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Codognoto VM, de Souza FF, Cataldi TR, Labate CA, de Camargo LS, Esteves Trindade PH, da Rosa Filho RR, de Oliveira DJB, Oba E. Proteomics approach reveals urinary markers for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffaloes. J Proteomics 2024; 290:105036. [PMID: 37879565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare urine proteomics from non- and pregnant buffaloes in order to identify potential biomarkers of early pregnancy. Forty-four females underwent hormonal ovulation synchronization and were randomly divided into two experimental groups: inseminated (n = 30) and non-inseminated (n = 14). The pregnant females were further divided into two groups: pregnant at Day 12 (P12; n = 8) and at Day 18 (P18; n = 8) post-ovulation. The non-pregnant group was also subdivided into two groups: non-pregnant at Day 12 (NP12; n = 7) and at Day 18 (NP18; n = 7). Urine was collected from all females on Days 12 or 18. The samples were processed for proteomics. A total of 798 proteins were reported in the urine considering all groups. The differential proteins play essential roles during pregnancy, acting in cellular transport and metabolism, endometrial remodeling, embryonic protection, and degradation of defective proteins. We suggest that some proteins from our study can be considered biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis, since they were increased in pregnant buffaloes. SIGNIFICANCE: Macromolecules have been studied for early pregnancy diagnosis, aiming to increase reproductive efficiency in cattle and buffaloes. Direct methods such as rectal palpation and ultrasonography have been considered late. Thus, this study aimed to compare urine proteomics from non- and pregnant buffaloes to identify potential biomarkers of early pregnancy. The differential proteins found in our study play essential roles during pregnancy, acting in cellular transport and metabolism, endometrial remodeling, embryonic protection, and degradation of defective proteins. We suggest that these proteins can be considered possible biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis since they were increased in the pregnant buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Codognoto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana F de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais R Cataldi
- Department of Genetic, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Labate
- Department of Genetic, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Laíza S de Camargo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Esteves Trindade
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto R da Rosa Filho
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego J B de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eunice Oba
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Medina-Castellanos E, Salgado-Bautista DA, Martínez-Andrade JM, Cadena-Nava RD, Riquelme M. Nanosized extracellular vesicles released by Neurospora crassa hyphae. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 165:103778. [PMID: 36690295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized structures containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, released by living cells to the surrounding medium. EVs participate in diverse processes, such as intercellular communication, virulence, and disease. In pathogenic fungi, EVs carry enzymes that allow them to invade the host or undergo environmental adaptation successfully. In Neurospora crassa, a non-pathogenic filamentous fungus widely used as a model organism, the vesicle-dependent secretory mechanisms that lead to polarized growth are well studied. In contrast, biosynthesis of EVs in this fungus has been practically unexplored. In the present work, we analyzed N. crassa culture's supernatant for the presence of EVs by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proteomic analysis. We identified spherical membranous structures, with a predominant subpopulation averaging a hydrodynamic diameter (dh) of 68 nm and a particle diameter (dp) of 38 nm. EV samples stained with osmium tetroxide vapors were better resolved than those stained with uranyl acetate. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 252 proteins, including enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolic processes, oxidative stress response, cell wall organization/remodeling, and circadian clock-regulated proteins. Some of these proteins have been previously reported in exosomes from human cells or in EVs of other fungi. In view of the results, it is suggested a putative role for EVs in cell wall biosynthesis and vegetative development in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Medina-Castellanos
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Daniel A Salgado-Bautista
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Juan M Martínez-Andrade
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico.
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Kashikuma R, Nagano M, Shimamura H, Nukaga K, Katsumata I, Y. Toshima J, Toshima J. Role of phosphatidylserine in the localization of cell surface membrane proteins in yeast. Cell Struct Funct 2023; 48:19-30. [PMID: 36517018 PMCID: PMC10725852 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a constituent of the cell membrane, being especially abundant in the cytoplasmic leaflet, and plays important roles in a number of cellular functions, including the formation of cell polarity and intracellular vesicle transport. Several studies in mammalian cells have suggested the role of PS in retrograde membrane traffic through endosomes, but in yeast, where PS is localized primarily at the plasma membrane (PM), the role in intracellular organelles remains unclear. Additionally, it is reported that polarized endocytic site formation is defective in PS-depleted yeast cells, but the role in the endocytic machinery has not been well understood. In this study, to clarify the role of PS in the endocytic pathway, we analyzed the effect of PS depletion on endocytic internalization and post-endocytic transport. We demonstrated that in cell lacking the PS synthase Cho1p (cho1Δ cell), binding and internalization of mating pheromone α-factor into the cell was severely impaired. Interestingly, the processes of endocytosis were mostly unaffected, but protein transport from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the PM was defective and localization of cell surface proteins was severely impaired in cho1Δ cells. We also showed that PS accumulated in intracellular compartments in cells lacking Rcy1p and Vps52p, both of which are implicated in endosome-to-PM transport via the TGN, and that the number of Snx4p-residing endosomes was increased in cho1Δ cells. These results suggest that PS plays a crucial role in the transport and localization of cell surface membrane proteins.Key words: phosphatidylserine, endocytosis, recycling, vesicle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Kashikuma
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kouya Nukaga
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ikumi Katsumata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Junko Y. Toshima
- School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, 5-23-22 Nishikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijyuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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Kendall AK, Chandra M, Xie B, Wan W, Jackson LP. Improved mammalian retromer cryo-EM structures reveal a new assembly interface. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102523. [PMID: 36174678 PMCID: PMC9636581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retromer (VPS26/VPS35/VPS29 subunits) assembles with multiple sorting nexin proteins on membranes to mediate endosomal recycling of transmembrane protein cargoes. Retromer has been implicated in other cellular processes, including mitochondrial homeostasis, nutrient sensing, autophagy, and fission events. Mechanisms for mammalian retromer assembly remain undefined, and retromer engages multiple sorting nexin proteins to sort cargoes to different destinations. Published structures demonstrate mammalian retromer forms oligomers in vitro, but several structures were poorly resolved. We report here improved retromer oligomer structures using single-particle cryo-EM by combining data collected from tilted specimens with multiple advancements in data processing, including using a 3D starting model for enhanced automated particle picking in RELION. We used a retromer mutant (3KE retromer) that breaks VPS35-mediated interfaces to determine a structure of a new assembly interface formed by the VPS26A and VPS35 N-termini. The interface reveals how an N-terminal VPS26A arrestin saddle can link retromer chains by engaging a neighboring VPS35 N- terminus, on the opposite side from the well-characterized C-VPS26/N-VPS35 interaction observed within heterotrimers. The new interaction interface exhibits substantial buried surface area (∼7000 Å2) and further suggests that metazoan retromer may serve as an adaptable scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Kendall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mintu Chandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Boyang Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William Wan
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren P Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Li XY, Zhang SP, He L. Retromer subunit, CfVps35 is required for growth development and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:68. [PMID: 36031614 PMCID: PMC9420259 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tea oil is widely used as edible oil in China, which extracted from the seeds of Camellia oleifera. In China, the national oil-tea camellia planting area reached 4.533 million hectares, the output of oil-tea camellia seed oil was 627 000 tons, and the total output value reached 18.3 billion dollars. Anthracnose is the common disease of Ca. oleifera, which affected the production and brought huge economic losses. Colletotrichum fructicola is the dominant pathogen causing anthracnose in Ca. oleifera. The retromer complex participates in the intracellular retrograde transport of cargos from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network in eukaryotes. Vacuolar protein sorting 35 is a core part of the retromer complex. This study aimed to investigate the role of CfVps35 in C. fructicola. Results The CfVPS35 gene was deleted, resulting in reduced mycelial growth, conidiation, and response to cell wall stresses. Further analysis revealed that CfVps35 was required for C. fructicola virulence on tea oil leaves. In addition, the ΔCfvps35 mutant was defective in glycogen metabolism and turgor during appressorium development. Conclusion This study illustrated that the crucial functions of CfVps35 in growth, development, and pathogenicity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-022-01084-4.
