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Kaieda S, Kinoshita T, Chiba A, Miyake S, Hoshino T. IL-18 receptor-α signalling pathway contributes to autoantibody-induced arthritis via neutrophil recruitment and mast cell activation. Mod Rheumatol 2024; 34:500-508. [PMID: 37285315 DOI: 10.1093/mr/road043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The interleukin (IL)-18 signalling pathway is involved in animal models of collagen-induced arthritis, but the role of this pathway in autoantibody-induced arthritis is poorly understood. An autoantibody-induced arthritis model, K/BxN serum transfer arthritis, reflects the effector phase of arthritis and is important in innate immunity including neutrophils and mast cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of the IL-18 signalling pathway in autoantibody-induced arthritis using IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) α-deficient mice. METHODS K/BxN serum transfer arthritis was induced in IL-18Rα-/- and wild-type B6 (controls) mice. The severity of arthritis was graded, and histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed on paraffin-embedded ankle sections. Total Ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated from mouse ankle joints was analysed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS IL-18 Rα-/- mice had significantly lower arthritis clinical scores, neutrophil infiltration, and numbers of activated, degranulated mast cells in the arthritic synovium than in controls. IL-1β, which is indispensable for the progression of arthritis, was significantly downregulated in inflamed ankle tissue in IL-18 Rα-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS IL-18/IL-18Rα signalling contributes to the development of autoantibody-induced arthritis by enhancing synovial tissue expression of IL-1β and inducing neutrophil recruitment and mast cell activation. Therefore, inhibition of the IL-18Rα signalling pathway might be a new therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Kaieda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takashi Kinoshita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Molfetta R, Lecce M, Milito ND, Putro E, Pietropaolo G, Marangio C, Scarno G, Moretti M, De Smaele E, Santini T, Bernardini G, Sciumè G, Santoni A, Paolini R. SCF and IL-33 regulate mouse mast cell phenotypic and functional plasticity supporting a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:616. [PMID: 37730723 PMCID: PMC10511458 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are multifaceted innate immune cells often present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Several recent findings support their contribution to the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer. However, MC-derived mediators can either favor tumor progression, inducing the spread of the tumor, or exert anti-tumorigenic functions, limiting tumor growth. This apparent controversial role likely depends on the plastic nature of MCs that under different microenvironmental stimuli can rapidly change their phenotype and functions. Thus, the exact effect of unique MC subset(s) during tumor progression is far from being understood. Using a murine model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer, we initially characterized the MC population within the TME and in non-lesional colonic areas, by multicolor flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrated that tumor-associated MCs harbor a main connective tissue phenotype and release high amounts of Interleukin (IL)-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α. This MC phenotype correlates with the presence of high levels of Stem Cell Factor (SCF) and IL-33 inside the tumor. Thus, we investigated the effect of SCF and IL-33 on primary MC cultures and underscored their ability to shape MC phenotype eliciting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings support the conclusion that during colonic transformation a sustained stimulation by SCF and IL-33 promotes the accumulation of a prevalent connective tissue-like MC subset that through the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α maintains a pro-inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mario Lecce
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy-Division of functional immune cell modulation, Franz-Josef-Strausse, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nadia D Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Erisa Putro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pietropaolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Marangio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Scarno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marta Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Santini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, 86077, Isernia, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Kaieda S, Fujimoto K, Todoroki K, Abe Y, Kusukawa J, Hoshino T, Ida H. Mast cells can produce transforming growth factor β1 and promote tissue fibrosis during the development of Sjögren's syndrome-related sialadenitis. Mod Rheumatol 2021; 32:761-769. [PMID: 34915577 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the associations of mast cells with immune-mediated inflammation and fibrosis in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS); it also explored the underlying pathophysiology of pSS-related sialadenitis. METHODS Twenty-two patients with pSS and 10 patients with sicca (control individuals) underwent labial salivary gland biopsies. Sections were subjected to staining and immunofluorescence analyses. HMC-1 human mast cells were cocultured with fibroblasts in vitro; fibroblasts were also grown in HMC-1 conditioned medium. mRNA levels of collagen Type I (Col1a) and transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 were analysed in cultured cells. RESULTS Mast cell numbers in labial salivary glands were significantly greater in patients with pSS than in control individuals. In salivary glands from patients with pSS, mast cell number was significantly correlated with fibrosis extent; moreover, mast cells were located near fibrous tissue and expressed TGFβ1. Col1a and TGFβ1 mRNAs were upregulated in cocultured fibroblasts and HMC-1 cells, respectively. Fibroblasts cultured in HMC-1 conditioned medium exhibited upregulation of Col1a mRNA; this was abrogated by TGFβ1 neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Mast cell numbers were elevated in patients with pSS-related sialadenitis; these cells were located near fibroblasts and expressed TGFβ1. TGFβ1 could induce collagen synthesis in fibroblasts, which might contribute to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Kaieda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujimoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Keita Todoroki
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yushi Abe
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Jingo Kusukawa
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Kim KW, Kim BM, Won JY, Min HK, Lee KA, Lee SH, Kim HR. Regulation of osteoclastogenesis by mast cell in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:124. [PMID: 33882986 PMCID: PMC8059019 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the role of mast cells has not been revealed clearly. We aimed to define the inflammatory and tissue-destructive roles of mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentration levels of tryptase, chymase, and histamine were quantified using ELISA. After activating mast cells using IL-33, the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, RANKL, and MMPs was determined using real-time PCR and ELISA. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed in CD14+ monocytes from peripheral blood and SF, which were cultured with IL-33-activated mast cells, by counting TRAP-positive multinucleated cells. Results The concentration levels of serum tryptase, chymase, and histamine and SF histamine were higher in patients with RA than in controls. FcεR1 and c-kit-positive mast cells were higher in RA synovium than in osteoarthritic (OA) synovium. Stimulation of mast cells by IL-33 increased the number of trypatse+chymase− and tryptase+chymase+ mast cells. IL-33 stimulation also increased the gene expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, RANKL, and MMP-9 in mast cells. Furthermore, IL-33 stimulated human CD14+ monocytes to differentiate into TRAP+ multinucleated osteoclasts. When CD14+ monocytes were co-cultured with mast cells, osteoclast differentiation was increased. Additionally, IL-33-activated mast cells stimulated osteoclast differentiation. The inhibition of intercellular contact between mast cells and monocytes using inserts reduced osteoclast differentiation. Conclusions IL-33 increased inflammatory and tissue-destructive cytokines by activation of mast cells. Mast cells stimulated osteoclast differentiation in monocytes. Mast cells could stimulate osteoclastogenesis indirectly through production of tissue-destructive cytokines and directly through stimulation of osteoclast precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell, NEXEL, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Won
- R&D Center, OncoInsight Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Ki Min
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Ann Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, South Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05030, South Korea.
