1
|
Picarella ME, Ruiu F, Selleri L, Presa S, Mizzotti C, Masiero S, Colombo L, Soressi GP, Granell A, Mazzucato A. Genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the parthenocarpic fruit mutation in tomato. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1329949. [PMID: 38601310 PMCID: PMC11004453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1329949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parthenocarpy allows fruit set independently of fertilization. In parthenocarpic-prone tomato genotypes, fruit set can be achieved under pollen-limiting environmental conditions and in sterile mutants. Parthenocarpy is also regarded as a quality-related trait, when seedlessness is associated with positive fruit quality aspects. Among the different sources of genetic parthenocarpy described in tomato, the parthenocarpic fruit (pat) mutation is of particular interest because of its strong expressivity, high fruit set, and enhanced fruit quality. The complexity of the pat "syndrome" associates a strong competence for parthenocarpy with a complex floral phenotype involving stamen and ovule developmental aberrations. To understand the genetic basis of the phenotype, we mapped the pat locus within a 0.19-cM window of Chr3, comprising nine coding loci. A non-tolerated missense mutation found in the 14th exon of Solyc03g120910, the tomato ortholog of the Arabidopsis HD-Zip III transcription factor HB15 (SlHB15), cosegregated with the pat phenotype. The role of SlHB15 in tomato reproductive development was supported by its expression in developing ovules. The link between pat and SlHB15 was validated by complementation and knock out experiments by co-suppression and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches. Comparing the phenotypes of pat and those of Arabidopsis HB15 mutants, we argued that the gene plays similar functions in species with fleshy and dry fruits, supporting a conserved mechanism of fruit set regulation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio E. Picarella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ruiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luigi Selleri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Presa
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Cultivos, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) – Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze (DBS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze (DBS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze (DBS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gian Piero Soressi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antonio Granell
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Cultivos, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) – Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Mazzucato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He J, Zeng C, Li M. Plant Functional Genomics Based on High-Throughput CRISPR Library Knockout Screening: A Perspective. Adv Genet (Hoboken) 2024; 5:2300203. [PMID: 38465224 PMCID: PMC10919289 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant biology studies in the post-genome era have been focused on annotating genome sequences' functions. The established plant mutant collections have greatly accelerated functional genomics research in the past few decades. However, most plant genome sequences' roles and the underlying regulatory networks remain substantially unknown. Clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated systems are robust, versatile tools for manipulating plant genomes with various targeted DNA perturbations, providing an excellent opportunity for high-throughput interrogation of DNA elements' roles. This study compares methods frequently used for plant functional genomics and then discusses different DNA multi-targeted strategies to overcome gene redundancy using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Next, this work summarizes recent reports using CRISPR libraries for high-throughput gene knockout and function discoveries in plants. Finally, this work envisions the future perspective of optimizing and leveraging CRISPR library screening in plant genomes' other uncharacterized DNA sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie He
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of EducationWuhan430074China
| | - Can Zeng
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of EducationWuhan430074China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of EducationWuhan430074China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Todaka D, Quynh DTN, Tanaka M, Utsumi Y, Utsumi C, Ezoe A, Takahashi S, Ishida J, Kusano M, Kobayashi M, Saito K, Nagano AJ, Nakano Y, Mitsuda N, Fujiwara S, Seki M. Application of ethanol alleviates heat damage to leaf growth and yield in tomato. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1325365. [PMID: 38439987 PMCID: PMC10909983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1325365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Chemical priming has emerged as a promising area in agricultural research. Our previous studies have demonstrated that pretreatment with a low concentration of ethanol enhances abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis and cassava. Here, we show that ethanol treatment induces heat stress tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) plants. Seedlings of the tomato cultivar 'Micro-Tom' were pretreated with ethanol solution and then subjected to heat stress. The survival rates of the ethanol-pretreated plants were significantly higher than those of the water-treated control plants. Similarly, the fruit numbers of the ethanol-pretreated plants were greater than those of the water-treated ones. Transcriptome analysis identified sets of genes that were differentially expressed in shoots and roots of seedlings and in mature green fruits of ethanol-pretreated plants compared with those in water-treated plants. Gene ontology analysis using these genes showed that stress-related gene ontology terms were found in the set of ethanol-induced genes. Metabolome analysis revealed that the contents of a wide range of metabolites differed between water- and ethanol-treated samples. They included sugars such as trehalose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose. From our results, we speculate that ethanol-induced heat stress tolerance in tomato is mainly the result of increased expression of stress-related genes encoding late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination enzymes, and activated gluconeogenesis. Our results will be useful for establishing ethanol-based chemical priming technology to reduce heat stress damage in crops, especially in Solanaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Todaka
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Do Thi Nhu Quynh
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Maho Tanaka
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chikako Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ezoe
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junko Ishida
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi J. Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakano
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sumire Fujiwara
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Gaadi KA, Tola E, Madugundu R, Zeyada AM, Alameen AA, Edrris MK, Edrees HF, Mahjoop O. Response of leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and yield of hydroponic tomatoes to different water salinity levels. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293098. [PMID: 38335196 PMCID: PMC10857652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop that grows easily under controlled conditions, such as in greenhouses and hydroponics. To overcome freshwater scarcity, researchers are searching for alternatives to groundwater sources such as desalinated water (saline water) for irrigation. High salinity in irrigation water alters physiological functions and crop development, thereby reducing the yield. Best management practices and the use of grafted tomato plants on salt-tolerant rootstocks can alleviate salinity stress. The present study was conducted to address the impact of salinity stress on leaf transpiration (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), photosynthesis (Pn), leaf chlorophyll content, proline content, and yield of hydroponically cultivated tomato plants. Saline (NaCl) water was used for the preparation of nutrient solution with three salinity levels, electrical conductivity (EC, dS m-1) of 2.5 (control), 6.0, and 9.5. Three commercial tomato cultivars (Valouro-RZ, Ghandora-F1, and Feisty-Red) were used. Both self-rooted plants and plants grafted onto Maxifort rootstocks were transplanted onto a perlite substrate. The recorded data revealed that all studied cultivars were critically affected by higher salinity (≈ 9.5 dS m-1) compared to low (≈ 2.5 dS m-1) and medium (≈ 6.0 dS m-1) salinity levels. The Variations in Tr, Pn, gs, chlorophyll content of leaf, and yield between medium and high salinity trials were reported at 3%, 5%, 9%, 5%, and 7.1%, respectively, whereas no significant differences were observed between low and medium salinities. However, at medium salinity levels, grafted plants performed better in photosynthesis than non-grafted plants. This is due to the accumulation of leaf proline, which maintains osmotic regulation and photosynthetic activity by preventing cell damage at medium salinities. Hence, this study confirmed the use of saline water for growing tomatoes under hydroponic conditions up to an EC of 6.0 dS m-1 including the EC of nutrient fertilizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A. Al-Gaadi
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - ElKamil Tola
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rangaswamy Madugundu
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Zeyada
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Alameen
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed K. Edrris
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon F. Edrees
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer Mahjoop
- Precision Agriculture Research Chair, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nguyen CC, Van Vu T, Shelake RM, Nguyen NT, Khanh TD, Kim WY, Kim JY. Generation of parthenocarpic tomato plants in multiple elite cultivars using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mol Breed 2024; 44:13. [PMID: 38317771 PMCID: PMC10838257 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-024-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world for its fruit production. Advances in cutting-edge techniques have enabled the development of numerous critical traits related to the quality and quantity of tomatoes. Genetic engineering techniques, such as gene transformation and gene editing, have emerged as powerful tools for generating new plant varieties with superior traits. In this study, we induced parthenocarpic traits in a population of elite tomato (ET) lines. At first, the adaptability of ET lines to genetic transformation was evaluated to identify the best-performing lines by transforming the SlANT1 gene overexpression cassette and then later used to produce the SlIAA9 knockout lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. ET5 and ET8 emerged as excellent materials for these techniques and showed higher efficiency. Typical phenotypes of knockout sliaa9 were clearly visible in G0 and G1 plants, in which simple leaves and parthenocarpic fruits were observed. The high efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in developing new tomato varieties with desired traits in a short period was demonstrated by generating T-DNA-free homozygous sliaa9 knockout plants in the G1 generation. Additionally, a simple artificial fertilization method was successfully applied to recover seed production from parthenocarpic plants, securing the use of these varieties as breeding materials. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01452-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cam Chau Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Van Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Nhan Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and Research Institute of Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mubarok S, Nuraini A, Hamdani JS, Suminar E, Kusumiyati K, Budiarto R, Lestari FW, Rahmat BPN, Ezura H. Antioxidative response of parthenocarpic tomato, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5, under heat stress condition. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 207:108333. [PMID: 38181640 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that parthenocarpic tomato mutants, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5, can adapt, grow, and produce fruit under heat-stress conditions. However, the physiological processes in those two mutants especially for the enzymatic system that works to neutralize ROS are not clear. The objective of this research was to determine how the scavenging enzyme system responds to the heat stress in those mutants. The iaa9-3, iaa9-5, and WT-MT as a control were cultivated under two environmental conditions; normal and heat stress conditions. Vegetative and reproductive growth were observed during cultivation period. The activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated in both wild-type and parthenocarpic tomato mutants under normal and heat stress conditions. The results showed that under heat stress condition, the mutants, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5, and WT-MT resulted in reduction of the vegetative growth, but those mutants showed better growth than WT-MT. Higher chlorophyll content in iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 was observed under normal or heat stress condition. Despite their growth reduction under heat stress conditions, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 resulted in the significant higher CAT, APX and SOD activity than WT-MT. The results suggest that higher chlorophyll content and enhanced CAT, APX and SOD activity in the iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 mutants are adaptive strategies to survive in heat stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syariful Mubarok
