoretical frameworks in situations where the predictive power of traditional expertise factors, such as practice, is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A Mark Williams
- Florida Institute for Human & Machine Cognition, Pensacola, USA
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Chen L, Chang H, Rudoler J, Arnardottir E, Zhang Y, de Los Angeles C, Menon V. Cognitive training enhances growth mindset in children through plasticity of cortico-striatal circuits. NPJ Sci Learn 2022; 7:30. [PMID: 36371438 PMCID: PMC9653476 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth mindset, the belief that one's abilities can improve through cognitive effort, is an important psychological construct with broad implications for enabling children to reach their highest potential. However, surprisingly little is known about malleability of growth mindset in response to cognitive interventions in children and its neurobiological underpinnings. Here we address critical gaps in our knowledge by investigating behavioral and brain changes in growth mindset associated with a four-week training program designed to enhance foundational, academically relevant, cognitive skills in 7-10-year-old children. Cognitive training significantly enhanced children's growth mindset. Cross-lagged panel analysis of longitudinal pre- and post-training data revealed that growth mindset prior to training predicted cognitive abilities after training, providing support for the positive role of growth mindset in fostering academic achievement. We then examined training-induced changes in brain response and connectivity associated with problem solving in relation to changes in growth mindset. Children's gains in growth mindset were associated with increased neural response and functional connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, brain regions crucial for cognitive control, motivation, and memory. Plasticity of cortico-striatal circuitry emerged as the strongest predictor of growth mindset gains. Taken together, our study demonstrates that children's growth mindset can be enhanced by cognitive training, and elucidates the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying its malleability. Findings provide important insights into effective interventions that simultaneously promote growth mindset and learning during the early stages of cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jeremy Rudoler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eydis Arnardottir
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Carlo de Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Midenberg ER, Schmeusser BN, Palacios A, Larsen K, Patil DH, Petrinec B, Croll B, Le TL, Hong G, Lin FR, Jesson K, Lee G, Kwon FY, Ogan K, Master VA. Association of grit and overall survival in patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Transl Androl Urol 2022; 11:1503-1511. [PMID: 36507475 PMCID: PMC9732698 DOI: 10.21037/tau-22-408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantifying grit with the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) has shown ability to predict success in various academic and professional domains. Grit has yet to be analyzed in patients with cancer. Methods This study is a longitudinal analysis of prospectively distributed Grit-S surveys to patients undergoing radical or partial nephrectomy. Patients who completed a preoperative Grit-S survey with confirmed renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were included in the analysis. The relationship between preoperative grit scores and overall survival (OS) was determined using Cox proportional-hazard models and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results A total of 323 patients with RCC that completed the Grit-S survey prior to nephrectomy were included in the study. Median Grit score was 3.9. Most patients were male (67.5%), White (69.3%), and greater than 60 years old (57.0%) with a median age of 62 at the time of surgery. Patients scoring above or below the median grit score had similar baseline characteristics. As a binary variable, lower preoperative grit was significantly associated with shorter OS [hazard ratio (HR) =2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-3.63, P=0.019] on multivariable analysis. Unit changes in grit were not significantly associated with OS (HR =0.77, 95% CI: 0.53-1.14, P=0.193). Conclusions Lower grit scores may predict decreased OS in RCC patients undergoing nephrectomy. The Grit-S survey may have utility in preoperative evaluation. Further research assessing grit in other malignancies and how to psychologically optimize patients prior to surgery are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Midenberg
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Arnold Palacios
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristin Larsen
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Dattatraya H. Patil
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ben Petrinec
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ben Croll
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thien-Linh Le
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gordon Hong
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Fangyi Rose Lin
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaleena Jesson
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frances Y. Kwon
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth Ogan
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viraj A. Master
