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Subramaniyan S, Kuriakose BB, Mushfiq S, Prabhu NM, Muthusamy K. Gene Signals and SNPs Associated with Parkinson's Disease: A Nutrigenomics and Computational Prospective Insights. Neuroscience 2023; 533:77-95. [PMID: 37858629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the most prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disease. Neurological conditions for PD were influenced by a variety of epigenetic factors and SNPs in some of the coexisting genes that were expressed. This article focused on nutrigenomics of PD and the prospective highlighting of how these genes are regulated in terms of nutritive factors and the genetic basis of PD risk, onset, and progression. Multigenetic associations of the following genetic alterations in the genes of SNCA, LRRK2, UCHL1, PARK2,PINK1, DJ-1, and ATP13A2 have been reported with the familial and de novo genetic origins of PD. Over the past two decades, significant attempts have been made to understand the biological mechanisms that are potential causes for this disease, as well as to identify therapeutic substances for the prevention and management of PD. Nutrigenomics has sparked considerable interest due to its nutritional, safe, and therapeutic effects on a variety of chronic diseases. In this study, we summarise some of the nutritive supplements that have an impact on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Subramaniyan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beena Briget Kuriakose
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakeena Mushfiq
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
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Fishman-Jacob T, Youdim MBH. A sporadic Parkinson's disease model via silencing of the ubiquitin-proteasome/E3 ligase component, SKP1A. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023:10.1007/s00702-023-02687-6. [PMID: 37644186 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Our and other's laboratory microarray-derived transcriptomic studies in human PD substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) samples have opened an avenue to concentrate on potential gene intersections or cross-talks along the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegenerative cascade in sporadic PD (SPD). One emerging gene candidate identified was SKP1A (p19, S-phase kinase-associated protein 1A), found significantly decreased in the SNpc as confirmed later at the protein level. SKP1 is part of the Skp1, Cullin 1, F-box protein (SCF) complex, the largest known class of sophisticated ubiquitin-proteasome/E3-ligases and was found to directly interact with FBXO7, a gene defective in PARK15-linked PD. This finding has led us to the hypothesis that a targeted site-specific reduction of Skp1 levels in DAergic neuronal cell culture and animal systems may result in a progressive loss of DAergic neurons and hopefully recreate motor disabilities in animals. The second premise considers the possibility that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g., manipulation of selected genes and mitochondria impairing toxins), alleged to play central roles in DAergic neurodegeneration in PD, may act in concert as modifiers of Skp1 deficiency-induced phenotype alterations ('dual-hit' hypothesis of neurodegeneration). To examine a possible role of Skp1 in DAergic phenotype, we have initially knocked down the expression of SKP1A gene in an embryonic mouse SN-derived cell line (SN4741) with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentiviruses (LVs). The deficiency of SKP1A closely recapitulated cardinal features of the DAergic pathology of human PD, such as decreased expression of DAergic phenotypic markers and cell cycle aberrations. Furthermore, the knocked down cells displayed a lethal phenotype when induced to differentiate exhibiting proteinaceous round inclusion structures, which were almost identical in composition to human Lewy bodies, a hallmark of PD. These findings support a role for Skp1 in neuronal phenotype, survival, and differentiation. The identification of Skp1 as a key player in DAergic neuron function suggested that a targeted site-specific reduction of Skp1 levels in mice SNpc may result in a progressive loss of DAergic neurons and terminal projections in the striatum. The injected LV SKP1shRNA to mouse SN resulted in decreased expression of Skp1 protein levels within DAergic neurons and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR) in both SNpc and striatum that was accompanied by time-dependent motor disabilities. The reduction of the vertical movements, that is rearing, may be reminiscent of the early occurrence of hypokinesia and axial, postural instability in PD. According to the 'dual-hit' hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases, it is predicted that gene-gene and/or gene-environmental factors would act in concert or sequentially to propagate the pathological process of PD. Our findings are compatible with this conjecture showing that the genetic vulnerability caused by knock down of SKP1A renders DAergic SN4741 cells especially sensitive to genetic reduction of Aldh1 and exposure to the external stressors MPP+ and DA, which have been implicated in PD pathology. Future consideration should be given in manipulation SKP1A expression as therapeutic window, via its induction genetically or pharmacological, to prevent degeneration of the nigra striatal dopamine neurons, since UPS is defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Fishman-Jacob
- Youdim Pharmaceutical Ltd, New Northern Industrial Park, 1 Ha- Tsmikha St, Stern Building, Fl-3, P. O. Box 72, 2069207, Yokneam, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Youdim Pharmaceutical Ltd, New Northern Industrial Park, 1 Ha- Tsmikha St, Stern Building, Fl-3, P. O. Box 72, 2069207, Yokneam, Israel.
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Konopka A, Atkin JD. The Role of DNA Damage in Neural Plasticity in Physiology and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:836885. [PMID: 35813507 PMCID: PMC9259845 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.836885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to DNA is generally considered to be a harmful process associated with aging and aging-related disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases that involve the selective death of specific groups of neurons. However, recent studies have provided evidence that DNA damage and its subsequent repair are important processes in the physiology and normal function of neurons. Neurons are unique cells that form new neural connections throughout life by growth and re-organisation in response to various stimuli. This “plasticity” is essential for cognitive processes such as learning and memory as well as brain development, sensorial training, and recovery from brain lesions. Interestingly, recent evidence has suggested that the formation of double strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA, the most toxic form of damage, is a physiological process that modifies gene expression during normal brain activity. Together with subsequent DNA repair, this is thought to underlie neural plasticity and thus control neuronal function. Interestingly, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington’s disease, manifest by a decline in cognitive functions, which are governed by plasticity. This suggests that DNA damage and DNA repair processes that normally function in neural plasticity may contribute to neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarize current understanding about the relationship between DNA damage and neural plasticity in physiological conditions, as well as in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konopka
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anna Konopka
| | - Julie D. Atkin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
An understanding of the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) has become imperative for the modern-day neurologist. Although genetic forms cause only a minority of PD, the disease mechanisms they elucidate advance the understanding of idiopathic cases. Moreover, recently identified susceptibility variants contribute to complex-etiology PD and broaden the contribution of genetics beyond familial and early-onset cases. Dominantly inherited monogenic forms mimic idiopathic PD and are caused by mutations or copy number variations of SNCA, LRRK2, and VPS35. On the other hand, early-onset forms are associated with PARKIN, PINK1, and DJ1 mutations, nominating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as another important molecular pathway in the causation of the disease, in addition to alpha-synuclein accumulation. Common variants in GBA are consistently identified by association studies and may be considered to be a major risk gene for PD, with markedly reduced penetrance. Other genes have been proposed to be associated with PD; however, these only cause very rare forms, if at all. Current guidelines recommend testing for LRRK2 variants in familial PD or in specific populations (ancestry), and for the recessive genes in early-onset PD. However, gene panels have made testing for multiple forms of genetic PD a viable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Matilla-Dueñas A, Corral-Juan M, Rodríguez-Palmero Seuma A, Vilas D, Ispierto L, Morais S, Sequeiros J, Alonso I, Volpini V, Serrano-Munuera C, Pintos-Morell G, Álvarez R, Sánchez I. Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases: Clinical and Genetic Update. Adv Exp Med Biol 2017; 1031:443-496. [PMID: 29214587 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67144-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than 600 human disorders afflict the nervous system. Of these, neurodegenerative diseases are usually characterised by onset in late adulthood, progressive clinical course, and neuronal loss with regional specificity in the central nervous system. They include Alzheimer's disease and other less frequent dementias, brain cancer, degenerative nerve diseases, encephalitis, epilepsy, genetic brain disorders, head and brain malformations, hydrocephalus, stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease), Huntington's disease, and Prion diseases, among others. Neurodegeneration usually affects, but is not limited to, the cerebral cortex, intracranial white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Although the majority of neurodegenerative diseases are sporadic, Mendelian inheritance is well documented. Intriguingly, the clinical presentations and neuropathological findings in inherited neurodegenerative forms are often indistinguishable from those of sporadic cases, suggesting that converging genomic signatures and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlie both hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, effective therapies for these diseases are scarce to non-existent. In this chapter, we highlight the clinical and genetic features associated with the rare inherited forms of neurodegenerative diseases, including ataxias, multiple system atrophy, spastic paraplegias, Parkinson's disease, dementias, motor neuron diseases, and rare metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Matilla-Dueñas
- Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias-IGTP, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc Corral-Juan
- Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias-IGTP, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Rodríguez-Palmero Seuma
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP) and Health Sciences Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra. de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Vilas
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Neurology Service and Neurosciences Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP), Ctra. de Canyet s/n, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ispierto
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Neurology Service and Neurosciences Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP), Ctra. de Canyet s/n, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Morais
- IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Víctor Volpini
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Serrano-Munuera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital St. Joan de Déu, Martorell, Spain.,Manresa University, Martorell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Pintos-Morell
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP) and Health Sciences Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra. de Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramiro Álvarez
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Neurology Service and Neurosciences Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTP), Ctra. de Canyet s/n, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivelisse Sánchez
- Functional Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias-IGTP, Can Ruti Campus, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Siddiqui A, Bhaumik D, Chinta SJ, Rane A, Rajagopalan S, Lieu CA, Lithgow GJ, Andersen JK. Mitochondrial Quality Control via the PGC1α-TFEB Signaling Pathway Is Compromised by Parkin Q311X Mutation But Independently Restored by Rapamycin. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12833-44. [PMID: 26377470 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0109-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Following its activation by PINK1, parkin is recruited to depolarized mitochondria where it ubiquitinates outer mitochondrial membrane proteins, initiating lysosomal-mediated degradation of these organelles. Mutations in the gene encoding parkin, PARK2, result in both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in conjunction with reductions in removal of damaged mitochondria. In contrast to what has been reported for other PARK2 mutations, expression of the Q311X mutation in vivo in mice appears to involve a downstream step in the autophagic pathway at the level of lysosomal function. This coincides with increased PARIS expression and reduced expression of a reciprocal signaling pathway involving the master mitochondrial regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC1α) and the lysosomal regulator transcription factor EB (TFEB). Treatment with rapamycin was found to independently restore PGC1α-TFEB signaling in a manner not requiring parkin activity and to abrogate impairment of mitochondrial quality control and neurodegenerative features associated with this in vivo model. Losses in PGC1α-TFEB signaling in cultured rat DAergic cells expressing the Q311X mutation associated with reduced mitochondrial function and cell viability were found to be PARIS-dependent and to be independently restored by rapamycin in a manner requiring TFEB. Studies in human iPSC-derived neurons demonstrate that TFEB induction can restore mitochondrial function and cell viability in a mitochondrially compromised human cell model. Based on these data, we propose that the parkin Q311X mutation impacts on mitochondrial quality control via PARIS-mediated regulation of PGC1α-TFEB signaling and that this can be independently restored via upregulation of TFEB function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mutations in PARK2 are generally associated with loss in ability to interact with PINK1, impacting on autophagic initiation. Our data suggest that, in the case of at least one parkin mutation, Q311X, detrimental effects are due to inhibition at the level of downstream lysosomal function. Mechanistically, this involves elevations in PARIS protein levels and subsequent effects on PGC1α-TFEB signaling that normally regulates mitochondrial quality control. Treatment with rapamycin independently restores PGC1α-TFEB signaling in a manner not requiring parkin activity and abrogates subsequent mitochondrial impairment and neuronal cell loss. Taken in total, our data suggest that the parkin Q311X mutation impacts on mitochondrial quality control via PARIS-mediated regulation of PGC1α-TFEB signaling and that this can be independently restored via rapamycin.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), idiopathic and familial, is characterized by degradation of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB) in the substantia nigra. LBs contain aggregated proteins of which α-synuclein is the major component. The protein synphilin-1 interacts and colocalizes with α-synuclein in LBs. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize porcine synphilin-1 and isoforms hereof with the future perspective to use the pig as a model for Parkinson's disease. The porcine SNCAIP cDNA was cloned by reverse transcriptase PCR. The spatial expression of SNCAIP mRNA was investigated by RNAseq. The presented work reports the molecular cloning and characterization of the porcine (Sus scrofa) synphilin-1 cDNA (SNCAIP) and three splice variants hereof. The porcine SNCAIP cDNA codes for a protein (synphilin-1) of 919 amino acids which shows a high similarity to human (90%) and to mouse (84%) synphilin-1. Three shorter transcript variants of the synphilin-1 gene were identified, all lacking one or more exons. SNCAIP transcripts were detected in most examined organs and tissues and the highest expression was found in brain tissues and lung. Conserved splicing variants and a novel splice form of synhilin-1 were found in this study. All synphilin-1 isoforms encoded by the identified transcript variants lack functional domains important for protein degradation. The full-length porcine SNCAIP cDNA encoding synphilin-1 was cloned and characterized. Three splicing variants of synphilin-1 were identified. Both conserved and novel splicing variant were found. SNCAIP mRNA was differently expressed in analyzed tissues and organs with highest expression in brain tissue and lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Lone Bruhn Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Leila Farajzadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Christian Bendixen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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La Cognata V, D'Agata V, Cavalcanti F, Cavallaro S. Splicing: is there an alternative contribution to Parkinson's disease? Neurogenetics 2015; 16:245-63. [PMID: 25980689 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-015-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a crucial mechanism of gene expression regulation that enormously increases the coding potential of our genome and represents an intermediate step between messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription and protein posttranslational modifications. Alternative splicing occupies a central position in the development and functions of the nervous system. Therefore, its deregulation frequently leads to several neurological human disorders. In the present review, we provide an updated overview on the impact of alternative splicing in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. We will describe the alternative splicing of major PD-linked genes by collecting the current evidences about this intricate and not carefully explored aspect. Assessing the role of this mechanism on PD pathobiology may represent a central step toward an improved understanding of this complex disease.