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Anne Nuraini
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jajang Sauman Hamdani
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Erni Suminar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Kusumiyati Kusumiyati
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Rahmat Budiarto
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bi M, Wang Z, Cheng K, Cui Y, He Y, Ma J, Qi M. Construction of transcription factor mutagenesis population in tomato using a pooled CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid library. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 205:108094. [PMID: 37995578 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Adequate mutant materials are the prerequisite for conducting gene function research or screening novel functional genes in plants. The strategy of constructing a large-scale mutant population using the pooled CRISPR/Cas9-sgRNA library has been implemented in several crops. However, the effective application of this CRISPR/Cas9 large-scale screening strategy to tomato remains to be attempted. Here, we identified 990 transcription factors in the tomato genome, designed and synthesized a CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid library containing 4379 sgRNAs. Using this pooled library, 487 T0 positive plants were obtained, among which 92 plants harbored a single sgRNA sequence, targeting 65 different transcription factors, with a mutation rate of 23%. In the T0 mutant population, the occurrence of homozygous and biallelic mutations was observed at higher frequencies. Additionally, the utilization of a small-scale CRISPR/Cas9 library targeting 30 transcription factors could enhance the efficacy of single sgRNA recognition in positive plants, increasing it from 19% to 42%. Phenotypic characterization of several mutants identified from the mutant population demonstrated the utility of our CRISPR/Cas9 mutant library. Taken together, our study offers insights into the implementation and optimization of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated large-scale knockout library in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Bi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China
| | - Keyan Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiqing Cui
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi He
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Equipment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salman AS, Alkhatib SN, Ahmed FM, Hamouda RA. Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Capparis cartilaginea Decne Extract: Insights into Characterization and Antigenotoxicity In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2551. [PMID: 38004531 PMCID: PMC10675202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based foods may enhance the prevention of cancer. The present investigation aimed to assess the antigenotoxic effects of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) when loaded with the ethanol extract of C. cartilaginea (CNPs/Cc). Synthesis of CNPs and CNPs/Cc and their characterization were carried out using TEM, EDS, DSC, and Zeta potential. For in vivo experiments, animal groups were treated in the following groups: negative control, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) (240 mg/kg), CNPs (350 mg/kg), high and low doses of CNPs/Cc, CNPs plus EMS, high dose of CNPs/Cc plus EMS, and low dose of CNPs/Cc plus EMS. Bone marrow chromosomal aberrations and sperm shape abnormalities were examined. TEM results showed that CNPs and CNPs/Cc are spherical particles. CNPs' physical stability was observed to be lower than that of CNPs/Cc due to the presence of more positive charges on CNPs/Cc. EMS significantly enhanced chromosomal abnormalities and sperm shape abnormalities. CNPs showed powerful antigenotoxic properties. For the first time, it could be concluded that loading chitosan nanoparticles with C. cartilaginea extract significantly promotes its protective properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S. Salman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.S.); (S.N.A.); (F.M.A.)
- Genetic and Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Center, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Shaza N. Alkhatib
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.S.); (S.N.A.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Fatimah M. Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.S.); (S.N.A.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Ragaa A. Hamouda
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.S.); (S.N.A.); (F.M.A.)
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mitalo OW, Kang SW, Tran LT, Kubo Y, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Transcriptomic analysis in tomato fruit reveals divergences in genes involved in cold stress response and fruit ripening. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1227349. [PMID: 37575935 PMCID: PMC10416649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold storage is widely used to extend the postharvest life of most horticultural crops, including tomatoes, but this practice triggers cold stress and leads to the development of undesirable chilling injury (CI) symptoms. The underlying mechanisms of cold stress response and CI development in fruits remain unclear as they are often intermingled with fruit ripening changes. To gain insight into cold responses in fruits, we examined the effect of the potent ethylene signaling inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on fruit ripening, CI occurrence and gene expression in mature green tomatoes during storage at 20°C and 5°C. 1-MCP treatments effectively inhibited ethylene production and peel color changes during storage at 20°C. Storage at 5°C also inhibited both ethylene production and peel color change; during rewarming at 20°C, 1-MCP treatments inhibited peel color change but failed to inhibit ethylene production. Furthermore, fruits stored at 5°C for 14 d developed CI symptoms (surface pitting and decay) during the rewarming period at 20°C regardless of 1-MCP treatment. Subsequent RNA-Seq analysis revealed that cold stress triggers a large-scale transcriptomic adjustment, as noticeably more genes were differentially expressed at 5°C (8,406) than at 20°C (4,814). More importantly, we have found some important divergences among genes involved in fruit ripening (up- or down-regulated at 20°C; inhibited by 1-MCP treatment) and those involved in cold stress (up- or down-regulated at 5°C; unaffected by 1-MCP treatment). Transcriptomic adjustments unique to cold stress response were associated with ribosome biogenesis, NcRNA metabolism, DNA methylation, chromatin formation/remodeling, and alternative splicing events. These data should foster further research into cold stress response mechanisms in fruits with the ultimate aim of improving tolerance to low temperature and reduction of CI symptoms during cold storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W. Mitalo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seung Won Kang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Long T. Tran
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shahwar D, Ahn N, Kim D, Ahn W, Park Y. Mutagenesis-based plant breeding approaches and genome engineering: A review focused on tomato. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2023; 792:108473. [PMID: 37716439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Breeding is the most important and efficient method for crop improvement involving repeated modification of the genetic makeup of a plant population over many generations. In this review, various accessible breeding approaches, such as conventional breeding and mutation breeding (physical and chemical mutagenesis and insertional mutagenesis), are discussed with respect to the actual impact of research on the economic improvement of tomato agriculture. Tomatoes are among the most economically important fruit crops consumed worldwide because of their high nutritional content and health-related benefits. Additionally, we summarize mutation-based mapping approaches, including Mutmap and MutChromeSeq, for the efficient mapping of several genes identified by random indel mutations that are beneficial for crop improvement. Difficulties and challenges in the adaptation of new genome editing techniques that provide opportunities to demonstrate precise mutations are also addressed. Lastly, this review focuses on various effective and convenient genome editing tools, such as RNA interference (RNAi), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), and their potential for the improvement of numerous desirable traits to allow the development of better varieties of tomato and other horticultural crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durre Shahwar
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Namju Ahn
- Daenong Seed Company, Hwasun-gun 58155, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Daenong Seed Company, Hwasun-gun 58155, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseong Ahn
- Daenong Seed Company, Hwasun-gun 58155, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Park
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tran LT, Sugimoto K, Kasozi M, Mitalo OW, Ezura H. Pollination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization independently contribute to fruit set and development in tomato. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1205816. [PMID: 37416886 PMCID: PMC10319911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1205816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization are regarded as the first hierarchical processes of producing offspring. However, their independent contributions to fruit set and development remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of three different types of pollen, intact pollen (IP), soft X-ray-treated pollen (XP) and dead pollen (DP), on pollen tube growth, fruit development and gene expression in "Micro-Tom" tomato. Normal germination and pollen tube growth were observed in flowers pollinated with IP; pollen tubes started to penetrate the ovary at 9 h after pollination, and full penetration was achieved after 24 h (IP24h), resulting in ~94% fruit set. At earlier time points (3 and 6 h after pollination; IP3h and IP6h, respectively), pollen tubes were still in the style, and no fruit set was observed. Flowers pollinated with XP followed by style removal after 24 h (XP24h) also demonstrated regular pollen tubes and produced parthenocarpic fruits with ~78% fruit set. As expected, DP could not germinate and failed to activate fruit formation. Histological analysis of the ovary at 2 days after anthesis (DAA) revealed that IP and XP comparably increased cell layers and cell size; however, mature fruits derived from XP were significantly smaller than those derived from IP. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between seed number and fruit size in fruit derived from IP, illustrating the crucial role of fertilization in the latter stages of fruit development. RNA-Seq analysis was carried out in ovaries derived from IP6h, IP24h, XP24h and DP24h in comparison with emasculated and unpollinated ovaries (E) at 2 DAA. The results revealed that 65 genes were differentially expressed (DE) in IP6h ovaries; these genes were closely associated with cell cycle dormancy release pathways. Conversely, 5062 and 4383 DE genes were obtained in IP24h and XP24h ovaries, respectively; top enriched terms were mostly associated with cell division and expansion in addition to the 'plant hormone signal transduction' pathway. These findings indicate that full penetration of pollen tubes can initiate fruit set and development independently of fertilization, most likely by activating the expression of genes regulating cell division and expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long T. Tran
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michael Kasozi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Oscar W. Mitalo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Centre, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Agius DR, Kapazoglou A, Avramidou E, Baranek M, Carneros E, Caro E, Castiglione S, Cicatelli A, Radanovic A, Ebejer JP, Gackowski D, Guarino F, Gulyás A, Hidvégi N, Hoenicka H, Inácio V, Johannes F, Karalija E, Lieberman-Lazarovich M, Martinelli F, Maury S, Mladenov V, Morais-Cecílio L, Pecinka A, Tani E, Testillano PS, Todorov D, Valledor L, Vassileva V. Exploring the crop epigenome: a comparison of DNA methylation profiling techniques. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1181039. [PMID: 37389288 PMCID: PMC10306282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1181039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a vital role in the preservation of genome integrity and in the regulation of gene expression. DNA methylation, one of the key mechanisms of epigenetic control, impacts growth, development, stress response and adaptability of all organisms, including plants. The detection of DNA methylation marks is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying these processes and for developing strategies to improve productivity and stress resistance of crop plants. There are different methods for detecting plant DNA methylation, such as bisulfite sequencing, methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism, genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, reduced representation bisulfite sequencing, MS and immuno-based techniques. These profiling approaches vary in many aspects, including DNA input, resolution, genomic region coverage, and bioinformatics analysis. Selecting an appropriate methylation screening approach requires an understanding of all these techniques. This review provides an overview of DNA methylation profiling methods in crop plants, along with comparisons of the efficacy of these techniques between model and crop plants. The strengths and limitations of each methodological approach are outlined, and the importance of considering both technical and biological factors are highlighted. Additionally, methods for modulating DNA methylation in model and crop species are presented. Overall, this review will assist scientists in making informed decisions when selecting an appropriate DNA methylation profiling method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Rita Agius