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Wang S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Li J, Yang K, Liu M, Zeng W, Qin L, Lin R, Nie X, Jiang L, Wang S. The Regulatory Role of the Aspergillus flavus Core Retromer Complex in Aflatoxin Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2022;:102120. [PMID: 35697069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a series of highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites that are synthesized by Aspergillus species. The degradation of aflatoxin enzymes is an important regulatory mechanism which modulates mycotoxin producing. The retromer complex is responsible for the retrograde transport of specific biomolecules and the vacuolar fusion in the intracellular transport. Late endosomal-associated GTPase (Rab7) has been shown to be a downstream effector protein of the retromer complex. A deficiency in the retromer complex or Rab7 results in several cellular trafficking problems in yeast and humans, like protein abnormal accumulation. However, whether retromer dysfunction is involved in aflatoxin synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the core retromer complex, which comprises three vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins (AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35), is essential for the development of dormant and resistant fungal forms such as conidia (asexual reproductive spore) and sclerotia (hardened fungal mycelium), as well as aflatoxin production and pathogenicity, in Aspergillus flavus. In particular, we show the AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35 complex is negatively correlated with aflatoxin exportation. Structural simulation, site-specific mutagenesis, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that interactions among AflVps26, AflVps29, and AflVps35 played crucial roles in the retromer complex executing its core functions. We further found an intrinsic connection between AflRab7 and the retromer involved in vesicle-vacuole fusion, which in turn affected the accumulation of aflatoxin synthesis-associated enzymes, suggesting that they work together to regulate the production of toxins. Overall, these results provide mechanistic insights that contribute to our understanding of the regulatory role of the core retromer complex in aflatoxin metabolism.
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Shortill SP, Frier MS, Conibear E. You can go your own way: SNX-BAR coat complexes direct traffic at late endosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Buser DP, Bader G, Spiess M. Retrograde transport of CDMPR depends on several machineries as analyzed by sulfatable nanobodies. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202101269. [PMID: 35314489 PMCID: PMC8961009 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobody toolkit enables the quantitative analysis of endosome-to-TGN transport of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in cells depleted of retrograde transport machineries Retrograde protein transport from the cell surface and endosomes to the TGN is essential for membrane homeostasis in general and for the recycling of mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) for sorting of lysosomal hydrolases in particular. We used a nanobody-based sulfation tool to more directly determine transport kinetics from the plasma membrane to the TGN for the cation-dependent MPR (CDMPR) with and without rapid or gradual inactivation of candidate machinery proteins. Although knockdown of retromer (Vps26), epsinR, or Rab9a reduced CDMPR arrival to the TGN, no effect was observed upon silencing of TIP47. Strikingly, when retrograde transport was analyzed by rapamycin-induced rapid depletion (knocksideways) or long-term depletion by knockdown of the clathrin adaptor AP-1 or of the GGA machinery, distinct phenotypes in sulfation kinetics were observed, suggesting a potential role of GGA adaptors in retrograde and anterograde transport. Our study illustrates the usefulness of derivatized, sulfation-competent nanobodies, reveals novel insights into CDMPR trafficking biology, and further outlines that the selection of machinery inactivation is critical for phenotype analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaétan Bader
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gock N, Follett J, Rintoul GL, Beischlag TV, Lee FJ. Endosomal recycling and dopamine neurotransmission: Exploring the links between the retromer and Parkinson's disease. Synapse 2022; 76:e22224. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gock
- Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Jordan Follett
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience Department of Neurology University of Florida 1149 Newell Dr Gainesville FL 32610‐0236 United States
| | - Gordon L Rintoul
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Timothy V Beischlag
- Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Frank J.S. Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease Simon Fraser University 8888 University Dr Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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Vélez N, Monteoliva L, Sánchez-Quitian ZA, Amador-García A, García-Rodas R, Ceballos-Garzón A, Gil C, Escandón P, Zaragoza Ó, Parra-Giraldo CM. The Combination of Iron and Copper Increases Pathogenicity and Induces Proteins Related to the Main Virulence Factors in Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010057. [PMID: 35049997 PMCID: PMC8778102 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In fungi, metals are associated with the expression of virulence factors. However, it is unclear whether the uptake of metals affects their pathogenicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of iron/copper in modulating pathogenicity and proteomic response in two clinical isolates of C. neoformans with high and low pathogenicity. Methods: In both isolates, the effect of 50 µM iron and 500 µM copper on pathogenicity, capsule induction, and melanin production was evaluated. We then performed a quantitative proteomic analysis of cytoplasmic extracts exposed to that combination. Finally, the effect on pathogenicity by iron and copper was evaluated in eight additional isolates. Results: In both isolates, the combination of iron and copper increased pathogenicity, capsule size, and melanin production. Regarding proteomic data, proteins with increased levels after iron and copper exposure were related to biological processes such as cell stress, vesicular traffic (Ap1, Vps35), cell wall structure (Och1, Ccr4, Gsk3), melanin biosynthesis (Hem15, Mln2), DNA repair (Chk1), protein transport (Mms2), SUMOylation (Uba2), and mitochondrial transport (Atm1). Increased pathogenicity by exposure to metal combination was also confirmed in 90% of the eight isolates. Conclusions: The combination of these metals enhances pathogenicity and increases the abundance of proteins related to the main virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nórida Vélez
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (N.V.); (Z.-A.S.-Q.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (A.A.-G.); (C.G.)
| | - Zilpa-Adriana Sánchez-Quitian
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (N.V.); (Z.-A.S.-Q.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Ahinara Amador-García
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (A.A.-G.); (C.G.)
| | - Rocío García-Rodas
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28013 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-R.); (Ó.Z.)
| | - Andrés Ceballos-Garzón
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (N.V.); (Z.-A.S.-Q.); (A.C.-G.)
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, 44200 Nantes, France
| | - Concha Gil
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (A.A.-G.); (C.G.)
| | - Patricia Escandón
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| | - Óscar Zaragoza
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, 28013 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-R.); (Ó.Z.)
| | - Claudia-Marcela Parra-Giraldo
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (N.V.); (Z.-A.S.-Q.); (A.C.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Casler JC, Johnson N, Krahn AH, Pantazopoulou A, Day KJ, Glick BS. Clathrin adaptors mediate two sequential pathways of intra-Golgi recycling. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212747. [PMID: 34739034 PMCID: PMC8576872 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways of membrane traffic within the Golgi apparatus are not fully known. This question was addressed using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the maturation of individual Golgi cisternae can be visualized. We recently proposed that the AP-1 clathrin adaptor mediates intra-Golgi recycling late in the process of cisternal maturation. Here, we demonstrate that AP-1 cooperates with the Ent5 clathrin adaptor to recycle a set of Golgi transmembrane proteins, including some that were previously thought to pass through endosomes. This recycling can be detected by removing AP-1 and Ent5, thereby diverting the AP-1/Ent5-dependent Golgi proteins into an alternative recycling loop that involves traffic to the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis. Unexpectedly, various AP-1/Ent5-dependent Golgi proteins show either intermediate or late kinetics of residence in maturing cisternae. We infer that the AP-1/Ent5 pair mediates two sequential intra-Golgi recycling pathways that define two classes of Golgi proteins. This insight can explain the polarized distribution of transmembrane proteins in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Casler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Natalie Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Adam H Krahn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kasey J Day
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Jin X, Zhao H, Zhou M, Zhang J, An T, Fu W, Li D, Cao X, Liu B. Retromer Complex and PI3K Complex II-Related Genes Mediate the Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Sodium Metabisulfite Resistance Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123512. [PMID: 34944020 PMCID: PMC8699849 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) is widely used as a preservative in the food and wine industry. However, it causes varying degrees of cellular damage to organisms. In order to improve our knowledge regarding its cyto-toxicity, a genome-wide screen using the yeast single deletion collection was performed. Additionally, a total of 162 Na2S2O5-sensitive strains and 16 Na2S2O5-tolerant strains were identified. Among the 162 Na2S2O5 tolerance-related genes, the retromer complex was the top enriched cellular component. Further analysis demonstrated that retromer complex deletion leads to increased sensitivity to Na2S2O5, and that Na2S2O5 can induce mislocalization of retromer complex proteins. Notably, phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate kinase (PI3K) complex II, which is important for retromer recruitment to the endosome, might be a potential regulator mediating retromer localization and the yeast Na2S2O5 tolerance response. Na2S2O5 can decrease the protein expressions of Vps34, which is the component of PI3K complex. Therefore, Na2S2O5-mediated retromer redistribution might be caused by the effects of decreased Vps34 expression levels. Moreover, both pharmaceutical inhibition of Vps34 functions and deletions of PI3K complex II-related genes affect cell tolerance to Na2S2O5. The results of our study provide a global picture of cellular components required for Na2S2O5 tolerance and advance our understanding concerning Na2S2O5-induced cytotoxicity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Huihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Tingting An
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Wenhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Danqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.A.); (W.F.); (D.L.)