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Chilumuri A, Markiv A, Milton NG. Immunocytochemical staining of endogenous nuclear proteins with the HIS-1 anti-poly-histidine monoclonal antibody: a potential source of error in His-tagged protein detection. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1022-8. [PMID: 24835186 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histidine-tagged proteins are widely used in biochemical studies and frequently detected with antibodies specific for the histidine tag. Immunocytochemistry is widely used in studies with overexpressed proteins to determine cellular localization and in the case of histidine-tagged proteins can be carried out with anti-polyhistidine antibodies. Recent studies have suggested that polyhistidine sequences are present within a small number of human proteins and may direct expression to the nucleus and nuclear speckles compartments of the cell. In this study immunocytochemical staining of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines with the HIS-1 anti-polyhistidine monoclonal antibody were determined. Results showed that the HIS-1 anti-polyhistidine monoclonal antibody stained endogenous nuclear proteins in SH-SY5Y cells. The stained proteins were contained within the nuclear membrane, but were not directly linked to DNA. In a histidine-tagged catalase overexpressing cell line the HIS-1 anti-polyhistidine monoclonal antibody showed nuclear staining, whilst staining with the CAT-505 anti-catalase monoclonal antibody showed primarily cytoplasmic staining. These results suggest that anti-polyhistidine antibody staining shows significant cross-reactivity with endogenous nuclear proteins in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and may not be suitable for localization studies of histidine-tagged proteins. Immunocytochemical studies with anti-polyhistidine antibodies and localization of histidine-tagged proteins must be confirmed with protein specific antibodies or other methodology.
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Ferreira-Fernandes E, Esteves SL, Korrodi-Gregório L, Luers G, Afreixo V, Fardilha M, da Cruz e Silva OA. Synphilin-1A is a phosphoprotein phosphatase 1-interacting protein and affects PPP1 sorting to subcellular compartments. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 55:385-95. [PMID: 24902662 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lewy bodies (LBs) are synphilin-1 (Sph1)-containing aggregates and histological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, understanding processes which modulate the aggregation of Sph1, or its isoform Sph1A, will contribute to our understanding of LBs formation. Protein phosphorylation promotes aggregation, but protein phosphatases with activity towards Sph1 have not been described. The present study documents the identification of a novel Sph1A/phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1) complex and unravels its regulatory effect on Sph1A aggregation. Using yeast co-transformation and overlay blot assay, the interaction between Sph1A and PPP1 was mapped to the Sph1A RVTF motif. Then, Sph1A overexpression in human embryonic kidney 293 cells demonstrated that Sph1A specifically targets endogenous PPP1 isoforms to inclusion bodies and that Sph1A/PPP1 complex disruption enhances inclusion bodies formation. Finally, as Sph1A interacted with PPP1CC2, a PPP1 sperm-specific isoform, Sph1 and Sph1A expression was addressed in male germ cells by qRT-PCR, revealing high expression levels in round spermatids. Together, these observations established Sph1A as a novel PPP1-interacting protein able to affect PPP1 sorting to subcellular compartments and Sph1A/PPP1 complex as a negative modulator of LBs formation. Contrarily, in physiological conditions, Sph1 isoforms are pointed as putative participants in vesicle dynamics with implications in neurotransmission and spermiogenesis.
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Pan-Montojo F, Reichmann H. Considerations on the role of environmental toxins in idiopathic Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:10. [PMID: 24826210 PMCID: PMC4019355 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a progressive dysfunction of the nervous system. Often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous structures, they include diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias, Genetic Brain Disorders, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease), Huntington’s Disease, Prion Diseases, and others. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased over the last years. This has had a major impact both on patients and their families and has exponentially increased the medical bill by hundreds of billions of Euros. Therefore, understanding the role of environmental and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of PD is crucial to develop preventive strategies. While some authors believe that PD is mainly genetic and that the aging of the society is the principal cause for this increase, different studies suggest that PD may be due to an increased exposure to environmental toxins. In this article we review epidemiological, sociological and experimental studies to determine which hypothesis is more plausible. Our conclusion is that, at least in idiopathic PD (iPD), the exposure to toxic environmental substances could play an important role in its aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pan-Montojo
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany ; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 44, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU-Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Watmuff B, Hartley BJ, Hunt CP, Pouton CW, Haynes JM. Pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons as models of neurodegeneration. Future Neurology 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Researchers utilize a number of models of Parkinson’s disease ranging in complexity from immortalized cell lines to nonhuman primates. These models are used to investigate everything from the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, to drugs that may improve patient outcomes. Each model system has advantages and disadvantages, depending on their application. In this review, the authors assess the potential value of embryonic stem and induced-pluripotent stem cells as additions to the crowded Parkinson’s disease in vitro model landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Watmuff
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Brigham Jay Hartley
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron Philip Hunt
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin William Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John Michael Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Davis MF, Cummings AC, D'Aoust LN, Jiang L, Velez Edwards DR, Laux R, Reinhart-Mercer L, Fuzzell D, Scott WK, Pericak-Vance MA, Lee SL, Haines JL. Parkinson disease loci in the mid-western Amish. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1213-21. [PMID: 23793441 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence has shown that Parkinson disease (PD) has a heritable component, but only a small proportion of the total genetic contribution to PD has been identified. Genetic heterogeneity complicates the verification of proposed PD genes and the identification of new PD susceptibility genes. Our approach to overcome the problem of heterogeneity is to study a population isolate, the mid-western Amish communities of Indiana and Ohio. We performed genome-wide association and linkage analyses on 798 individuals (31 with PD), who are part of a 4,998 member pedigree. Through these analyses, we identified a region on chromosome 5q31.3 that shows evidence of association (p value < 1 × 10(-4)) and linkage (multipoint HLOD = 3.77). We also found further evidence of linkage on chromosomes 6 and 10 (multipoint HLOD 4.02 and 4.35 respectively). These data suggest that locus heterogeneity, even within the Amish, may be more extensive than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Davis
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Tsai YC, Riess O, Soehn AS, Nguyen HP. The Guanine nucleotide exchange factor kalirin-7 is a novel synphilin-1 interacting protein and modifies synphilin-1 aggregate transport and formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51999. [PMID: 23284848 PMCID: PMC3527391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synphilin-1 has been identified as an interaction partner of α-synuclein, a key protein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). To further explore novel binding partners of synphilin-1, a yeast two hybrid screening was performed and kalirin-7 was identified as a novel interactor. We then investigated the effect of kalirin-7 on synphilin-1 aggregate formation. Coexpression of kalirin-7 and synphilin-1 caused a dramatic relocation of synphilin-1 cytoplasmic small inclusions to a single prominent, perinuclear inclusion. These perinuclear inclusions were characterized as being aggresomes according to their colocalization with microtubule organization center markers, and their formation was microtubule-dependent. Furthermore, kalirin-7 increased the susceptibility of synphilin-1 inclusions to be degraded as demonstrated by live cell imaging and quantification of aggregates. However, the kalirin-7-mediated synphilin-1 aggresome response was not dependent on the GEF activity of kalirin-7 since various dominant negative small GTPases could not inhibit the formation of aggresomes. Interestingly, the aggresome response was blocked by HDAC6 catalytic mutants and the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Moreover, kalirin-7 decreased the level of acetylated α-tubulin in response to TSA, which suggests an effect of kalirin-7 on HDAC6-mediated protein transportation and aggresome formation. In summary, this is the first report demonstrating that kalirin-7 leads to the recruitment of synphilin-1 into aggresomes in a HDAC6-dependent manner and also links kalirin-7 to microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Tsai