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
- Biology Department, Ġ.F.Abela Junior College, Msida, Malta
| | - Aliki Kapazoglou
- Department of Vitis, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture (IOSV), Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Avramidou
- Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslav Baranek
- Mendeleum-Insitute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Lednice, Czechia
| | - Elena Carneros
- Center for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Caro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Angela Cicatelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Radanovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jean-Paul Ebejer
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology ‘A. Zambelli’, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gulyás
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Norbert Hidvégi
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Hans Hoenicka
- Genomic Research Department, Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Vera Inácio
- BioISI – BioSystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frank Johannes
- Plant Epigenomics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Erna Karalija
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Michal Lieberman-Lazarovich
- Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Stéphane Maury
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures EA1207 USC1328, INRAE, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Velimir Mladenov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Leonor Morais-Cecílio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Eleni Tani
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Center for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dimitar Todorov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luis Valledor
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nakayama H, Ichihashi Y, Kimura S. Diversity of tomato leaf form provides novel insights into breeding. Breed Sci 2023; 73:76-85. [PMID: 37168814 PMCID: PMC10165341 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is cultivated widely globally. The crop exhibits tremendous morphological variations because of its long breeding history. Apart from the commercial tomato varieties, wild species and heirlooms are grown in certain regions of the world. Since the fruit constitutes the edible part, much of the agronomical research is focused on it. However, recent studies have indicated that leaf morphology influences fruit quality. As leaves are specialized photosynthetic organs and the vascular systems transport the photosynthetic products to sink organs, the architectural characteristics of the leaves have a strong influence on the final fruit quality. Therefore, comprehensive research focusing on both the fruit and leaf morphology is required for further tomato breeding. This review summarizes an overview of knowledge of the basic tomato leaf development, morphological diversification, and molecular mechanisms behind them and emphasizes its importance in breeding. Finally, we discuss how these findings and knowledge can be applied to future tomato breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Science Build. #2, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | | | - Seisuke Kimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mubarok S, Jadid N, Widiastuti A, Derajat Matra D, Budiarto R, Lestari FW, Nuraini A, Suminar E, Pradana Nur Rahmat B, Ezura H. Parthenocarpic tomato mutants, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5, show plant adaptability and fruiting ability under heat-stress conditions. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1090774. [PMID: 36938002 PMCID: PMC10014533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1090774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is one of the main problems that arise in tomato plants under heat-stress conditions, which disrupt pollen development, resulting in decreased pollen fertility. Parthenocarpic tomatoes can be used to increase plant productivity during failure of the fertilisation process under heat-stress conditions. The aim of this study were to identify the plant adaptability and fruiting capability of ?iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 tomato mutants under heat-stress conditions. The iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 and wild-type Micro-Tom (WT-MT) plants were cultivated under two temperature conditions: normal and heat-stress conditions during plant growth. The results showed that under the heat-stress condition, iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 showed delayed flowering time, increased number of flowers, and increased fruit set and produced normal-sized fruit. However, WT-MT cannot produce fruits under heat stress. The mutants can grow under heat-stress conditions, as indicated by the lower electrolyte leakage and H2O2 concentration and higher antioxidant activities compared with WT-MT under heat-stress conditions. These results suggest that iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 can be valuable genetic resources for the development of tomatoes in high-temperature environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syariful Mubarok
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Jadid
- Department of Biology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ani Widiastuti
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Deden Derajat Matra
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Budiarto
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | | | - Anne Nuraini
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Erni Suminar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Pradana Nur Rahmat
- Master Graduate Program of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rahmat BPN, Octavianis G, Budiarto R, Jadid N, Widiastuti A, Matra DD, Ezura H, Mubarok S. SlIAA9 Mutation Maintains Photosynthetic Capabilities under Heat-Stress Conditions. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:378. [PMID: 36679090 PMCID: PMC9867002 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most widely consumed horticultural products. However, tomato is very sensitive to changes in temperature. Daily average temperatures above 32 °C severely reduced tomato plant growth, development, and productivity. Therefore, climate change-induced global warming is a major threat to future tomato production. Good photosynthetic capability under heat stress conditions is known to be a major sign of heat tolerance. Tomato INDOLE-ACETIC-ACID (SlIAA9) is a transcriptional repressor in auxin signaling. SlIAA9 mutation caused heightened endogenous auxin response and biosynthesis within plant tissues. In this study, we studied the photosynthetic capability of iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 mutants under heat-stress conditions. We discovered that both iaa9-3 and iaa9-5 could maintain their photosynthetic capability after 14 days of heat treatment (>40 °C), differing from Wild Type-Micro-Tom (WT-MT) tomato. Both iaa9 mutants had higher net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf total chlorophyll, leaf carotenoids, Fv/Fm value, and lower leaf MDA than WT-MT. These results suggested that the SlIAA9 mutation benefits plant adaptation to heat stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bayu Pradana Nur Rahmat
- Master Program of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Grace Octavianis
- Under Graduate Program of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Budiarto
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Jadid
- Department of Biology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Ani Widiastuti
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Deden Derajat Matra
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Syariful Mubarok
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krishna R, Ansari WA, Soumia PS, Yadav A, Jaiswal DK, Kumar S, Singh AK, Singh M, Verma JP. Biotechnological Interventions in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) for Drought Stress Tolerance: Achievements and Future Prospects. BioTech (Basel) 2022; 11:48. [PMID: 36278560 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tomato production is severely affected by abiotic stresses (drought, flood, heat, and salt) and causes approximately 70% loss in yield depending on severity and duration of the stress. Drought is the most destructive abiotic stress and tomato is very sensitive to the drought stress, as cultivated tomato lack novel gene(s) for drought stress tolerance. Only 20% of agricultural land worldwide is irrigated, and only 14.51% of that is well-irrigated, while the rest is rain fed. This scenario makes drought very frequent, which restricts the genetically predetermined yield. Primarily, drought disturbs tomato plant physiology by altering plant–water relation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Many wild tomato species have drought tolerance gene(s); however, their exploitation is very difficult because of high genetic distance and pre- and post-transcriptional barriers for embryo development. To overcome these issues, biotechnological methods, including transgenic technology and CRISPR-Cas, are used to enhance drought tolerance in tomato. Transgenic technology permitted the exploitation of non-host gene/s. On the other hand, CRISPR-Cas9 technology facilitated the editing of host tomato gene(s) for drought stress tolerance. The present review provides updated information on biotechnological intervention in tomato for drought stress management and sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
|
17
|
Jeckel AM, Beran F, Züst T, Younkin G, Petschenka G, Pokharel P, Dreisbach D, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Robert CAM. Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001032. [PMID: 36237530 PMCID: PMC9552321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Christine Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fonseca R, Capel C, Nieto-canseco R, Ortiz-atienza A, Bretones S, López-fábregas JD, Quevedo-colmena AS, Lebrón R, Barragán-lozano T, Villalobos-ramírez V, Yuste-lisbona FJ, Angosto T, Capel J, Lozano R. A Tomato EMS-Mutagenized Population Provides New Valuable Resources for Gene Discovery and Breeding of Developmental Traits. Plants 2022; 11:2453. [PMID: 36235319 PMCID: PMC9571841 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a major horticultural crop and a model species among eudicots, especially for traits related to reproductive development. Although considerable progress has been made since the tomato genome sequence project was completed, most of the genes identified remain predictions with an unknown or hypothetical function. This lack of functional characterization hampers the use of the huge amount of genomic information available to improve the quality and productivity of this crop. Reverse genetics strategies such as artificial mutagenesis and next-generation sequencing approaches build the perfect tandem for increasing knowledge on functional annotation of tomato genes. This work reports the phenotypic characterization of a tomato mutant collection generated from an EMS chemical mutagenesis program aimed to identify interesting agronomic mutants and novel gene functions. Tomato mutants were grouped into fourteen phenotypic classes, including vegetative and reproductive development traits, and the inheritance pattern of the identified mutations was studied. In addition, causal mutation of a selected mutant line was isolated through a mapping-by-sequencing approach as a proof of concept of this strategy’s successful implementation. Results support tomato mutagenesis as an essential tool for functional genomics in this fleshy-fruited model species and a highly valuable resource for future breeding programs of this crop species aimed at the development of more productive and resilient new varieties under challenging climatic and production scenarios.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hiwasa-Tanase K, Ohmura S, Kitazawa N, Ono A, Suzuki T, Ezura H. Improvement of recombinant miraculin production in transgenic tomato by crossbreeding-based genetic background modification. Transgenic Res 2022. [PMID: 35974134 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
An important optimization step in plant-based recombinant protein production systems is the selection of an appropriate cultivar after a potential host has been determined. Previously, we have shown that transgenic tomatoes of the variety 'Micro-Tom' accumulate incredibly high levels of miraculin (MIR) due to the introduction of MIR gene controlled by a CaMV35S promoter and a heat-shock protein terminator. However, 'Micro-Tom' is unsuitable for commercial production of MIR as it is a dwarf cultivar characterized by small-sized fruit and poor yield. Here, we used the crossbreeding approach to transfer the high MIR accumulation trait of transgenic 'Micro-Tom' tomatoes to 'Natsunokoma' and 'Aichi First', two commercial cultivars producing medium and large fruit sizes, respectively. Fruits of the resultant crossbred lines were larger (~ 95 times), but their miraculin accumulation levels (~ 1,062 μg/g fresh mass) were comparable to the donor cultivar, indicating that the high miraculin accumulation trait was preserved regardless of fruit size or cultivar. Further, the transferred trait resulted in a 3-4 fold increase in overall miraculin production than that of the previously reported line 5B. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of crossbreeding in improving MIR production in tomatoes and could pave the way for a more efficient production of recombinant proteins in other plants.