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, SE-413 90 Goteborg, Sweden
- Center for Large-Scale Cell-Based Screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, SE-413 90 Goteborg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
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13
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Markworth R, Dambeck V, Steinbeck LM, Koufali A, Bues B, Dankovich TM, Wichmann C, Burk K. Tubular microdomains of Rab7-positive endosomes retrieve TrkA, a mechanism disrupted in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2B. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272650. [PMID: 34486665 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal survival and growth requires signalling from tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks). To transmit their signals, receptor-ligand complexes are endocytosed and undergo retrograde trafficking to the soma, where downstream signalling occurs. Vesicles transporting neurotrophic receptors to the soma are reported to be Rab7-positive late endosomes and/or multivesicular bodies (MVBs), where receptors localize within so-called intraluminal vesicles (herein Rab7 corresponds to Rab7A unless specified otherwise). Therefore, one challenging question is how downstream signalling is possible given the insulating properties of intraluminal vesicles. In this study, we report that Rab7-positive endosomes and MVBs retrieve TrkA (also known as NTRK1) through tubular microdomains. Interestingly, this phenotype is absent for the EGF receptor. Furthermore, we found that endophilinA1, endophilinA2 and endophilinA3, together with WASH1 (also known as WASHC1), are involved in the tubulation process. In Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2B (CMT2B), a neuropathy of the peripheral nervous system, this tubulating mechanism is disrupted. In addition, the ability to tubulate correlates with the phosphorylation levels of TrkA as well as with neurite length in neuronal cultures from dorsal root ganglia. In all, we report a new retrieval mechanism of late Rab7-positive endosomes, which enables TrkA signalling and sheds new light onto how neurotrophic signalling is disrupted in CMT2B. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Markworth
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,European Neuroscience Institute, Grisebachstraße 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Malte Steinbeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angeliki Koufali
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Bues
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tal M Dankovich
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Wichmann
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Centers 889 'Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing' and 1286 'Quantitative Synaptology', 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Burk
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,European Neuroscience Institute, Grisebachstraße 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold Straße 3A, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
The retromer complex was first identified more than 20 years ago through studies conducted in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Data obtained using many different model systems have revealed that retromer is a key component of the endosomal protein sorting machinery being necessary for recognition of membrane “cargo” proteins and formation of tubular carriers that function as transport intermediates. Naturally, over the course of time and with literally hundreds of papers published on retromer, there have arisen disparities, conflicting observations and some controversies as to how retromer functions in endosomal protein sorting – the most note-worthy being associated with the two activities that define a vesicle coat: cargo selection and vesicle/tubule formation. In this review, we will attempt to chart a course through some of the more fundamental controversies to arrive at a clearer understanding of retromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Matthew N J Seaman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Abe T, Kuwahara T. Targeting of Lysosomal Pathway Genes for Parkinson's Disease Modification: Insights From Cellular and Animal Models. Front Neurol 2021; 12:681369. [PMID: 34194386 PMCID: PMC8236816 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.681369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous genetic studies on hereditary Parkinson's disease (PD) have identified a set of pathogenic gene mutations that have strong impacts on the pathogenicity of PD. In addition, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) targeted to sporadic PD have nominated an increasing number of genetic variants that influence PD susceptibility. Although the clinical and pathological characteristics in hereditary PD are not identical to those in sporadic PD, α-synuclein, and LRRK2 are definitely associated with both types of PD, with LRRK2 mutations being the most frequent cause of autosomal-dominant PD. On the other hand, a significant portion of risk genes identified from GWAS have been associated with lysosomal functions, pointing to a critical role of lysosomes in PD pathogenesis. Experimental studies have suggested that the maintenance or upregulation of lysosomal activity may protect against neuronal dysfunction or degeneration. Here we focus on the roles of representative PD gene products that are implicated in lysosomal pathway, namely LRRK2, VPS35, ATP13A2, and glucocerebrosidase, and provide an overview of their disease-associated functions as well as their cooperative actions in the pathogenesis of PD, based on the evidence from cellular and animal models. We also discuss future perspectives of targeting lysosomal activation as a possible strategy to treat neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Abe
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kuwahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Yanguas F, Valdivieso MH. Analysis of the SNARE Stx8 recycling reveals that the retromer-sorting motif has undergone evolutionary divergence. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009463. [PMID: 33788833 PMCID: PMC8041195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fsv1/Stx8 is a Schizosaccharomyces pombe protein similar to mammalian syntaxin 8. stx8Δ cells are sensitive to salts, and the prevacuolar endosome (PVE) is altered in stx8Δ cells. These defects depend on the SNARE domain, data that confirm the conserved function of syntaxin8 and Stx8 in vesicle fusion at the PVE. Stx8 localizes at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the prevacuolar endosome (PVE), and its recycling depends on the retromer component Vps35, and on the sorting nexins Vps5, Vps17, and Snx3. Several experimental approaches demonstrate that Stx8 is a cargo of the Snx3-retromer. Using extensive truncation and alanine scanning mutagenesis, we identified the Stx8 sorting signal. This signal is an IEMeaM sequence that is located in an unstructured protein region, must be distant from the transmembrane (TM) helix, and where the 133I, 134E, 135M, and 138M residues are all essential for recycling. This sorting motif is different from those described for most retromer cargoes, which include aromatic residues, and resembles the sorting motif of mammalian polycystin-2 (PC2). Comparison of Stx8 and PC2 motifs leads to an IEMxx(I/M) consensus. Computer-assisted screening for this and for a loose Ψ(E/D)ΨXXΨ motif (where Ψ is a hydrophobic residue with large aliphatic chain) shows that syntaxin 8 and PC2 homologues from other organisms bear variation of this motif. The phylogeny of the Stx8 sorting motifs from the Schizosaccharomyces species shows that their divergence is similar to that of the genus, showing that they have undergone evolutionary divergence. A preliminary analysis of the motifs in syntaxin 8 and PC2 sequences from various organisms suggests that they might have also undergone evolutionary divergence, what suggests that the presence of almost-identical motifs in Stx8 and PC2 might be a case of convergent evolution. Eukaryotes possess membranous intracellular compartments, whose communication is essential for cellular homeostasis. Protein complexes that facilitate the generation, transport, and fusion of coated vesicles mediate this communication. Since alterations in these processes lead to human disease, their characterization is of biological and medical interest. Retromer is a protein complex that facilitates retrograde trafficking from the prevacuolar endosome to the Golgi, being essential for the functionality of the endolysosomal system. SNAREs are required for vesicle fusion and, after facilitating membrane merging, are supposed to return to their donor organelle for new rounds of fusion. However, little is known about this recycling. We have found that Stx8, a fungal SNARE similar to human syntaxin 8, is a retromer cargo, and have identified its retromer binding motif. Sequence screening and comparison has determined that this sorting motif is conserved mainly in fungal Stx8 sequences. Notably, this motif is similar to the retromer sorting motif that is present in a family of vertebrate ion transporters. Our initial phylogenetic analyses suggest that, although retromer and some of its cargoes are conserved, the sorting motif in the cargoes might have undergone evolutionary divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Yanguas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca. Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Salamanca. Spain
| | - M.-Henar Valdivieso
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca. Spain
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Salamanca. Spain
- * E-mail:
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17
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Seaman MNJ. The Retromer Complex: From Genesis to Revelations. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:608-620. [PMID: 33526371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retromer complex has a well-established role in endosomal protein sorting, being necessary for maintaining the dynamic localisation of hundreds of membrane proteins that traverse the endocytic system. Retromer function and dysfunction is linked with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and many pathogens, both viral and bacterial, exploit or interfere in retromer function for their own ends. In this review, the history of retromer is distilled into a concentrated form that spans the identification of retromer to recent discoveries that have shed new light on how retromer functions in endosomal protein sorting and why retromer is increasingly being viewed as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N J Seaman
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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18
