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Park EH, Kao HY, Jourdi H, van Dijk MT, Carrillo-Segura S, Tunnell KW, Gutierrez J, Wallace EJ, Troy-Regier M, Radwan B, Lesburguères E, Alarcon JM, Fenton AA. Phencyclidine Disrupts Neural Coordination and Cognitive Control by Dysregulating Translation. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2024; 4:252-263. [PMID: 38298788 PMCID: PMC10829677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Phencyclidine (PCP) causes psychosis, is abused with increasing frequency, and was extensively used in antipsychotic drug discovery. PCP discoordinates hippocampal ensemble action potential discharge and impairs cognitive control in rats, but how this uncompetitive NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist impairs cognition remains unknown. Methods The effects of PCP were investigated on hippocampal CA1 ensemble action potential discharge in vivo in urethane-anesthetized rats and during awake behavior in mice, on synaptic responses in ex vivo mouse hippocampus slices, in mice on a hippocampus-dependent active place avoidance task that requires cognitive control, and on activating the molecular machinery of translation in acute hippocampus slices. Mechanistic causality was assessed by comparing the PCP effects with the effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5), and subunit-selective NMDARs. Results Consistent with ionotropic actions, PCP discoordinated CA1 ensemble action potential discharge. PCP caused hyperactivity and impaired active place avoidance, despite the rodents having learned the task before PCP administration. Consistent with metabotropic actions, PCP exaggerated protein synthesis-dependent DHPG-induced mGluR1/5-stimulated long-term synaptic depression. Pretreatment with anisomycin or the mGluR1/5 antagonist MPEP, both of which repress translation, prevented PCP-induced discoordination and the cognitive and sensorimotor impairments. PCP as well as the NR2A-containing NMDAR antagonist NVP-AAM077 unbalanced translation that engages the Akt, mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), and 4EBP1 translation machinery and increased protein synthesis, whereas the NR2B-containing antagonist Ro25-6981 did not. Conclusions PCP dysregulates translation, acting through NR2A-containing NMDAR subtypes, recruiting mGluR1/5 signaling pathways, and leading to neural discoordination that is central to the cognitive and sensorimotor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Park
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hsin-Yi Kao
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hussam Jourdi
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Milenna T. van Dijk
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Simón Carrillo-Segura
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
- Graduate Program in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York
| | - Kayla W. Tunnell
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | | | - Emma J. Wallace
- Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Matthew Troy-Regier
- Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Basma Radwan
- Graduate Program in Neural Science, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | | | - Juan Marcos Alarcon
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - André A. Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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Mao CV, Araujo MFP, Nishimaru H, Matsumoto J, Tran AH, Hori E, Ono T, Nishijo H. Pregenual Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Involvement in Spontaneous Social Interactions in Primates-Evidence from Behavioral, Pharmacological, Neuropsychiatric, and Neurophysiological Findings. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:34. [PMID: 28203143 PMCID: PMC5285368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in different aspects of cognition and decision making, including social cognition. Several studies suggest that this region is actually formed by sub-regions concerned with distinct cognitive functions. The ACC is usually divided in its rostro-caudal axis, with the caudal ACC playing a major role in processing own actions, and the rostral ACC being related to social cognition. Recently, it has been suggested that the ACC can also be functionally divided in its dorso-ventral axis into ACC gyrus (ACCg) and ACC sulcus (ACCs), with the ACCg having a central role in processing social information. In this context, we propose that the pregenual ACCg might be especially important for engaging in social interactions. We discuss previous findings that support this hypothesis and present evidence suggesting that the activity of pregenual ACCg neurons is modulated during spontaneous social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Van Mao
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Mariana F P Araujo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan; Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont InstituteMacaiba, Brazil
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Ahn Hai Tran
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama Toyama, Japan
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Yamaguchi Y, Lee YA, Kato A, Goto Y. The Roles of Dopamine D1 Receptor on the Social Hierarchy of Rodents and Nonhuman Primates. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 20:324-335. [PMID: 27927739 PMCID: PMC5409125 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dopamine has been suggested to play a role in mediating social behaviors of individual animals, it is not clear whether such dopamine signaling contributes to attributes of social groups such as social hierarchy. METHODS In this study, the effects of the pharmacological manipulation of dopamine D1 receptor function on the social hierarchy and behavior of group-housed mice and macaques were investigated using a battery of behavioral tests. RESULTS D1 receptor blockade facilitated social dominance in mice at the middle, but not high or low, social rank in the groups without altering social preference among mates. In contrast, the administration of a D1 receptor antagonist in a macaque did not affect social dominance of the drug-treated animal; however, relative social dominance relationships between the drug-treated and nontreated subjects were altered indirectly through alterations of social affiliative relationships within the social group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dopamine D1 receptor signaling may be involved in social hierarchy and social relationships within a group, which may differ between rodents and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Yamaguchi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeounbuk, South Korea
| | - Akemi Kato
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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4
