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van Zanten TC, Xie S. EVALUATION OF SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE AS AN ENDOGENOUS MARKER OF RENAL DISEASE IN GREATER FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS ROSEUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 53:644-53. [PMID: 36640065 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of renal disease in birds is currently reliant on biochemical measures such as uric acid, which is only elevated after significant renal compromise has occurred. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) production has not been previously evaluated in birds and no reference intervals (RI) for measurement exist in avian species. This study aimed to develop an RI for SDMA in greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and evaluate the association between SDMA levels and renal disease. Blood from 60 flamingos was collected for RI development and the RI of SDMA was found to be 11.8-34.2 µg/dl. Symmetric dimethylarginine showed a strong positive correlation with uric acid, a moderate positive correlation with creatine kinase, and moderate negative correlations with total protein, albumin, and glucose. No correlation was found with pododermatitis score or body condition. Using the SDMA RI, six clinical cases were included for assessment of the clinical relevance of SDMA in renally compromised patients. All birds that were euthanized had elevated SDMA levels and severe renal or systemic pathology on necropsy.
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Leineweber C, Gohl C, Lücht M, Dobenecker B, Marschang RE. PLASMA VITAMIN AND MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS IN CAPTIVE GREATER FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS ROSEUS) AS INFLUENCED BY DIET CHANGE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sweazea KL. Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110778. [PMID: 35817273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds naturally have blood glucose concentrations that are nearly double levels measured for mammals of similar body size and studies have shown that birds are resistant to insulin-mediated glucose uptake into tissues. While a combination of high blood glucose and insulin resistance is associated with diabetes-related pathologies in mammals, birds do not develop such complications. Moreover, studies have shown that birds are resistant to oxidative stress and protein glycation and in fact, live longer than similar-sized mammals. This review seeks to explore how birds regulate blood glucose as well as various theories that might explain their apparent resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake and adaptations that enable them to thrive in a state of relative hyperglycemia.
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G. P, D.J. S, D.B.A. T, J.C. B, R. R, E. W, S. B, D. A, J. G, L. P, N.E. A, A.L. M. Establishing haematological and biochemical reference intervals for free-ranging Scottish golden eagle nestlings (Aquila chrysaetos). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHealth assessment of individuals is an important aspect of monitoring endangered wildlife populations. Haematological and biochemical values are a common health assessment tool, and whilst reference values are well established for domestic species, they are often not available for wild animal species. This study established 31 haematological and biochemical reference intervals for golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) nestlings in Scotland, in order to improve the understanding of the species’ health and support conservation efforts. Reference intervals were created from 47 nestlings (ages 2–7.5 weeks old) across 37 nests, to date, the largest sample of wild individuals of this species and age cohort sampled for these purposes. Upper reference intervals for concentrations of lymphocytes, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and monocytes, calculated in this study, are higher than those found for adult raptors and the interval span is higher than that observed in adult raptors for concentrations of AST, albumin, eosinophil, LDH, and monocyte count. Statistically significant positive correlations were found with age and concentrations of haemoglobin, lymphocytes, serum pH, and creatine kinase, and significant negative correlations with age for concentrations of thrombocytes, heterophils, total protein, globulin, and lactate dehydrogenase. Packed cell volume was significantly higher for females than males, and concentration of calcium and eosinophils were higher for individuals in good body condition than those in moderate body condition. The reference intervals produced by this study will be of important use to the veterinary and conservation management communities and will aid the long-term monitoring of the Scottish golden eagle population health.
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Leineweber C, Lücht M, Reese L, Marschang RE, Gohl C. COMPARISON OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYTES IN GREATER FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS ROSEUS) AND AMERICAN FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER) IN A ZOO IN EUROPE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53. [DOI: 10.1638/2019-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nyariki TM, Gathumbi PK, Bebora LC, Muchemi GM, Maina EW, Gakuya FM, Kariuki EK, Ngatia TA. Hematologic Values of Healthy and Sick Free-ranging Lesser Flamingos ( Phoeniconaias minor) in Kenya. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:123-8. [PMID: 30235084 DOI: 10.7589/2016-04-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We determined hematologic parameters of five healthy and nine sick free-ranging Lesser Flamingos ( Phoeniconaias minor) from Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Heterophilia and lymphopenia were evident in sick birds, with up to 7.5-fold higher heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in sick birds compared to healthy birds. Leucopenia was present in a few sick birds. A higher than normal packed cell volume was observed in birds that had evidence of acute disease, whereas a lower than normal packed cell volume was seen in birds with evidence of prolonged sickness. Healthy birds had higher total white blood cell counts and lymphocyte counts and lower heterophil counts than zoo flamingos. Most sick birds were diagnosed with septicemia, occasionally with fibrinous exudation into the coelomic cavities. One bird had mycobacterial granulomas, one had a corynebacterium-associated wing abscess, and one had a wing fracture. We provide hematologic data for free-ranging Lesser Flamingos and compare the parameters of sick and healthy birds.