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Yoshida K, Takabayashi T, Kaneko A, Takiyama M, Sakashita M, Imoto Y, Kato Y, Narita N, Fujieda S. Baicalin suppresses type 2 immunity through breaking off the interplay between mast cell and airway epithelial cell. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113492. [PMID: 33091489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Japanese herbal medicine Shin'iseihaito was reported to ameliorate the airway type 2 inflammatory response in clinical and experimental studies. Airway type 2 inflammatory diseases, including bronchial asthma and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS), often coexist and interact with each other. However, it is still unclear how Shin'iseihaito exerts its pharmacological effects on cells involved in airway mucosa. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to examine the direct effect of baicalin, a representative bioactive compound of Shin'iseihaito, on type 2 immune responses in human airway epithelial cells and mast cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS We measured the plasma pharmacokinetics of flavonoids derived from Shin'iseihaito and investigated the effects of baicalin on type 2 immune responses in human airway epithelial cells and human mast cells. RESULTS Baicalin, wogonin, and wogonoside were detected in the plasma. The maximum plasma concentration of baicalin was highest at 1610 ng/ml (3.6 μM). In the normal human bronchial epithelial cells treated with baicalin, with or without stimulation by IFN-γ, the IL-33 expression was significantly downregulated. However, baicalin treatment did not affect the levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-25. We noted that IL-33-dependent expression of tryptase mRNA in mast cells was significantly inhibited by baicalin. Also, the expression of IL-5 in mast cells enhanced by stimulation with TSLP plus IL-1β was significantly downregulated by baicalin treatment. Moreover, the enhancement of IL-13 expression in mast cells by IL-33 simulation was also significantly inhibited by baicalin. CONCLUSIONS Our results prove that by breaking off the vicious circle of mast cells and airway epithelial cells, baicalin may be an effective alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of type 2 inflammatory diseases, such as ECRS and comorbid asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Yoshida
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takabayashi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami- Machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mikina Takiyama
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami- Machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakashita
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Imoto
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kato
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
| | - Norihiko Narita
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, 23 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Yoshida, Fukui, Japan
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Kuruvilla ME, Vanijcharoenkarn K, Levy JM. The Role of Mast Cells in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD) Pathogenesis: Implications for Future Therapeutics. J Asthma Allergy 2020; 13:463-470. [PMID: 33116654 PMCID: PMC7569245 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s237463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) have recently been demonstrated to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). When activated, MCs release pre-formed granules of many pro-inflammatory mediators, including histamine, serotonin, and various chemokines and cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon ɣ (IFN ɣ), macrophage inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor, interleukin (IL) 1, 3–6, 9, 10, 13 and 16. These mediators promote inflammation in AERD by recruiting or activating a network of cells involved in acute and chronic inflammatory pathways, such as endothelial, epithelial, stromal, and other immune cells. Several studies have implicated multifactorial pathways for MC activation in AERD beyond classical IgE mediated mechanisms. The elucidation of these complex networks therefore represents important targets for innovative patient therapeutics. This review summarizes classic and alternative pathways of MC activation in AERD with a special focus in relation to new and emerging treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merin E Kuruvilla
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristine Vanijcharoenkarn
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Eissmann MF, Buchert M, Ernst M. IL33 and Mast Cells-The Key Regulators of Immune Responses in Gastrointestinal Cancers? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1389. [PMID: 32719677 PMCID: PMC7350537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Interleukin (IL-)1 family IL33 is best known for eliciting type 2 immune responses by stimulating mast cells (MCs), regulatory T-cells (Tregs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and other immune cells. MCs and IL33 provide critical control of immunological and epithelial homeostasis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Meanwhile, the role of MCs in solid malignancies appears tissue-specific with both pro and anti-tumorigenic activities. Likewise, IL33 signaling significantly shapes immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, but these effects remain often dichotomous when assessed in experimental models of cancer. Thus, the balance between tumor suppressing and tumor promoting activities of IL33 are highly context dependent, and most likely dictated by the mixture of cell types responding to IL33. Adding to this complexity is the promiscuous nature by which MCs respond to cytokines other than IL33 and release chemotactic factors that recruit immune cells into the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we integrate the outcomes of recent studies on the role of MCs and IL33 in cancer with our own observations in the GI tract. We propose a working model where the most abundant IL33 responsive immune cell type is likely to dictate an overall tumor-supporting or tumor suppressing outcome in vivo. We discuss how these opposing responses affect the therapeutic potential of targeting MC and IL33, and highlight the caveats and challenges facing our ability to effectively harness MCs and IL33 biology for anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz F Eissmann
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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Rönnberg E, Ghaib A, Ceriol C, Enoksson M, Arock M, Säfholm J, Ekoff M, Nilsson G. Divergent Effects of Acute and Prolonged Interleukin 33 Exposure on Mast Cell IgE-Mediated Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1361. [PMID: 31275312 PMCID: PMC6593472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epithelial cytokines, including IL-33 and Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), have attracted interest because of their roles in chronic allergic inflammation-related conditions such as asthma. Mast cells are one of the major targets of IL-33, to which they respond by secreting cytokines. Most studies performed thus far have investigated the acute effects of IL-33 on mast cells. In the current study, we investigated how acute vs. prolonged exposure of mast cells to IL-33 and TSLP affects mediator synthesis and IgE-mediated activation. Methods: Human lung mast cells (HLMCs), cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMCs), and the ROSA mast cell line were used for this study. Receptor expression and the levels of mediators were measured after treatment with IL-33 and/or TSLP. Results: IL-33 induced the release of cytokines. Prolonged exposure to IL-33 increased while TSLP reduced intracellular levels of tryptase. Acute IL-33 treatment strongly potentiated IgE-mediated activation. In contrast, 4 days of exposure to IL-33 decreased IgE-mediated activation, an effect that was accompanied by a reduction in FcεRI expression. Conclusion: We show that IL-33 plays dual roles in mast cells, in which its acute effects include cytokine release and the potentiation of IgE-mediated degranulation, whereas prolonged exposure to IL-33 reduces IgE-mediated activation. We conclude that mast cells act quickly in response to the alarmin IL-33 to initiate an acute inflammatory response, whereas extended exposure to IL-33 during prolonged inflammation reduces IgE-mediated responses. This negative feedback effect suggests the presence of a novel regulatory pathway that modulates IgE-mediated human mast cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Rönnberg
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Avan Ghaib
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Carlos Ceriol
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mattias Enoksson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michel Arock
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, LBPA CNRS UMR 8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
- Laboratoire Central d'Hématologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jesper Säfholm
- The Unit for Asthma and Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekoff
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Babina M, Wang Z, Franke K, Guhl S, Artuc M, Zuberbier T. Yin-Yang of IL-33 in Human Skin Mast Cells: Reduced Degranulation, but Augmented Histamine Synthesis through p38 Activation. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1516-1525.e3. [PMID: 30684550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are the principal effector cells of IgE-mediated allergy. IL-33 is released by resident skin cells as alarmin upon tissue damage or allergen contact. Owing to their pronounced receptor expression, MCs are important targets of IL-33 action, but consequences for skin MCs are ill-defined, especially upon chronic exposure to IL-33. Mimicking the inflammatory milieu of skin disorders, we found that persistent exposure to IL-33 (over a 5-week period) strengthened skin MC numbers through accelerated cell-cycle progression and restriction of apoptosis. Conversely, IL-33 attenuated degranulation and FcεRI expression, potentially as a feedback to chronic "alarmin" exposure. Interestingly, the negative impact on histamine release was counterbalanced by amplified histamine production. Considering the clinical significance of histamine and scarce information on its regulation, we explored the molecular underpinnings. IL-33 induced swift phosphorylation of p38 and JNK (but not of ERK1/2 or AKT), and stimulated histidine decarboxylase expression. Combining pharmacological inhibition and kinase elimination by Accell-facilitated RNA interference in skin MCs revealed a p38-dependent, but JNK-independent mechanism. Collectively, IL-33 exerts multifaceted effects on cutaneous MCs at a post-maturation stage. The IL-33-skin MC axis may contribute to and balance inflammation in chronic skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Guhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Metin Artuc
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Halova I, Rönnberg E, Draberova L, Vliagoftis H, Nilsson GP, Draber P. Changing the threshold-Signals and mechanisms of mast cell priming. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:73-86. [PMID: 29431203 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a key role in allergy and other inflammatory diseases involving engagement of multivalent antigen with IgE bound to high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRIs). Aggregation of FcεRIs on mast cells initiates a cascade of signaling events that eventually lead to degranulation, secretion of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, and cytokine and chemokine production contributing to the inflammatory response. Exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, bacterial and viral products, as well as some other biological products and drugs, induces mast cell transition from the basal state into a primed one, which leads to enhanced response to IgE-antigen complexes. Mast cell priming changes the threshold for antigen-mediated activation by various mechanisms, depending on the priming agent used, which alone usually do not induce mast cell degranulation. In this review, we describe the priming processes induced in mast cells by various cytokines (stem cell factor, interleukins-4, -6 and -33), chemokines, other agents acting through G protein-coupled receptors (adenosine, prostaglandin E2 , sphingosine-1-phosphate, and β-2-adrenergic receptor agonists), toll-like receptors, and various drugs affecting the cytoskeleton. We will review the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms behind priming of mast cells leading to degranulation and cytokine production and discuss the biological effects of mast cell priming induced by several cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elin Rönnberg
