1
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Wittstock G, Bäumer M, Dononelli W, Klüner T, Lührs L, Mahr C, Moskaleva LV, Oezaslan M, Risse T, Rosenauer A, Staubitz A, Weissmüller J, Wittstock A. Nanoporous Gold: From Structure Evolution to Functional Properties in Catalysis and Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6716-6792. [PMID: 37133401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanometer-sized metallic struts and interconnected pores formed spontaneously by oxidative dissolution of the less noble element from gold alloys. The resulting material exhibits decent catalytic activity for low-temperature, aerobic total as well as partial oxidation reactions, the oxidative coupling of methanol to methyl formate being the prototypical example. This review not only provides a critical discussion of ways to tune the morphology and composition of this material and its implication for catalysis and electrocatalysis, but will also exemplarily review the current mechanistic understanding of the partial oxidation of methanol using information from quantum chemical studies, model studies on single-crystal surfaces, gas phase catalysis, aerobic liquid phase oxidation, and electrocatalysis. In this respect, a particular focus will be on mechanistic aspects not well understood, yet. Apart from the mechanistic aspects of catalysis, best practice examples with respect to material preparation and characterization will be discussed. These can improve the reproducibility of the materials property such as the catalytic activity and selectivity as well as the scope of reactions being identified as the main challenges for a broader application of NPG in target-oriented organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- University of Bremen, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Lührs
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mahr
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lyudmila V Moskaleva
- University of the Free State, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical University of Braunschweig Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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2
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Henkelmann G, Waldow D, Liu M, Lührs L, Li Y, Weissmüller J. Self-Detachment and Subsurface Densification of Dealloyed Nanoporous Thin Films. Nano Lett 2022; 22:6787-6793. [PMID: 35952308 PMCID: PMC9413411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Experiment shows thin films of dealloyed nanoporous gold (NPG) spontaneously detaching from massive gold base layers. NPG can also densify near its external surface. This is naturally reproduced by kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation of dealloying and coarsening and so appears generic for nanoscale network materials evolving by surface diffusion. Near the porous layer's external surface and near its interface with the base layer, gradients in the depth-profile of a laterally averaged mean surface curvature provide driving forces for diffusion and cause divergences of the net fluxes of matter, leading to accretion/densification or to erosion/disconnection. As a toy model, the morphology evolution of substrate-supported nanopillars by surface diffusion illustrates and confirms our considerations. Contrary to cylindrical nanowires, the ligaments in nanoporous materials exhibit pre-existing gradients in the mean curvature. The Plateau-Rayleigh long-wavelength stability criterion is then not applicable and the disconnection accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Henkelmann
- Institute
of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg
University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana Waldow
- Institute
of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg
University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maowen Liu
- Institute
of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg
University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Lukas Lührs
- Institute
of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg
University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Institute
of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg
University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institute
of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg
University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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3
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Lai L, Gaskey B, Chuang A, Erlebacher J, Karma A. Topological control of liquid-metal-dealloyed structures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2918. [PMID: 35614044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed the rapid development of liquid metal dealloying to fabricate nano-/meso-scale porous and composite structures with ultra-high interfacial area for diverse materials applications. However, this method currently has two important limitations. First, it produces bicontinuous structures with high-genus topologies for a limited range of alloy compositions. Second, structures have a large ligament size due to substantial coarsening during dealloying at high temperature. Here we demonstrate computationally and experimentally that those limitations can be overcome by adding to the metallic melt an element that promotes high-genus topologies by limiting the leakage of the immiscible element during dealloying. We further interpret this finding by showing that bulk diffusive transport of the immiscible element in the liquid melt strongly influences the evolution of the solid fraction and topology of the structure during dealloying. The results shed light on fundamental differences in liquid metal and electrochemical dealloying and establish a new approach to produce liquid-metal-dealloyed structures with desired size and topologies.