Collapse
|
20
|
Vitale E, Velikova V, Tsonev T, Costanzo G, Paradiso R, Arena C. Manipulation of light quality is an effective tool to regulate photosynthetic capacity and fruit antioxidant properties of Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. 'Microtom' in a controlled environment. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13677. [PMID: 35795173 PMCID: PMC9252183 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Light quality plays an essential role in setting plant structural and functional traits, including antioxidant compounds. This paper aimed to assess how manipulating the light spectrum during growth may regulate the photosynthetic activity and fruit bioactive compound synthesis in Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. 'Microtom' to improve plant physiological performance and fruit nutritional value. Plants were cultivated under three light quality regimes: red-green-blue LEDs (RGB), red-blue LEDs (RB) and white fluorescent lamps (FL), from sowing to fruit ripening. Leaf functional traits, photosynthetic efficiency, Rubisco and D1 protein expression, and antioxidant production in fruits were analyzed. Compared to FL, RGB and RB regimes reduced height and increased leaf number and specific leaf area, enhancing plant dwarf growth. The RGB regime improved photosynthesis and stomatal conductance despite lower biomass, favoring Rubisco synthesis and carboxylation rate than RB and FL regimes. The RB light produced plants with fewer flowers and fruits with a lower ascorbic acid amount but the highest polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity and SOD and CAT activities. Our data indicate that the high percentage of the green wavelength in the RGB regime promoted photosynthesis and reduced plant reproductive capacity compared to FL and RB. Conversely, the RB regime was the best in favoring the production of health-promoting compounds in tomato berries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsonko Tsonev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Giulia Costanzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Paradiso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,BAT Center-Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Z, Wu X, Liu H, Zhang M, Liao W. DNA methylation in tomato fruit ripening. Physiol Plant 2022; 174:e13627. [PMID: 35040145 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit, the most economical and nutritional value unique to flowering plants, is an important part of our daily diet. Previous studies have shown that fruit ripening is regulated by transcription factors and the plant hormone ethylene, but recent research has also shown that epigenetics also plays an essential role, especially DNA methylation. DNA methylation is the process of transferring -CH3 to the fifth carbon of cytosine residues under the action of methyltransferase to form 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). So far, most works have been focused on tomato. Tomato ripening is dynamically regulated by DNA methylation and demethylation, but the understanding of this mechanism is still in its infancy. The dysfunction of a DNA demethylase, DEMETER-like DNA demethylases 2 (DML2), prevents the ripening of tomato fruits, but immature fruits ripen prematurely under the action of DNA methylation inhibitors. Additionally, studies have shown that the relationship between fruit quality and DNA methylation is not linear, but the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here, we review the recent advances in the role of DNA methylation in tomato fruit ripening, the interaction of ripening transcription factors and DNA methylation, and its effects on quality. Then, a number of questions for future research of DNA methylation regulation in tomato fruit ripening is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuetong Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoshikawa K, Pham D, Ezura H, Schafleitner R, Nakashima K. Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Conferring Heat Stress Tolerance in Tomato Plants. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:786688. [PMID: 35003175 PMCID: PMC8739973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat to global food security. Changes in climate can directly impact food systems by reducing the production and genetic diversity of crops and their wild relatives, thereby restricting future options for breeding improved varieties and reducing the ability to adapt crops to future challenges. The global surface temperature is predicted to rise by an average of 0.3°C during the next decade, and the Paris Agreement (Paris Climate Accords) aims to limit global warming to below an average of 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels. Even if the goal of the Paris Agreement can be met, the predicted rise in temperatures will increase the likelihood of extreme weather events, including heatwaves, making heat stress (HS) a major global abiotic stress factor for many crops. HS can have adverse effects on plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry during all stages of vegetative and reproductive development. In fruiting vegetables, even moderate HS reduces fruit set and yields, and high temperatures may result in poor fruit quality. In this review, we emphasize the effects of abiotic stress, especially at high temperatures, on crop plants, such as tomatoes, touching upon key processes determining plant growth and yield. Specifically, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in HS tolerance and the challenges of developing heat-tolerant tomato varieties. Finally, we discuss a strategy for effectively improving the heat tolerance of vegetable crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hoshikawa
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Vegetable Diversity and Improvement, World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dung Pham
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Nakashima
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Petit J, Bres C, Reynoud N, Lahaye M, Marion D, Bakan B, Rothan C. Unraveling Cuticle Formation, Structure, and Properties by Using Tomato Genetic Diversity. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:778131. [PMID: 34912361 PMCID: PMC8667768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit has a thick, astomatous cuticle that has become a model for the study of cuticle formation, structure, and properties in plants. Tomato is also a major horticultural crop and a long-standing model for research in genetics, fruit development, and disease resistance. As a result, a wealth of genetic resources and genomic tools have been established, including collections of natural and artificially induced genetic diversity, introgression lines of genome fragments from wild relatives, high-quality genome sequences, phenotype and gene expression databases, and efficient methods for genetic transformation and editing of target genes. This mini-review reports the considerable progresses made in recent years in our understanding of cuticle by using and generating genetic diversity for cuticle-associated traits in tomato. These include the synthesis of the main cuticle components (cutin and waxes), their role in the structure and properties of the cuticle, their interaction with other cell wall polymers as well as the regulation of cuticle formation. It also addresses the opportunities offered by the untapped germplasm diversity available in tomato and the current strategies available to exploit them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoud
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang E, Wu X, Zheng Q, Han Y, Lin W, Liu Z, Lin W. SlPHL1, a MYB-CC transcription factor identified from tomato, positively regulates the phosphate starvation response. Physiol Plant 2021; 173:1063-1077. [PMID: 34263934 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency is a major limiting factor for plant growth and development. Previous reports have demonstrated that PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1 (PHR1) and OsPHR2 play central roles in Pi-starvation signaling in Arabidopsis and rice, respectively. However, the Pi-starvation signaling network in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is still not fully understood. In this work, SlPHL1, a homolog of AtPHR1 and OsPHR2, was identified from tomato. It was found that SlPHL1 contains the MYB and coiled-coil (CC) domains, localizes in the nucleus, and has transcriptional activity, indicating that it is a typical MYB-CC transcription factor (TF). Overexpression of SlPHL1 enhanced Pi-starvation responses both in Arabidopsis Col-0 and in tomato Micro-Tom, including elevated root hair growth, promoted APase activity, favored Pi uptake, and increased transcription of Pi starvation-inducing (PSI) genes. Besides, overexpressing SlPHL1 was able to compensate for the Pi-starvation response weakened by the AtPHR1 mutation. Notably, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that SlPHL1 could bind to the PHR1-binding sequence (P1BS, GNATATNC)-containing DNA fragments. Furthermore, SlPHL1 specifically interacted with the promoters of the tomato PSI genes SlPht1;2 and SlPht1;8 through the P1BS cis-elements. Taken these results together, SlPHL1 is a newly identified MYB-CC TF from tomato, which participates in Pi-starvation signaling by directly upregulating the PSI genes. These findings might contribute to the understanding of the Pi-starvation signaling in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Enhui Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Han