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Alberta Respiratory Center and Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gunnar P Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Li Z, Liu S, Xu J, Zhang X, Han D, Liu J, Xia M, Yi L, Shen Q, Xu S, Lu L, Cao X. Adult Connective Tissue-Resident Mast Cells Originate from Late Erythro-Myeloid Progenitors. Immunity 2018; 49:640-653.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Hirota K, Hashimoto M, Ito Y, Matsuura M, Ito H, Tanaka M, Watanabe H, Kondoh G, Tanaka A, Yasuda K, Kopf M, Potocnik AJ, Stockinger B, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S. Autoimmune Th17 Cells Induced Synovial Stromal and Innate Lymphoid Cell Secretion of the Cytokine GM-CSF to Initiate and Augment Autoimmune Arthritis. Immunity 2018; 48:1220-1232.e5. [PMID: 29802020 PMCID: PMC6024031 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases, it remains unclear how they control other inflammatory cells in autoimmune tissue damage. Using a model of spontaneous autoimmune arthritis, we showed that arthritogenic Th17 cells stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes via interleukin-17 (IL-17) to secrete the cytokine GM-CSF and also expanded synovial-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in inflamed joints. Activated synovial ILCs, which expressed CD25, IL-33Ra, and TLR9, produced abundant GM-CSF upon stimulation by IL-2, IL-33, or CpG DNA. Loss of GM-CSF production by either ILCs or radio-resistant stromal cells prevented Th17 cell-mediated arthritis. GM-CSF production by Th17 cells augmented chronic inflammation but was dispensable for the initiation of arthritis. We showed that GM-CSF-producing ILCs were present in inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Thus, a cellular cascade of autoimmune Th17 cells, ILCs, and stromal cells, via IL-17 and GM-CSF, mediates chronic joint inflammation and can be a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hirota
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ito
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mayumi Matsuura
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiko Yasuda
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre J Potocnik
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | | | - Noriko Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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13
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Saadalla AM, Osman A, Gurish MF, Dennis KL, Blatner NR, Pezeshki A, McNagny KM, Cheroutre H, Gounari F, Khazaie K. Mast cells promote small bowel cancer in a tumor stage-specific and cytokine-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1588-92. [PMID: 29429965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716804115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that distinct subsets of mast cells (MCs) expand with sequential oncogenic events in small bowel cancer. Mucosal mast cells (MMCs) previously detected early during Trichinella spiralis infection expand in adenomatous polyps in an IL-10–dependent manner. Connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs), earlier shown to expand during the resolution of inflammation following clearance of T. spiralis, are independent of IL-10 and associate with the transition of polyps to adenocarcinoma. IL-33 upregulates the CTMC lineage-specific protease murine mast cell protease 6 (mMCP6). Ablation of mMCP6 attenuates tumor growth. Thus, tissue sentinel cells respond to oncogenic events and cellular transformation in effect to help promote cancer. Delineating the types of MCs present at various stages of disease offers actionable cellular targets for therapeutic intervention in disease progression. Mast cells (MCs) are tissue resident sentinels that mature and orchestrate inflammation in response to infection and allergy. While they are also frequently observed in tumors, the contribution of MCs to carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we show that sequential oncogenic events in gut epithelia expand different types of MCs in a temporal-, spatial-, and cytokine-dependent manner. The first wave of MCs expands focally in benign adenomatous polyps, which have elevated levels of IL-10, IL-13, and IL-33, and are rich in type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). These vanguard MCs adhere to the transformed epithelial cells and express murine mast cell protease 2 (mMCP2; a typical mucosal MC protease) and, to a lesser extent, the connective tissue mast cell (CTMC) protease mMCP6. Persistence of MCs is strictly dependent on T cell-derived IL-10, and their loss in the absence of IL-10–expressing T cells markedly delays small bowel (SB) polyposis. MCs expand profusely in polyposis-prone mice when T cells overexpress IL-10. The frequency of polyp-associated MCs is unaltered in response to broad-spectrum antibiotics, arguing against a microbial component driving their recruitment. Intriguingly, when polyps become invasive, a second wave of mMCP5+/mMCP6+ CTMCs expands in the tumor stroma and at invasive tumor borders. Ablation of mMCP6 expression attenuates polyposis, but invasive properties of the remaining lesions remain intact. Our findings argue for a multistep process in SB carcinogenesis in which distinct MC subsets, and their elaborated proteases, guide disease progression.
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14
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Zoltowska Nilsson AM, Lei Y, Adner M, Nilsson GP. Mast cell-dependent IL-33/ST2 signaling is protective against the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in a house dust mite mouse model of asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L484-L492. [PMID: 29146574 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00270.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and its receptor ST2 have been influentially associated with the pathophysiology of asthma. Due to the divergent roles of IL-33 in regulating mast cell functions, there is a need to further characterize IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell responses and their significance in the context of asthma. This study aimed to investigate how IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell responses contribute to the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation in a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma. Mast cell-deficient C57BL/6-KitW-sh (Wsh) mice engrafted with either wild-type (Wsh + MC-WT) or ST2-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells (Wsh + MC-ST2KO) were exposed to HDM delivered intranasally. An exacerbated development of AHR in response to HDM was seen in Wsh + MC-ST2KO compared with Wsh + MC-WT mice. The contribution of this IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell response to AHR seems to reside within the smaller airways in the peripheral parts of the lung, as suggested by the isolated yet marked effect on tissue resistance. Considering the absence of a parallel increase in cellular inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung, the aggravated AHR in Wsh + MC-ST2KO mice seems to be independent of cellular inflammation. We observed an association between the elevated AHR and reduced PGE2 levels in BALF. Due to the protective properties of PGE2 in airway responses, it is conceivable that IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell induction of PGE2 could be responsible for the dampening effect on AHR. In conclusion, we reveal that IL-33/ST2-dependent mast cell responses can have a protective, rather than causative role, in the development of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zoltowska Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Y Lei
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - M Adner
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Unit of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm . Sweden
| | - G P Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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15
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Stevens RL, McNeil HP, Wensing LA, Shin K, Wong GW, Hansbro PM, Krilis SA. Experimental Arthritis Is Dependent on Mouse Mast Cell Protease-5. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5392-5404. [PMID: 28193842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive heparin+ (HP) mast cells (MCs) in mice express mouse MC protease (mMCP)-5 and carboxypeptidase A (mMC-CPA). The amino acid sequence of mMCP-5 is most similar to that of human chymase-1, as are the nucleotide sequences of their genes and transcripts. Using a homologous recombination approach, a C57BL/6 mouse line was created that possessed a disrupted mMCP-5 gene. The resulting mice were fertile and had no obvious developmental abnormality. Lack of mMCP-5 protein did not alter the granulation of the IL-3/IL-9-dependent mMCP-2+ MCs in the jejunal mucosa of Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. In contrast, the constitutive HP+ MCs in the tongues of mMCP-5-null mice were poorly granulated and lacked mMC-CPA protein. Bone marrow-derived MCs were readily developed from the transgenic mice using IL-3. Although these MCs contained high levels of mMC-CPA mRNA, they also lacked the latter exopeptidase. mMCP-5 protein is therefore needed to target translated mMC-CPA to the secretory granule along with HP-containing serglycin proteoglycans. Alternately, mMCP-5 is needed to protect mMC-CPA from autolysis in the cell's granules. Fibronectin was identified as a target of mMCP-5, and the exocytosis of mMCP-5 from the MCs in the mouse's peritoneal cavity resulted in the expression of metalloproteinase protease-9, which has been implicated in arthritis. In support of the latter finding, experimental arthritis was markedly reduced in mMCP-5-null mice relative to wild-type mice in two disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Stevens
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2217, Australia, .,the Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - H Patrick McNeil
- the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Lislaine A Wensing
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2217, Australia.,the Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508900, Brazil
| | - Kichul Shin
- the Division of Rheumatology, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul National University (SMG-SNU), Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - G William Wong
- the Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- the Centre for Asthma & Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Steven A Krilis
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2217, Australia.,the Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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16
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Zhou S, Tanaka K, O’Keeffe M, Qi M, El-Assaad F, Weaver JC, Chen G, Weatherall C, Wang Y, Giannakopoulos B, Chen L, Yu D, Hamilton MJ, Wensing LA, Stevens RL, Krilis SA. CD117+ Dendritic and Mast Cells Are Dependent on RasGRP4 to Function as Accessory Cells for Optimal Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Responses to Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151638. [PMID: 26982501 PMCID: PMC4794117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein-4 (RasGRP4) is an evolutionarily conserved calcium-regulated, guanine nucleotide exchange factor and diacylglycerol/phorbol ester receptor. While an important intracellular signaling protein for CD117+ mast cells (MCs), its roles in other immune cells is less clear. In this study, we identified a subset of in vivo-differentiated splenic CD117+ dendritic cells (DCs) in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice that unexpectedly contained RasGRP4 mRNA and protein. In regard to the biologic significance of these data to innate immunity, LPS-treated splenic CD117+ DCs from WT mice induced natural killer (NK) cells to produce much more interferon-γ (IFN-γ) than comparable DCs from RasGRP4-null mice. The ability of LPS-responsive MCs to cause NK cells to increase their expression of IFN-γ was also dependent on this intracellular signaling protein. The discovery that RasGRP4 is required for CD117+ MCs and DCs to optimally induce acute NK cell-dependent immune responses to LPS helps explain why this signaling protein has been conserved in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, TJ, China
