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Oliveira-Filho AB, Frade PCR, Fonseca RRDS, Sawada L, Martins LC, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, de Lemos JAR, Fischer B, Kupek E. Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889948. [PMID: 35722295 PMCID: PMC9205188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) can be transmitted between humans by mechanisms associated with horizontal and vertical routes. Recently, high prevalence rates and levels of genetic diversity for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected among people who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) in the Brazilian state of Pará. None of the PWUDs with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 were aware of their carrier condition of the retrovirus, and they ability to spread it to their family group, sexual partners, and other contacts. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in families of PWUDs in the state of Pará, in Northern Brazil. This descriptive study used convenience sampling and accessed 37 PWUDs and their respective families (n = 97) in 18 municipalities in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. All participants provided personal data and were tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. HTLV positive samples were selected for Nested-PCR, and viral genotyping by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infections were detected in 15 families of PWUDs: 27 family members of PWUDs were infected with HTLV-1 (27.8%) and another 20 of them with HTLV-2 (20.6%). Subtypes 1a [subgroup A (54.5%)], 2b (20.5%), and 2c (25.0%) were detected. High horizontal (76.9%) and vertical (61.4%) transmission rates of HTLV were ascertained. Factors that facilitate the acquisition and transmission of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were reported by the participants, such as long-term relationships, unprotected sex, breastfeeding, and lack of knowledge about the condition of being a carrier of the retrovirus. Evidence indicates intrafamilial transmission of HTLV from PWUDs to members of their respective families. Key interventions should urgently be employed for the control and prevention of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 to reduce the spread of this retrovirus in PWUDs and the general population in Northern Brazil and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho,
| | | | | | - Leila Sawada
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Brito WRDS, Cardoso-Costa GDL, Roland Junior LM, Pereira KAS, Lopes FT, Dos Santos BC, de Lima ACR, Abreu IN, Lima CNC, Lima SS, Cayres Vallinoto IMV, Dos Santos EJM, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. Prevalence and Risk Factors for HTLV-1/2 Infection in Quilombo Remnant Communities Living in the Brazilian Amazon. Front Public Health 2022; 10:871865. [PMID: 35433598 PMCID: PMC9005874 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.871865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are retroviruses that originated on the African continent and dispersed throughout other continents through human migratory flows. This study describes the prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection in residents of 11 quilombo remnant communities in the state of Pará, Brazil, and the associated risk factors. A total of 859 individuals (334 men and 525 women), aged between 7 and 91 years, participated in the study. All subjects answered a questionnaire with questions on sociodemographic characteristics and on risk factors associated with HTLV infection, and blood samples were collected and separated into plasma and leukocytes. An immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I+II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK) was used as a screening test, and positive samples were subjected to line immunoassay confirmatory tests (Inno-LIA HTLV I/II Score FUJIREBIO) and DNA extraction for subsequent real-time PCR to differentiate the viral type. Four of the 859 individuals were seropositive for HTLV. HTLV-1 infection was confirmed in one individual from the Itamoari community (0.92%), and HTLV-2 infection was confirmed in two individuals from São Benedito (3.17%) and in one individual from Arimandeua (2.22%). Blood transfusion was the only risk factor associated with HTLV infection in this study. This study reports the occurrence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in quilombo remnant communities in the state of Pará. Considering the African origin of the virus and its introduction into Brazil from the slave trade, the continued evaluation of quilombola communities in the state of Pará is essential to better characterize the distribution of infections in these populations and to create public health policies for the control of the spread of the virus and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandrey Roberto Dos Santos Brito