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjuan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province Universities, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lewis ER, Nogueira M, Enfissi EMA, Fraser PD. The esterification of xanthophylls in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) chromoplasts; the role of a non-specific acyltransferase. Phytochemistry 2021; 191:112912. [PMID: 34450419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The esterification of carotenoids has been associated with high-level accumulation, greater stability and potentially improved dietary bioavailability. Engineering the formation of ketocarotenoids into tomato fruit has resulted in the esterification of these non-endogenous metabolites. A genotype of tomato was created that contains; (i) the mutant pale yellow petal (pyp)1-1 allele, which is responsible for the absence of carotenoid esters in tomato flowers and (ii) the heterologous enzymes for ketocarotenoid formation. Analysis of the resulting progeny showed altered quantitative and qualitative differences in esterified carotenoids. For example, in ripe fruit tissues, in the presence of the pyp mutant allele, non-endogenous ketocarotenoid esters were absent while their free forms accumulated. These data demonstrate the involvement of the PYP gene product in the esterification of diverse xanthophylls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther R Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Marilise Nogueira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Eugenia M A Enfissi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nagata T, Lombardo F, Ezura H. Complementation of the tomato HWS gene with its Arabidopsis counterpart demonstrates conservation of the gene function between both species. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo) 2021; 38:387-390. [PMID: 34782827 PMCID: PMC8562581 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The HAWAIIAN SKIRT (HWS) gene was originally described in Arabidopsis for the characteristic fusion of sepals in the mutant. A tomato line mutated in the putative ortholog gene was isolated in a previous study. The tomato hws-1 mutant showed facultative parthenocarpy and produced fruits with elevated Brix, revealing the gene as a hopeful resource for crop improvement. To confirm the orthology relationship between the Arabidopsis and tomato HWS genes, the hws-1 mutant was complemented with either the tomato wild-type genomic fragment or the Arabidopsis sequence of the gene. In both complementation experiments, defective phenotypes of hws-1 are rescued, albeit to different extents. Recovery of these phenotypes, which include parthenocarpic fruit production, increased Brix, loss of leaflet serration, alteration of bud and petal shape, firmly establishes SlHWS as an ortholog of the originally described HWS in Arabidopsis. This work indicates that the function of HWS is likely to be conserved in a wide range of plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Nagata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Fabien Lombardo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vitale E, Vitale L, Costanzo G, Velikova V, Tsonev T, Simoniello P, De Micco V, Arena C. Light Spectral Composition Influences Structural and Eco-Physiological Traits of Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. 'Microtom' in Response to High-LET Ionizing Radiation. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:1752. [PMID: 34451797 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated if specific light quality (LQ) regimes (white fluorescent, FL; full-spectrum, FS; red-blue, RB) during plant growth modified morphological and photosynthetic traits of Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Microtom' plants irradiated at the dry seed stage with 25 Gy 48Ca ions (IR). The irradiation reduced plant size while it increased leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and relative water content (RWC) compared to the control. FS and RB light regimes determined a decrease of plant height and a rise of RWC compared to FL plants. The irradiation under FS and RB regimes favoured the development of dwarf plants and improved the leaf water status. Under the FL regime, irradiated plants showed reduced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The opposite behavior was observed in RB irradiated plants in which gas exchanges were significantly stimulated. RB regime enhanced Rubisco expression in irradiated plants also inducing anatomical and functional adjustments (i.e., increase of leaf thickness and incidence of intercellular spaces). Finally, 48Ca ions did not prevent fruit ripening and the achievement of the 'seed-to seed' cycle, irrespective of the LQ regime. Overall, the present study evidenced that RB light regime was the most effective in optimising growth and photosynthetic efficiency of 'Microtom' irradiated plants. These outcomes may help to develop proper cultivation protocols for the growth of dwarf tomato in Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS).
Collapse
|
28
|
Lombardo F, Gramazio P, Ezura H. Increase in Phloem Area in the Tomato hawaiian skirt Mutant Is Associated with Enhanced Sugar Transport. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060932. [PMID: 34207298 PMCID: PMC8234570 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HAWAIIAN SKIRT (HWS) gene has been described in Arabidopsis, rice, tomato and poplar where it seems to perform distinct functions with relatively little overlap. In tomato, alteration of the gene function confers facultative parthenocarpy, thought to be a consequence of changes in the microRNA metabolism. In the rice mutant, improvement in panicle architecture is associated with an increase in grain yield. Knowing that hws tomato fruits show a higher Brix level, it was suspected that vascular bundles might also be altered in this species, in a similar fashion to the rice phenotype. The pedicel structure of the hws-1 line was therefore examined under the microscope and sugar concentrations from phloem exudate were determined in an enzymatic assay. A distinct increase in the phloem area was observed as well as a higher sugar content in mutant phloem exudates, which is hypothesized to contribute to the high Brix level in the mutant fruits. Furthermore, the described phenotype in this study bridges the gap between Arabidopsis and rice phenotypes, suggesting that the modulation of the microRNA metabolism by HWS influences traits of agricultural interest across several species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lombardo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pietro Gramazio
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu G, Yu H, Yuan L, Li C, Ye J, Chen W, Wang Y, Ge P, Zhang J, Ye Z, Zhang Y. SlRCM1, which encodes tomato Lutescent1, is required for chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development in fruits. Hortic Res 2021; 8:128. [PMID: 34059638 PMCID: PMC8166902 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, chloroplasts are the sites at which photosynthesis occurs, and an increased abundance of chloroplasts increases the nutritional quality of plants and the resultant color of fruits. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development in tomato fruits remain unknown. In this study, we isolated a chlorophyll-deficient mutant, reduced chlorophyll mutant 1 (rcm1), by ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis; this mutant produced yellowish fruits with altered chloroplast development. MutMap revealed that Solyc08g005010 is the causal gene underlying the rcm1 mutant phenotype. A single-nucleotide base substitution in the second exon of SlRCM1 results in premature termination of its translated protein. SlRCM1 encodes a chloroplast-targeted metalloendopeptidase that is orthologous to the BCM1 protein of Arabidopsis and the stay-green G protein of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Notably, the yellowish phenotype of the lutescent1 mutant can be restored with the allele of SlRCM1 from wild-type tomato. In contrast, knockout of SlRCM1 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Alisa Craig yielded yellowish fruits at the mature green stage, as was the case for lutescent1. Amino acid sequence alignment and functional complementation assays showed that SlRCM1 is indeed Lutescent1. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of chloroplast development in tomato fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingfei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Emwas AHM, Al-Rifai N, Szczepski K, Alsuhaymi S, Rayyan S, Almahasheer H, Jaremko M, Brennan L, Lachowicz JI. You Are What You Eat: Application of Metabolomics Approaches to Advance Nutrition Research. Foods 2021; 10:1249. [PMID: 34072780 PMCID: PMC8229064 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy condition is defined by complex human metabolic pathways that only function properly when fully satisfied by nutritional inputs. Poor nutritional intakes are associated with a number of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and osteoporosis. In recent years, nutrition science has undergone an extraordinary transformation driven by the development of innovative software and analytical platforms. However, the complexity and variety of the chemical components present in different food types, and the diversity of interactions in the biochemical networks and biological systems, makes nutrition research a complicated field. Metabolomics science is an "-omic", joining proteomics, transcriptomics, and genomics in affording a global understanding of biological systems. In this review, we present the main metabolomics approaches, and highlight the applications and the potential for metabolomics approaches in advancing nutritional food research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Hamid M. Emwas
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nahla Al-Rifai
- Environmental Technology Management (2005-2012), College for Women, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
| | - Kacper Szczepski
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.); (S.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Shuruq Alsuhaymi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.); (S.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Saleh Rayyan
- Chemistry Department, Birzeit University, Birzeit 627, Palestine;
| | - Hanan Almahasheer
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam 31441-1982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.); (S.A.); (M.J.)