| | - Kumiko Tanaka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meredith O’Keeffe
- Dendritic Cell Research Laboratory, Immunity Vaccines and Immunisation, Burnet Institute, Prahran, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miao Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fatima El-Assaad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James C. Weaver
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, St. George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Weatherall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bill Giannakopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liming Chen
- Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, TJ, China
| | - DeMint Yu
- Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, TJ, China
| | - Matthew J. Hamilton
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lislaine A. Wensing
- Departament of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard L. Stevens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven A. Krilis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and Sexual Health, St. George Hospital, and the St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Wu L, Diny NL, Ong S, Barin JG, Hou X, Rose NR, Talor MV, Čiháková D. Pathogenic IL-23 signaling is required to initiate GM-CSF-driven autoimmune myocarditis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:582-92. [PMID: 26660726 PMCID: PMC5153891 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), we showed for the first time that IL-23 stimulation of CD4(+) T cells is required only briefly at the initiation of GM-CFS-dependent cardiac autoimmunity. IL-23 signal, acting as a switch, turns on pathogenicity of CD4(+) T cells, and becomes dispensable once autoreactivity is established. Il23a(-/-) mice failed to mount an efficient Th17 response to immunization, and were protected from myocarditis. However, remarkably, transient IL-23 stimulation ex vivo fully restored pathogenicity in otherwise nonpathogenic CD4(+) T cells raised from Il23a(-/-) donors. Thus, IL-23 may no longer be necessary to uphold inflammation in established autoimmune diseases. In addition, we demonstrated that IL-23-induced GM-CSF mediates the pathogenicity of CD4(+) T cells in EAM. The neutralization of GM-CSF abrogated cardiac inflammation. However, sustained IL-23 signaling is required to maintain IL-17A production in CD4(+) T cells. Despite inducing inflammation in Il23a(-/-) recipients comparable to wild-type (WT), autoreactive CD4(+) T cells downregulated IL-17A production without persistent IL-23 signaling. This divergence on the controls of GM-CSF-dependent pathogenicity on one side and IL-17A production on the other side may contribute to the discrepant efficacies of anti-IL-23 therapy in different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
| | - Nicola L. Diny
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
| | - SuFey Ong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
| | - Jobert G. Barin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
| | - Xuezhou Hou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
| | - Noel R. Rose
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
| | - Monica V. Talor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, U.S.A
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18
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Donovan C, Bourke JE, Vlahos R. Targeting the IL-33/IL-13 Axis for Respiratory Viral Infections. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:252-261. [PMID: 26833119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are highly prevalent worldwide. One of the major factors that limits the efficacy of current medication in these patients are viral infections, leading to exacerbations of symptoms and decreased quality of life. Current pharmacological strategies targeting virus-induced lung disease are problematic due to antiviral resistance and the requirement for strain-specific vaccination. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently required. In this Opinion article, we provide state-of-the-art evidence from humans and preclinical animal models implicating the interleukin (IL)-33/IL-13 axis in virus-induced lung disease. Thus, targeting the IL-33/IL-13 axis may be a feasible way to overcome the limitations of current therapy used to treat virus-induced exacerbations of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Donovan
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Takenaka SI, Kaieda S, Kawayama T, Matsuoka M, Kaku Y, Kinoshita T, Sakazaki Y, Okamoto M, Tominaga M, Kanesaki K, Chiba A, Miyake S, Ida H, Hoshino T. IL-38: A new factor in rheumatoid arthritis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:386-391. [PMID: 29124228 PMCID: PMC5669445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly characterized cytokine IL-38 (IL-1F10) belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines. Previous work has demonstrated that IL-38 inhibited Candida albicans-induced IL-17 production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is still unclear whether IL-38 is an inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory cytokine. We generated anti-human IL-38 monoclonal antibodies in order to perform immunohistochemical staining and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. While human recombinant IL-38 protein was not cleaved by recombinant caspase-1, chymase, or PR3 in vitro, overexpression of IL-38 cDNA produced a soluble form of IL-38 protein. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed that synovial tissues obtained from RA patients strongly expressed IL-38 protein. To investigate the biological role of IL-38, C57BL/6 IL-38 gene-deficient (−/−) mice were used in an autoantibody-induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mouse model. As compared with control mice, IL-38 (−/−) mice showed greater disease severity, accompanied by higher IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression in the joints. Therefore, IL-38 acts as an inhibitor of the pathogenesis of autoantibody-induced arthritis in mice and may have a role in the development or progression of RA in humans. The soluble form of IL-38 is detected in the sera obtained from of RA patients. IL-38 protein was highly expressed in the synovial lining of RA synovium. IL-38 expression was up-regulated during arthritis in mice at the mRNA level. IL-38 may attenuate joint inflammation by inhibiting the IL-1 induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Takenaka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kaieda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Kawayama
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masanobu Matsuoka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kaku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Kinoshita
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakazaki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Tominaga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | | | - Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hoshino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
- CIP, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of MedicineKurume830-0011Japan
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Saluja R, Zoltowska A, Ketelaar ME, Nilsson G. IL-33 and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in mast cell functions. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:68-76. [PMID: 26051792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) and Interleukin 33 (IL-33) are two cytokines released by cells that are in proximity to our environment, e.g., keratinocytes of the skin and epithelial cells of the airways. Pathogens, allergens, chemicals and other agents induce the release of TSLP and IL-33, which are recognized by mast cells. TSLP and IL-33 affect several mast cell functions, including growth, survival and mediator release. These molecules do not directly induce exocytosis, but cause release of de novo synthesized lipid mediators and cytokines. TSLP and IL-33 are also implicated in inflammatory diseases where mast cells are known to be an important part of the pathogenesis, e.g., asthma and atopic dermatitis. In this chapter we describe and discuss the implications of TSLP and IL-33 on mast cell functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Saluja
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anna Zoltowska
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Elizabeth Ketelaar
- University of Groningen, Laboratory of Allergology and Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Bankova LG, Dwyer DF, Liu AY, Austen KF, Gurish MF. Maturation of mast cell progenitors to mucosal mast cells during allergic pulmonary inflammation in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:596-606. [PMID: 25291985 PMCID: PMC4390399 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to resident constitutive mast cells (CMCs), mucosal MCs (MMCs) appear in the lung and trachea of sensitized mice only following inhalation challenge. We monitored the influx and maturation of MCs by their expression of Kit, FcɛRI, β7-integrin and side scatter (SSC) by flow cytometry. Influx of MC progenitors (MCps) (FcɛRI(lo), Kit(int), β7(hi), and SSC(lo)) peaks 1 day after challenges and subsides to baseline by day 7 after challenge. The mature MMCs appear as a distinct population on day 7 and peak at day 14 with higher SSC and FcɛRI expression, but lower β7 and Kit expression. A distinct transitional population is present between 1 and 7 days after challenge. Maturation occurs more rapidly in the trachea. The resident tracheal CMCs had higher SSC, FcɛRI, and Kit and lower β7-integrin expression than the MMCs. By histology, the MMCs follow similar kinetics to the flow cytometry-identified mature MMCs and are notably persistent for >42 days. Steroid treatment reduced inflammation and MCp influx but had no effect on established MMCs. Thus, changes in SSC, FcɛRI, and Kit together with the expression of αE/α4:β7-integrins characterizes the development of induced MMCs from MCps and distinguishes them from resident CMCs in the trachea and large airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- LG Bankova
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - DF Dwyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - AY Liu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - KF Austen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - MF Gurish
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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22
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Sjöberg LC, Gregory JA, Dahlén SE, Nilsson GP, Adner M. Interleukin-33 exacerbates allergic bronchoconstriction in the mice via activation of mast cells. Allergy 2015; 70:514-21. [PMID: 25660244 DOI: 10.1111/all.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is implicated as an epithelium-derived danger signal promoting Th2-dependent responses in asthma. We hypothesized that IL-33 might also have direct effects on mast cell-driven allergic airway obstruction. METHODS The effects of IL-33 on allergic responses in the airways of sensitized mice were assessed both in vivo and ex vivo, as well as on cultured mast cells in vitro. RESULTS In vivo, the allergen-induced increase in resistance in the conducting airways was enhanced in mice pretreated with IL-33. Also, in the isolated airways, the allergen-induced contractions were increased in preparations from animals subjected to intranasal IL-33 pretreatment. These effects in vivo and ex vivo were blocked by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin and absent in mice without mast cells. Likewise, the IL-33-induced enhancement of the allergen response was absent in isolated airways from mice lacking the IL-33 receptor. Moreover, exposure to IL-33 increased secretion of serotonin from allergen-challenged isolated airways. In cultured mast cells, IL-33 enhanced the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, serotonin synthesis, and storage, as well as the secretion of serotonin following IgE receptor cross-linking. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that IL-33 exacerbates allergic bronchoconstriction by increasing synthesis, storage, and secretion of serotonin from the mast cell. This mechanism has implications for the development of airway obstruction in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Sjöberg