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Pannen H, Rapp T, Klein T. The ESCRT machinery regulates retromer-dependent transcytosis of septate junction components in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:61866. [PMID: 33377869 PMCID: PMC7848756 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of ESCRT function in Drosophila imaginal discs is known to cause neoplastic overgrowth fueled by mis-regulation of signaling pathways. Its impact on junctional integrity, however, remains obscure. To dissect the events leading to neoplasia, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on wing imaginal discs temporally depleted of the ESCRT-III core component Shrub. We find a specific requirement for Shrub in maintaining septate junction (SJ) integrity by transporting the claudin Megatrachea (Mega) to the SJ. In absence of Shrub function, Mega is lost from the SJ and becomes trapped on endosomes coated with the endosomal retrieval machinery retromer. We show that ESCRT function is required for apical localization and mobility of retromer positive carrier vesicles, which mediate the biosynthetic delivery of Mega to the SJ. Accordingly, loss of retromer function impairs the anterograde transport of several SJ core components, revealing a novel physiological role for this ancient endosomal agent. Proteins are large molecules responsible for a variety of activities that cells needs to perform to survive; from respiration to copying DNA before cells divide. To perform these roles proteins need to be transported to the correct cell compartment, or to the cell membrane. This protein trafficking depends on the endosomal system, a set of membrane compartments that can travel within the cell and act as a protein sorting hub. This system needs its own proteins to work properly. In particular, there are two sets of proteins that are crucial for the endosomal systems activity: a group of proteins known as the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery and a complex called retromer. The retromer complex regulates recycling of receptor proteins so they can be reused, while the ESCRT machinery mediates degradation of proteins that the cell does not require anymore. In the epithelia of fruit fly larvae – the tissues that form layers of cells, usually covering an organ but also making structures like wings – defects in ESCRT activity lead to a loss of tissue integrity. This loss of tissue integrity suggests that the endosomal system might be involved in transporting proteins that form cellular junctions, the multiprotein complexes that establish contacts between cells or between a cell and the extracellular space. In arthropods such as the fruit fly, the adherens junction and the septate junction are two types of cellular junctions important for the integrity of epithelia integrity. Adherens junctions allow cells to adhere to each other, while septate junctions stop nutrient molecules, ions and water from leaking into the tissue. The role of the endosomal system in trafficking the proteins that form septate junctions remains a mystery. To better understand the role of the endosomal system in regulating cell junctions and tissue integrity, Pannen et al. blocked the activity of either the ESCRT or retromer in wing imaginal discs – the future wings – of fruit fly larvae. Pannen et al. then analyzed the effects of these endosomal defects on cellular junctions using an imaging technique called transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that both ESCRT and retromer activities are necessary for the correct delivery of septate junction components to the cell membrane. However, neither retromer nor ESCRT were required for the delivery of adherens junction proteins. These findings shed light on how retromer and the ESCRT machinery are involved in the epithelial tissue integrity of fruit fly larvae through their effects on cell junctions. Humans have their own versions of the ESCRT, retromer, and cell junction proteins, all of which are very similar to their fly counterparts. Since defects in the human versions of these proteins have been associated with a variety of diseases, from infections to cancer, these results may have implications for research into treating those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Pannen
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Rapp
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Tu Y, Zhao L, Billadeau DD, Jia D. Endosome-to-TGN Trafficking: Organelle-Vesicle and Organelle-Organelle Interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:163. [PMID: 32258039 PMCID: PMC7093645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) diverts proteins and lipids away from lysosomal degradation. It is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and signaling. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding this classical pathway, revealing new insights into multiple steps of vesicular trafficking as well as critical roles of ER-endosome contacts for endosomal trafficking. In this review, we summarize up-to-date knowledge about this trafficking pathway, in particular, mechanisms of cargo recognition at endosomes and vesicle tethering at the TGN, and contributions of ER-endosome contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Zhou Q, Huang T, Jiang Z, Ge C, Chen X, Zhang L, Zhao F, Zhu M, Chen T, Cui Y, Li H, Yao M, Li J, Tian H. Upregulation of SNX5 predicts poor prognosis and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by modulating the EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Oncogene 2019; 39:2140-2155. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Ma M, Burd CG. Retrograde trafficking and plasma membrane recycling pathways of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Traffic 2019; 21:45-59. [PMID: 31471931 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal system functions as a network of protein and lipid sorting stations that receives molecules from endocytic and secretory pathways and directs them to the lysosome for degradation, or exports them from the endosome via retrograde trafficking or plasma membrane recycling pathways. Retrograde trafficking pathways describe endosome-to-Golgi transport while plasma membrane recycling pathways describe trafficking routes that return endocytosed molecules to the plasma membrane. These pathways are crucial for lysosome biogenesis, nutrient acquisition and homeostasis and for the physiological functions of many types of specialized cells. Retrograde and recycling sorting machineries of eukaryotic cells were identified chiefly through genetic screens using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae system and discovered to be highly conserved in structures and functions. In this review, we discuss advances regarding retrograde trafficking and recycling pathways, including new discoveries that challenge existing ideas about the organization of the endosomal system, as well as how these pathways intersect with cellular homeostasis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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22
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Suzuki SW, Chuang YS, Li M, Seaman MNJ, Emr SD. A bipartite sorting signal ensures specificity of retromer complex in membrane protein recycling. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2876-2886. [PMID: 31337624 PMCID: PMC6719449 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retromer is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex, which sorts functionally diverse membrane proteins into recycling tubules/vesicles from the endosome. Many of the identified cargos possess a recycling signal sequence defined as ØX[L/M/V], where Ø is F/Y/W. However, this sequence is present in almost all proteins encoded in the genome. Also, several identified recycling sequences do not follow this rule. How then does retromer precisely select its cargos? Here, we reveal that an additional motif is also required for cargo retrieval. The two distinct motifs form a bipartite recycling signal recognized by the retromer subunits, Vps26 and Vps35. Strikingly, Vps26 utilizes different binding sites depending on the cargo, allowing retromer to recycle different membrane proteins. Thus, retromer interacts with cargos in a more complex manner than previously thought, which facilitates precise cargo recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho W Suzuki
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Ya-Shan Chuang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Ming Li
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Matthew N J Seaman
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Scott D Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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23
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Mallam AL, Marcotte EM. Systems-wide Studies Uncover Commander, a Multiprotein Complex Essential to Human Development. Cell Syst 2019; 4:483-494. [PMID: 28544880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent mass spectrometry maps of the human interactome independently support the existence of a large multiprotein complex, dubbed "Commander." Broadly conserved across animals and ubiquitously expressed in nearly every human cell type examined thus far, Commander likely plays a fundamental cellular function, akin to other ubiquitous machines involved in expression, proteostasis, and trafficking. Experiments on individual subunits support roles in endosomal protein sorting, including the trafficking of Notch proteins, copper transporters, and lipoprotein receptors. Commander is critical for vertebrate embryogenesis, and defects in the complex and its interaction partners disrupt craniofacial, brain, and heart development. Here, we review the synergy between large-scale proteomic efforts and focused studies in the discovery of Commander, describe its composition, structure, and function, and discuss how it illustrates the power of systems biology. Based on 3D modeling and biochemical data, we draw strong parallels between Commander and the retromer cargo-recognition complex, laying a foundation for future research into Commander's role in human developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Mallam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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24
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Seaman MNJ. Retromer and the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor-Time for a trial separation? Traffic 2017; 19:150-152. [PMID: 29135085 PMCID: PMC5814863 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The retromer cargo-selective complex (CSC) comprising Vps35, Vps29 and Vps26 mediates the endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CIMPR). Or does it? Recently published data have questioned the validity of this long-established theory. Here, the evidence for and against a role for the retromer CSC in CIMPR endosome-to-Golgi retrieval is examined in the light of the new data that the SNX-BAR dimer is actually responsible for CIMPR retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N J Seaman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Nemec AA, Howell LA, Peterson AK, Murray MA, Tomko RJ. Autophagic clearance of proteasomes in yeast requires the conserved sorting nexin Snx4. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21466-21480. [PMID: 29109144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnover of the 26S proteasome by autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that governs cellular proteolytic capacity and eliminates inactive particles. In most organisms, proteasomes are located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. However, the specific autophagy routes for nuclear and cytoplasmic proteasomes are unclear. Here, we investigate the spatial control of autophagic proteasome turnover in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We found that nitrogen starvation-induced proteasome autophagy is independent of known nucleophagy pathways but is compromised when nuclear protein export is blocked. Furthermore, via pharmacological tethering of proteasomes to chromatin or the plasma membrane, we provide evidence that nuclear proteasomes at least partially disassemble before autophagic turnover, whereas cytoplasmic proteasomes remain largely intact. A targeted screen of autophagy genes identified a requirement for the conserved sorting nexin Snx4 in the autophagic turnover of proteasomes and several other large multisubunit complexes. We demonstrate that Snx4 cooperates with sorting nexins Snx41 and Snx42 to mediate proteasome turnover and is required for the formation of cytoplasmic proteasome puncta that accumulate when autophagosome formation is blocked. Together, our results support distinct mechanistic paths in the turnover of nuclear versus cytoplasmic proteasomes and point to a critical role for Snx4 in cytoplasmic agglomeration of proteasomes en route to autophagic destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia A Nemec