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4
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Silva Olaya AR, Kühling F, Mahr C, Zandersons B, Rosenauer A, Weissmüller J, Wittstock G. Promoting Effect of the Residual Silver on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol and Its Intermediates on Nanoporous Gold. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ricardo Silva Olaya
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Kühling
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mahr
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Birthe Zandersons
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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5
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Lee JD, Miller JB, Shneidman AV, Sun L, Weaver JF, Aizenberg J, Biener J, Boscoboinik JA, Foucher AC, Frenkel AI, van der Hoeven JES, Kozinsky B, Marcella N, Montemore MM, Ngan HT, O'Connor CR, Owen CJ, Stacchiola DJ, Stach EA, Madix RJ, Sautet P, Friend CM. Dilute Alloys Based on Au, Ag, or Cu for Efficient Catalysis: From Synthesis to Active Sites. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8758-8808. [PMID: 35254051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of new catalyst materials for energy-efficient chemical synthesis is critical as over 80% of industrial processes rely on catalysts, with many of the most energy-intensive processes specifically using heterogeneous catalysis. Catalytic performance is a complex interplay of phenomena involving temperature, pressure, gas composition, surface composition, and structure over multiple length and time scales. In response to this complexity, the integrated approach to heterogeneous dilute alloy catalysis reviewed here brings together materials synthesis, mechanistic surface chemistry, reaction kinetics, in situ and operando characterization, and theoretical calculations in a coordinated effort to develop design principles to predict and improve catalytic selectivity. Dilute alloy catalysts─in which isolated atoms or small ensembles of the minority metal on the host metal lead to enhanced reactivity while retaining selectivity─are particularly promising as selective catalysts. Several dilute alloy materials using Au, Ag, and Cu as the majority host element, including more recently introduced support-free nanoporous metals and oxide-supported nanoparticle "raspberry colloid templated (RCT)" materials, are reviewed for selective oxidation and hydrogenation reactions. Progress in understanding how such dilute alloy catalysts can be used to enhance selectivity of key synthetic reactions is reviewed, including quantitative scaling from model studies to catalytic conditions. The dynamic evolution of catalyst structure and composition studied in surface science and catalytic conditions and their relationship to catalytic function are also discussed, followed by advanced characterization and theoretical modeling that have been developed to determine the distribution of minority metal atoms at or near the surface. The integrated approach demonstrates the success of bridging the divide between fundamental knowledge and design of catalytic processes in complex catalytic systems, which can accelerate the development of new and efficient catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lixin Sun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jason F Weaver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Juergen Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alexandre C Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jessi E S van der Hoeven
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Boris Kozinsky
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Nicholas Marcella
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Matthew M Montemore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Hio Tong Ngan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher R O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Cameron J Owen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Dario J Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert J Madix
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cynthia M Friend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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6
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Gößler M, Hengge E, Bogar M, Albu M, Knez D, Amenitsch H, Würschum R. In Situ Study of Nanoporosity Evolution during Dealloying AgAu and CoPd by Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:4037-4047. [PMID: 35273676 PMCID: PMC8900123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c09592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical dealloying has become a standard technique to produce nanoporous network structures of various noble metals, exploiting the selective dissolution of one component from an alloy. While achieving nanoporosity during dealloying has been intensively studied for the prime example of nanoporous Au from a AgAu alloy, dealloying from other noble-metal alloys has been rarely investigated in the scientific literature. Here, we study the evolution of nanoporosity in the electrochemical dealloying process for both CoPd and AgAu alloys using a combination of in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). When comparing dealloying kinetics, we find a more rapid progression of the dealloying front for CoPd and also a considerably slower coarsening of the nanoporous structure for Pd in relation to Au. We argue that our findings are natural consequences of the effectively higher dealloying potential and the higher interatomic binding energy for the CoPd alloy. Our results corroborate the understanding of electrochemical dealloying on the basis of two rate equations for dissolution and surface diffusion and suggest the general applicability of this dealloying mechanism to binary alloys. The present study contributes to the future tailoring of structural size in nanoporous metals for improved chemical surface activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gößler
- Institute
of Materials Physics, Graz University of
Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Hengge
- Institute
of Materials Physics, Graz University of
Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Bogar
- CERIC-ERIC
C/o Elettra Sincrotrone, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University
of Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mihaela Albu
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Knez
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University
of Technology, Stremayrgasse
9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute
of Materials Physics, Graz University of
Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Liu LZ, Zhang YY, Xie H, Jin HJ. Transition from Homogeneous to Localized Deformation in Nanoporous Gold. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:095501. [PMID: 34506204 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.095501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report a transition from homogeneous deformation to localized densification for nanoporous gold (NPG) under compression, with its solid fraction (φ) increasing to above ∼1/3. Results obtained herein suggest that this transition is inverted compared to that of conventional porous materials. Consequently, under compression, the low-density NPGs with φ<1/3 showed evident strain hardening, whereas a stress plateau was observed for high-density NPGs with φ>1/3, which is contrary to the established notions for conventional porous materials. The ligament pinch-offs and bending-dominated structures are responsible for the homogeneous deformation of low-density NPGs. For high-density NPGs, the compression- or tension-dominated structure enables the collective strain bursts in nanoligaments, resulting in localized densification and stress plateau in their compression curves. In addition to the nanosize effect, the surface-diffusion-mediated topology evolution and the large-scale crystal-lattice coherency arising from the large grain size are also decisive to the mechanical response of dealloyed NPGs, which might be universal for self-organized nanonetwork materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhi Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Ye-Yuan Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Hai-Jun Jin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