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, School of Agriculture & Food Science, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abe-Hara C, Yamada K, Wada N, Ueta R, Hashimoto R, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y. Effects of the sliaa9 Mutation on Shoot Elongation Growth of Tomato Cultivars. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:627832. [PMID: 34093603 PMCID: PMC8173035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.627832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tomato INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID9 (SlIAA9) is a transcriptional repressor in auxin signal transduction, and SlIAA9 knockout tomato plants develop parthenocarpic fruits without fertilization. We generated sliaa9 mutants with parthenocarpy in several commercial tomato cultivars (Moneymaker, Rio Grande, and Ailsa Craig) using CRISPR-Cas9, and null-segregant lines in the T1 generation were isolated by self-pollination, which was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. We then estimated shoot growth phenotypes of the mutant plants under different light (low and normal) conditions. The shoot length of sliaa9 plants in Moneymaker and Rio Grande was smaller than those of wild-type cultivars in low light conditions, whereas there was not clear difference between the mutant of Ailsa Craig and the wild-type under both light conditions. Furthermore, young seedlings in Rio Grande exhibited shade avoidance response in hypocotyl growth, in which the hypocotyl lengths were increased in low light conditions, and sliaa9 mutant seedlings of Ailsa Craig exhibited enhanced responses in this phenotype. Fruit production and growth rates were similar among the sliaa9 mutant tomato cultivars. These results suggest that control mechanisms involved in the interaction of AUX/IAA9 and lights condition in elongation growth differ among commercial tomato cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Abe-Hara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamada
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Risa Ueta
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hashimoto
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yan Z, Appiano M, van Tuinen A, Meijer-Dekens F, Schipper D, Gao D, Huibers R, Visser RGF, Bai Y, Wolters AMA. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Tomato mlo Mutant from an EMS Mutagenized Micro-Tom Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050719. [PMID: 34064921 PMCID: PMC8150974 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), there are at least three SlMLO (Mildew resistance Locus O) genes acting as susceptibility genes for the powdery mildew disease caused by Oidium neolycopersici, namely SlMLO1, SlMLO5 and SlMLO8. Of the three homologs, the SlMLO1 gene plays a major role since a natural mutant allele called ol-2 can almost completely prevent fungal penetration by formation of papillae. The ol-2 allele contains a 19-bp deletion in the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, resulting in a premature stop codon within the second cytoplasmic loop of the predicted protein. In this study, we have developed a new genetic resource (M200) in the tomato cv. Micro-Tom genetic background by means of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The mutant M200 containing a novel allele (the m200 allele) of the tomato SlMLO1 gene showed profound resistance against powdery mildew with no fungal sporulation. Compared to the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, the m200 allele carries a point mutation at T65A. The SNP results in a premature stop codon L22* located in the first transmembrane domain of the complete SlMLO1 protein. The length of the predicted protein is 21 amino acids, while the SlMLO1 full-length protein is 513 amino acids. A high-resolution melting (HRM) marker was developed to distinguish the mutated m200 allele from the SlMLO1 allele in backcross populations. The mutant allele conferred recessive resistance that was associated with papillae formation at fungal penetration sites of plant epidermal cells. A comprehensive list of known mlo mutations found in natural and artificial mutants is presented, which serves as a particularly valuable resource for powdery mildew resistance breeding.
Collapse
|
33
|
Yuan S, Kawasaki S, Abdellatif IMY, Nishida K, Kondo A, Ariizumi T, Ezura H, Miura K. Efficient base editing in tomato using a highly expressed transient system. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:667-676. [PMID: 33550455 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Base editing in tomatoes was achieved by transient expression. The Solanaceae plants, particularly the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), is of huge economic value worldwide. The tomato is a unique model plant for studying the functions of genes related to fruit ripening. Deeper understanding of tomatoes is of great importance for both plant research and the economy. Genome editing technology, such as CRISPR/Cas9, has been used for functional genetic research. However, some challenges, such as low transformation efficiency, remain with this technology. Moreover, the foreign Cas9 and gRNA expression cassettes must be removed to obtain null-segregants In this study, we used a high-level transient expression system to improve the base editing technology. A high-level transient expression system has been established previously using geminiviral replication and a double terminator. The pBYR2HS vector was used for this transient expression system. nCas9-CDA and sgRNA-SlHWS were introduced into this vector, and the protein and RNA were then transiently expressed in tomato tissues by agroinfiltration. The homozygous mutant produced by base editing was obtained in the next generation with an efficiency of about 18%. nCas9-free next-generation plants were 71%. All the homozygous base-edited plants in next generation are nCas9-free. These findings show that the high-level transient expression system is useful for base editing in tomatoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoze Yuan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Islam M Y Abdellatif
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Keiji Nishida
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ono A, Hiwasa-Tanase K, Nonaka S, Ezura H. The accumulation of recombinant miraculin is independent of fruit size in tomato. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo) 2021; 38:161-165. [PMID: 34177337 PMCID: PMC8215467 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The taste-modifying protein miraculin (MIR) has received increasing interest as a new low-calorie sweetener. In our previous study using the tomato variety 'Micro-Tom,' it was shown that in transgenic tomatoes in which MIR was expressed by using the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (p35S) and a heat shock protein terminator (tHSP) cassette (p35S-MIR-tHSP), higher levels of miraculin accumulated than when MIR was driven by the nopaline synthase terminator (tNOS) cassette (p35S-MIR-tNOS). 'Micro-Tom' is a dwarf tomato used for research and shows a low yield. To achieve high productivity of MIR, it is essential to improve the MIR accumulation potential by using high-yielding cultivars. In this study, we evaluate whether the high MIR accumulation trait mediated by the tHSP appears even when fruit size increases. A line in which the p35S-MIR-tHSP cassette was introduced into a high-yielding variety was bred by backcrossing. The line homozygous for MIR showed higher accumulation of MIR than the heterozygous line. Despite large differences in fruit size, the MIR level in the backcross line was similar to that in the p35S-MIR-tHSP line (background 'Micro-Tom'). It was approximately 3.1 times and 4.0 times higher than those in miracle fruits and the p35S-MIR-tNOS tomato line 5B ('Moneymaker' background, which exhibits the highest miraculin productivity achieved thus far), respectively. These results demonstrate that the high MIR accumulation trait mediated by the tHSP appears even when fruit size is increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Ono
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hiwasa-Tanase
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yan W, Deng XW, Yang C, Tang X. The Genome-Wide EMS Mutagenesis Bias Correlates With Sequence Context and Chromatin Structure in Rice. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:579675. [PMID: 33841451 PMCID: PMC8025102 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.579675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a chemical mutagen believed to mainly induce G/C to A/T transitions randomly in plant genomes. However, mutant screening for phenotypes often gets multiple alleles for one gene but no mutant for other genes. We investigated the potential EMS mutagenesis bias and the possible correlations with sequence context and chromatin structure using the whole genome resequencing data collected from 52 rice EMS mutants. We defined the EMS-induced single nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs) and explored the genomic factors associated with EMS mutagenesis bias. Compared with natural SNPs presented in the Rice3K project, EMS showed a preference on G/C sites with flanking sequences also higher in GC contents. The composition of local dinucleotides and trinucleotides was also associated with the efficiency of EMS mutagenesis. The biased distribution of EMS-induced SNPs was positively correlated with CpG numbers, transposable element contents, and repressive epigenetic markers but negatively with gene expression, the euchromatin marker DNase I hypersensitive sites, and active epigenetic markers, suggesting that sequence context and chromatin structure might correlate with the efficiency of EMS mutagenesis. Exploring the genome-wide features of EMS mutagenesis and correlations with epigenetic modifications will help in the understanding of DNA repair mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jo YD, Kang HS, Choi HI, Kim JB. Genotype-by-Sequencing Analysis of Mutations and Recombination in Pepper Progeny of Gamma-Irradiated Gametophytes. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:144. [PMID: 33445585 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation of dry seeds is the most widely-used irradiation method for improving seed-propagated crops; however, the irradiation of other tissues also has useful effects. The irradiation of plant reproductive organs, rather than seeds, for mutation breeding has advantages, such as producing non-chimeric progeny. However, the mutation frequency and spectrum produced using this method have not been analyzed on a genome-wide level. We performed a genotype-by-sequencing analysis to determine the frequencies of single-base substitutions and small (1–2 bp) insertions and deletions in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants derived from crosses using gamma-irradiated female or male gametophytes. The progeny of irradiated gametophytes showed similar or higher DNA mutation frequencies, which were dependent on the irradiation dose and irradiated tissue, and less biased single base substitutions than progeny of irradiated seeds. These characteristics were expected to be beneficial for development of mutation population with a high frequency of small DNA mutations and performing reverse-genetics-based mutation screening. We also examined the possible use of this irradiation method in manipulating the meiotic recombination frequency; however, no statistically significant increase was detected. Our results provide useful information for further research and breeding using irradiated gametophytes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Salava H, Thula S, Mohan V, Kumar R, Maghuly F. Application of Genome Editing in Tomato Breeding: Mechanisms, Advances, and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E682. [PMID: 33445555 PMCID: PMC7827871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly face the changing climatic conditions that cause biotic and abiotic stress responses. The abiotic stresses are the primary constraints affecting crop yield and nutritional quality in many crop plants. The advances in genome sequencing and high-throughput approaches have enabled the researchers to use genome editing tools for the functional characterization of many genes useful for crop improvement. The present review focuses on the genome editing tools for improving many traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality, and nutritional aspects of tomato. Many candidate genes conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, drought, and salinity stress have been successfully manipulated by gene modification and editing techniques such as RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9). In this regard, the genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, which is a fast and efficient technology that can be exploited to explore the genetic resources for the improvement of tomato and other crop plants in terms of stress tolerance and nutritional quality. The review presents examples of gene editing responsible for conferring both biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato simultaneously. The literature on using this powerful technology to improve fruit quality, yield, and nutritional aspects in tomato is highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges of genome editing, public and political acceptance in tomato are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hymavathi Salava