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Lauren A Howell
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Anna K Peterson
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Matthew A Murray
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Robert J Tomko
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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26
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Abubakar YS, Zheng W, Olsson S, Zhou J. Updated Insight into the Physiological and Pathological Roles of the Retromer Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081601. [PMID: 28757549 PMCID: PMC5577995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retromer complexes mediate protein trafficking from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or through direct recycling to the plasma membrane. In yeast, they consist of a conserved trimer of the cargo selective complex (CSC), Vps26-Vps35-Vps29 and a dimer of sorting nexins (SNXs), Vps5-Vps17. In mammals, the CSC interacts with different kinds of SNX proteins in addition to the mammalian homologues of Vps5 and Vps17, which further diversifies retromer functions. The retromer complex plays important roles in many cellular processes including restriction of invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize some recent developments in our understanding of the physiological and pathological functions of the retromer complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Stefan Olsson
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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27
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Cui TZ, Peterson TA, Burd CG. A CDC25 family protein phosphatase gates cargo recognition by the Vps26 retromer subunit. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362258 PMCID: PMC5409824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a regulatory mechanism that controls the activity of retromer, an evolutionarily conserved sorting device that orchestrates cargo export from the endosome. A spontaneously arising mutation that activates the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) CDC25 family phosphatase, Mih1, results in accelerated turnover of a subset of endocytosed plasma membrane proteins due to deficient sorting into a retromer-mediated recycling pathway. Mih1 directly modulates the phosphorylation state of the Vps26 retromer subunit; mutations engineered to mimic these states modulate the binding affinities of Vps26 for a retromer cargo, resulting in corresponding changes in cargo sorting at the endosome. The results suggest that a phosphorylation-based gating mechanism controls cargo selection by yeast retromer, and they establish a functional precedent for CDC25 protein phosphatases that lies outside of their canonical role in regulating cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Zhong Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Tabitha A Peterson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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28
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Niu Y, Dai Z, Liu W, Zhang C, Yang Y, Guo Z, Li X, Xu C, Huang X, Wang Y, Shi YS, Liu JJ. Ablation of SNX6 leads to defects in synaptic function of CA1 pyramidal neurons and spatial memory. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28134614 PMCID: PMC5323044 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SNX6 is a ubiquitously expressed PX-BAR protein that plays important roles in retromer-mediated retrograde vesicular transport from endosomes. Here we report that CNS-specific Snx6 knockout mice exhibit deficits in spatial learning and memory, accompanied with loss of spines from distal dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. SNX6 interacts with Homer1b/c, a postsynaptic scaffold protein crucial for the synaptic distribution of other postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins and structural integrity of dendritic spines. We show that SNX6 functions independently of retromer to regulate distribution of Homer1b/c in the dendritic shaft. We also find that Homer1b/c translocates from shaft to spines by protein diffusion, which does not require SNX6. Ablation of SNX6 causes reduced distribution of Homer1b/c in distal dendrites, decrease in surface levels of AMPAR and impaired AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission. These findings reveal a physiological role of SNX6 in CNS excitatory neurons. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20991.001 Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. These cells generally consist of a round portion called the cell body and a long cable-like axon. The cell body bears numerous branches called dendrites, which are in turn covered in spines. Neurons communicate with one another at junctions – or synapses – that typically form between the end of the axon of one cell and a dendritic spine on another. Specialized proteins stabilize the dendritic spines and enable the cells to exchange messages across the synapse. However, it is the cell body – rather than the dendrites – that produces most of these proteins. Structures called molecular motors transport proteins to their destinations within the cell along fixed tracks, similar to how a freight train carries cargo over the rail network. One of the key molecular motors within neurons is called dynein‒dynactin. This in turn interacts with other proteins called adaptors, enabling it to transport specific types of cargo. Niu, Dai, Liu et al. have now examined the role of SNX6, an adaptor protein for the dynein‒dynactin motor. Mice that have been genetically modified to lack SNX6 in their brains have fewer spines on their dendrites compared with normal mice. This was particularly true for dendrites that contain AMPAR, a protein that receives signals sent across synapses. Niu, Dai, Liu et al. showed that SNX6 interacts with another protein called Homer1b/c and is responsible for distributing this protein in dendrites far from the cell body. The Homer1b/c protein helps to stabilize dendritic spines and to regulate the number of AMPAR proteins within them. Mice that lack SNX6 therefore have less Homer1b/c in the dendrites furthest from the cell body, and fewer spines on these dendrites too. These mice also have fewer AMPAR proteins at their synapses than control mice. Mice that lack SNX6 show impaired learning and memory compared to control mice. This is consistent with the fact that changes in the strength of synapses that possess AMPAR proteins are thought to underlie learning and memory. Additional experiments are required to explore these relationships further, and to determine whether SNX6 helps to localize any other proteins that also contribute to changes in the strength of synapses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20991.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghua Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanrui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun S Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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29
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Purushothaman LK, Arlt H, Kuhlee A, Raunser S, Ungermann C. Retromer-driven membrane tubulation separates endosomal recycling from Rab7/Ypt7-dependent fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:783-791. [PMID: 28100638 PMCID: PMC5349785 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How does a Rab function in both recycling and fusion? An endosomal subcomplex of the SNX-BAR retromer can bind to Ypt7 and compete with the HOPS complex. Assembly of the full retromer then results in displacement of Ypt7. These data explain how domain formation and Ypt7 participation can be coordinated. Endosomes are the major protein-sorting hubs of the endocytic pathway. They sort proteins destined for degradation into internal vesicles while in parallel recycling receptors via tubular carriers back to the Golgi. Tubule formation depends on the Rab7/Ypt7-interacting retromer complex, consisting of the sorting nexin dimer (SNX-BAR) and the trimeric cargo selection complex (CSC). Fusion of mature endosomes with the lysosome-like vacuole also requires Rab7/Ypt7. Here we solve a major problem in understanding this dual function of endosomal Rab7/Ypt7, using a fully reconstituted system, including purified, full-length yeast SNX-BAR and CSC, whose overall structure we present. We reveal that the membrane-active SNX-BAR complex displaces Ypt7 from cargo-bound CSC during formation of recycling tubules. This explains how a single Rab can coordinate recycling and fusion on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Kallur Purushothaman
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Henning Arlt
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anne Kuhlee
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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30
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Bean BDM, Davey M, Conibear E. Cargo selectivity of yeast sorting nexins. Traffic 2017; 18:110-122. [PMID: 27883263 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexins are PX domain-containing proteins that bind phospholipids and often act in membrane trafficking where they help to select cargo. However, the functions and cargo specificities of many sorting nexins are unknown. Here, a high-throughput imaging screen was used to identify new sorting nexin cargo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletions of 9 different sorting nexins were screened for mislocalization of a set of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged membrane proteins found at the plasma membrane, Golgi or endosomes. This identified 27 proteins that require 1 or more sorting nexins for their correct localization, 23 of which represent novel sorting nexin cargo. Nine hits whose sorting was dependent on Snx4, the sorting nexin-containing retromer complex, or both retromer and Snx3, were examined in detail to search for potential sorting motifs. We identified cytosolic domains of Ear1, Ymd8 and Ymr010w that conferred retromer-dependent sorting on a chimeric reporter and identified conserved residues required for this sorting in a functional assay. This work defined a consensus sequence for retromer and Snx3-dependent sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn D M Bean