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Barrientos Oradini NP, Rubio A, Araya-Castillo L, Boada-Cuerva M, Vallejo-Velez M. Passion and perseverance: How the components of grit affect the probability of starting a business. Front Psychol 2022; 13:906701. [PMID: 36337513 PMCID: PMC9632961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is vast evidence that accounts for the association between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and the probability of starting a business (PSB). However, there are not many studies that test how psychological factors moderate this relationship. A variable that has been little studied in this relationship is Grit. Grit is considered a personality trait defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Grit considers two sub-dimensions, one linked to the consistency of interests (Grit-Passion) and the other linked to perseverance in the effort (Grit-Perseverance). The objective of this article is to analyze the moderating role that both sub-dimensions of grit plays in the relationship between EO and PSB, considering its interaction with sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, and culture. This cross-sectional study has a sample of 1,761 participants, active workers (49.8% men; mean age 41.15 years, SD = 12.72 years; 22.9% Colombian and 77.1% Spanish). The EO scale and a Grit Scale were applied. In addition, participants were asked, based on their perception, how likely they were to start their own business within the next 5 years. A simple moderation analysis was considered to test the moderating role of grit in the relationship between EO and PSB. Subsequently, a double moderation analysis was carried out in order to identify which sociodemographic variables moderate the moderating effect of grit on the relationship in question. The results show that only the Grit-Passion component of grit moderates the relationship between EO and PSB. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, neither age, culture, nor gender showed a moderating effect on the moderation exercised by Grit-Passion in the relationship between OE and PSB. The results are discussed in terms of psychological capital, particularly with an emphasis on explaining why only the Grit-Passion shows a moderating effect on the relationship between EO and PSB, in detriment of Grit-Perseverance. In addition, the power of grit in the field of entrepreneurship is discussed, considering that its moderating effect is transversal to variations in age, gender and culture, as well as its relevance when considering interventions and pedagogical models in the field of entrepreneurship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés Rubio
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Andres Bello University, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Psychology, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maria Boada-Cuerva
- Human Factor, Organizations and Markets (FHOM), Faculty of Business and Economics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
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Sugawara M, Katahira K. Choice perseverance underlies pursuing a hard-to-get target in an avatar choice task. Front Psychol 2022; 13:924578. [PMID: 36148109 PMCID: PMC9488557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People sometimes persistently pursue hard-to-get targets. Why people pursue such targets is unclear. Here, we hypothesized that choice perseverance, which is the tendency to repeat the same choice independent of the obtained outcomes, leads individuals to repeatedly choose a hard-to-get target, which consequently increases their preference for the target. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted an online experiment involving an avatar choice task in which the participants repeatedly selected one avatar, and the selected avatar expressed their valence reactions through facial expressions and voice. We defined “hard-to-get” and “easy-to-get” avatars by manipulating the outcome probability such that the hard-to-get avatars rarely provided a positive reaction when selected, while the easy-to-get avatars frequently did. We found that some participants repeatedly selected hard-to-get avatars (Pursuit group). Based on a simulation, we found that higher choice perseverance accounted for the pursuit of hard-to-get avatars and that the Pursuit group had significantly higher choice perseverance than the No-pursuit group. Model fitting to the choice data also supported that choice perseverance can account for the pursuit of hard-to-get avatars in the Pursuit group. Moreover, we found that although baseline attractiveness was comparable among all avatars used in the choice task, the attractiveness of the hard-to-get avatars was significantly increased only in the Pursuit group. Taken together, we conclude that people with high choice perseverance pursue hard-to-get targets, rendering such targets more attractive. The tolerance for negative outcomes might be an important factor for succeeding in our lives but sometimes triggers problematic behavior, such as stalking. The present findings may contribute to understanding the psychological mechanisms of passion and perseverance for one’s long-term goals, which are more general than the romantic context imitated in avatar choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Sugawara
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
- Faculty of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Michiyo Sugawara,
| | - Kentaro Katahira
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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14
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Eyre AW, Zapata I, Hare E, Lee KMN, Bellis C, Essler JL, Otto CM, Serpell JA, Alvarez CE. Genome scanning of behavioral selection in a canine olfactory detection breeding cohort. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14984. [PMID: 36056154 PMCID: PMC9440224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on working dogs is growing rapidly due to increasing global demand. Here we report genome scanning of the risk of puppies being eliminated for behavioral reasons prior to entering the training phase of the US Transportation Security Administration's (TSA) canine olfactory detection breeding and training program through 2013. Elimination of dogs for behavioral rather than medical reasons was based on evaluations at three, six, nine and twelve months after birth. Throughout that period, the fostered dogs underwent standardized behavioral tests at TSA facilities, and, for a subset of tests, dogs were tested in four different environments. Using methods developed for family studies, we performed a case-control genome wide association study (GWAS) of elimination due to behavioral observation and testing results in a cohort of 528 Labrador Retrievers (2002-2013). We accounted for relatedness by including the pedigree as a covariate and maximized power by including individuals with phenotype, but not genotype, data (approximately half of this cohort). We determined genome wide significance based on Bonferroni adjustment of two quasi-likelihood score tests optimized for either small or nearly-fully penetrant effect sizes. Six loci were significant and five suggestive, with approximately equal numbers of loci for the two tests and frequencies of loci with single versus multiple mapped markers. Several loci implicate a single gene, including CHD2, NRG3 and PDE1A which have strong relevance to behavior in humans and other species. We briefly discuss how expanded studies of canine breeding programs could advance understanding of learning and performance in the mammalian life course. Although human interactions and other environmental conditions will remain critical, our findings suggest genomic breeding selection could help improve working dog populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Eyre