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne S. Soehn
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Löw K, Aebischer P. Use of viral vectors to create animal models for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease and typically presents with tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. The hallmark pathological features of PD are loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the presence of neuronal intracellular Lewy body (LB) inclusions. In general, PD is sporadic; however, familial PD, while uncommon, can be inherited in an autosomal dominant (AD) or autosomal recessive (AR) manner. The molecular investigations of proteins encoded by PD-linked genes have clarified that ADPD is associated with α-synuclein and LRRK2, while ARPD is linked to Parkin, PINK1, DJ1, and ATP13A2. Understanding these genes can bring insights into this disease and create possible genetic tests for early diagnosis. Long-term pharmacological treatment is so far disappointing, probably due to unwanted complications and decreasing drug efficacy. Several strategies have been proposed and tested as alternatives for PD. Cellular transplantation of dopamine-secreting stem cells opens the door to new therapeutic avenues for restoration of the functions of degenerative and/or damaged neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Northcott PA, Shih DJH, Peacock J, Garzia L, Morrissy AS, Zichner T, Stütz AM, Korshunov A, Reimand J, Schumacher SE, Beroukhim R, Ellison DW, Marshall CR, Lionel AC, Mack S, Dubuc A, Yao Y, Ramaswamy V, Luu B, Rolider A, Cavalli FMG, Wang X, Remke M, Wu X, Chiu RYB, Chu A, Chuah E, Corbett RD, Hoad GR, Jackman SD, Li Y, Lo A, Mungall KL, Nip KM, Qian JQ, Raymond AGJ, Thiessen NT, Varhol RJ, Birol I, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Holt R, Kawauchi D, Roussel MF, Kool M, Jones DTW, Witt H, Fernandez-L A, Kenney AM, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Dirks P, Aviv T, Grajkowska WA, Perek-Polnik M, Haberler CC, Delattre O, Reynaud SS, Doz FF, Pernet-Fattet SS, Cho BK, Kim SK, Wang KC, Scheurlen W, Eberhart CG, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, Pollack IF, Fan X, Muraszko KM, Gillespie GY, Di Rocco C, Massimi L, Michiels EMC, Kloosterhof NK, French PJ, Kros JM, Olson JM, Ellenbogen RG, Zitterbart K, Kren L, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Lach B, McLendon RE, Bigner DD, Fontebasso A, Albrecht S, Jabado N, Lindsey JC, Bailey S, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Bognár L, Klekner A, Van Meter TE, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Elbabaa SK, Leonard JR, Rubin JB, Liau LM, Van Meir EG, Fouladi M, Nakamura H, Cinalli G, Garami M, Hauser P, Saad AG, Iolascon A, Jung S, Carlotti CG, Vibhakar R, Ra YS, Robinson S, Zollo M, Faria CC, Chan JA, Levy ML, Sorensen PHB, Meyerson M, Pomeroy SL, Cho YJ, Bader GD, Tabori U, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Scherer SW, Rutka JT, Malkin D, Clifford SC, Jones SJM, Korbel JO, Pfister SM, Marra MA, Taylor MD. Subgroup-specific structural variation across 1,000 medulloblastoma genomes. Nature 2012; 488:49-56. [PMID: 22832581 DOI: 10.1038/nature11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, is currently treated with nonspecific cytotoxic therapies including surgery, whole-brain radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy. As medulloblastoma exhibits marked intertumoural heterogeneity, with at least four distinct molecular variants, previous attempts to identify targets for therapy have been underpowered because of small samples sizes. Here we report somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) in 1,087 unique medulloblastomas. SCNAs are common in medulloblastoma, and are predominantly subgroup-enriched. The most common region of focal copy number gain is a tandem duplication of SNCAIP, a gene associated with Parkinson's disease, which is exquisitely restricted to Group 4α. Recurrent translocations of PVT1, including PVT1-MYC and PVT1-NDRG1, that arise through chromothripsis are restricted to Group 3. Numerous targetable SCNAs, including recurrent events targeting TGF-β signalling in Group 3, and NF-κB signalling in Group 4, suggest future avenues for rational, targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Northcott
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The condition causes a heavy burden both on those affected, as well as their families. Accurate diagnosis is critical and remains founded on clinical grounds as no specific diagnostic test is available so far. The clinical picture of PD is typical in many instances; however, features distinguishing it from other disorders should be thoroughly sought. Monogenic forms of PD also have some distinctive characteristics in many cases. This text is a roadmap to accurate diagnosis in PD, as it approaches clinical features, diagnostic methodology, and leading differential diagnoses. Therapeutic issues are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Massano
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
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Linden R, Cordeiro Y, Lima LMTR. Allosteric function and dysfunction of the prion protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1105-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hernández-Vargas R, Fonseca-Ornelas L, López-González I, Riesgo-Escovar J, Zurita M, Reynaud E. Synphilin suppresses α-synuclein neurotoxicity in a Parkinson's disease Drosophila model. Genesis 2011; 49:392-402. [PMID: 21584925 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in humans. It affects 1% of the population over 65-years old. Its causes are environmental and genetic. As the world population ages, there is an urgent need for better and more detailed animal models for this kind of disease. In this work we show that the use of transgenic Drosophila is comparable to more complicated and costly animal models such as mice. The Drosophila model behaves very similar to the equivalent transgenic mice model. We show that both Synphilin-1 and α-synuclein are toxic by themselves, but when co-expressed, they suppress their toxicity reciprocally. Importantly, the symptoms induced in the fly can be treated and partially reverted using standard PD pharmacological treatments. This work showcases Drosophila as a detailed and multifaceted model for Parkinson's disease, providing a convenient platform in which to study and find new genetic modifiers of PD. genesis 49:392-402, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hernández-Vargas
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, affecting more than 1% of the population over age 60. The most common feature of PD is a resting tremor, though there are many systemic neurological effects, such as incontinence and sleep disorders. PD is histopathologically identified by the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), proteinaceous inclusions constituted primarily by α-synuclein. To date, there is no effective treatment to slow or stop disease progression. To help understand disease pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets, many genetic mouse models have been developed. By far the most common of these models are the wildtype and mutant α-synuclein transgenic mice, because α-synuclein was the first protein shown to have a direct effect on PD pathogenesis and progression. There are many other gene-disrupted or -mutated models currently available, which are based on genetic anomalies identified in the human disease. In addition, there are also models which examine genes that may contribute to disease onset or progression but currently have no identified causative PD mutations. These genes are part of signaling pathways important for maintaining neuronal function in the nigrostriatal pathway. This review will summarize the most commonly used of the genetic mouse models currently available for PD research. We will examine how these models have expanded our understanding of PD pathogenesis and progression, as well as aided in identification of potential therapeutic targets in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Crabtree
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons within the substantia nigra. Dopamine replacement drugs remain the most effective PD treatment but only provide temporary symptomatic relief. New therapies are urgently needed, but the search for a disease-modifying treatment and a definitive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PD has been limited by the lack of physiologically relevant models that recapitulate the disease phenotype. The use of immortalized cell lines as in vitro model systems for drug discovery has met with limited success, since efficacy and safety too often fail to translate successfully in human clinical trials. Drug discoverers are shifting their focus to more physiologically relevant cellular models, including primary neurons and stem cells. The recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology presents an exciting opportunity to derive human DA neurons from patients with sporadic and familial forms of PD. We anticipate that these human DA models will recapitulate key features of the PD phenotype. In parallel, high-content screening platforms, which extract information on multiple cellular features within individual neurons, provide a network-based approach that can resolve temporal and spatial relationships underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration and drug perturbations. These emerging technologies have the potential to establish highly predictive cellular models that could bring about a desperately needed revolution in PD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States ; Taube-Koret Center for Huntingon's Disease Research, the Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia Research, and