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael Davey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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31
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Varandas KC, Irannejad R, von Zastrow M. Retromer Endosome Exit Domains Serve Multiple Trafficking Destinations and Regulate Local G Protein Activation by GPCRs. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3129-3142. [PMID: 27839977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Retromer mediates sequence-directed cargo exit from endosomes to support both endosome-to-Golgi (retrograde transport) and endosome-to-plasma membrane (recycling) itineraries. It is not known whether these trafficking functions require cargos to exit endosomes separately via distinct transport intermediates or whether the same retromer-coated carriers can support both itineraries. We addressed this question by comparing human Wntless (Wls) and β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR), which require retromer physiologically for retrograde transport and recycling, respectively. We show here by direct visualization in living cells that both cargos transit primarily the same endosomes and exit via shared transport vesicles generated from a retromer-coated endosome domain. While both Wls and β2AR clearly localize to the same retromer-coated endosome domains, Wls is consistently enriched more strongly. This enrichment difference is determined by distinct motifs present in the cytoplasmic tail of each cargo, with Wls using tandem Φ-X-[L/M] motifs and β2AR using a PDZ motif. Exchanging these determinants reverses the enrichment phenotype of each cargo but does not change cargo itinerary, verifying the multifunctional nature of retromer and implying that additional sorting must occur downstream. Quantitative differences in the degree of cargo enrichment instead underlie a form of kinetic sorting that impacts the rate of cargo delivery via both itineraries and determines the ability of β2AR to activate its cognate G protein transducer locally from endosomes. We propose that mammalian retromer forms a multifunctional membrane coat that supports shared cargo exit for divergent trafficking itineraries and regulates signaling from endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Varandas
- Program in Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Roshanak Irannejad
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF School of Medicine, 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Program in Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UCSF School of Medicine, 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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32
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Arcones I, Sacristán C, Roncero C. Maintaining protein homeostasis: early and late endosomal dual recycling for the maintenance of intracellular pools of the plasma membrane protein Chs3. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:4021-4032. [PMID: 27798229 PMCID: PMC5156543 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The traffic of the PM protein Chs3 is tightly regulated by combining mechanisms independently described for Golgi-resident proteins and bona fide PM permeases. This complexity highlights the importance of maintaining both stable intracellular pools of the protein and the status of Chs3 as a model for the intracellular traffic of proteins. The major chitin synthase activity in yeast cells, Chs3, has become a paradigm in the study of the intracellular traffic of transmembrane proteins due to its tightly regulated trafficking. This includes an efficient mechanism for the maintenance of an extensive reservoir of Chs3 at the trans-Golgi network/EE, which allows for the timely delivery of the protein to the plasma membrane. Here we show that this intracellular reservoir of Chs3 is maintained not only by its efficient AP-1–mediated recycling, but also by recycling through the retromer complex, which interacts with Chs3 at a defined region in its N-terminal cytosolic domain. Moreover, the N-terminal ubiquitination of Chs3 at the plasma membrane by Rsp5/Art4 distinctly labels the protein and regulates its retromer-mediated recycling by enabling Chs3 to be recognized by the ESCRT machinery and degraded in the vacuole. Therefore the combined action of two independent but redundant endocytic recycling mechanisms, together with distinct labels for vacuolar degradation, determines the final fate of the intracellular traffic of the Chs3 protein, allowing yeast cells to regulate morphogenesis, depending on environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Arcones
- IBFG and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- IBFG and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cesar Roncero
- IBFG and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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33
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Wu Q, Xu H, Wang W, Chang F, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Retrograde trafficking of VMAT2 and its role in protein stability in non-neuronal cells. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:502-509. [PMID: 27924069 PMCID: PMC5138583 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20160061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the impaired neuroprotection of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. That has been linked to aberrant subcellular retrograde trafficking as strongly indicated by recent genomic studies on familial Parkinson's diseases. However, whether VMAT2 function is regulated by retrograde trafficking is unknown. By using biochemistry and cell biology approaches, we have shown that VMAT2 was stringently localized to the trans-Golgi network and underwent retrograde trafficking in non-neuronal cells. The transporter also interacted with the key component of retromer, Vps35, biochemically and subcellularly. Using specific siRNA, we further showed that Vps35 depletion altered subcellular localization of VMAT2. Moreover, siRNA-mediated Vps35 knockdown also decreased the stability of VMAT2 as demonstrated by the reduced half-life. Thus, our work suggested that altered vesicular trafficking of VMAT2 may play a vital role in neuroprotection of the transporter as well as in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzi Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA;
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34
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Zheng W, Zheng H, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Xie Q, Lin X, Chen A, Yu W, Lu G, Shim WB, Zhou J, Wang Z. Retrograde trafficking from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network mediated by the retromer is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. New Phytol 2016; 210:1327-1343. [PMID: 26875543 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the retromer is an endosome-localized complex involved in protein retrograde transport. However, the role of such intracellular trafficking events in pathogenic fungal development and pathogenicity remains unclear. The role of the retromer complex in Fusarium graminearum was investigated using cell biological and genetic methods. We observed the retromer core component FgVps35 (Vacuolar Protein Sorting 35) in the cytoplasm as fast-moving puncta. FgVps35-GFP co-localized with both early and late endosomes, and associated with the trans-Golgi network (TGN), suggesting that FgVps35 functions at the donor endosome membrane to mediate TGN trafficking. Disruption of microtubules with nocodazole significantly restricted the transportation of FgVps35-GFP and resulted in severe germination and growth defects. Mutation of FgVPS35 not only mimicked growth defects induced by pharmacological treatment, but also affected conidiation, ascospore formation and pathogenicity. Using yeast two-hybrid assays, we determined the interactions among FgVps35, FgVps26, FgVps29, FgVps17 and FgVps5 which are analogous to the yeast retromer complex components. Deletion of any one of these genes resulted in similar phenotypic defects to those of the ΔFgvps35 mutant and disrupted the stability of the complex. Overall, our results provide the first clear evidence of linkage between the retrograde transport mediated by the retromer complex and virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaolian Lin
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ahai Chen
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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35
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Abstract
Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking are essential processes in cells that control the dynamics and turnover of plasma membrane proteins, such as receptors, transporters, and cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. Plasma membrane proteins (cargo) are internalized by endocytosis through clathrin-dependent or clathrin-independent mechanism and delivered to early endosomes. From the endosomes, cargo proteins are recycled back to the plasma membrane via different pathways, which rely on small GTPases and the retromer complex. Proteins that are targeted for degradation through ubiquitination are sorted into endosomal vesicles by the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery for degradation in the vacuole. Endocytic and endosomal trafficking regulates many cellular, developmental, and physiological processes, including cellular polarization, hormone transport, metal ion homeostasis, cytokinesis, pathogen responses, and development. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that mediate the recognition and sorting of endocytic and endosomal cargos, the vesiculation processes that mediate their trafficking, and their connection to cellular and physiological responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Paez Valencia
- Department of Botany
- R.M. Bock Laboratories of Cell and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Kaija Goodman
- Department of Botany
- R.M. Bock Laboratories of Cell and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany
- R.M. Bock Laboratories of Cell and Molecular Biology, and
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; , ,