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Isain Zapata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Parker, CO, 80134, USA
| | | | - Katharine M N Lee
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA
| | - Claire Bellis
- Human Genomics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Essler
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Department of Animal Science, State University of New York College of Agriculture and Technology at Cobleskill, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia M Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
| | - James A Serpell
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carlos E Alvarez
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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15
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Zinchenko A, Geyer T, Föcker J. The acquisition but not adaptation of contextual memories is enhanced in action video-game players. Computers in Human Behavior 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Bilalić M, Đokić R, Koso-Drljević M, Đapo N, Pollet T. When (deliberate) practice is not enough – the role of intelligence, practice, and knowledge in academic performance. Curr Psychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is well established that academic performance (AP) depends on a number of factors, such as intellectual capacities, practice, and previous knowledge. We know little about how these factors interact as they are rarely measured simultaneously. Here we present mediated-Factors of Academic Performance (m-FAP) model, which simultaneously assesses direct and indirect, mediated, effects on AP. In a semester-long study with 118 first-year college students, we show that intelligence and working memory only indirectly influenced AP on a familiar, less challenging college course (Introduction to Psychology). Their influence was mediated through previous knowledge and self-regulated learning activities akin to deliberate practice. In a novel and more challenging course (Statistics in Psychology), intellectual capacities influenced performance both directly and indirectly through previous knowledge. The influence of deliberate practice, however, was considerably weaker in the novel course. The amount of time and effort that the students spent on the more difficult course could not offset the advantage of their more intelligent and more knowledgeable peers. The m–FAP model explains previous contradictory results by providing a framework for understanding the extent and limitations of individual factors in AP, which depend not only on each other, but also on the learning context.
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Schimschal SE, Visentin D, Kornhaber R, Barnett T, Cleary M. Development of a Scale to Measure the Psychological Resources of Grit in Adults. Nurs Health Sci 2022; 24:752-763. [PMID: 35811301 PMCID: PMC9544496 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Grit, a personality trait characterized by having passion and perseverance for long‐term goals, has been linked to increased performance, retention, and well‐being in various fields. In the 15 years since the original grit scale was published, many studies have investigated factors that promote grit. However, a scale has not yet been developed measuring characteristics that can contribute to higher levels of grit. This study aimed to develop a novel scale to measure the psychological resources of grit. The Delphi technique was used to obtain consensus from a national and international panel of academics and practitioners who are experts in grit and related constructs. A total of 30 participants rated 100 scale items over three rounds of online surveys. Experts agreed that items selected for the final scale (n = 20) were essential, with 85% rating them as important or very important. The scale, called the Grit Psychological Resources Scale, has promise as a helpful tool for practitioners involved in staff development and building capabilities that contribute to goal achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Schimschal
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Denis Visentin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Tony Barnett
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
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Gajda M, Małkowska-Szkutnik A, Rodzeń W. Self-Regulation in Adolescents: Polish Adaptation and Validation of the Self-Regulation Scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:7432. [PMID: 35742681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation is associated with life satisfaction, well-being, and life success. For adolescents, who may be exposed to peer pressure and engage in risky behaviors, the ability to self-regulate or control emotions, thoughts, and behaviors is crucial for healthy development. While self-regulatory skills have long been recognized as important for many areas of life, instruments to measure self-regulation remain limited, especially in Poland. The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Self-Regulation Scale in the Polish adolescent sample. The data for this study were obtained as part of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children 2021/2022 pilot study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that the instrument has satisfying psychometric properties. A three-factor structure of the instrument was obtained with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional subscales, which corresponds to the original instrument and theoretical assumptions. The final version of instrument contains 24 items, and based on the statistical analysis, it is concluded that it is suitable to be used in adolescent samples.