- Unit of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research; Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. A. Gregory
- Unit of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research; Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- The Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S.-E. Dahlén
- Unit of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research; Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- The Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - G. P. Nilsson
- The Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. Adner
- Unit of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research; Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- The Centre for Allergy Research; Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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23
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Kaur D, Gomez E, Doe C, Berair R, Woodman L, Saunders R, Hollins F, Rose F, Amrani Y, May R, Kearley J, Humbles A, Cohen E, Brightling C. IL-33 drives airway hyper-responsiveness through IL-13-mediated mast cell: airway smooth muscle crosstalk. Allergy 2015; 70:556-67. [PMID: 25683166 PMCID: PMC4418379 DOI: 10.1111/all.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Mast cell localization within the airway smooth muscle (ASM)-bundle plays an important role in the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). Genomewide association studies implicate the ‘alarmin’ IL-33 in asthma, but its role in mast cell–ASM interactions is unknown. Objectives We examined the expression and functional role of IL-33 in bronchial biopsies of patients with and without asthma, ex vivo ASM, mast cells, cocultured cells and in a mouse model system. Methods IL-33 protein expression was assessed in human bronchial tissue from 9 healthy controls, and 18 mild-to-moderate and 12 severe asthmatic patients by immunohistochemistry. IL-33 and ST2 mRNA and protein expression in human-derived ASM, epithelial and mast cells were assessed by qPCR, immunofluorescence and/or flow cytometry and ELISA. Functional assays were used to assess calcium signalling, wound repair, proliferation, apoptosis and contraction. AHR and inflammation were assessed in a mouse model. Results Bronchial epithelium and ASM expressed IL-33 with the latter in asthma correlating with AHR. ASM and mast cells expressed intracellular IL-33 and ST2. IL-33 stimulated mast cell IL-13 and histamine secretion independent of FcεR1 cross-linking and directly promoted ASM wound repair. Coculture of mast cells with ASM activated by IL-33 increased agonist-induced ASM contraction, and in vivo IL-33 induced AHR in a mouse cytokine installation model; both effects were IL-13 dependent. Conclusion IL-33 directly promotes mast cell activation and ASM wound repair but indirectly promotes ASM contraction via upregulation of mast cell-derived IL-13. This suggests that IL-33 may present an important target to modulate mast cell–ASM crosstalk in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kaur
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - E. Gomez
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - C. Doe
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - R. Berair
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - L. Woodman
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - R. Saunders
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - F. Hollins
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - F.R. Rose
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham UK
| | - Y. Amrani
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - R. May
- MedImmune Ltd; Cambridge UK
| | | | | | | | - C.E. Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
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24
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Li P, Cui Y, Song G, Wang Z, Zhang Q. Phenotypic characteristics of nasal mast cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2014; 76:303-13. [PMID: 25531303 DOI: 10.1159/000369142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) in the nasal respiratory mucosa (NRM) play a triggering role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). Recent research evidence in mouse models of AR suggests an underlying MC-related allergic response in mouse nasal olfactory mucosa (NOM). OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the phenotypic characteristics of nasal MCs in a mouse model of AR. METHODS By MC-specific staining and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the subset, protease and IgE-binding phenotypes of nasal MCs in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized unchallenged and challenged mice. RESULTS In OVA-sensitized challenged mice, increased serum OVA-specific IgE levels (p < 0.001) and eosinophil infiltration confirmed AR induction. In addition to constitutive connective tissue MCs, mucosal MCs were induced in NRM and NOM of OVA-sensitized challenged mice. Connective tissue MCs and mucosal MCs in mouse NRM and NOM were positive for mouse MC protease-1, -4, -5, -6, -7 and carboxypeptidase-A3. In line with MCs in NRM, there were increased numbers (p = 0.019) and proportions (p = 0.027) of MCs with surface-bound IgE in NOM of OVA-sensitized challenged mice. CONCLUSION In the setting of AR, MCs in mouse NOM exhibit the same subset, protease and IgE-binding phenotypes as MCs in mouse NRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that carry out protective roles against pathogens. In disease states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, these granulocytes release a diverse array of mediators that contribute to inflammatory processes. They also participate in wound repair and tissue remodeling. In this review, the composition of MCs and how their phenotypes can be altered during inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is detailed. Animal and human clinical studies that have implicated the participation of MCs in inflammatory bowel disease are reviewed, including the contribution of the cell's mediators to clinical symptoms, stress-triggered inflammation, and fistula and strictures. Studies that have focused on negating the proinflammatory roles of MCs and their mediators in animal models suggest new targets for therapies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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Abstract
Since first described by Paul Ehrlich in 1878, mast cells have been mostly viewed as effectors of allergy. It has been only in the past two decades that mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in other physiological and pathological processes. Mast cells have a widespread distribution and are found predominantly at the interface between the host and the external environment. Mast cell maturation, phenotype and function are a direct consequence of the local microenvironment and have a marked influence on their ability to specifically recognize and respond to various stimuli through the release of an array of biologically active mediators. These features enable mast cells to act as both first responders in harmful situations as well as to respond to changes in their environment by communicating with a variety of other cells implicated in physiological and immunological responses. Therefore, the critical role of mast cells in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance, has gained increased prominence. Conversely, mast cell dysfunction has pointed to these cells as the main offenders in several chronic allergic/inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mast cell function in both normal and pathological conditions with regards to their regulation, phenotype and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zayas Marcelino da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil (EZMDS, MCJ, CO)
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Deho' L, Leoni C, Brodie TM, Montagner S, De Simone M, Polletti S, Barozzi I, Natoli G, Monticelli S. Two functionally distinct subsets of mast cells discriminated By IL-2-independent CD25 activities. J Immunol 2014; 193:2196-206. [PMID: 25063866 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We identified two mast cell subsets characterized by the differential expression of surface CD25 (IL-2Rα) and by different abilities to produce cytokines and to proliferate, both in vitro and in vivo. CD25 can be expressed on the surface of immune cells in the absence of the other chains of the IL-2R, which are indispensable for IL-2 signaling. We show that functional differences between the two mast cell populations were dependent on CD25 itself, which directly modulated proliferation and cytokine responses. These effects were completely independent from IL-2 or the expression of the other chains of the high-affinity IL-2R, indicating an autonomous and previously unappreciated role for CD25 in regulating cell functions. Cells genetically ablated for CD25 completely recapitulated the CD25-negative phenotype and never acquired the properties characteristic of CD25-positive mast cells. Finally, adoptive transfer experiments in the mouse demonstrated a different impact of these populations in models of anaphylaxis and contact sensitivity. Our findings indicate a general role for CD25 in contexts where IL-2 signaling is not involved, and may have important implications for all mast cell-related diseases, as well as in all cell types expressing CD25 independently of its IL-2-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Deho'
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Leoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tess M Brodie
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sara Montagner
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Marco De Simone
- National Institute for Molecular Genetics, 20122 Milan, Italy; and
| | - Sara Polletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Monticelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
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29
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Wang JX, Kaieda S, Ameri S, Fishgal N, Dwyer D, Dellinger A, Kepley CL, Gurish MF, Nigrovic PA. IL-33/ST2 axis promotes mast cell survival via BCLXL. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10281-6. [PMID: 24982172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404182111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are potent innate immune cells that accumulate in chronically inflamed tissues. MC express the IL-33 receptor IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 at high level, and this IL-1 family cytokine both activates MC directly and primes them to respond to other proinflammatory signals. Whether IL-33 and ST2 play a role in MC survival remains to be defined. In skin-derived human MC, we found that IL-33 attenuated MC apoptosis without altering proliferation, an effect mediated principally through the antiapoptotic molecule B-cell lymphoma-X large (BCLXL). Murine MC demonstrated a similar mechanism, dependent entirely on ST2. In line with these observations, St2(-/-) mice exhibited reduced numbers of tissue MC in inflamed arthritic joints, in helminth-infected intestine, and in normal peritoneum. To confirm an MC-intrinsic role for ST2 in vivo, we performed peritoneal transfer of WT and St2(-/-) MC. In St2(-/-) hosts treated with IL-33 and in WT hosts subjected to thioglycollate peritonitis, WT MC displayed a clear survival advantage over coengrafted St2(-/-) MC. IL-33 blockade specifically attenuated this survival advantage, confirming IL-33 as the relevant ST2 ligand mediating MC survival in vivo. Together, these data reveal a cell-intrinsic role for the IL-33/ST2 axis in the regulation of apoptosis in MC, identifying thereby a previously unappreciated pathway supporting expansion of the MC population with inflammation.