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Hernandez DG, Reed X, Singleton AB. Genetics in Parkinson disease: Mendelian versus non-Mendelian inheritance. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:59-74. [PMID: 27090875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 3% of those older than 75 years of age. Clinically, Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with resting tremor, postural instability, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a good response to levodopa therapy. Over the last 15 years, numerous studies have confirmed that genetic factors contribute to the complex pathogenesis of PD. Highly penetrant mutations producing rare, monogenic forms of the disease have been discovered in singular genes such as SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK 1, LRRK2, and VPS35. Unique variants with incomplete penetrance in LRRK2 and GBA have been shown to be strong risk factors for PD in certain populations. Additionally, over 20 common variants with small effect sizes are now recognized to modulate the risk for PD. Investigating Mendelian forms of PD has provided precious insight into the pathophysiology that underlies the more common idiopathic form of disease; however, no treatment methodologies have developed. Furthermore, for identified common risk alleles, the functional basis underlying risk principally remains unknown. The challenge over the next decade will be to strengthen the findings delivered through genetic discovery by assessing the direct, biological consequences of risk variants in tandem with additional high-content, integrated datasets. This review discusses monogenic risk factors and mechanisms of Mendelian inheritance of Parkinson disease. Highly penetrant mutations in SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK 1, LRRK2 and VPS35 produce rare, monogenic forms of the disease, while unique variants within LRRK2 and GBA show incomplete penetrance and are strong risk factors for PD. Additionally, over 20 common variants with small effect sizes modulate disease risk. The challenge over the next decade is to strengthen genetic findings by assessing direct, biological consequences of risk variants in tandem with high-content, integrated datasets. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xylena Reed
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Retromer is an evolutionarily conserved multimeric protein complex that mediates intracellular transport of various vesicular cargoes and functions in a wide variety of cellular processes including polarized trafficking, developmental signaling and lysosome biogenesis. Through its interaction with the Rab GTPases and their effectors, membrane lipids, molecular motors, the endocytic machinery and actin nucleation promoting factors, retromer regulates sorting and trafficking of transmembrane proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane. In this review, I highlight recent progress in the understanding of retromer-mediated protein sorting and vesicle trafficking and discuss how retromer contributes to a diverse set of developmental, physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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38
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Abstract
Retromer is an evolutionary conserved protein complex required for endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of receptors for lysosomal hydrolases. It is constituted by a heterotrimer encoded by the vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) gene products Vps26, Vps35, and Vps29, which selects cargo, and a dimer of phosphoinositide-binding sorting nexins, which deforms the membrane. Recent progress in the mechanism of retromer assembly and functioning has strengthened the link between sorting at the endosome and cytoskeleton dynamics. Retromer is implicated in endosomal sorting of many cargos and plays an essential role in plant and animal development. Although it is best known for endosome sorting to the trans-Golgi network, it also intervenes in recycling to the plasma membrane. In polarized cells, such as epithelial cells and neurons, retromer may also be utilized for transcytosis and long-range transport. Considerable evidence implicates retromer in establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. That includes sorting of the apical polarity module Crumbs; regulation of retromer function by the basolateral polarity module Scribble; and retromer-dependent recycling of various cargoes to a certain surface domain, thus controlling polarized location and cell homeostasis. Importantly, altered retromer function has been linked to neurodegeneration, such as in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. This review will underline how alterations in retromer localization and function may affect polarized protein transport and polarity establishment, thereby causing developmental defects and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Vergés
- Cardiovascular Genetics Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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Abstract
Retrograde transport from the endosome to the Golgi is mediated by a 5 protein complex known as the retromer. These five proteins (Vps5, Vps17, Vps26, Vps29, and Vps35 in yeast and SNX1/2, SNX5/6, Vps26, Vps29, and Vps35 in mammalian cells) act as a coat for vesicles budding off of the endosome, as well as perform cargo sorting at the endosome. The retromer is well conserved between yeast and mammalian systems, though variations exist within the mammalian retromer. Functionally, the retromer has been linked to prominent neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's in human models as well as diabetes mellitus. However, the retromer also plays a role in the virulence of several microbial pathogens. Despite the current understanding of the retromer complex, there are still many questions to be answered in regards to its overall role in cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Trousdale
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65807, United States
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65807, United States.
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Hierro A, Gershlick DC, Rojas AL, Bonifacino JS. Formation of Tubulovesicular Carriers from Endosomes and Their Fusion to the trans-Golgi Network. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2015; 318:159-202. [PMID: 26315886 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endosomes undergo extensive spatiotemporal rearrangements as proteins and lipids flux through them in a series of fusion and fission events. These controlled changes enable the concentration of cargo for eventual degradation while ensuring the proper recycling of other components. A growing body of studies has now defined multiple recycling pathways from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) which differ in their molecular machineries. The recycling process requires specific sets of lipids, coats, adaptors, and accessory proteins that coordinate cargo selection with membrane deformation and its association with the cytoskeleton. Specific tethering factors and SNARE (SNAP (Soluble NSF Attachment Protein) Receptor) complexes are then required for the docking and fusion with the acceptor membrane. Herein, we summarize some of the current knowledge of the machineries that govern the retrograde transport from endosomes to the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Hierro
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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41
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Mukadam AS, Seaman MNJ. Retromer-mediated endosomal protein sorting: The role of unstructured domains. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2620-6. [PMID: 26072290 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retromer complex is a key element of the endosomal protein sorting machinery that is conserved through evolution and has been shown to play a role in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Through sorting various membrane proteins (cargo), the function of retromer complex has been linked to physiological processes such as lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, down regulation of signalling receptors and cell spreading. The cargo-selective trimer of retromer recognises membrane proteins and sorts them into two distinct pathways; endosome-to-Golgi retrieval and endosome-to-cell surface recycling and additionally the cargo-selective trimer functions as a hub to recruit accessory proteins to endosomes where they may regulate and/or facilitate retromer-mediated endosomal proteins sorting. Unstructured domains present in cargo proteins or accessory factors play key roles in both these aspects of retromer function and will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir S Mukadam
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew N J Seaman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
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42
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Mcdermott H, Kim K. Molecular dynamics at the endocytic portal and regulations of endocytic and recycling traffics. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:235-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Munch D, Teh OK, Malinovsky FG, Liu Q, Vetukuri RR, El Kasmi F, Brodersen P, Hara-Nishimura I, Dangl JL, Petersen M, Mundy J, Hofius D. Retromer contributes to immunity-associated cell death in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2015; 27:463-79. [PMID: 25681156 PMCID: PMC4456924 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is required during plant immune responses, but its contribution to the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death (PCD) associated with effector-triggered immunity, is not well understood. HR is induced by nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors and can involve vacuole-mediated processes, including autophagy. We previously isolated lazarus (laz) suppressors of autoimmunity-triggered PCD in the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant accelerated cell death11 (acd11) and demonstrated that the cell death phenotype is due to ectopic activation of the LAZ5 NB-LRR. We report here that laz4 is mutated in one of three VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING35 (VPS35) genes. We verify that LAZ4/VPS35B is part of the retromer complex, which functions in endosomal protein sorting and vacuolar trafficking. We show that VPS35B acts in an endosomal trafficking pathway and plays a role in LAZ5-dependent acd11 cell death. Furthermore, we find that VPS35 homologs contribute to certain forms of NB-LRR protein-mediated autoimmunity as well as pathogen-triggered HR. Finally, we demonstrate that retromer deficiency causes defects in late endocytic/lytic compartments and impairs autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. Our findings indicate important roles of retromer-mediated trafficking during the HR; these may include endosomal sorting of immune components and targeting of vacuolar cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Munch
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Qinsong Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramesh R Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
| | - Peter Brodersen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, and Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
| | - Morten Petersen
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - John Mundy
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center of Plant Biology, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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44