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Zhang T, Park D, Ungar LH, Tsukayama E, Luo L, Duckworth AL. The development of grit and growth mindset in Chinese children. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 221:105450. [PMID: 35596980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a recent longitudinal study of U.S. adolescents, grit predicted rank-order increases in growth mindset and, to a lesser degree, growth mindset predicted rank-order increases in grit. The current investigation replicated and extended these findings in a younger non-Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (non-WEIRD) population. Two large samples totaling more than 5000 elementary school children in China completed self-report questionnaires assessing grit and growth mindset five times over 2 years. As in Park et al. (2020, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 198, 1048892020), we found reciprocal relations between grit and growth mindset. Grit systematically predicted rank-order increases in growth mindset at each subsequent 6-month interval. Growth mindset also predicted small rank-order increases in grit over the same period. These findings suggest that, over time, behavior may exert as much an influence on beliefs as the reverse-a dynamic possibly observable as early as in elementary school and not just in WEIRD cultures.
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20
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Zisman C, Ganzach Y. The claim that personality is more important than intelligence in predicting important life outcomes has been greatly exaggerated. Intelligence 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Andereggen L, Andereggen S, Bello C, Urman RD, Luedi MM. Technical skills in the operating room: Implications for perioperative leadership and patient outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Redelmeier DA, Singh SM. Long-term mortality of academy award winning actors and actresses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266563. [PMID: 35417469 PMCID: PMC9007384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social status gradients are powerful health determinants for individuals living in poverty. We tested whether winning an Academy award (Oscar) for acting was associated with long-term survival. Methods We conducted a longitudinal cohort analysis of all actors and actresses nominated for an Academy award in a leading or a supporting role. For each, a control was identified based on age, sex, and co-staring in the same film. Results Overall, 2,111 individuals were analyzed with 1,122 total deaths occurring during a median follow-up of 68.8 years. Comparisons of winners to controls yielded a 4.8% relative difference average life-span (95% confidence interval: 1.6 to 7.9, p = 0.004), a 5.1 year absolute increase in life expectancy (95% confidence interval: 3.0 to 7.2, p < 0.001), and a 41% improvement in mortality hazard (95% confidence interval: 19 to 68, p < 0.001). The increased survival tended to be greater in recent years, for individuals winning at a younger age, and among those with multiple wins. The increased survival replicated in secondary analyses comparing winners to nominees and was not observed in analyses comparing nominees to controls. Conclusions Academy award winning actors and actresses show a positive association between success and survival, suggesting the importance of behavioral, psychological, or other modifiable health factors unrelated to poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Redelmeier
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Leading Injury Prevention Practice Education & Research, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Sheldon M. Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Schulich Heart Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
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23
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Blaeser AM, Mojica ES, Mannino BJ, Youm T. Return to Work After Primary Hip Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 2022; 51:1340-1346. [PMID: 35384746 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211064271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip arthroscopy is a procedure commonly performed to correct various hip pathologies such as femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears. These hip pathologies commonly affect young, otherwise healthy patients. The recovery after hip arthroscopy can prevent patients from returning to work and impair performance levels, having significant economic repercussions. To date, there has been no cumulative analysis of the existing literature on return to work after hip arthroscopy. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the existing literature regarding return to work after hip arthroscopy and analysis of factors associated with the ability to return to work and time to return to work. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A literature search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases was performed based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies assessing functional outcomes and return to work, including return to military duty, after hip arthroscopy were included. Patients' ability to return to work, as well as time to return, was compared between selected studies. Where available, workers' compensation status as well as type of work was compared. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, Version 22. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Twelve studies with 1124 patients were included. Patients were followed for an average of 17.6 months. Using weighted means, the average rate of return to work was 71.35%, while full return to previous work duties was achieved at a rate of 50.89%. Modification to work duties was required at a rate of 15.48%. On average, the time to return to work was 115 days (range, 17-219 days). Rate of return by patients with workers' compensation status was found to be 85.15% at an average of 132 days (range, 37-211 days). Rate of return to work in workers performing professions reported as strenuous vs light (ie, mostly sedentary) jobs showed a statistically higher return to work in light professions (risk ratio, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.69). CONCLUSION After hip arthroscopy, there is a high rate of return to work at an average of 115 days after surgery. However, full return to work was achieved by only half of patients upon final follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Blaeser
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward S Mojica
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian J Mannino
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Youm
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Dijksma I, Lucas C, Stuiver M. Grit was not associated to dropout in Dutch Marine recruits. Military Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2028518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dijksma
- Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Epidemiology and Data Science, Master Evidence Based Practice in Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Defense Health Care Organization, Netherlands Armed Forces, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Lucas
- Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Epidemiology and Data Science, Master Evidence Based Practice in Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Stuiver
- Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Epidemiology and Data Science, Master Evidence Based Practice in Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Thomas MM, Pietrzak RH, Nguyen DR, Ryan D, Southwick SM, Mazure CM. Psychological Resilience in West Point Graduates: Results From a Nationally Representative Study. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks) 2021; 5:24705470211053850. [PMID: 34761141 PMCID: PMC8573692 DOI: 10.1177/24705470211053850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with psychological resilience in a nationally representative sample of West Point graduates. Aims: The aims of this study were to (a) employ a dimensional approach to operationalizing psychological resilience in a trauma-exposed population that had been highly trained and educated in persisting in the face of stress, was previously unstudied, and in which we could examine correlates of resilience, (b) identify key psychosocial factors, character traits, health variables, military experiences, and coping strategies as potential correlates of psychological resilience; and (c) examine whether reported gender moderated any of these associations in this population. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 1342 West Point graduates after gender integration from classes 1980 to 2011 were surveyed. Psychological resilience was operationalized using a discrepancy-based approach in which a measure of composite psychological distress (current posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety and depression symptoms) was regressed on measures of cumulative trauma burden. A multivariable linear regression model was then employed to identify factors that were independently associated with psychological resilience scores. Results: Purpose in life (29.8% of relative variance explained [RVE]), fewer perceived negative experiences in the military (20.6% RVE), social support (9.6% RVE), and grit (9.5% RVE) were the strongest correlates of psychological resilience scores for both women and men. Time in service was positively associated with resilience in women only. Conclusion: This study identifies key correlates of psychological resilience in West Point graduates, individuals who are highly trained to persevere in the face of stress and then were trauma-exposed. Most of these factors are modifiable and can be targeted in stress prevention and treatment interventions, especially for high-stress professions such as the military, frontline health care providers, and first responders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diane Ryan
- Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn M Mazure
- Yale School of Medicine, Women's Health Research at Yale, New Haven, CT, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran Caza
- Bryan School of Business and Economics University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC USA
| | - Barry Z. Posner
- Leavey School of Business Santa Clara University Santa Clara CA USA
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27
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Wu Q, Liu Y, Li D, Leng H, Iqbal Z, Jiang Z. Understanding one's character through the voice: Dimensions of personality perception from Chinese greeting word "Ni Hao". J Soc Psychol 2021; 161:653-663. [PMID: 33413047 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1856026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous western studies revealed a two-dimensional model (valence and dominance) in voice impressions. To explore the cross-cultural validity of this model, the present study recruited Chinese participants to evaluate other people's personality from recordings of Chinese vocal greeting word "Ni Hao". Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax Rotation and Parallel Analysis was used to investigate the dimensions underlying personality judgments. The results also revealed a two-dimensional model: approachability and capability. The approachability dimension was similar to the valence dimension reported in a previous study. It indicated that the approachability/valence dimension has cross-cultural commonality. Unlike the dimension of dominance which was closely related to aggressiveness, the dimension of capability emphasized the social aspects of capability such as intellectuality, social skills, and tenacity. In addition, the acoustic parameters that were used to infer the personality of speakers, as well as the relationship between vocal attractiveness and the personality dimensions of voice, were also partially different from the findings in Western culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Liaoning Normal University
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Lipsett
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Clinical Education Editor, JAMA Surgery
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29
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Abstract
Strong foundational skills in mathematical problem solving, acquired in early childhood, are critical not only for success in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields but also for quantitative reasoning in everyday life. The acquisition of mathematical skills relies on protracted interactive specialization of functional brain networks across development. Using a systems neuroscience approach, this review synthesizes emerging perspectives on neurodevelopmental pathways of mathematical learning, highlighting the functional brain architecture that supports these processes and sources of heterogeneity in mathematical skill acquisition. We identify the core neural building blocks of numerical cognition, anchored in the posterior parietal and ventral temporal-occipital cortices, and describe how memory and cognitive control systems, anchored in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex, help scaffold mathematical skill development. We highlight how interactive specialization of functional circuits influences mathematical learning across different stages of development. Functional and structural brain integrity and plasticity associated with math learning can be examined using an individual differences approach to better understand sources of heterogeneity in learning, including cognitive, affective, motivational, and sociocultural factors. Our review emphasizes the dynamic role of neurodevelopmental processes in mathematical learning and cognitive development more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hyesang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Roberts SF, Pyfrom E, Hoffman JA, Pai C, Reagan EK, Light AE. Review of Racially Equitable Admissions Practices in STEM Doctoral Programs. Education Sciences 2021; 11:270. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci11060270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study reviews literature on racially equitable admissions practices relevant to graduate programs in STEM. Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores correlate more strongly with race, gender, and socioeconomic status than performance metrics for research during or after graduate school. Structural changes to admissions processes that can improve equity of admissions decisions and reduce correlations between admissions decisions and demographic data include using holistic review or composite scores that quantize more components of an application, removing hard limits on course requirements, admitting students as a cohort instead of to individual faculty sponsors, and diversifying admissions committees. Some alternative scoring methods attempt to measure personality traits, but performing these measurements during admissions may present difficulties. Bridge programs—whether they are implemented as collaborations with a minority-serving institution, a personalized educational program for each student admitted to a program, or a stand-alone program before the doctoral degree program—may be able to improve both recruitment and retention of students with underrepresented racial and ethnic identities in their field of study. Finally, financial barriers to applications can disproportionately affect underrepresented applicants due to systemic racism. We end with recommendations for graduate programs to improve equity in admissions processes.