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Sravankumar Thula
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500064, India;
| | - Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Yang L, Qi S, Touqeer A, Li H, Zhang X, Liu X, Wu S. SlGT11 controls floral organ patterning and floral determinacy in tomato. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:562. [PMID: 33317459 PMCID: PMC7734826 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower development directly affects fruit production in tomato. Despite the framework mediated by ABC genes have been established in Arabidopsis, the spatiotemporal precision of floral development in tomato has not been well examined. RESULTS Here, we analyzed a novel tomato stamenless like flower (slf) mutant in which the development of stamens and carpels is disturbed, with carpelloid structure formed in the third whorl and ectopic formation of floral and shoot apical meristem in the fourth whorl. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we assigned the causal mutation to the gene Solanum lycopersicum GT11 (SlGT11) that encodes a transcription factor belonging to Trihelix gene family. SlGT11 is expressed in the early stages of the flower and the expression becomes more specific to the primordium position corresponding to stamens and carpels in later stages of the floral development. Further RNAi silencing of SlGT11 verifies the defective phenotypes of the slf mutant. The carpelloid stamen in slf mutant indicates that SlGT11 is required for B-function activity in the third whorl. The failed termination of floral meristem and the occurrence of floral reversion in slf indicate that part of the C-function requires SlGT11 activity in the fourth whorl. Furthermore, we find that at higher temperature, the defects of slf mutant are substantially enhanced, with petals transformed into sepals, all stamens disappeared, and the frequency of ectopic shoot/floral meristem in fourth whorl increased, indicating that SlGT11 functions in the development of the three inner floral whorls. Consistent with the observed phenotypes, it was found that B, C and an E-type MADS-box genes were in part down regulated in slf mutants. CONCLUSIONS Together with the spatiotemporal expression pattern, we suggest that SlGT11 functions in floral organ patterning and maintenance of floral determinacy in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liling Yang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shilian Qi
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Arfa Touqeer
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Alaguero-Cordovilla A, Gran-Gómez FJ, Jadczak P, Mhimdi M, Ibáñez S, Bres C, Just D, Rothan C, Pérez-Pérez JM. A quick protocol for the identification and characterization of early growth mutants in tomato. Plant Sci 2020; 301:110673. [PMID: 33218638 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) manipulation may improve water and nutrient capture by plants under normal and extreme climate conditions. With the aim of initiating the genetic dissection of RSA in tomato, we established a defined ontology that allowed the curated annotation of the observed phenotypes on 12 traits at four consecutive growth stages. In addition, we established a quick approach for the molecular identification of the mutations associated with the trait-of-interest by using a whole-genome sequencing approach that does not require the building of an additional mapping population. As a proof-of-concept, we screened 4543 seedlings from 300 tomato M3 lines (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom) generated by chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. We studied the growth and early development of both the root system (primary and lateral roots) and the aerial part of the seedlings as well as the wound-induced adventitious roots emerging from the hypocotyl. We identified 659 individuals (belonging to 203 M3 lines) whose early seedling and RSA phenotypes differed from those of their reference background. We confirmed the genetic segregation of the mutant phenotypes affecting primary root length, seedling viability and early RSA in 31 M4 families derived from 15 M3 lines selected in our screen. Finally, we identified a missense mutation in the SlCESA3 gene causing a seedling-lethal phenotype with short roots. Our results validated the experimental approach used for the identification of tomato mutants during early growth, which will allow the molecular identification of the genes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Jadczak
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mariem Mhimdi
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE and University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Daniel Just
- INRAE and University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Christophe Rothan
- INRAE and University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wu J, Cheng J, Xu C, Qi S, Sun W, Wu S. AUREA maintains the balance between chlorophyll synthesis and adventitious root formation in tomato. Hortic Res 2020; 7:166. [PMID: 33082972 PMCID: PMC7527990 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flooding tolerance is an important trait for tomato breeding. In this study, we obtained a recessive mutant exhibiting highly enhanced submergence resistance. Phenotypical analyses showed that this resistant to flooding (rf) mutant displays slightly chlorotic leaves and spontaneous initiation of adventitious roots (ARs) on stems. The mutation was mapped to the phytochromobilin synthase gene AUREA (AU), in which a single amino acid substitution from asparagine to tyrosine occurred. In addition to the classic function of AU in phytochrome and chlorophyll biogenesis in leaves, we uncovered its novel role in mediating AR formation on stems. We further observed temporal coincidence of the two phenotypes in the rf mutant: chlorosis and spontaneous AR formation and revealed that AU functions by maintaining heme homeostasis. Interestingly, our grafting results suggest that heme might play roles in AR initiation via long-distance transport from leaves to stems. Our results present genetic evidence for the involvement of the AU-heme oxygenase-1-heme pathway in AR initiation in tomato. As fruit production and yield in the rf mutant are minimally impacted, the mutation identified in this study may provide a target for biotechnological renovation of tomato germplasm in future breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Chunmiao Xu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Shilian Qi
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Wenru Sun
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 35002 Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hoffmann J, Berni R, Hausman JF, Guerriero G. A Review on the Beneficial Role of Silicon against Salinity in Non-Accumulator Crops: Tomato as a Model. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1284. [PMID: 32906642 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is an abiotic stress that affects agriculture by severely impacting crop growth and, consequently, final yield. Considering that sea levels rise at an alarming rate of >3 mm per year, it is clear that salt stress constitutes a top-ranking threat to agriculture. Among the economically important crops that are sensitive to high salinity is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), a cultivar that is more affected by salt stress than its wild counterparts. A strong body of evidence in the literature has proven the beneficial role of the quasi-essential metalloid silicon (Si), which increases the vigor and protects plants against (a)biotic stresses. This protection is realized by precipitating in the cell walls as opaline silica that constitutes a mechanical barrier to the entry of phytopathogens. With respect to Si accumulation, tomato is classified as a non-accumulator (an excluder), similarly to other members of the nightshade family, such as tobacco. Despite the low capacity of accumulating Si, when supplied to tomato plants, the metalloid improves growth under (a)biotic stress conditions, e.g., by enhancing the yield of fruits or by improving vegetative growth through the modulation of physiological parameters. In light of the benefits of Si in crop protection, the available literature data on the effects of this metalloid in mitigating salt stress in tomato are reviewed with a perspective on its use as a biostimulant, boosting the production of fruits as well as their post-harvest stability.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gramazio P, Takayama M, Ezura H. Challenges and Prospects of New Plant Breeding Techniques for GABA Improvement in Crops: Tomato as an Example. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:577980. [PMID: 33014001 PMCID: PMC7500313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.577980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last seven decades, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has attracted great attention from scientists for its ubiquity in plants, animals and microorganisms and for its physiological implications as a signaling molecule involved in multiple pathways and processes. Recently, the food and pharmaceutical industries have also shown significantly increased interest in GABA, because of its great potential benefits for human health and the consumer demand for health-promoting functional compounds, resulting in the release of a plethora of GABA-enriched products. Nevertheless, many crop species accumulate appreciable GABA levels in their edible parts and could help to meet the daily recommended intake of GABA for promoting positive health effects. Therefore, plant breeders are devoting much effort into breeding elite varieties with improved GABA contents. In this regard, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the most produced and consumed vegetable worldwide and a fruit-bearing model crop, has received much consideration for its accumulation of remarkable GABA levels. Although many different strategies have been implemented, from classical crossbreeding to induced mutagenesis, new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) have achieved the best GABA accumulation results in red ripe tomato fruits along with shedding light on GABA metabolism and gene functions. In this review, we summarize, analyze and compare all the studies that have substantially contributed to tomato GABA breeding with further discussion and proposals regarding the most recent NPBTs that could bring this process to the next level of precision and efficiency. This document also provides guidelines with which researchers of other crops might take advantage of the progress achieved in tomato for more efficient GABA breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gramazio
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mariko Takayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim JS, Ezura K, Lee J, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. The inhibition of SlIAA9 mimics an increase in endogenous auxin and mediates changes in auxin and gibberellin signalling during parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato. J Plant Physiol 2020; 252:153238. [PMID: 32707453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Parthenocarpic fruit formation can be achieved through the inhibition of SlIAA9, a negative regulator of auxin signalling in tomato plant. During early fruit development under SlIAA9 inhibition, cell division and cell expansion were observed. Bioactive gibberellin (GA) accumulated, but indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and trans-zeatin did not accumulate substantially. Furthermore, under SlIAA9 inhibition, auxin-responsive genes such as SlIAA2, -3, and -14 were upregulated, and SlARF7 was downregulated. These results indicate that SlIAA9 inhibition mimics an increase in auxin. The auxin biosynthesis genes SlTAR1, ToFZY, and ToFZY5 were stimulated by an increase in auxin and by auxin mimicking under SlIAA9 inhibition. However, SlTAR2 and ToFZY2 were upregulated only by pollination followed by high IAA accumulation. These results suggest that SlTAR2 and ToFZY2 play an important role in IAA synthesis in growing ovaries. GA synthesis was also activated by SlIAA9 inhibition through both the early-13-hydroxylation (for GA1 synthesis) and non-13-hydroxylation (GA4) pathways, indicating that fruit set caused by SlIAA9 inhibition was partially mediated by the GA pathway. SlIAA9 inhibition induced the expression of GA inactivation genes as well as GA biosynthesis genes except SlCPS during early parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato. This result suggests that inactivation genes play a role in fine-tuning the regulation of bioactive GA accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seong Kim