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Groppelli E, Len AC, Granger LA, Jolly C. Retromer regulates HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trafficking and incorporation into virions. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004518. [PMID: 25393110 PMCID: PMC4231165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV-1) is a critical determinant of viral infectivity, tropism and is the main target for humoral immunity; however, little is known about the cellular machinery that directs Env trafficking and its incorporation into nascent virions. Here we identify the mammalian retromer complex as a novel and important cellular factor regulating Env trafficking. Retromer mediates endosomal sorting and is most closely associated with endosome-to-Golgi transport. Consistent with this function, inactivating retromer using RNAi targeting the cargo selective trimer complex inhibited retrograde trafficking of endocytosed Env to the Golgi. Notably, in HIV-1 infected cells, inactivating retromer modulated plasma membrane expression of Env, along with Env incorporation into virions and particle infectivity. Mutagenesis studies coupled with coimmunoprecipitations revealed that retromer-mediated trafficking requires the Env cytoplasmic tail that we show binds directly to retromer components Vps35 and Vps26. Taken together these results provide novel insight into regulation of HIV-1 Env trafficking and infectious HIV-1 morphogenesis and show for the first time a role for retromer in the late-steps of viral replication and assembly of a virus. Virus assembly necessitates the hijacking of the host cell machinery in order for new infectious viral particles to be constructed and disseminate. The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of HIV is a critical determinant of viral infectivity and is also a major target for antiviral immune responses. The long cytoplasmic tail of HIV Env plays an essential role in the assembly of infectious virions and limiting exposure of Env to the immune system, but the cellular machinery that transports HIV Env in virus-infected cells remain poorly understood. Here we have identified the mammalian retromer complex involved in endosomal sorting as a novel cellular factor regulating Env trafficking in virus-infected cells. We show that inactivating retromer alters Env localization, cell surface expression and incorporation into virions and that retromer binds directly to the Env cytoplasmic tail to perform these functions. This study defines an important pathway of Env transport and describes for the first time a role for this highly conserved cellular complex in assembly of a virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groppelli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice C. Len
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A. Granger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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45
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Kang H, Hwang I. Vacuolar Sorting Receptor-Mediated Trafficking of Soluble Vacuolar Proteins in Plant Cells. Plants (Basel) 2014; 3:392-408. [PMID: 27135510 PMCID: PMC4844349 DOI: 10.3390/plants3030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are one of the most prominent organelles in plant cells, and they play various important roles, such as degradation of waste materials, storage of ions and metabolites, and maintaining turgor. During the past two decades, numerous advances have been made in understanding how proteins are specifically delivered to the vacuole. One of the most crucial steps in this process is specific sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins. Vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs), which are type I membrane proteins, are involved in the sorting and packaging of soluble vacuolar proteins into transport vesicles with the help of various accessory proteins. To date, large amounts of data have led to the development of two different models describing VSR-mediated vacuolar trafficking that are radically different in multiple ways, particularly regarding the location of cargo binding to, and release from, the VSR and the types of carriers utilized. In this review, we summarize current literature aimed at elucidating VSR-mediated vacuolar trafficking and compare the two models with respect to the sorting signals of vacuolar proteins, as well as the molecular machinery involved in VSR-mediated vacuolar trafficking and its action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyangju Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
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46
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Hesketh GG, Pérez-Dorado I, Jackson LP, Wartosch L, Schäfer IB, Gray SR, McCoy AJ, Zeldin OB, Garman EF, Harbour ME, Evans PR, Seaman MNJ, Luzio JP, Owen DJ. VARP is recruited on to endosomes by direct interaction with retromer, where together they function in export to the cell surface. Dev Cell 2014; 29:591-606. [PMID: 24856514 PMCID: PMC4059916 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
VARP is a Rab32/38 effector that also binds to the endosomal/lysosomal R-SNARE VAMP7. VARP binding regulates VAMP7 participation in SNARE complex formation and can therefore influence VAMP7-mediated membrane fusion events. Mutant versions of VARP that cannot bind Rab32:GTP, designed on the basis of the VARP ankyrin repeat/Rab32:GTP complex structure described here, unexpectedly retain endosomal localization, showing that VARP recruitment is not dependent on Rab32 binding. We show that recruitment of VARP to the endosomal membrane is mediated by its direct interaction with VPS29, a subunit of the retromer complex, which is involved in trafficking from endosomes to the TGN and the cell surface. Transport of GLUT1 from endosomes to the cell surface requires VARP, VPS29, and VAMP7 and depends on the direct interaction between VPS29 and VARP. Finally, we propose that endocytic cycling of VAMP7 depends on its interaction with VARP and, consequently, also on retromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey G Hesketh
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Inmaculada Pérez-Dorado
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lauren P Jackson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lena Wartosch
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ingmar B Schäfer
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sally R Gray
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Airlie J McCoy
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Oliver B Zeldin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Elspeth F Garman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michael E Harbour
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Philip R Evans
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Matthew N J Seaman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - J Paul Luzio
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - David J Owen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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47
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Freeman CL, Hesketh G, Seaman MNJ. RME-8 coordinates the activity of the WASH complex with the function of the retromer SNX dimer to control endosomal tubulation. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2053-70. [PMID: 24643499 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retromer is a vital element of the endosomal protein sorting machinery and comprises two subcomplexes that operate together to sort membrane proteins (cargo) and tubulate membranes. Tubules are formed by a dimer of sorting nexins, a key component of which is SNX1. Cargo selection is mediated by the VPS35-VPS29-VPS26 trimer, which additionally recruits the WASH complex through VPS35 binding to the WASH complex subunit FAM21. Loss of function of the WASH complex leads to dysregulation of endosome tubulation, although it is unclear how this occurs. Here, we show that FAM21 also binds to the SNX1-interacting DNAJ protein RME-8. Loss of RME-8 causes altered kinetics of SNX1 membrane association and a pronounced increase in highly branched endosomal tubules. Building on previous observations from other laboratories, we show that these tubules contain membrane proteins that are dependent upon WASH complex activity for their localization to the plasma membrane. Therefore, we propose that the interaction between RME-8 and the WASH complex provides a means to coordinate the activity of the WASH complex with the membrane-tubulating function of the sorting nexins at sites where retromer-mediated endosomal protein sorting occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Freeman
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research/Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Abstract
The endosomal network comprises an interconnected network of membranous compartments whose primary function is to receive, dissociate, and sort cargo that originates from the plasma membrane and the biosynthetic pathway. A major challenge in cell biology is to achieve a thorough molecular description of how this network operates, and in so doing, how defects contribute to the etiology and pathology of human disease. We discuss the increasing body of evidence that implicates an ancient evolutionary conserved complex, termed "retromer," as a master conductor in the complex orchestration of multiple cargo-sorting events within the endosomal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Ueno K, Saito M, Nagashima M, Kojima A, Nishinoaki S, Toshima JY, Toshima J. V-ATPase-dependent luminal acidification is required for endocytic recycling of a yeast cell wall stress sensor, Wsc1p. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:549-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Miras SL, Merino MC, Gottig N, Rópolo AS, Touz MC. The giardial VPS35 retromer subunit is necessary for multimeric complex assembly and interaction with the vacuolar protein sorting receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1833:2628-2638. [PMID: 23810936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The retromer is a pentameric protein complex that mediates the retrograde transport of acid hydrolase receptors between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network and is conserved across all eukaryotes. Unlike other eukaryotes, the endomembrane system of Giardia trophozoite is simple and is composed only of the endoplasmic reticulum and peripheral vesicles (PVs), which may represent an ancient organellar system converging compartments such as early and late endosomes and lysosomes. Sorting and trafficking of membrane proteins and soluble hydrolases from the endoplasmic reticulum to the PVs have been described as specific and conserved but whether the giardial retromer participates in receptor recycling remains elusive. Homologs of the retromer Vacuolar Protein Sorting (Vps35p, Vps26p, and Vps29p) have been identified in this parasite. Cloning the GlVPS35 subunit and antisera production enabled the localization of this protein in the PVs as well as in the cytosol. Tagged expression of the subunits was used to demonstrate their association with membranes, and immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning revealed high degrees of colabeling between the retromer subunits and also with the endoplasmic reticulum and PV compartment markers. Protein-protein interaction data revealed interaction between the subunits of GlVPS35 and the cytosolic domain of the hydrolase receptor GlVps. Altogether our data provide original information on the molecular interactions that mediate assembly of the cargo-selective retromer subcomplex and its involvement in the recycling of the acid hydrolase receptor in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana L Miras
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Merino
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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