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Abstract
The concept of grit, defined as having passion and perseverance for long-term goals, has gained significant recognition in recent years. The idea that being gritty is ultimately more important than innate talent to achieve goals has widespread appeal. This review examined the concept of grit to clarify relationships between constructs and identify future opportunities for research. A systematic search across five databases including CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science yielded 422 records. After screening and assessment for eligibility, 42 articles were retained and reviewed using the Walker and Avant method for concept analysis. Results provided support for passion, perseverance and long-term goals as defining attributes of grit, along with an extensive nomological network of antecedents, consequences, and mediating and moderating variables. Positive thoughts, behaviours and habits appear to play a key preparatory role in achieving long-term goals. Grit was associated with reduced burnout and depression, improved performance and well-being. Further research is needed to understand the best practice approaches for developing grit at both an individual and collective level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Schimschal
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Alexandria, NSW, Australia
| | - Denis Visentin
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Alexandria, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Alexandria, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Cleary
- College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Alexandria, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review teaching and mentoring techniques of experienced skull base surgeons and educators STUDY DESIGN:: Expert commentary. SETTING 8th Quadrennial International Conference on vestibular schwannoma and other CPA tumors, panel on teaching, and mentoring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Experiences and opinions of experienced skull base surgeons, both neurosurgeons and neurotologists, presented and discussed at the conference. CONCLUSIONS Obtaining surgical mastery is essential for the teachers of skull base surgery. Hard work and practice with immediate and constant feedback on performance is an essential component to success. Creating a patient-centered culture that encourages academic achievement is an accelerator for success of a training program. Both the mentor and the mentee must play an intentional and active role to maximize learning.
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Richmond-Rakerd LS, Caspi A, Ambler A, d'Arbeloff T, de Bruine M, Elliott M, Harrington H, Hogan S, Houts RM, Ireland D, Keenan R, Knodt AR, Melzer TR, Park S, Poulton R, Ramrakha S, Rasmussen LJH, Sack E, Schmidt AT, Sison ML, Wertz J, Hariri AR, Moffitt TE. Childhood self-control forecasts the pace of midlife aging and preparedness for old age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2010211118. [PMID: 33397808 PMCID: PMC7826388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010211118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to control one's own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in early life predicts a range of positive outcomes in later life, including longevity. Does it also predict how well people age? We studied the association between self-control and midlife aging in a population-representative cohort of children followed from birth to age 45 y, the Dunedin Study. We measured children's self-control across their first decade of life using a multi-occasion/multi-informant strategy. We measured their pace of aging and aging preparedness in midlife using measures derived from biological and physiological assessments, structural brain-imaging scans, observer ratings, self-reports, informant reports, and administrative records. As adults, children with better self-control aged more slowly in their bodies and showed fewer signs of aging in their brains. By midlife, these children were also better equipped to manage a range of later-life health, financial, and social demands. Associations with children's self-control could be separated from their social class origins and intelligence, indicating that self-control might be an active ingredient in healthy aging. Children also shifted naturally in their level of self-control across adult life, suggesting the possibility that self-control may be a malleable target for intervention. Furthermore, individuals' self-control in adulthood was associated with their aging outcomes after accounting for their self-control in childhood, indicating that midlife might offer another window of opportunity to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Promenta Center, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Antony Ambler
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Tracy d'Arbeloff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Marieke de Bruine
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Maxwell Elliott
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - HonaLee Harrington
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Sean Hogan
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Renate M Houts
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - David Ireland
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Ross Keenan
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
- Christchurch Radiology Group, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Tracy R Melzer
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Sena Park
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Line Jee Hartmann Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Sack
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Adam T Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79410