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with persistent psychosocial disability in affected individuals. Although studies of schizophrenia have traditionally focused on deficits in higher-order processes such as working memory and executive function, there is an increasing realization that, in this disorder, deficits can be found throughout the cortex and are manifest even at the level of early sensory processing. These deficits are highly amenable to translational investigation and represent potential novel targets for clinical intervention. Deficits, moreover, have been linked to specific structural abnormalities in post-mortem auditory cortex tissue from individuals with schizophrenia, providing unique insights into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 21, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Research Office Building (151R), University Drive C, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA
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5
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Yamaguchi Y, Lee YA, Goto Y. Dopamine in socioecological and evolutionary perspectives: implications for psychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:219. [PMID: 26136653 PMCID: PMC4468839 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission in brain areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) plays important roles in cognitive and affective function. As such, DA deficits have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accumulating evidence suggests that DA is also involved in social behavior of animals and humans. Although most animals organize and live in social groups, how the DA system functions in such social groups of animals, and its dysfunction causes compromises in the groups has remained less understood. Here we propose that alterations of DA signaling and associated genetic variants and behavioral phenotypes, which have been normally considered as “deficits” in investigation at an individual level, may not necessarily yield disadvantages, but even work advantageously, depending on social contexts in groups. This hypothesis could provide a novel insight into our understanding of the biological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders, and a potential explanation that disadvantageous phenotypes associated with DA deficits in psychiatric disorders have remained in humans through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Yamaguchi
- Section of Cognition and Learning, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Japan
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu Gyeongsan-Si, Korea
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Section of Cognition and Learning, Department of Cognitive Science, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Inuyama, Japan
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6
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Martin MV, Mirnics K, Nisenbaum LK, Vawter MP. Olanzapine Reversed Brain Gene Expression Changes Induced by Phencyclidine Treatment in Non-Human Primates. Mol Neuropsychiatry 2015; 1:82-93. [PMID: 26405684 DOI: 10.1159/000430786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) creates schizophrenia-like symptoms in normal controls. The effect of PCP on non-human primate brain gene expression was examined and compared to changes induced by olanzapine treatment. Experimental studies of PCP and antipsychotic drugs have direct relevance to understanding the patho-physiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Genome-wide changes in prefrontal cortex gene expression revealed alterations of 146 transcripts in the PCP treatment group compared to vehicle controls. Dysregulated genes were enriched in identified classes implicated in neurological and genetic disorders, including schizophrenia genes from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 108 loci as well as cell death in PCP-treated primates. Canonical pathway analysis revealed a significant overrepresentation of several groups including synaptic long-term potentiation and calcium signaling. Olanzapine coadministered with PCP normalized 34% of the 146 PCP-induced probe set expression changes, and a network of 17 olanzapine-normalized genes was identified enriched in schizophrenia candidate genes containing RGS4, SYN1 and AKT as nodes. The results of this study support the use of PCP administration in non-human primates as a glutamatergic model of schizophrenia and suggest that a large number of PCP-induced expression differences can be reversed by olanzapine. The results of this study may be informative for identification of potential candidates for pharmacogenetics and biomarker research related to the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen V Martin
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Laura K Nisenbaum
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, Calif
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder with positive, negative and cognitive symptom domains. Approximately one third of patients are resistant to currently available medication. New therapeutic targets and a better understanding of the basic biological processes that drive pathogenesis are needed in order to develop therapies that will improve quality of life for these patients. Several drugs that act on neurotransmitter systems in the brain have been suggested to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals and in man. In this paper, we selectively review findings from dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, cannabinoid, GABA, cholinergic and kappa opioid pharmacological drug models to evaluate their similarity to schizophrenia. Understanding the interactions between these different neurotransmitter systems and their relationship with symptoms will be an important step towards building a coherent hypothesis for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Steeds
- Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - James M Stone
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK, Imperial College London, Division of Brain Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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8
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Wang M, Yang Y, Wang CJ, Gamo NJ, Jin LE, Mazer JA, Morrison JH, Wang XJ, Arnsten AF. NMDA receptors subserve persistent neuronal firing during working memory in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron 2013; 77:736-49. [PMID: 23439125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) generate persistent firing in the absence of sensory stimulation, the foundation of mental representation. Persistent firing arises from recurrent excitation within a network of pyramidal Delay cells. Here, we examined glutamate receptor influences underlying persistent firing in primate dlPFC during a spatial working memory task. Computational models predicted dependence on NMDA receptor (NMDAR) NR2B stimulation, and Delay cell persistent firing was abolished by local NR2B NMDAR blockade or by systemic ketamine administration. AMPA receptors (AMPARs) contributed background depolarization to sustain network firing. In contrast, many Response cells were sensitive to AMPAR blockade and increased firing after systemic ketamine, indicating that models of ketamine actions should be refined to reflect neuronal heterogeneity. The reliance of Delay cells on NMDAR may explain why insults to NMDARs in schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease profoundly impair cognition.