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Greice de Lemos Cardoso-Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Lourival Marques Roland Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Keise Adrielle Santos Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Cecy Rocha de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carlos Neandro Cordeiro Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Izaura M Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José Melo Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratory of Genetics of Complex Diseases, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Abreu IN, Lopes FT, Lima CNC, Barbosa ADN, de Oliveira LR, Fujishima MA, Freitas FB, dos Santos MB, de Lima VN, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Castelo-Branco S, da Silva HP, Vallinoto ACR. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infection Among Warao Indigenous Refugees in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for Public Health in Times of Increasing Migration. Front Public Health 2022; 10:833169. [PMID: 35223744 PMCID: PMC8873572 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.833169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection is endemic in indigenous populations of the Americas. We describe herein the prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection among Warao indigenous refugees from Venezuela living in Belém, Pará, Brazil. METHODS In total, 101 individuals of both sexes (43 men and 58 women) between 18 and 77 years of age were investigated. Blood samples were collected and separated into plasma and leukocytes. Serological screening was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I+II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK), and seropositive samples were submitted to proviral DNA extraction followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A nested PCR of the env region (630 bp) followed by enzymatic digestion with XhoI was performed to identify the molecular subtype of HTLV-2, in addition to sequencing analysis of the 5'LTR-I and 5'-LTR-II regions. RESULTS Of the 101 individuals analyzed, 3 (3.0%) were seropositive. Molecular analysis of the pol and tax genes confirmed the HTLV-1 infection in a 55-year-old woman and HTLV-2 infection in a man (68 years old) and a woman (23 years old). HTLV-2 strains were defined by enzymatic digestion as belonging to the HTLV-2b subtype. The sequencing of the 5'LTR regions confirmed the presence of subtype 2b and identified HTLV-1 as belonging to subtype 1A (Cosmopolitan) and the Transcontinental subgroup. Among the infected patients, it was possible to conduct medical interviews with two individuals after delivery of the result. One patient with HTLV-2 reported symptoms such as joint pain, foot swelling, frequent headache, dizziness and lower back pain. The HTLV-1-positive woman was diagnosed with a tumor, dementia, urinary incontinence, felt body pain, and had spots on her body. The presence of the HTLV-2b subtype highlights the prevalence of this molecular variant among indigenous South Americans, as well as the presence of HTLV-1 Transcontinental, which has a worldwide distribution. CONCLUSION These results reveal a high prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among Warao immigrants, suggesting migratory flow as a virus spread mechanism among human populations and alert public authorities to the need to create epidemiological surveillance programs, public social and health policies aimed at welcoming immigrants in the Brazilian territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mayumi Aragão Fujishima
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Mike Barbosa dos Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Socorro Castelo-Branco
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Hilton P. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Ambiente e Sociedade na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Chabay P, Lens D, Hassan R, Rodríguez Pinilla SM, Valvert Gamboa F, Rivera I, Huamán Garaicoa F, Ranuncolo SM, Barrionuevo C, Morales Sánchez A, Scholl V, De Matteo E, Preciado MV, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2166. [PMID: 32759793 PMCID: PMC7464376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Daniela Lens
- Flow Cytometry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Departamento Básico de Medicina, Hospital de Clínicas/Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, National Cancer Institute “José Alencar Gomes da Silva” (INCA), Ministry of Health, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
| | | | - Fabiola Valvert Gamboa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and National League against Cancer, 01011 Guatemala City, Guatemala;
| | - Iris Rivera
- Department of Hematology, Salvadoran Institute of Social Security, Medical Surgical and Oncological Hospital (ISSS), 1101 San Salvador, El Salvador;
| | - Fuad Huamán Garaicoa
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute—Society to Fight Cancer (ION-SOLCA), Santiago de Guayaquil Catholic University, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador;
| | - Stella Maris Ranuncolo
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Oncology “Angel H. Roffo” School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1417DTB Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Carlos Barrionuevo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, National University of San Marcos, 15038 Lima, Peru;
| | - Abigail Morales Sánchez
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Vanesa Scholl
- Department of Integrated Genomic Medicine, Conciencia-Oncohematologic Institute of Patagonia, 8300 Neuquén, Argentina;
| | - Elena De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ma. Victoria Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.C.); (E.D.M.); (M.V.P.)