| | - Maria L Sison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Jasmin Wertz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
- Promenta Center, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements—level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning—specifically identifying points of convergence but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Julia L. Briskin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Brent W. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
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Cidral W, Aparicio M, Oliveira T. Students' long-term orientation role in e-learning success: A Brazilian study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05735. [PMID: 33364500 PMCID: PMC7753911 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
E-learning can play an important role in the solution to educate a large quota of the population in significant countries. Studies point out that cultural characteristics can influence e-learners’ performance. Our main goal is to understand the e-learning success drivers in Brazil. Our research proposes a model that analyzes students' long-term orientation role in the Brazilian e-learning context. We collected 297 answers from a survey of higher education students in nine regions. Data were analyzed through a quantitative method. Results indicate that information and collaboration quality, and e-learner satisfaction explain e-learning systems usage. Our model indicates that students' long-term orientation influences the positive relationship between e-learning systems' use and the perceived net benefits. We also found that system and information quality, and e-learning systems’ use are determinants of e-learning user satisfaction. Collaboration quality and information quality are determinants of e-learning systems usage. E-learning usage and user satisfaction explain overall e-learning net benefits, and long-term orientation has a moderating effect between e-learning use and net benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmar Cidral
- ECA-USP - Escola de Comunicação e Artes, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.,NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.,Sustentare Escola de Negócios, Brazil
| | - Manuela Aparicio
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Oliveira
- NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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Tang X, Wang MT, Parada F, Salmela-Aro K. Putting the Goal Back into Grit: Academic Goal Commitment, Grit, and Academic Achievement. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:470-84. [PMID: 33201368 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Grit has recently been challenged for its weak predictive power and the incompleteness of its measurement. This study addressed these issues by taking a developmental, person-oriented approach to study academic-related goal commitment and grit and their effects on academic achievement. Using longitudinal data among Finnish eighth and ninth graders (n = 549, 59.4% female, age = 14-16), the longitudinal changes in grit and academic goal commitment profiles were investigated through latent profile and latent transition analyses. Four profiles were identified across two grades: High committed-persistent and moderate consistency (~17%), Moderate (~60%), Low committed-persistent and moderate-low consistency (~8%) and Extremely low committed-persistent and moderate-low consistency (~12%). The students in the High committed-persistent and moderate consistency profile had the highest academic achievement of all the profiles when controlled for gender, socioeconomic status, conscientiousness, and academic persistence. The results revealed that students' profiles changed between the eighth and ninth grades, with more than one-third of the High committed-persistent and moderate consistency adolescents dropping from this group. Further analysis showed that the profiles varied by educational aspiration, gender, and socioeconomic status. These findings imply that the combination of grit and academic goal commitment influences academic achievement; however, this combination is less common, unstable, and affected by internal and external factors. The study provided important implications on the weak grit effect and the ways to improve it.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kulikowski
- Faculty of Management, University of Social Sciences, Społeczna Akademia Nauk, Łódz, Poland
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38
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Hacisalihoglu G, Stephens D, Stephens S, Johnson L, Edington M. Enhancing Undergraduate Student Success in STEM Fields through Growth-Mindset and Grit. Education Sciences 2020; 10:279. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci10100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concern about graduation rates in higher education has led universities to offer courses that help students develop success skills. Scientist Life Skills, a new course for freshman at Florida A&M University, focuses on helping students matriculate into majors via development of growth mindset, grit, and critical thinking. Here, we assessed the outcomes of this course and explored the associations between building life skills and student success. A series of mindset, grit, and critical-thinking assessment measures were used to collect data before and after the course. Our results showed that the new course achieved its intended goals of providing STEM students with a set of tools that help them seamlessly transition into the university and successfully matriculate through their majors. Specifically, the course design significantly moved students toward a growth-mindset, increased their critical thinking, and their second-semester grade point averages (GPAs). This model life skills course can be adopted in non-STEM areas as well.
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