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Petrovszki Z, Adam G, Tuboly G, Kekesi G, Benedek G, Keri S, Horvath G. Characterization of gene–environment interactions by behavioral profiling of selectively bred rats: The effect of NMDA receptor inhibition and social isolation. Behav Brain Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder without adequate current treatment. Recent theories of schizophrenia focus on disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission particularly at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. NMDA receptors are regulated in vivo by the amino acids glycine and D-serine. Glycine levels, in turn, are regulated by glycine type I (GlyT1) transporters, which serve to maintain low subsaturating glycine levels in the vicinity of the NMDA receptor. A proposed approach to treatment of schizophrenia, therefore, is inhibition of GlyT1-mediated transport. Over the past decade, several well tolerated, high affinity GlyT1 inhibitors have been developed and shown to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in animal models relevant to schizophrenia. In addition, clinical trials have been conducted with sarcosine (N-methylglycine), a naturally occurring GlyT1 inhibitor, and with the high affinity compound RG1678. Although definitive trials remain ongoing, encouraging results to date have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Columbia University, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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11
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Schmidt A, Diaconescu AO, Kometer M, Friston KJ, Stephan KE, Vollenweider FX. Modeling ketamine effects on synaptic plasticity during the mismatch negativity. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2394-406. [PMID: 22875863 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a model-based investigation of mechanisms underlying the reduction of mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitudes under the NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine. We applied dynamic causal modeling and Bayesian model selection to data from a recent ketamine study of the roving MMN paradigm, using a cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Our modeling was guided by a predictive coding framework that unifies contemporary "adaptation" and "model adjustment" MMN theories. Comparing a series of dynamic causal models that allowed for different expressions of neuronal adaptation and synaptic plasticity, we obtained 3 major results: 1) We replicated previous results that both adaptation and short-term plasticity are necessary to explain MMN generation per se; 2) we found significant ketamine effects on synaptic plasticity, but not adaptation, and a selective ketamine effect on the forward connection from left primary auditory cortex to superior temporal gyrus; 3) this model-based estimate of ketamine effects on synaptic plasticity correlated significantly with ratings of ketamine-induced impairments in cognition and control. Our modeling approach thus suggests a concrete mechanism for ketamine effects on MMN that correlates with drug-induced psychopathology. More generally, this demonstrates the potential of modeling for inferring on synaptic physiology, and its pharmacological modulation, from electroencephalography data.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmidt
- University Hospital of Psychiatry, Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging
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12
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Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction or dysregulation: the final common pathway on the road to schizophrenia? Brain Res Bull 2010; 83:108-21. [PMID: 20417696 PMCID: PMC2941541 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder associated with a characteristic constellation of symptoms and neurocognitive deficits. At present, etiological mechanisms remain relatively unknown, although multiple points of convergence have been identified over recent years. One of the primary convergence points is dysfunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDAR)-type glutamate receptors. Antagonists of NMDAR produce a clinical syndrome that closely resembles, and uniquely incorporates negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, along with the specific pattern of neurocognitive dysfunction seen in schizophrenia. Genetic polymorphisms involving NMDAR subunits, particularly the GRIN2B subunit have been described. In addition, polymorphisms have been described in modulatory systems involving the NMDAR, including the enzymes serine racemase and d-amino acid oxidase/G72 that regulate brain d-serine synthesis. Reductions in plasma and brain glycine, d-serine and glutathione levels have been described as well, providing potential mechanisms underlying NMDAR dysfunction. Unique characteristics of the NMDAR are described that may explain the characteristic pattern of symptoms and neurocognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. Finally, the NMDAR complex represents a convergence point for potential new treatment approaches in schizophrenia aimed at correcting underlying abnormalities in synthesis and regulation of allosteric modulators, as well as more general potentiation of pre- and post-synaptic glutamatergic and NMDAR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Kantrowitz
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research/New York University School of Medicine, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