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Department of Environmental Horticulture, The University of Seoul, Seoulsiripdae‑ro 163, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑743, South Korea
| | - Kentaro Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Jeongeun Lee
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Department of Environmental Horticulture, The University of Seoul, Seoulsiripdae‑ro 163, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 130‑743, South Korea
| | - Mikkiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Komatsu H, Abdellatif IMY, Yuan S, Ono M, Nonaka S, Ezura H, Ariizumi T, Miura K. Genome editing in PDS genes of tomatoes by non-selection method and of Nicotiana benthamiana by one single guide RNA to edit two orthologs. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo) 2020; 37:213-221. [PMID: 32821229 PMCID: PMC7434671 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is widely used for targeted mutagenesis in many organisms including plants. For application of this system, tissue culture methods need to be established. In this study, detailed methods for introduction of mutations in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants using the CRISPR/Cas9 system are described. The methods include tissue culture protocols for tomato and N. benthamiana. We also demonstrate the methodology to generate Cas9-free genome edited tomato plants and use of one single guide RNA (sgRNA) to edit two orthologs in N. benthamiana. The examples of editing the PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) genes in these plants are also provided. The Cas9-free tomato line was obtained when tomato plants were cultured on a non-selective medium after transformation with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two orthologs of PDS in N. benthamiana were mutated using a sgRNA, because these orthologs contain the same nucleotide sequences with PAM motif. These mutations were inherited to the next generation. The mutations in the PDS genes resulted in an albino phenotype in tomato and N. benthamiana plants. These results demonstrate that the non-selective method is one of the ways to obtain Cas9-free genome editing in tomato plants and that the two orthologs can be edited by one sgRNA in N. benthamiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Islam M. Y. Abdellatif
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shaoze Yuan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Misaki Ono
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-29-853-4710
| | - Kenji Miura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-29-853-6401
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sun S, Wang X, Wang K, Cui X. Dissection of complex traits of tomato in the post-genome era. Theor Appl Genet 2020; 133:1763-1776. [PMID: 31745578 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the main advances of dissection of complex traits in tomato by omics, the genes identified to control complex traits and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in tomato breeding. Complex traits are believed to be under the control of multiple genes, each with different effects and interaction with environmental factors. Advance development of sequencing and molecular technologies has enabled the recognition of the genomic structure of most organisms and the identification of a nearly limitless number of markers that have made it to accelerate the speed of QTL identification and gene cloning. Meanwhile, multiomics have been used to identify the genetic variations among different tomato species, determine the expression profiles of genes in different tissues and at distinct developmental stages, and detect metabolites in different pathways and processes. The combination of these data facilitates to reveal mechanism underlying complex traits. Moreover, mutants generated by mutagens and genome editing provide relatively rich genetic variation for deciphering the complex traits and exploiting them in tomato breeding. In this article, we present the main advances of complex trait dissection in tomato by omics since the release of the tomato genome sequence in 2012. We provide further insight into some tomato complex traits because of the causal genetic variations discovered so far and explore the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 for the modification of tomato complex traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Krispil R, Tannenbaum M, Sarusi-Portuguez A, Loza O, Raskina O, Hakim O. The Position and Complex Genomic Architecture of Plant T-DNA Insertions Revealed by 4SEE. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2373. [PMID: 32235482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of T-DNA in plant genomes is widely used for basic research and agriculture. The high heterogeneity in the number of integration events per genome, their configuration, and their impact on genome integrity highlight the critical need to detect the genomic locations of T-DNA insertions and their associated chromosomal rearrangements, and the great challenge in doing so. Here, we present 4SEE, a circular chromosome conformation capture (4C)-based method for robust, rapid, and cost-efficient detection of the entire scope of T-DNA locations. Moreover, by measuring the chromosomal architecture of the plant genome flanking the T-DNA insertions, 4SEE outlines their associated complex chromosomal aberrations. Applying 4SEE to a collection of confirmed T-DNA lines revealed previously unmapped T-DNA insertions and chromosomal rearrangements such as inversions and translocations. Uncovering such events in a feasible, robust, and cost-effective manner by 4SEE in any plant of interest has implications for accurate annotation and phenotypic characterization of T-DNA insertion mutants and transgene expression in basic science applications as well as for plant biotechnology.
Collapse
|
48
|
Siddique MI, Back S, Lee JH, Jo J, Jang S, Han K, Venkatesh J, Kwon JK, Jo YD, Kang BC. Development and Characterization of an Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) Induced Mutant Population in Capsicum annuum L. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E396. [PMID: 32210121 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant breeding explores genetic diversity in useful traits to develop new, high-yielding, and improved cultivars. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is a chemical widely used to induce mutations at loci that regulate economically essential traits. Additionally, it can knock out genes, facilitating efforts to elucidate gene functions through the analysis of mutant phenotypes. Here, we developed a mutant population using the small and pungent ornamental Capsicum annuum pepper “Micro-Pep”. This accession is particularly suitable for mutation studies and molecular research due to its compact growth habit and small size. We treated 9500 seeds with 1.3% EMS and harvested 3996 M2 lines. We then selected 1300 (32.5%) independent M2 families and evaluated their phenotypes over four years. The mutants displayed phenotypic variations in plant growth, habit, leaf color and shape, and flower and fruit morphology. An experiment to optimize Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) in pepper detected nine EMS-induced mutations in the eIF4E gene. The M2 families developed here exhibited broad phenotypic variation and should be valuable genetic resources for functional gene analysis in pepper molecular breeding programs using reverse genetics tools, including TILLING.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are epidermal outgrowths that are the site of biosynthesis and storage of large quantities of specialized metabolites. Besides their role in the protection of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses, they have attracted interest owing to the importance of the compounds they produce for human use; for example, as pharmaceuticals, flavor and fragrance ingredients, or pesticides. Here, we review what novel concepts investigations on glandular trichomes have brought to the field of specialized metabolism, particularly with respect to chemical and enzymatic diversity. Furthermore, the next challenges in the field are understanding the metabolic network underlying the high productivity of glandular trichomes and the transport and storage of metabolites. Another emerging area is the development of glandular trichomes. Studies in some model species, essentially tomato, tobacco, and Artemisia, are now providing the first molecular clues, but many open questions remain: How is the distribution and density of different trichome types on the leaf surface controlled? When is the decision for an epidermal cell to differentiate into one type of trichome or another taken? Recent advances in gene editing make it now possible to address these questions and promise exciting discoveries in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schuurink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Green Life Science Research Cluster, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 1210, 1000 BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yano R, Hoshikawa K, Okabe Y, Wang N, Dung PT, Imriani PS, Shiba H, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Multiplex exome sequencing reveals genome-wide frequency and distribution of mutations in the 'Micro-Tom' Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) mutant library. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo) 2019; 36:223-231. [PMID: 31983876 PMCID: PMC6978505 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0830a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While the 'Micro-Tom' TILLING mutant library is used for a wide range of purposes, including both basic research of gene function and breeding of commercial cultivars, genome-wide distribution and frequency of mutations have not yet been thoroughly elucidated on a population scale. In this study, we developed a 96-plex exome sequencing method to identify and analyze mutations within the TILLING mutants that were developed in the University of Tsukuba. First, an Illumina paired-end sequencing coupled with 96-plex exome capture resulted in the acquisition of an exome sequence dataset with an average read count of 5.6 million for the 95 mutants. Over 98% of the capture target region could be covered by the short reads with an averaged read depth of 12.8, which enabled us to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms and Indels in a genome-wide manner. By subtracting intra-cultivar DNA variations that are present between wild-type 'Micro-Tom' lines, we identified 241,391 mutation candidates in 95 mutant individuals. Of these, 64,319 and 6,480 mutations were expected to cause protein amino acid substitutions or premature stop codon, respectively. Based on the exome mutation dataset, a mutant line designated 'TOMJPW601' was found to carry a premature stop codon mutation (W261*) in a putative auxin influx carrier gene SlLAX1 (Solyc09G014380), consistent with our previous report of its curly leaf phenotype. Our results suggested that a population-scale mutation database developed by multiplexed exome sequencing could be used for in silico mutant screening, which in turn could contribute to both gene function research and breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Yano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Advanced Analysis Center, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Okabe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ning Wang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Pham Thi Dung
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Pulungan Sri Imriani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiba
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center (T-PIRC), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|