| | - Ezequiel M. Fuentes-Pananá
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, 06720 Mexico City, Mexico;
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Braço ILJ, de Sá KSG, Waqasi M, Queiroz MAF, da Silva ANR, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Lima SS, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) infection in villages of the Xikrin tribe (Kayapo), Brazilian Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:459. [PMID: 31117977 PMCID: PMC6532245 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that the human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) is endemic in several indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon and molecular analyses have shown the exclusive presence of HTLV-2 subtype 2c among the indigenous groups of this geographical region. Methods The present study characterizes the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe, in the Kayapo group, according to their distribution by sex and age. The study included 263 samples from individuals from the Kateté, Djujeko and Oodjã villages. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Seropositive samples were confirmed using real-time PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Results The serological and molecular results confirmed the sole presence of HTLV-2 in 77 (29%) samples, with a prevalence of 38% among women and 18% among men. In these communities, it was found that the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection increased with age. Nucleotide sequences (642 bp, 5’LTR) from eight samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by the neighbor-joining method to determine the viral subtype, which confirmed the presence of HTLV-2c. Conclusions The results of the present study establish the presence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe and confirm the high endemicity of the infection in the Kayapo indigenous group of the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Luís Jocene Braço
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
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Paiva A, Casseb J. Origin and prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) among indigenous populations in the Americas. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:1-13. [PMID: 25651320 PMCID: PMC4325517 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples
of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely
distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more
prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered
ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection
drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one
origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering
Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese
immigration from the early 20th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought
by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the
indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in
the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the
African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these
epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces
the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the
recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Paiva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Hospital Universitário, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Menna-Barreto M, Bender AL, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB, Salzano FM, Tsuneto LT, Petzl-Erler ML. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II in Guaraní Indians, Southern Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2006; 21:1947-51. [PMID: 16410882 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2005000600045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) is found in many New World Indian groups on the American continent. In Brazil, HTLV-II has been found among urban residents and Indians in the Amazon region, in the North. Guaraní Indians in the South of Brazil were studied for HTLV-I/II infection. Among 52 individuals, three (5.76%) showed positive anti-HTLV-II antibodies (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot). This preliminary report is the first seroepidemiological study showing HTLV-II infection among Indians in the South of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Menna-Barreto
- Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.
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Hurtado AM, Lambourne CA, James P, Hill K, Cheman K, Baca K. HUMAN RIGHTS, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG SOUTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS GROUPS. Annu Rev Anthropol 2005. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the efforts of international health agencies to reduce global health inequalities, indigenous populations around the world remain largely unaffected by such initiatives. This chapter reviews the biomedical literature indexed by the PubMed database published between 1963 and 2003 on South American indigenous populations, a total of 1864 studies that include 63,563 study participants. Some language family groupings are better represented than are others, and lowland groups are better represented than are highland groups. Very few studies focus on major health threats (e.g., tuberculosis, influenza), public health interventions, or mestizo-indigenous epidemiological comparisons. The prevalence rates of three frequently studied infections—parasitism, human T-cell lymphotropic viral infection (HTLV), and hepatitis—are extraordinarily high, but these facts have been overlooked by national and international health agencies. This review underscores the urgent need for interventions based on known disease prevalence rates to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Magdalena Hurtado
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Carol A. Lambourne
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Paul James
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Kim Hill
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
| | - Karen Cheman
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Keely Baca
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131;, , , ,
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Vona G, Falchi A, Moral P, Calò CM, Varesi L. Mitochondrial sequence variation in the Guahibo Amerindian population from Venezuela. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005; 127:361-9. [PMID: 15558610 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New data were obtained on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Guahibo from Venezuela, a group so far not studied using molecular data. A population sample (n = 59) was analyzed for mtDNA variation in two control-region hypervariable segments (HV1 and HV2) by sequencing. The presence or absence of a 9-bp polymorphism in the COII/tRNA(Lys) region was studied by direct amplification and electrophoretic identification. Thirty-eight variable sites were detected in regions HV1 and HV2, defining 26 mtDNA lineages; 23.7% of these were present in a single individual. The 9-bp deletion was found in 3.39% of individuals. Nucleotide and haplotype diversities were relatively high compared with other New World populations. The identified sequence haplotypes were classified into four major haplogroups (A-D) according to previous studies, with high frequencies for A (47.46%) and C (49.15%), low frequency for B (3.39%), and an absence of D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vona
- Department of Experimental Biology, Section of Anthropological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
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Carneiro-proietti ABF, Catalan-soares B, Proietti FA; GIPH (Interdisciplinary HTLV-I/II Research Group). Human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I/II) in South America: Should it be a public health concern? J Biomed Sci 2002; 9:587-95. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02254986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Four communities from Guahibo of Venezuela were analyzed for the genetic variants of nine erythrocyte enzymes and five serum proteins. Of the 14 loci determined, four were monomorphic. Significant frequency differentiation among communities, was present for ESD and TF markers. In general, Guahibo allele frequencies are in the variation ranges described for South American groups. The analysis indicates a relatively higher affinity of Guahibos with other Venezuelan groups within an irregular pattern of genetic distances that are likely related to the complex demographic history of the South American groups. Genetic diversity estimates reveal a moderate degree of genetic structure between the four Guahibo communities. This intra-tribal variability in Guahibo appears to be lower than in Venezuelan Piaroa but higher than in other Amerindians and could be attributed to a combined effect of low population size and relative isolation of communities. At a continental level, the distribution of genetic diversity is consistent with preferential population movements along the eastern and western coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moral
- Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Department de Biologia Animal, Spain.