the Hellman Family Foundation Program for Alzheimer's Disease Research, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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Keyser RJ, Oppon E, Carr JA, Bardien S. Identification of Parkinson’s disease candidate genes using CAESAR and screening of MAPT and SNCAIP in South African Parkinson’s disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:889-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Choi JM, Hong JH, Chae MJ, Ngyuen PH, Kang HS, Ma HI, Kim YJ. Analysis of mutations and the association between polymorphisms in the cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) gene and Parkinson disease. Neurosci Lett 2011; 493:97-101. [PMID: 21320571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors support the survival of dopaminergic neurons. The cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is a novel neurotrophic factor with strong trophic activity on dopaminergic neurons comparable to that of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). To investigate whether rare or common variants in CDNF are associated with Parkinson disease (PD), we performed mutation analysis of CDNF and a genetic association study between CDNF polymorphisms and PD. We screened 110 early-onset Parkinson disease (EOPD) patients for CDNF mutations. Allelic and genotype frequencies of 3 CDNF single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1901650, rs7094179, and rs11259365) were compared in 215 PD patients and age- and sex-matched controls. We failed to identify any mutations in CDNF among the EOPD patient sample population. We observed a trend towards increased risk for PD in patients carrying the C allele of SNP rs7094179 (odds ratio (OR)=1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96-1.67). Patients carrying the C allele were susceptible to PD in both dominant (CC+CA vs. AA; OR=7.20, 95% CI 0.88-59.1) and recessive (CA+AA vs. CC; OR=0.64, 95% CI 0.41-0.99) models. Genotype and allele frequencies of SNPs rs1901650 and rs11259365 did not differ between PD patients and controls. Our study suggests that the C allele of an intronic CDNF SNP (rs7094179) might be an allele for susceptibility to PD. Further studies with larger sample size are required to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Choi
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Rm 607, ILSONG Bldg, 1605-4 Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Gyonggi-do 431-060, Republic of Korea
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Meeus B, Nuytemans K, Crosiers D, Engelborghs S, Pals P, Pickut B, Peeters K, Mattheijssens M, Corsmit E, Cras P, De Deyn PP, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C. GIGYF2 has no major role in Parkinson genetic etiology in a Belgian population. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Trancikova A, Ramonet D, Moore DJ. Genetic Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:419-82. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Büttner S, Delay C, Franssens V, Bammens T, Ruli D, Zaunschirm S, de Oliveira RM, Outeiro TF, Madeo F, Buée L, Galas MC, Winderickx J. Synphilin-1 enhances α-synuclein aggregation in yeast and contributes to cellular stress and cell death in a Sir2-dependent manner. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13700. [PMID: 21060871 PMCID: PMC2965147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease is characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, containing both aggregated α-synuclein and its interaction partner, synphilin-1. While synphilin-1 is known to accelerate inclusion formation by α-synuclein in mammalian cells, its effect on cytotoxicity remains elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings We expressed wild-type synphilin-1 or its R621C mutant either alone or in combination with α-synuclein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and monitored the intracellular localization and inclusion formation of the proteins as well as the repercussions on growth, oxidative stress and cell death. We found that wild-type and mutant synphilin-1 formed inclusions and accelerated inclusion formation by α-synuclein in yeast cells, the latter being correlated to enhanced phosphorylation of serine-129. Synphilin-1 inclusions co-localized with lipid droplets and endomembranes. Consistently, we found that wild-type and mutant synphilin-1 interacts with detergent-resistant membrane domains, known as lipid rafts. The expression of synphilin-1 did not incite a marked growth defect in exponential cultures, which is likely due to the formation of aggresomes and the retrograde transport of inclusions from the daughter cells back to the mother cells. However, when the cultures approached stationary phase and during subsequent ageing of the yeast cells, both wild-type and mutant synphilin-1 reduced survival and triggered apoptotic and necrotic cell death, albeit to a different extent. Most interestingly, synphilin-1 did not trigger cytotoxicity in ageing cells lacking the sirtuin Sir2. This indicates that the expression of synphilin-1 in wild-type cells causes the deregulation of Sir2-dependent processes, such as the maintenance of the autophagic flux in response to nutrient starvation. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that wild-type and mutant synphilin-1 are lipid raft interacting proteins that form inclusions and accelerate inclusion formation of α-synuclein when expressed in yeast. Synphilin-1 thereby induces cytotoxicity, an effect most pronounced for the wild-type protein and mediated via Sir2-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Charlotte Delay
- Functional Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Inserm U837, Lille, France
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine-Pole Recherche, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Franssens
- Functional Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tine Bammens
- Functional Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Doris Ruli
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Zaunschirm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rita Machado de Oliveira
- Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Cell and Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luc Buée
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Inserm U837, Lille, France
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine-Pole Recherche, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Galas
- Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Inserm U837, Lille, France
- Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine-Pole Recherche, Université du Droit et de la Santé de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Functional Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Du G, Liu X, Chen X, Song M, Yan Y, Jiao R, Wang CC. Drosophila histone deacetylase 6 protects dopaminergic neurons against {alpha}-synuclein toxicity by promoting inclusion formation. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2128-37. [PMID: 20444973 PMCID: PMC2893978 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
dHDAC6 functions to suppress α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration and locomotion defects in a Drosophila PD model through promoting α-synuclein-enriched inclusion formation while reducing the toxic oligomers. Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We report for the first time that the Drosophila histone deacetylase 6 (dHDAC6) plays a critical role in the protection of DA neurons and the formation of α-synuclein inclusions by using a Drosophila PD model constructed by ectopic expression of human α-synuclein. Depletion of dHDAC6 significantly enhances the effects caused by ectopic expression of α-synuclein, namely, loss of DA neurons, retinal degeneration, and locomotor dysfunction. Expression of α-synuclein in the DA neurons leads to fewer inclusions in the brains of dHDAC6 mutant flies than in wild-type flies. Conversely, overexpression of dHDAC6 is able to suppress the α-synuclein–induced DA neuron loss and retinal degeneration and promote inclusion formation. Furthermore, mutation of dHDAC6 reinforces the accumulation of oligomers that are suggested to be a toxic form of α-synuclein. We propose that α-synuclein inclusion formation in the presence of dHDAC6 protects DA neurons from being damaged by oligomers, which may uncover a common mechanism for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Du
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Nuber S, Franck T, Wolburg H, Schumann U, Casadei N, Fischer K, Calaminus C, Pichler BJ, Chanarat S, Teismann P, Schulz JB, Luft AR, Tomiuk J, Wilbertz J, Bornemann A, Krüger R, Riess O. Transgenic overexpression of the alpha-synuclein interacting protein synphilin-1 leads to behavioral and neuropathological alterations in mice. Neurogenetics 2010; 11:107-20. [PMID: 19760259 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synphilin-1 has been identified as an interacting protein of alpha-synuclein, Parkin, and LRRK2, proteins which are mutated in familial forms of Parkinson disease (PD). Subsequently, synphilin-1 has also been shown to be an intrinsic component of Lewy bodies in sporadic PD. In order to elucidate the role of synphilin-1 in the pathogenesis of PD, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type and mutant (R621C) synphilin-1 driven by a mouse prion protein promoter. Transgenic expression of both wild-type and the R621C variant synphilin-1 resulted in increased dopamine levels of the nigrostriatal system in 3-month-old mice. Furthermore, we found pathological ubiquitin-positive inclusions in cerebellar sections and dark-cell degeneration of Purkinje cells. Both transgenic mouse lines showed significant reduction of motor skill learning and motor performance. These findings suggest a pathological role of overexpressed synphilin-1 in vivo and will help to further elucidate the mechanisms of protein aggregation and neuronal cell death.