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Balla A, Nattini ME, Sershen H, Lajtha A, Dunlop DS, Javitt DC. GABAB/NMDA receptor interaction in the regulation of extracellular dopamine levels in rodent prefrontal cortex and striatum. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:915-21. [PMID: 19371582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated neurotransmission may underlie dopaminergic hyperactivity in schizophrenia. Dysregulation of the GABAergic system has also been implicated. In this study we investigated a role for GABA(B) receptors as an intermediate step in the pathway leading from NMDAR stimulation to DA regulation. Since glycine (GLY) has been found to ameliorate treatment resistant negative symptoms in schizophrenia, we treated a group of rats with 16% GLY food for 2 weeks. DA levels in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum (STR) were assessed by dual-probe microdialysis and HPLC-EC in freely moving rats. Infusion of the GABA(B) receptor agonists SKF97541 and baclofen into PFC and STR significantly reduced basal DA, an effect that was reversed by the antagonist, CGP52432. In PFC, GABA(B) agonists also reduced AMPH-induced DA release following treatment with either 1 or 5 mg/kg AMPH. Similar effects were seen following subchronic glycine treatment in the absence, but not presence of CGP52432 during 5 mg/kg AMPH treatment. In STR SKF97541 decreased only the 1 mg/kg AMPH-induced DA release. Subchronic GLY treatment in STR leads to a significant reduction in basal DA levels, but did not affect AMPH (5 mg/kg)-induced release. Our findings support a model in which NMDA/glycine-site agonists modulate DA release in part through presynaptic GABA(B) receptors on DA terminals, with both GABA(B) ligands and GLY significantly modulating AMPH-induced DA release. Both sites, therefore, may represent appropriate targets for drug development in schizophrenia and substance abuse disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balla
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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15
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Newman JL, Perry JL, Carroll ME. Social stimuli enhance phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:280-8. [PMID: 17560636 PMCID: PMC2856333 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors, including social interaction, can alter the effects of drugs of abuse on behavior. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of social stimuli on oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Ten adult rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) were housed side by side in modular cages that could be configured to provide visual, auditory, and olfactory stimuli provided by another monkey located in the other side of a paired unit. During the first experiment, monkeys self-administered PCP (0.25 mg/ml) and water under concurrent fixed ratio (FR) 16 schedules of reinforcement with either a solid or a grid (social) partition separating each pair of monkeys. In the second experiment, a PCP concentration-response relationship was determined under concurrent progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement during both the solid and grid partition conditions. Under the concurrent FR 16 schedules, PCP and water self-administration were significantly higher during exposure to a cage mate through a grid partition than when a solid partition separated the monkeys. The relative reinforcing strength of PCP, as measured by PR break points, was greater during the grid partition condition compared to the solid partition condition indicated by an upward shift in the concentration-response curve. To determine whether the social stimuli provided by another monkey led to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which may have evoked the increase of PCP self-administration during the grid partition condition, a third experiment was conducted to examine cortisol levels under the two housing conditions. A modest, but nonsignificant increase in cortisol levels was found upon switching from the solid to the grid partition condition. The results suggest that social stimulation among monkeys in adjoining cages leads to enhanced reinforcing strength of PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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16
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Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as ketamine and phencyclidine, induce perceptual abnormalities, psychosis-like symptoms, and mood changes in healthy humans and patients with schizophrenia. The similarity between NMDA receptor antagonist-induced psychosis and schizophrenia has led to the widespread use of the drugs to provide models to aid the development of novel treatments for the disorder. This review investigates the predictive validity of NMDA receptor antagonist models based on a range of novel treatments that have now reached clinical trials. Furthermore, it considers the extent to which the different hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the psychotomimetic effects of NMDA receptor antagonist have been validated by the results of these trials. Finally, the review discusses some of the caveats associated with use of the models and some suggestions as to how a greater use of translational markers might ensure progress in understanding the relationship between the models and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Large
- Psychiatry CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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17