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Talabot-Ayer D, Martin P, Seemayer CA, Vigne S, Lamacchia C, Finckh A, Saiji E, Gabay C, Palmer G. Immune-mediated experimental arthritis in IL-33 deficient mice. Cytokine 2014; 69:68-74. [PMID: 25022964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work suggested implication of the interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokine IL-33, signaling through its receptor ST2, in the pathogenesis of human and mouse arthritis. In this study, we directly investigated the role of endogenous IL-33 in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) using IL-33 KO mice. AIA was induced by injection of methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) into knee joints of previously immunized mice. CIA was induced by immunization with bovine type II collagen. Disease severity was evaluated by clinical and histological scoring and cellular immune responses were assessed in cultured draining lymph node cells. Our results indicate that the development of AIA or CIA, as assessed by clinical or histological evaluation, is not impaired in IL-33 deficient mice. We did not observe any consistent modifications in humoral or cellular immune responses in IL-33 KO mice, although IL-33 deficiency enhanced antigen-specific IFN-γ production, proliferation or IgG2a titers in some experiments, suggesting that endogenous IL-33 may contribute to shaping the adaptive immune response. In conclusion, our data suggest that IL-33 plays a modifying rather than a pivotal role in disease development in two models of immune-mediated arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Talabot-Ayer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Praxedis Martin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Solenne Vigne
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lamacchia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Axel Finckh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Essia Saiji
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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31
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Abstract
Mast cells are derived from committed progenitors that originate in the BM. They mature into histochemically distinguishable, metachromatic mast cells containing numerous cytoplasmic secretory granules. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that mast cell granule maturation is very tightly regulated by many factors including different granule components such as proteoglycans. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Nakazawa et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 204-214] highlight a role for mast cell derived histamine as another factor critical for mast cell maturation. Using histidine decarboxylase (HDC) deficient mice that are unable to make histamine, they show poorly formed secretory granules and decreased secretory granule protease expression in peritoneal mast cells. Co-culturing BM-derived mast cells with fibroblasts normally drives granule maturation, but HDC-deficient BM-derived mast cells fail to do so. Exogenously provided histamine partly restores granule differentiation as evidenced by increased tryptase and chymase activity, and this is histamine receptor type H4 -dependent. However, H4 -deficient mice have intact granule formation in peritoneal mast cells, suggesting that when HDC is functional, the intrinsic histamine production is sufficient for most granule maturation processes and H4 is dispensable. This study highlights the role of histamine in the regulation of mast cell maturation, although the cytosolic target remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Chen P, Zhang K, Zhou B, Zhang Z, Song Y, Pu Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou R, Wang T, Zhang L. The variations in theIL1RL1gene and susceptibility to preeclampsia. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:424-35. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.879173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Douaiher J, Succar J, Lancerotto L, Gurish MF, Orgill DP, Hamilton MJ, Krilis SA, Stevens RL. Development of mast cells and importance of their tryptase and chymase serine proteases in inflammation and wound healing. Adv Immunol 2014; 122:211-52. [PMID: 24507159 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800267-4.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are active participants in blood coagulation and innate and acquired immunity. This review focuses on the development of mouse and human MCs, as well as the involvement of their granule serine proteases in inflammation and the connective tissue remodeling that occurs during the different phases of the healing process of wounded skin and other organs. The accumulated data suggest that MCs, their tryptases, and their chymases play important roles in tissue repair. While MCs initially promote healing, they can be detrimental if they are chronically stimulated or if too many MCs become activated at the same time. The possibility that MCs and their granule serine proteases contribute to the formation of keloid and hypertrophic scars makes them potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the repair of damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Douaiher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julien Succar
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Luca Lancerotto
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Gurish
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven A Krilis
- Department of Infectious Disease, Immunology, and Sexual Health, The St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard L Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Magarinos NJ, Bryant KJ, Fosang AJ, Adachi R, Stevens RL, McNeil HP. Mast cell-restricted, tetramer-forming tryptases induce aggrecanolysis in articular cartilage by activating matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -13 zymogens. J Immunol 2013; 191:1404-12. [PMID: 23797671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-6-null C57BL/6 mice lost less aggrecan proteoglycan from the extracellular matrix of their articular cartilage during inflammatory arthritis than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that this mast cell (MC)-specific mouse tryptase plays prominent roles in articular cartilage catabolism. We used ex vivo mouse femoral head explants to determine how mMCP-6 and its human ortholog hTryptase-β mediate aggrecanolysis. Exposure of the explants to recombinant hTryptase-β, recombinant mMCP-6, or lysates harvested from WT mouse peritoneal MCs (PMCs) significantly increased the levels of enzymatically active matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in cartilage and significantly induced aggrecan loss into the conditioned media, relative to replicate explants exposed to medium alone or lysates collected from mMCP-6-null PMCs. Treatment of cartilage explants with tetramer-forming tryptases generated aggrecan fragments that contained C-terminal DIPEN and N-terminal FFGVG neoepitopes, consistent with MMP-dependent aggrecanolysis. In support of these data, hTryptase-β was unable to induce aggrecan release from the femoral head explants obtained from Chloe mice that resist MMP cleavage at the DIPEN↓FFGVG site in the interglobular domain of aggrecan. In addition, the abilities of mMCP-6-containing lysates from WT PMCs to induce aggrecanolysis were prevented by inhibitors of MMP-3 and MMP-13. Finally, recombinant hTryptase-β was able to activate latent pro-MMP-3 and pro-MMP-13 in vitro. The accumulated data suggest that human and mouse tetramer-forming tryptases are MMP convertases that mediate cartilage damage and the proteolytic loss of aggrecan proteoglycans in arthritis, in part, by activating the zymogen forms of MMP-3 and MMP-13, which are constitutively present in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J Magarinos
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Le H, Kim W, Kim J, Cho HR, Kwon B. Interleukin-33: a mediator of inflammation targeting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and their progenies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:104. [PMID: 23653627 PMCID: PMC3644799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is defined as a physiological response initiated by a variety of conditions that cause insult to the body, such as infection and tissue injury. Inflammation is triggered by specialized receptors in the innate immune system, which recognize microbial components known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or endogenous signals produced by damaged cells (damage-associated molecular patterns). IL-33 is a cytokine that is released predominantly at the epithelial barrier when it is exposed to pathogens, allergens, or injury-inducing stimuli. IL-33 target cells are various, ranging from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and essentially all types of their progeny to many non-hematopoietic cells. The pleiotropic actions of IL-33 suggest that IL-33 is involved in every phase of the inflammatory process. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how IL-33 orchestrates inflammatory responses by regulating HSPCs and innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnga Le
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that non-hematopoietic stromal cells of the intestine have multiple roles in immune responses and inflammation at this mucosal site. Despite this, many still consider gut stromal cells as passive structural entities, with past research focused heavily on their roles in fibrosis, tumor progression, and wound healing, rather than their contributions to immune function. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of stromal cells in intestinal immunity, highlighting the many immunological axes in which stromal cells have a functional role. We also consider emerging data that broaden the potential scope of their contribution to immunity in the gut and argue that these so-called "non-immune" cells are reclassified in light of their diverse contributions to intestinal innate immunity and the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis.