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Yasuda T, Mochizuki H. The regulatory role of α-synuclein and parkin in neuronal cell apoptosis; possible implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1312-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Smith WW, Liu Z, Liang Y, Masuda N, Swing DA, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Troncoso JC, Pletnikov M, Dawson TM, Martin LJ, Moran TH, Lee MK, Borchelt DR, Ross CA. Synphilin-1 attenuates neuronal degeneration in the A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2087-98. [PMID: 20185556 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations in alpha-synuclein cause autosomal dominant familial Parkinsonism and may contribute to sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Synphilin-1 is an alpha-synuclein-interacting protein, with implications in PD pathogenesis related to protein aggregation. Currently, the in vivo role of synphilin-1 in alpha-synuclein-linked pathogenesis is not fully understood. Using the mouse prion protein promoter, we generated synphilin-1 transgenic mice, which did not display PD-like phenotypes. However, synphilin-1/A53T alpha-synuclein double-transgenic mice survived longer than A53T alpha-synuclein single-transgenic mice. There were attenuated A53T alpha-synuclein-induced motor abnormalities and decreased astroglial reaction and neuronal degeneration in brains in double-transgenic mice. Overexpression of synphilin-1 decreased caspase-3 activation, increased beclin-1 and LC3 II expression and promoted formation of aggresome-like structures, suggesting that synphilin-1 alters multiple cellular pathways to protect against neuronal degeneration. These studies demonstrate that synphilin-1 can diminish the severity of alpha-synucleinopathy and play a neuroprotective role against A53T alpha-synuclein toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli W Smith
- Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Wider C, Foroud T, Wszolek ZK. Clinical implications of gene discovery in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2010; 25 Suppl 1:S15-20. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Li X, Liu Z, Tamashiro K, Shi B, Rudnicki DD, Ross CA, Moran TH, Smith WW. Synphilin-1 exhibits trophic and protective effects against Rotenone toxicity. Neuroscience 2010; 165:455-62. [PMID: 19857556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synphilin-1 is a cytoplasmic protein with unclear function. Synphilin-1 has been identified as an interaction partner of alpha-synuclein. The interaction between synphilin-1 and alpha-synuclein has implications in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we stably overexpressed human synphilin-1 in mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. We found that overexpression of synphilin-1 shortened cell growth doubling time and increased neurite outgrowth. Knockdown of endogenous synphilin-1 caused neuronal toxicity and shortened neurite outgrowth. We further found that synphilin-1 increased activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and mediated neurite outgrowth. Rotenone, mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, has been shown previously to induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration and Parkinsonism in rats and Drosophila. We found that Rotenone induced apoptotic cell death in N1E-115 cells via caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Overexpression of synphilin-1 significantly reduced Rotenone-induced cell death, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. The results indicate that synphilin-1 displays trophic and protective effects in vitro, suggesting that synphilin-1 may play a protective role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis and may lead to a potential therapeutic target for PD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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Csizmadia V, Csizmadia E, Silverman L, Simpson C, Raczynski A, O’Brien L, Gallacher M, Cardoza K, Kadambi VJ, Fedyk ER, Alden CL. Effect of Proteasome Inhibitors With Different Chemical Structures on the Ubiquitin–Proteasome System In Vitro. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:358-67. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985809358423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitor therapeutics (PITs) have the potential to cause peripheral neuropathy. In a mouse model of PIT-induced peripheral neuropathy, the authors demonstrated that ubiquitin-positive multifocal protein aggregates with nuclear displacement appear in dorsal root ganglion cells of animals that subsequently develop nerve injuries. This peripheral-nerve effect in nonclinical models has generally been recognized as the correlate of grade 3 neuropathy in clinical testing. In differentiated PC12 cells, the authors demonstrated perturbations correlative with the development of neuropathy in vivo, including ubiquitinated protein aggregate (UPA) formation and/or nuclear displacement associated with the degree of proteasome inhibition. They compared 7 proteasome inhibitors of 3 chemical scaffolds (peptide boronate, peptide epoxyketone, and lactacystin analog) to determine if PIT-induced peripheral neuropathy is modulated by inhibition of the proteasome (ie, a mechanism-based effect) or due to effects independent of proteasome inhibition (ie, an off target or chemical-structure-based effect). The appearance of UPAs was assayed at IC90 ± 5% (90% inhibition concentration ± 5%) for 20S proteasome inhibition. Results show that each of the investigated proteasome inhibitors induced identical proteasome-inhibitor-specific ubiquitin-positive immunostaining and nuclear displacement in PC12 cells. Other agents—such as paclitaxel, cisplatin, and thalidomide, which cause neuropathy by other mechanisms—did not cause UPAs or nuclear displacement, demonstrating that the effect was specific to proteasome inhibitors. In conclusion, PIT-induced neuronal cell UPA formation and nuclear displacement are mechanism based and independent of the proteasome inhibitor scaffold. These data indicate that attempts to modulate the neuropathy associated with PIT may not benefit from changing scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Csizmadia
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - E. Csizmadia
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - L. Silverman
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - C. Simpson
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - A. Raczynski
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - L. O’Brien
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - M. Gallacher
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - K. Cardoza
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - V. J. Kadambi
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - E. R. Fedyk
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - C. L. Alden
- Department of Drug Safety Evaluation, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Soehn AS, Franck T, Biskup S, Giaime E, Melle C, Rott R, Cebo D, Kalbacher H, Ott E, Pahnke J, Meitinger T, Krüger R, Gasser T, Berg D, von Eggeling F, Engelender S, da Costa CA, Riess O. Periphilin is a novel interactor of synphilin-1, a protein implicated in Parkinson's disease. Neurogenetics 2009; 11:203-15. [PMID: 19730898 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-009-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of Lewy bodies. Alpha-synuclein and its interactor synphilin-1 are major components of these inclusions. Rare mutations in the alpha-synuclein and synphilin-1 genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD; however, the normal function of these proteins is far from being completely elucidated. We, thus, searched for novel synphilin-1-interacting proteins and deciphered periphilin as new interactor. Periphilin isoforms are involved in multiple cellular functions in vivo, and the protein is broadly expressed during embryogenesis and in the adult brain. We show that periphilin displays an overlapping expression pattern with synphilin-1 in cellular and animal models and in Lewy bodies of PD patients. Functional studies demonstrate that periphilin, as previously shown for synphilin-1, displays an antiapoptotic function by reducing caspase-3 activity. Searching for mutations in the periphilin gene, we detected a K69E substitution in two patients of a PD family. Taken together, these findings support for the first time an involvement of periphilin in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Soehn