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Biglione M, Vidan O, Mahieux R, de Colombo M, de los Angeles de Basualdo M, Bonnet M, Pankow G, De Efron MA, Zorrilla A, Tekaia F, Murphy E, de Thé G, Gessain A. Seroepidemiological and molecular studies of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II, subtype b, in isolated groups of Mataco and Toba Indians of northern Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:407-17. [PMID: 10195750 DOI: 10.1089/088922299311150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied plasma samples from 2082 Mataco Indians living in 22 different communities in the western part of Formosa Province, northern Argentina. Samples were screened for HTLV-I/II antibodies by particle agglutination assay. All positive or borderline samples were then tested by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on C19 HTLV-II-producing cells. Western blot was used for confirmation of all IFA-positive plasma samples. The crude HTLV-II seroprevalence was 3.0% (62 of 2051), and 0.9% (5 of 588) in children less than 10 years old. The latter result suggests ongoing mother-to-child transmission, probably by breast feeding. There was a marked increase in HTLV-II seroprevalence with age (0.9%, 0-10 years; 1.6%, 11-20 years; 4.4%, 21-30 years; 3.4%, 31-40 years; 7.2%, 41-50 years; 5.7%, >50 years) in both male (p = 0.002) and female subjects (p = 0.00002). None of the 80 non-Indian inhabitants tested was HTLV-I/II seropositive. In a second study, among 105 Toba Indians from a village (Primavera) of the eastern part of this region, 23 were HTLV-II seropositive with a seroprevalence of 59% in those more than 40 years old. From seven of the Indians from Primavera, three others from neighboring regions (including two Tobas and one Pilaga), and one intravenous drug user (IVDU) from Rosario, DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the gp21 transmembrane-encoding gene (590 bp) was amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. LTR sequences were also obtained from the Pilaga, the IVDU, and one Toba. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Indians were all infected with closely related HTLV-II molecular strains belonging to the b subtype, while the IVDU was infected with an HTLV-II subtype a variant. Such data help to make a phylogenetic atlas of HTLV-II among Amerindian tribes and are crucial to gain new insights into the origin and modes of dissemination of this human retrovirus in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biglione
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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de Cabral MB, Vera ME, Samudio M, Arias AR, Cabello A, Moreno R, Zapiola I, Bouzas MB, Muchinik G. HTLV-I/II antibodies among three different Indian groups from Paraguay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 19:548-9. [PMID: 9859972 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199812150-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Castro de Batänjer E, Echeverría de Pérez G. Seroprevalencia de HTLV-I/II en hombres gays y trabajadoras sexuales de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821998000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sabida la importante seroprevalencia en la Isla de Margarita para el HIV-1 nos propusimos conocer la seroprevalencia de HTLV-I/II en muestras de grupos epidemiologicamente importantes en su transmisión. El estudio se desarrolló con 141 trabajadoras sexuales y 40 hombres gays entre 1994 y 1997. Nuestros resultados permitieron establecer infección por HTLV-I en un hombre. Este es el primer reporte conocido sobre pesquisa epidemiológica de la infección por HTLV-I/II en la Isla de Margarita.
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Leon-Ponte M, Echeverria de Perez G, Bianco N, Hengst J, Dube S, Love J, Poiesz BJ. Endemic infection with HTLV-IIB in Venezuelan Indians: molecular characterization. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 17:458-64. [PMID: 9562049 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199804150-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral blood of 41 Yaruro and Guahibo Indians from Venezuela was examined for HTLV antibodies and DNA. Twenty-five samples (61%) were found to be infected with HTLV-IIB. The sensitivities of the serologic and DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were 80% and 96%, respectively. Epidemiologic studies supported both sexual and perinatal transmission of the virus. Sequence analyses of the HTLV-IIB strains from these Indians indicate that they are unique relative to HTLV-II detected in other groups of humans. HTLV-IIB-G2 isolated from a Guahibo Indian is the most divergent HTLV-IIB strain relative to the prototype HTLV-II NRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leon-Ponte
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas
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