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Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is preferentially and constitutively expressed in epithelial cells, and it is especially localized in the cells' nucleus. The nuclear IL-33 is released by necrotic cells after tissue injury and/or trauma, and subsequently provokes local inflammation as an alarmin, like high-mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB-1) and IL-1α. IL-33 mainly activates Th2 cells and such innate-type immune cells as mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and natural helper cells that express IL-33R (a heterodimer of IL-1 receptor-like 1 [IL-1RL1; also called ST2, T1, Der4, fit-1] and IL-1 receptor accessory protein [IL-1RAcP]). That activation causes the cells to produce Th2 cytokines, which contribute to host defense against nematodes. On the other hand, excessive and/or inappropriate production of IL-33 is also considered to be involved in the development of such disorders as allergy. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the pathogenic roles of IL-33 in the development of allergic inflammation by focusing on its effects on innate-type immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hansbro PM, Scott GV, Essilfie AT, Kim RY, Starkey MR, Nguyen DH, Allen PD, Kaiko GE, Yang M, Horvat JC, Foster PS. Th2 cytokine antagonists: potential treatments for severe asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:49-69. [PMID: 23126660 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.732997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is a major disease burden worldwide. Treatment with steroids and long acting β-agonists effectively manage symptoms in many patients but do not treat the underlying cause of disease and have serious side effects when used long term and in children. Therapies targeting the underlying causes of asthma are urgently needed. T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and the cytokines they release are clinically linked to the presentation of all forms of asthma. They are the primary drivers of mild to moderate and allergic asthma. They also play a pathogenetic role in exacerbations and more severe asthma though other factors are also involved. Much effort using animal models and human studies has been dedicated to the identification of the pathogenetic roles of these cells and cytokines and whether inhibition of their activity has therapeutic benefit in asthma. AREAS COVERED We discuss the current status of Th2 cytokine antagonists for the treatment of asthma. We also discuss the potential for targeting Th2-inducing cytokines, Th2 cell receptors and signaling as well as the use of Th2 cell antagonists, small interfering oligonucleotides, microRNAs, and combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION Th2 antagonists may be most effective in particular asthma subtypes/endotypes where specific cytokines are known to be active through the analysis of biomarkers. Targeting common receptors and pathways used by these cytokines may have additional benefit. Animal models have been valuable in identifying therapeutic targets in asthma, however the results from such studies need to be carefully interpreted and applied to appropriately stratified patient cohorts in well-designed clinical studies and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- The University of Newcastle, Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Level 2, Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia.
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Enoksson M, Möller-Westerberg C, Wicher G, Fallon PG, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Lunderius-Andersson C, Nilsson G. Intraperitoneal influx of neutrophils in response to IL-33 is mast cell-dependent. Blood 2013; 121:530-6. [PMID: 23093619 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-434209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33 is a recently discovered cytokine involved in induction of Th2 responses and functions as an alarmin. Despite numerous recent studies targeting IL-33, its role in vivo is incompletely understood. Here we investigated inflammatory responses to intraperitoneal IL-33 injections in wild-type and mast cell-deficient mice. We found that wild-type mice, but not mast cell-deficient W(sh)/W(sh) mice, respond to IL-33 treatment with neutrophil infiltration to the peritoneum, whereas other investigated cell types remained unchanged. In W(sh)/W(sh) mice, the IL-33-induced innate neutrophil response could be rescued by local reconstitution with wild-type but not with T1/ST2(-/-) mast cells, demonstrating a mast cell-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we found this mechanism to be partially dependent on mast cell-derived TNF, as we observed reduced neutrophil infiltration in W(sh)/W(sh) mice reconstituted with TNF(-/-) bone marrow-derived mast cells compared with those reconstituted with wild-type bone marrow-derived mast cells. In agreement with our in vivo findings, we demonstrate that human neutrophils migrate toward the supernatant of IL-33-treated human mast cells. Taken together, our findings reveal that IL-33 activates mast cells in vivo to recruit neutrophils, a mechanism dependent on IL-33R expression on peritoneal mast cells. Mast cells activated in vivo by IL-33 probably play an important role in inflammatory reactions.
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Kaieda S, Wang JX, Shnayder R, Fishgal N, Hei H, Lee RT, Stevens RL, Nigrovic PA. Interleukin-33 primes mast cells for activation by IgG immune complexes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47252. [PMID: 23071771 PMCID: PMC3469528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are heterogeneous cells whose phenotype is modulated by signals received from the local microenvironment. Recent studies have identified the mesenchymal-derived cytokine IL-33 as a potent direct activator of MCs, as well as regulator of their effector phenotype, and have implicated this activity in the ability of mast cells to contribute to murine experimental arthritis. We explored the hypothesis that IL-33 enables participation of synovial MCs in murine K/BxN arthritis by promoting their activation by IgG immune complexes. Compared to wild-type (WT) control mice, transgenic animals lacking the IL-33 receptor ST2 exhibited impaired MC-dependent immune complex-induced vascular permeability (flare) and attenuated K/BxN arthritis. Whereas participation of MCs in this model is mediated by the activating IgG receptor FcγRIII, we pre-incubated bone marrow-derived MCs with IL-33 and found not only direct induction of cytokine release but also a marked increase in FcγRIII-driven production of critical arthritogenic mediators including IL-1β and CXCL2. This "priming" effect was associated with mRNA accumulation rather than altered expression of Fcγ receptors, could be mimicked by co-culture of WT but not ST2(-/-) MCs with synovial fibroblasts, and was blocked by antibodies against IL-33. In turn, WT but not ST2(-/-) MCs augmented fibroblast expression of IL-33, forming a positive feedback circuit. Together, these findings confirm a novel role for IL-33 as an amplifier of IgG immune complex-mediated inflammation and identify a potential MC-fibroblast amplification loop dependent on IL-33 and ST2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Kaieda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jun-Xia Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruslan Shnayder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nadia Fishgal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hillary Hei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Stevens
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, which includes IL-1 and IL-18, and is considered to be important for host defense against nematodes by inducing Th2 cytokine production via the IL-33 receptor. IL-33 receptor is a heterodimer of IL-1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1RL1; also called ST2, T1, Der4, and fit-1) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). On the other hand, excessive and/or inappropriate production of IL-33 is considered to be involved in the development of various disorders, such as allergic and autoimmune diseases. Unlike IL-1β and IL-18, IL-33 does not seem to be secreted through the activation of inflammasomes in events such as apoptosis. However, IL-33 is localized in the nucleus of cells and is released during tissue injury associated with necrosis. This suggests that it acts as an alarmin, like IL-1α and high-mobility group box chromosomal protein-1 (HMGB-1). This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the roles of IL-33 in the functions of various cell types and the pathogenesis of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsukuni Ohno
- Department of Molecular Immunology; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology; National Research Institute for Child Health & Development; Tokyo; Japan
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Ouziel R, Gustot T, Moreno C, Arvanitakis M, Degré D, Trépo E, Quertinmont E, Vercruysse V, Demetter P, Le Moine O, McKenzie ANJ, Delhaye M, Devière J, Lemmers A. The ST2 pathway is involved in acute pancreatitis: a translational study in humans and mice. Am J Pathol 2012; 180:2330-9. [PMID: 22542450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease in which the regulatory pathways are not clearly elucidated. Activation of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and immunomodulation via MyD88, the first signaling molecule in the ST2 pathway, seem to be involved. Because IL-33, the ST2 ligand, is an IL-1 family member and acts as an alarmin, we explored the ST2 pathway in human and mouse AP. Soluble ST2 was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma of 44 patients admitted for AP. The levels of soluble ST2 increased early during AP and correlated with parameters of severity. Under two different experimental models of AP (ie, choline-deficient-ethionine-supplemented diet and cerulein injections), ST2-deficient mice (Il1rl1(-/-)) presented with more severe disease than wild-type mice, with increased activation of mast cells. In vitro, Il1rl1(-/-) bone-marrow-derived mast cells exhibited exacerbated degranulation, compared with the wild type. Flow cytometry identified mast cells as the main peritoneal population expressing ST2. Using immunohistochemistry and ELISA, we showed constitutive expression of IL-33 in murine pancreas and its release during experimental AP. Correlated with AP severity, increased soluble ST2 levels evoke involvement of the ST2 pathway in human AP. Furthermore, our experimental data suggest a protective role for ST2 during AP, highlighting the potential regulatory role of mast cells and the possibility of the ST2 pathway as a new therapeutic target in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Ouziel
- Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Lunderius-Andersson C, Enoksson M, Nilsson G. Mast Cells Respond to Cell Injury through the Recognition of IL-33. Front Immunol 2012; 3:82. [PMID: 22566963 PMCID: PMC3342375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have been attributed several functions in both health and disease. Mast cell activation and release of inflammatory mediators are associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, in particular that of allergic diseases. While the notion of mast cells as important, protective sentinel cells is old, this feature of the cell is not well recognized outside the mast cell field. The mast cell is a unique, multifunctional cell of our defense system, with characteristics such as wide-spread tissue distribution, expression of receptors capable of recognizing both endogenous and exogenous agents, and a capability to rapidly respond to triggering factors by selective mediator release. In this review, we discuss the function of mast cells as sentinel cells in the context of cell injury, where mast cells respond by initiating an inflammatory response. In this setting, IL-33 has turned out to be of particular interest. IL-33 is released by necrotic structural cells and is recognized by mast cells via the IL-33 receptor ST2. IL-33 and mast cells probably constitute one important link between cell injury and an inflammatory response that can lead to restoration of tissue function and homeostasis, but might under other circumstances contribute to a vicious circle driving chronic inflammation.