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Srinivasan BS, Doostzadeh J, Absalan F, Mohandessi S, Jalili R, Bigdeli S, Wang J, Mahadevan J, Lee CLG, Davis RW, William Langston J, Ronaghi M. Whole genome survey of coding SNPs reveals a reproducible pathway determinant of Parkinson disease. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:228-38. [PMID: 18853455 PMCID: PMC2793088 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is quickly becoming apparent that situating human variation in a pathway context is crucial to understanding its phenotypic significance. Toward this end, we have developed a general method for finding pathways associated with traits that control for pathway size. We have applied this method to a new whole genome survey of coding SNP variation in 187 patients afflicted with Parkinson disease (PD) and 187 controls. We show that our dataset provides an independent replication of the axon guidance association recently reported by Lesnick et al. [PLoS Genet 2007;3:e98], and also indicates that variation in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and T-cell receptor signaling pathways may predict PD susceptibility. Given this result, it is reasonable to hypothesize that pathway associations are more replicable than individual SNP associations in whole genome association studies. However, this hypothesis is complicated by a detailed comparison of our dataset to the second recent PD association study by Fung et al. [Lancet Neurol 2006;5:911–916]. Surprisingly, we find that the axon guidance pathway does not rank at the very top of the Fung dataset after controlling for pathway size. More generally, in comparing the studies, we find that SNP frequencies replicate well despite technologically different assays, but that both SNP and pathway associations are globally uncorrelated across studies. We thus have a situation in which an association between axon guidance pathway variation and PD has been found in 2 out of 3 studies. We conclude by relating this seeming inconsistency to the molecular heterogeneity of PD, and suggest future analyses that may resolve such discrepancies.
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Krenz A, Falkenburger BH, Gerhardt E, Drinkut A, Schulz JB. Aggregate formation and toxicity by wild-type and R621C synphilin-1 in the nigrostriatal system of mice using adenoviral vectors. J Neurochem 2009; 108:139-46. [PMID: 19094062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synphilin-1 was described as a protein interacting with alpha-synuclein and is commonly found in Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our group has previously described and characterized in vitro a mutation in the synphilin-1 gene (R621C) in PD patients. Providing the first characterization of synphilin-1 expression in an animal model, we here used adenoviral gene transfer to study the effects of wild-type (WT) and R621C synphilin-1 in dopaminergic neurons in mouse brain. As synphilin-1 is commonly used to trigger aggregation of alpha-synuclein in cell culture, we investigated not only non-transgenic C57Bl/6 mice but also A30P-alpha-synuclein transgenic animals. Both WT synphilin-1 and R621C synphilin-1 led to the formation of Thioflavine-S positive inclusions in C57Bl/6 mice and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. R621C synphilin-1 induced more aggregate formation than WT synphilin-1 in A30P-alpha-synuclein transgenic mice, consistent with the role of the R621C mutation as a susceptibility factor for PD. Synphilin-1 expression may be used to improve current mouse models of PD, as it induced both the formation of aggregates and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, two core characteristics of PD that have not been well reproduced with expression of alpha-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Krenz
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of Brain and Center for Neurological Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Beyer K, Domingo-Sàbat M, Ariza A. Molecular pathology of Lewy body diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:724-45. [PMID: 19399218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy body diseases are characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein(AS)-positive inclusions in the brain. Since their main component is conformationally modified AS, aggregation of the latter is thought to be a key pathogenic event in these diseases. The analysis of inclusion body constituents gives additional information about pathways also involved in the pathology of synucleinopathies. Widespread mitochondrial dysfunction is very closely related to disease development. The impairment of protein degradation pathways, including both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosome pathway also play an important role during the development of Lewy body diseases. Finally, differential expression changes of isoforms corresponding to genes primarily involved in Lewy body formation point to alternative splicing as another important mechanism in the development of Parkinson’s disease, as well as dementia with Lewy bodies. The present paper attempts to give an overview of recent molecular findings related to the pathogenesis of Lewy body diseases.
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Biskup S, Gerlach M, Kupsch A, Reichmann H, Riederer P, Vieregge P, Wüllner U, Gasser T. Genes associated with Parkinson syndrome. J Neurol 2008; 255:8-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-5005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ceru S, Kokalj SJ, Rabzelj S, Skarabot M, Gutierrez-Aguirre I, Kopitar-Jerala N, Anderluh G, Turk D, Turk V, Zerovnik E. Size and morphology of toxic oligomers of amyloidogenic proteins: a case study of human stefin B. Amyloid 2008; 15:147-59. [PMID: 18925453 DOI: 10.1080/13506120802193555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-induced toxicity is a well-known phenomenon but the molecular background remains unclear. One hypothesis relates toxicity to amyloid-membrane interactions, predicting that amyloid oligomers make pores into membranes. Therefore, the toxicity and membrane interaction of prefibrillar aggregates and individual oligomers of a non-pathological yet highly amyloidogenic protein human stefin B (cystatin B) was examined. By monitoring caspase-3 activity and by testing cell viability, we showed that the lag phase aggregates obtained at pH 5 and 3 were toxic to neuroblastoma cells. Of equal toxicity were the higher-order oligomers prepared at pH 7 by freeze-thaw cycles. The higher-order oligomers eluted on size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) as a broad peak comprising hexamers, octamers, 12- and 16-mers, well separated from monomers, dimers and tetramers. Only oligomers higher than the tetramers (Rh >3.5 nm) proved toxic, in contrast to dimers and tetramers. In accordance with data from SEC, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy data indicate that the toxic oligomers have diameters larger than 4 nm. Critical pressure measurements showed that the toxic higher-order oligomers inserted more effectively into model lipid monolayers than dimers and tetramers. They also bound, similarly to prefibrillar aggregates, to the plasma membrane and became internalized. Taken together, our results confirm the importance of membrane interaction and perforation in the phenomenon of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Ceru
- Department of Biochemistry, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Toulouse A, Sullivan AM. Progress in Parkinson's disease—Where do we stand? Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:376-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disease, results in abnormalities in motor functioning. Many fundamental questions regarding its aetiology remain unanswered. Pathologically, it is not until 70-80% of the dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta are lost before clinical symptoms are observed. Thus research into PD is complicated by this apparent paradox in that what appears to be the beginning of the disease at the clinical level is really the end point neurochemically. Consequently, we can only second guess when the disease started and what initiated it. The causation is probably complex, with contributions from both genetic and environmental factors. Intracellular proteinaceous inclusions, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, found in surviving dopaminergic neurons, are the key pathological characteristic of PD. Their presence points to an inability within these terminally differentiated cells to deal with aggregating proteins. Recent advances in our knowledge of the underlying disease process have come about from studies on models based on genes associated with rare hereditary forms of PD, and mitochondrial toxins that mimic the behavioural effects of PD. The reason that dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive may be due to the additional cellular stress caused by the breakdown of the inherently chemically unstable neurotransmitter, dopamine. In the present review, I discuss the proposal that in sporadic disease, interlinked problems of protein processing and inappropriate mitochondrial activity seed the foundation for age-related increased levels of protein damage, and a reduced ability to deal with the damage, leading to inclusion formation and, ultimately, cell toxicity.