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Gardhouse S, Eshar D, Beaufrère H. COAGULATION PARAMETERS IN THE AMERICAN FLAMINGO ( PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER ). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:463-7. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0081.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Burgdorf-Moisuk A, Wack R, Ziccardi M, Larsen RS, Hopper K. Validation of lactate measurement in American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) plasma and correlation with duration and difficulty of capture. J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:450-8. [PMID: 23082507 DOI: 10.1638/2010-0124R5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Capture myopathy and associated death have been reported with capture and restraint of greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) and lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor). In chickens (Gallus gallus), blood lactate concentration levels have been used as indicators of muscle damage. Lactate has also been used to predict survival in humans and dogs. The goals of this study were to validate two common methods for measuring lactate (i-STAT and VetTest analyzers) in flamingo plasma by comparing measurements to a reference analyzer; and to correlate blood lactate concentration levels in captured flamingos with the duration and difficulty of capture as a possible indicator of capture myopathy. Twenty-seven banked flamingo plasma samples were run in triplicate on each of the three blood analyzers. Values from the i-STAT analyzer were consistently lower than those from the ABL analyzer, while values from the VetTest were consistently higher than those from the ABL analyzer. However, there was a good level of correlation between all three analyzers. Two of the three analyzers were determined to have acceptable total allowable error levels, calculated at 3.6% for the ABL and 10.7% for the VetTest. For clinical purposes, both the i-STAT and the VetTest analyzers provide adequate evaluation of lactate levels when serial samples are measured on the same analyzer. After validating the assay, 34 captive flamingos were captured for routine examinations. Blood lactate concentration levels were positively correlated with the length of time of the individual capture, but lactate did not increase significantly as capture difficulty increased. Only one animal was considered to have a difficult capture. No flamingos demonstrated clinical signs of capture myopathy during this study. Further research is required to determine if blood lactate concentration is a useful indicator of capture myopathy.
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Abstract
1. Haematological and plasma biochemical parameters of 66 captive red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) of both sexes were analysed in order to determine reference values, taking sex and age into account. 2. There were no statistically significant differences in haematocrit, plasma glucose content or creatine kinase activity either with age or between sexes. 3. Plasma cholesterol concentrations showed differences between sexes, whereas the plasma concentrations of urea, uric acid and creatinine were significantly affected by age. 4. Plasma triglyceride and total protein concentrations were affected by both sex and age. 5. A peak at 6 months old in those parameters related to protein metabolism, such as urea, uric acid and creatinine may be related to the end of the growing period and the start of ovulation after moulting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, C1-Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
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Gutiérrez J, Mateo R, Prats C, Guitart R. Organochlorine residues in normal and lead poisoned greater flamingos: Relationships with the fatty acid composition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10934529709376582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Amat JA, Hortas F, Arroyo GM, Rendón MA, Ramírez JM, Rendón-Martos M, Pérez-Hurtado A, Garrido A. Interannual variations in feeding frequencies and food quality of greater flamingo chicks (Phoenicopterus roseus): Evidence from plasma chemistry and effects on body condition. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:569-76. [PMID: 17360212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Greater flamingos in southern Spain foraged in areas distant from a breeding site, spending 4-6 days in foraging areas between successive visits to the colony to feed their chicks. During four years, we took blood samples from chicks to ascertain whether there were interannual variations in several blood parameters, indicative of food quality and feeding frequencies. When the chicks were captured, 20-31% of them had their crops empty, indicating that not all chicks were fed daily. Additional evidence of variations in feeding frequencies was obtained from a principal component analysis (PCA) on plasma chemistry values, which also indicated that there were annual variations in the quality of food received by chicks. The association of cholesterol and glucose with some PC axes indicated that some chicks were experiencing fasting periods. Of all plasma metabolites considered, cholesterol was the best one to predict body condition. Greater flamingo chicks experiencing longer fasting intervals, as suggested by higher plasma levels of cholesterol, were in lower body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Amat
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, C. S. I. C., Apartado 1056, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain.
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Abstract
A study of 10 clinical pathology values in four groups of Andean flamingo chicks (Phoenicoparrus andinus) was conducted to evaluate an artificial feeding program in Chile. Three groups were fed controlled diets (groups 2000, 2001, and 2002) with quantitative differences in their nutritional content. A fourth group of free-living Andean flamingo chicks was used as normal controls. Nutritional management techniques used in 2002 resulted in hematologic values with similar levels of total protein, globulins, albumin, cholesterol, urea, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and calcium to those obtained in free-living chicks. In addition, final weight, physical condition, and plumage in flamingo chicks of group 2002 were considered satisfactory to face local climatic conditions and nomadic activity. These results may be useful as reference values and help to improve conservation management and veterinary care of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Norambuena
- Instituto de Ecologia y Evolución, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
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Khazraiinia P, Saei S, Mohri M, Haddadzadeh HR, Darvisihha HR, Khaki Z. Serum biochemistry of ostrich (Striothio camelus) in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 15:87-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-006-0617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Villegas A, Corbacho C, Sánchez-Guzmán J, Corbacho P, Morán R. Hematocrit and blood chemistry values in three genera of captive hornbills. Zoo Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mostaghni K, Badiei K, Nili H, Fazeli A. Haematological and biochemical parameters and the serum concentrations of phosphorus, lead, cadmium and chromium in flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) and black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 14:146-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-005-0585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- E Z Mushi
- Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone
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van Wyk E, van der Bank H, Verdoorn GH. Dynamics of haematology and blood biochemistry in free-living African whitebacked vulture (Pseudogyps africanus) nestlings. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 120:495-508. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ferrer M, Dobado-Berrios P. Factors affecting plasma chemistry values of the Spanish Imperial Eagle, Aquila adalberti. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(98)10031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Puerta M, Campo AD, Abelenda M, Fernandez A, Huecas V, Nava M. Hematological trends in flamingos, Phoenicopterus ruber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 102:683-6. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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