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Linn GS, O'Keeffe RT, Lifshitz K, Schroeder C, Javitt DC. Behavioral effects of orally administered glycine in socially housed monkeys chronically treated with phencyclidine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 192:27-38. [PMID: 17393142 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder. Dissociative anesthetics such as phencyclidine (PCP) produce a syndrome in humans that is clinically indistinguishable from schizophrenia by blocking neurotransmission at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. NMDA receptors in brain are modulated by the amino acid glycine (GLY), which reverses neurochemical and behavioral effects of PCP in rodents. The present study investigates GLY effects on PCP-induced behavior in primates. OBJECTIVES In primates, PCP induces characteristic behavioral symptoms that can be used to model positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This study investigated the effects of GLY treatment in ten socially housed monkeys receiving chronically infused PCP. METHODS Ten monkeys received escalating then stable doses of continuously infused PCP through a series of subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. During a segment of the highest PCP dose period, monkeys were concurrently treated with glycine (2 g kg(-1) day(-1) bid p.o.). Behavioral observations were recorded during baseline and treatment periods. RESULTS Chronic PCP treatment was associated with a progressive decrease in stereotyped pacing and a progressive increase in scanning behavior. Eight of ten animals had one or more episodes of extreme motoric and physiological responses precipitated by stressful events. GLY treatment significantly reversed the effects of PCP on stereotyped pacing but had no effect on scanning. CONCLUSIONS The results support GLY treatment as beneficial for negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Although further validation is needed, the results also indicate that chronic PCP in primates may be an appropriate model system for development of drugs targeting positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Linn
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Castner SA, Williams GV. Tuning the engine of cognition: A focus on NMDA/D1 receptor interactions in prefrontal cortex. Brain Cogn 2007; 63:94-122. [PMID: 17204357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex of the primate frontal lobes provides the capacity for judgment which can constantly adapt behavior in order to optimize its outcome. Adjudicating between long-term memory programs and prepotent responses, this capacity reviews all incoming information and provides an interpretation dependent on the events that have just occurred, the events that are predicted to happen, and the alternative response strategies that are available in the given situation. It has been theorized that this function requires two essential integrated components, a central executive which guides selective attention based on mechanisms of associative memory, as well as the second component, working memory buffers, in which information is held online, abstracted, and translated on a mental sketchpad of work in progress. In this review, we critically outline the evidence that the integration of these processes and, in particular, the induction and maintenance of persistent activity in prefrontal cortex and related networks, is dependent upon the interaction of dopamine D1 and glutamate NMDA receptor signaling at critical nodes within local circuits and distributed networks. We argue that this interaction is not only essential for representational memory, but also core to mechanisms of neuroadaptation and learning. Understanding its functional significance promises to reveal major new insights into prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and, hence, to target a new generation of drugs designed to ameliorate the debilitating working memory deficits in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Castner
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects up to 1% of the population worldwide. As of yet, neurochemical mechanisms underlying schizophrenia remain unknown. To date, the most widely considered neurochemical hypothesis of schizophrenia is the dopamine hypothesis, which postulates that symptoms of schizophrenia may result from excess dopaminergic neurotransmission particularly in striatal brain regions, along with dopaminergic deficits in prefrontal brain regions. Alternative neurochemical models of schizophrenia, however, have been proposed involving glutamatergic mechanisms in general and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in particular. A potential role for glutamatergic mechanisms in schizophrenia was first proposed approximately 15 years ago based on the observation that the psychotomimetic agents phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine induce psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive disturbances similar to those of schizophrenia by blocking neurotransmission at NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Since that time, significant additional evidence has accumulated supporting a role for NMDA hypofunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Clinical challenge studies with PCP and ketamine have confirmed the close resemblance between NMDA antagonist-induced symptoms and neurocognitive deficits and those observed in schizophrenia, and suggest that NMDA dysfunction may lead to secondary dopaminergic dysregulation in striatal and prefrontal brain regions. As compared to dopaminergic agents, NMDA antagonists induce negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, as well as positive symptoms. Treatment studies with NMDA modulators, such as glycine, d-serine, and glycine transport inhibitors (GTIs), have yielded encouraging findings, although results remain controversial. Finally, genetic linkage and in vivo neurochemical studies in schizophrenia highlight potential etiological mechanisms giving rise to glutamatergic/NMDA dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric, Research, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
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Abstract