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Winderickx J, Delay C, De Vos A, Klinger H, Pellens K, Vanhelmont T, Van Leuven F, Zabrocki P. Protein folding diseases and neurodegeneration: Lessons learned from yeast. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2008; 1783:1381-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Schiesling C, Kieper N, Seidel K, Krüger R. Review: Familial Parkinson's disease – genetics, clinical phenotype and neuropathology in relation to the common sporadic form of the disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008; 34:255-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wahl C, Kautzmann S, Krebiehl G, Strauss K, Woitalla D, Müller T, Bauer P, Riess O, Krüger R. A comprehensive genetic study of the proteasomal subunit S6 ATPase in German Parkinson's disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:1141-8. [PMID: 18446261 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of proteasomal protein degradation is involved in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently we identified the regulatory proteasomal subunit S6 ATPase as a novel interactor of synphilin-1, which is a substrate of the ubiquitin-ligase Parkin (PARK2) and an interacting protein of alpha-synuclein (PARK1). To further investigate a potential role in the pathogenesis of PD, we performed a detailed mutation analysis of the S6 ATPase gene in a large sample of 486 German sporadic and familial PD patients. Direct sequencing revealed two novel intronic variants. An insertion/deletion variant in intron 5 of the S6 ATPase gene was more frequent in patients compared to controls. Moreover, this variant was significantly more frequent in early-onset compared to late-onset PD patients. The identification of a genetic link between a regulatory proteasomal subunit and PD further underscores the relevance of disturbed protein degradation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wahl
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tubingen, Germany
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Myhre R, Klungland H, Farrer MJ, Aasly JO. Genetic association study of synphilin-1 in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. BMC Med Genet 2008; 9:19. [PMID: 18366718 PMCID: PMC2329608 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Post-mortem Lewy body and Lewy neuritic inclusions are a defining feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). With the discovery of missense and multiplication mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) in familial parkinsonism, Lewy inclusions were found to stain intensely with antibodies raised against the protein. Yeast-two-hybrid studies identified synphilin-1 as an interacting partner of alpha-synuclein, and both proteins show co-immunolocalization in a subset of Lewy body inclusions. In the present study, we have investigated whether common variability in synphilin-1, including coding substitutions are genetically associated with disease pathogenesis. Methods We screened the synphilin-1 gene for 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 300 affected subjects with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 412 healthy controls. Six of these were rare variants including five previously identified amino acid substitutions that were chosen in a direct approach for association of rare disease causing mutations. An additional five highly heterozygous SNPs were chosen for an indirect association approach including haplotype analysis, based on the assumption that any disease causing mutations might be in linkage disequilibrium with the SNPs selected. We also genotyped a microsatellite marker (D5S2950) within intron 6 of the gene and five additional microsatellites clustered downstream of the 5p23.1-23.3 synphilin-1 locus. Genome-wide linkage analysis, in a number of independent studies, has previously highlighted suggestive linkage to PD in this region of chromosome 5. Results Screening of previously known amino acid substitutions in the synphilin-1 gene, identified the C1861>T (R621C) substitution in four patients (chromosomes n = 600) and 10 control subjects (chromosomes n = 824), whereas the G2125>C (E706Q) substitution was detected in one patient and four control subject, suggesting both these substitutions are not associated with susceptibility to PD. Heterozygous non-synonymous T131>C (V44A) and synonymous C636>T (P212P) amino acid substitutions were each detected in only one patient with PD. Heterozygous C1134>T (L378L) synonymous substitutions were found in two patients with PD and one control subject. D5S2010 the most distal telomeric microsatellite marker genotyped,15.3 Mb from synphilin-1, was genetically associated with PD (p = 0.006, 27df) independently adjusted for multiple testing according to its high amount of alleles but not the total number of other markers investigated. Other flanking and intronic SNP and microsatellite markers showed no evidence for genetic association with disease. Conclusion In this study rare synphilin-1 SNPs were assessed in a direct association approach to identify amino acid substitutions that might confer risk of PD in a homozygous or compound heterozygous state. We found none of these rare variations were associated with disease. In contrast to prior studies the frequency of the R621C substitution was not significantly different between PD and control subjects, neither were the V44A or E706Q substitutions. Similarly, our indirect study of more heterozygous SNPs, including both single marker and haplotype analyses, showed no significant association to PD. However, marginal association of microsatellite alleles with idiopathic PD, within the chromosome 5q21 region, indicates further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Myhre
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Bonin M, Marx FP, Kautzmann S, Riess O, Krüger R. Microarray expression analysis reveals genetic pathways implicated in C621 synphilin-1-mediated toxicity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:941-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Constantinescu R, Richard I, Kurlan R. Levodopa responsiveness in disorders with parkinsonism: a review of the literature. Mov Disord 2008; 22:2141-8; quiz 2295. [PMID: 17534959 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature review was conducted to investigate whether or not levodopa (LD) responsiveness (LR) is a useful criterion in the diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders. Although LR does appear to differ among the parkinsonian disorders, there is considerable confusion in the literature. While most patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have a sustained benefit from LD, a small minority of patients with documented PD do not respond. The literature suggests that the LR rate is higher for multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) than based on published diagnostic criteria. Magnitude and duration of response to LD and tolerability (time course, type and distribution of dyskinesias, mental effects and motor worsening) may be useful features in distinguishing PD, MSA, PSP, and CBD. Efforts should be directed toward better defining LR when used for diagnostic purposes and in scientific publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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