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Kunisch E, Chakilam S, Gandesiri M, Kinne RW. IL-33 regulates TNF-α dependent effects in synovial fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:530-40. [PMID: 22246057 PMCID: PMC3573710 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently described IL-33 acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, inducing the expression of multiple responses in the target cells. Although a nuclear localization of IL-33 has been described, its exact functional relevance is presently unknown. The present study was conducted to analyze the effects of IL-33 on the TNF-α induced synthesis of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and the pro-destructive molecules matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, and TIMP-1 of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast (RA-SFs) using RNA overexpression and silencing. TNF-α significantly induced IL-33 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in RA-SFs. TNF-α-induced IL-33 protein expression was mediated via p38 signaling. Immunohistochemistry for IL-33 clearly showed that nuclear translocation of IL-33 was induced in TNF-α stimulated RA-SFs. IL-33 overexpression enhanced TNF-α-induced pro-inflammatory and pro-destructive functions in RA-SFs. IL-33 silencing significantly downregulated TNF-α-induced pro-inflammatory functions, whereas TNF-α-induced pro-destructive functions were less influenced by IL-33 silencing. This study identifies IL-33 as a critical regulator/enhancer of TNF-α-induced functions in RA-SFs, pointing to a central role of this cytokine in the perpetuation of pro-inflammatory and pro-destructive processes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kunisch
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Jena, Kloster-lausnitzer Str. 81, D-07607 Eisenberg, Germany.
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Prieto-García A, Zheng D, Adachi R, Xing W, Lane WS, Chung K, Anderson P, Hansbro PM, Castells M, Stevens RL. Mast cell restricted mouse and human tryptase·heparin complexes hinder thrombin-induced coagulation of plasma and the generation of fibrin by proteolytically destroying fibrinogen. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:7834-44. [PMID: 22235124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.325712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse and human TPSB2 and TPSAB1 genes encode tetramer-forming tryptases stored in the secretory granules of mast cells (MCs) ionically bound to heparin-containing serglycin proteoglycans. In mice these genes encode mouse MC protease-6 (mMCP-6) and mMCP-7. The corresponding human genes encode a family of serine proteases that collectively are called hTryptase-β. We previously showed that the α chain of fibrinogen is a preferred substrate of mMCP-7. We now show that this plasma protein also is highly susceptible to degradation by hTryptase-β· and mMCP-6·heparin complexes and that Lys(575) is a preferred cleavage site in the protein α chain. Because cutaneous mouse MCs store substantial amounts of mMCP-6·heparin complexes in their secretory granules, the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction was induced in the skin of mMCP-6(+)/mMCP-7(-) and mMCP-6(-)/mMCP-7(-) C57BL/6 mice. In support of the in vitro data, fibrin deposits were markedly increased in the skin of the double-deficient mice 6 h after IgE-sensitized animals were given the relevant antigen. Fibrinogen is a major constituent of the edema fluid that accumulates in tissues when MCs degranulate. Our discovery that mouse and human tetramer-forming tryptases destroy fibrinogen before this circulating protein can be converted to fibrin changes the paradigm of how MCs hinder fibrin deposition and blood coagulation internally. Because of the adverse consequences of fibrin deposits in tissues, our data explain why mice and humans lack a circulating protease inhibitor that rapidly inactivates MC tryptases and why mammals have two genes that encode tetramer-forming serine proteases that preferentially degrade fibrinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Prieto-García
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Talabot-Ayer D, McKee T, Gindre P, Bas S, Baeten DL, Gabay C, Palmer G. Distinct serum and synovial fluid interleukin (IL)-33 levels in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 79:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a recently discovered cytokine member of the IL-1 superfamily that is widely expressed in fixed tissue cells, including endothelial and epithelial cells. IL-33 induces helper T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils to produce type-2 cytokines through binding to the ST2/IL-1 receptor accessory protein complex. Recent studies have shown IL-33 to be upregulated in intestinal parasite infection and in epithelial cells and myofibroblasts in ulcerative colitis (UC). The findings point to a role for IL-33 in directing the T(H)2-type immune responses in these types of mucosal inflammation. As the IL-33/ST2 receptor axis can be manipulated by various blocking antibodies, this could be a potential therapeutic target in the future treatment of UC.
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Xing W, Austen KF, Gurish MF, Jones TG. Protease phenotype of constitutive connective tissue and of induced mucosal mast cells in mice is regulated by the tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14210-5. [PMID: 21825171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111048108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mast cells (MCs) express a large number of serine proteases including tryptases, mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-6 and -7; chymases, mMCP-1, -2, and -4; and an elastase, mMCP-5; along with carboxypeptidase-A3 (CPA3). In helminth-infected mouse intestine, distinct protease phenotypes are observed for connective tissue MCs (CTMCs) (mMCP-4(+)-7(+), and CPA3(+)) and mucosal MCs (MMCs) (mMCP-1(+) and 2(+)). To determine whether the protease phenotype was regulated by the tissue, we compared the phenotype of constitutive CTMCs and induced MMCs in trachea and large airways in antigen-sensitized unchallenged and challenged mice to MCs in skin and helminthic-infected intestine. We found that in the trachea, unlike in skin and intestine, CTMCs and MMCs both express all six serine proteases and CPA3 (mMCP-1(+), -2(+), 4(+)-7(+), CPA3(+)). This phenotype also holds for the lung CTMCs in the proximal bronchi, whereas the induced MMCs express only four proteases, mMCP-1, -2, -6, and -7. Thus, the T-cell-dependent induction of MMCs in trachea, large bronchi, and small intestine provides numbers but does not determine the protease phenotype. Furthermore, the CTMCs, which are constitutive, also show striking differences at these tissue sites, supporting the view that the differences in expression are tissue directed and not dependent on inflammation.
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Hansbro PM, Kaiko GE, Foster PS. Cytokine/anti-cytokine therapy - novel treatments for asthma? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:81-95. [PMID: 21232048 PMCID: PMC3085870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and there are no preventions or cures. Inflammatory cells through the secretion of cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules are thought to play a critical role in pathogenesis. Type 2 CD4(+) lymphocytes (Th2 cells) and their cytokines predominate in mild to moderate allergic asthma, whereas severe steroid-resistant asthma has more of a mixed Th2/Th1 phenotype with a Th17 component. Other immune cells, particularly neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells, as well structural cells such as epithelial and airway smooth muscle cells also produce disease-associated cytokines in asthma. Increased levels of these immune cells and cytokines have been identified in clinical samples and their potential role in disease demonstrated in studies using mouse models of asthma. Clinical trials with inhibitors of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, -5 and tumour necrosis factor-α have had success in some studies but not others. This may reflect the design of the clinical trials, including treatments regimes and the patient population included in these studies. IL-13, -9 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are currently being evaluated in clinical trials or preclinically and the outcome of these studies is eagerly awaited. Roles for IL-25, -33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interferon-γ, IL-17 and -27 in the regulation of asthma are just emerging, identifying new ways to treat inflammation. Careful interpretation of results from mouse studies will inform the development and application of therapeutic approaches for asthma. The most effective approaches may be combination therapies that suppress multiple cytokines and a range of redundant and disconnected pathways that separately contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Astute application of these approaches may eventually lead to the development of effective asthma therapeutics. Here we review the current state of knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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