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. Glutamatergic neurotransmission may be modulated at multiple levels, only a minority of which are currently being exploited for pharmaceutical development. Ionotropic receptors for glutamate are divided into N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and AMPA receptor subtypes. NMDAR have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The glycine modulatory site of the NMDAR is currently a favored therapeutic target, with several modulatory agents currently undergoing clinical development. Of these, the full agonists glycine and D-serine have both shown to induce significant, large effect size reductions in persistent negative and cognitive symptoms when added to traditional or newer atypical antipsychotics in double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. Glycine (GLYT1) and small neutral amino-acid (SNAT) transporters, which regulate glycine levels, represent additional targets for drug development, and may represent a site of action of clozapine. Brain transporters for D-serine have recently been described. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are positively (Group I) or negatively (Groups II and III) coupled to glutamatergic neurotransmission. Metabotropic modulators are currently under preclinical development for neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, depression and anxiety disorders. Other conditions for which glutamate modulators may prove effective include stroke, epilepsy, Alzheimer disease and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Javitt
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research/New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Abstract
Brain imaging studies have suggested that the NMDA antagonist ketamine is as potent a releaser of striatal dopamine as amphetamine. This conclusion contradicts microdialysis findings in the rodent that NMDA antagonists, in contrast to amphetamine, have little or no effect on striatal dopamine release. The present study addressed two mechanisms that could account for this discrepancy: 1) whether there is a species difference, i.e., rodents vs. primates, in the responsivity of striatal dopamine to NMDA antagonists, and 2) whether rapid uptake of dopamine prevents reliable measures of synaptic dopamine release by microdialysis in response to NMDA antagonists. MRI-directed in vivo microdialysis was used to compare the effects of psychotomimetic NMDA antagonists phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, and amphetamine on extracellular striatal dopamine levels in awake rhesus monkeys. The effect of PCP was also investigated in the presence of intrastriatally applied nomifensine, a dopamine uptake blocker. Amphetamine (0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg) produced robust and dose-dependent increases in dopamine release ranging 2-10-fold above baseline. PCP at 0.1 mg/kg had no effect and at 0.3 mg/kg produced a small 50% increase over baseline. Ketamine, at the relatively high dose of 5 mg/kg, produced only a 30% increase in dopamine release. Intrastriatal application of nomifensine did not influence the effect of PCP, suggesting that rapid uptake of dopamine is not preventing the detection of a PCP-induced increase in dopamine release. These findings suggest that in the primate, ketamine and PCP are not effective dopamine releasers, as has been suggested by previous imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara W Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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Abstract
Persistent negative symptoms are a major cause of chronic disability in schizophrenia. The primary management approach for negative symptoms is use of atypical antipsychotics. Among atypical antipsychotics, clozapine produces the most robust reductions in negative symptoms. Lesser degrees of reduction are observed with risperidone and olanzapine. However, it remains unclear whether these agents treat core negative symptoms of schizophrenia, or simply induce less secondary psychopathology. A second approach for treatment of persistent negative symptoms is the use of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-stimulating agents, such as glycine, D-serine, or D-cycloserine. Significant benefit of these agents has been observed in combination with both conventional and newer atypical antipsychotics. Whether or not these agents are effective in combination with clozapine remains an open question, and large scale multicenter clinical trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Javitt
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex is a measure of sensorimotor gating which occurs in both rodents and humans. PPI is deficient in severe neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. We investigated PPI in 10 adult monkeys (Cebus apella). Stimuli were 115 dB white noise startle pulses, either alone or preceded by 120 ms with a prepulse of either 8 or 16 dB above the 70 dB background noise. Experiments included a pretreatment baseline session and a session following treatment with either phencyclidine (PCP, 0.12 mg/kg, i.m.) or saline. Comparison of peak amplitudes indicated a significant intensity-dependent decrease in startle response that was similar to that observed in humans under similar experimental conditions. PCP treatment significantly disrupted PPI, but did not reduce responses to startle pulses alone. These results provide the first demonstration of PPI in monkeys. The ability of PCP to induce schizophrenia-like deficits in PPI suggests that PPI in nonhuman primates may provide an important animal model for the development of novel anti-schizophrenia medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Linn
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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