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8
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Elder KLM, Andrews WB, Ziehmer M, Mameka N, Kirchlechner C, Davydok A, Micha JS, Chadwick AF, Lilleodden ET, Thornton K, Voorhees PW. Grain boundary formation through particle detachment during coarsening of nanoporous metals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104132118. [PMID: 34285076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104132118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain boundary formation during coarsening of nanoporous gold (NPG) is investigated wherein a nanocrystalline structure can form by particles detaching and reattaching to the structure. MicroLaue and electron backscatter diffraction measurements demonstrate that an in-grain orientation spread develops as NPG is coarsened. The volume fraction of the NPG sample is near the limit of bicontinuity, at which simulations predict that a bicontinuous structure begins to fragment into independent particles during coarsening. Phase-field simulations of coarsening using a computationally generated structure with a volume fraction near the limit of bicontinuity are used to model particle detachment rates. This model is tested by using the measured NPG structure as an initial condition in the phase-field simulations. We predict that up to ∼5% of the NPG structure detaches as a dealloyed [Formula: see text] sample is annealed at 300 °C for 420 min. The quantity of volume detached is found to be highly dependent on the volume fraction and volume fraction homogeneity of the nanostructure. As the void phase in the experiments cannot support independent particles, they must fall and reattach to the structure, a process that results in the formation of new grain boundaries. This particle reattachment process, along with other classic processes, leads to the formation of grain boundaries during coarsening in nanoporous metals. The formation of grain boundaries can impact a variety of applications, including mechanical strengthening; thus, the consideration and understanding of particle detachment phenomena are essential when studying nanoporous metals.
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9
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Yang W, Luo ZP, Bao WK, Xie H, You ZS, Jin HJ. Light, strong, and stable nanoporous aluminum with native oxide shell. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/28/eabb9471. [PMID: 34244136 PMCID: PMC8270488 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) metal is highly reactive but has excellent corrosion resistance because of the formation of a self-healing passive oxide layer on the surface. Here, we report that this native aluminum oxide shell can also stabilize and strengthen porous Al when the ligament (strut) size is decreased to the submicron or nanometer scale. The nanoporous Al with native oxide shell, which is a nanoporous Al-Al2O3 core-shell composite self-organized in a galvanic replacement reaction, is nonflammable under ambient conditions and stable against coarsening near melting temperatures. This material is stronger than conventional foams of similar density consisting of pure Al or Al-based composites, and also lighter and stronger than most nanoporous metals reported previously. Its light weight, high strength, and excellent stability warrant the explorations of functional and structural applications of this material, if more efficient and scalable synthesis processes are developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zhao-Ping Luo
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wei-Kang Bao
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Hui Xie
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ze-Sheng You
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Hai-Jun Jin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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10
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Liu X, Ronne A, Yu LC, Liu Y, Ge M, Lin CH, Layne B, Halstenberg P, Maltsev DS, Ivanov AS, Antonelli S, Dai S, Lee WK, Mahurin SM, Frenkel AI, Wishart JF, Xiao X, Chen-Wiegart YCK. Formation of three-dimensional bicontinuous structures via molten salt dealloying studied in real-time by in situ synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3441. [PMID: 34108466 PMCID: PMC8190292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional bicontinuous porous materials formed by dealloying contribute significantly to various applications including catalysis, sensor development and energy storage. This work studies a method of molten salt dealloying via real-time in situ synchrotron three-dimensional X-ray nano-tomography. Quantification of morphological parameters determined that long-range diffusion is the rate-determining step for the dealloying process. The subsequent coarsening rate was primarily surface diffusion controlled, with Rayleigh instability leading to ligament pinch-off and creating isolated bubbles in ligaments, while bulk diffusion leads to a slight densification. Chemical environments characterized by X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopic imaging show that molten salt dealloying prevents surface oxidation of the metal. In this work, gaining a fundamental mechanistic understanding of the molten salt dealloying process in forming porous structures provides a nontoxic, tunable dealloying technique and has important implications for molten salt corrosion processes, which is one of the major challenges in molten salt reactors and concentrated solar power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Arthur Ronne
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Lin-Chieh Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mingyuan Ge
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bobby Layne
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Phillip Halstenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dmitry S Maltsev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander S Ivanov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stephen Antonelli
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Wah-Keat Lee
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Shannon M Mahurin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - James F Wishart
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Karen Chen-Wiegart
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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Gubicza J, Jenei P, Han G, Hung PT, Song Y, Park D, Szabó Á, Kádár C, Kim JH, Choe H. Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Performance of Cu Nanofoams Processed by Dealloying. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14102691. [PMID: 34065550 PMCID: PMC8161236 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cu nanofoams are promising materials for a variety of applications, including anodes in high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The high specific surface area of these materials supports a high capacity and porous structure that helps accommodate volume expansion which occurs as batteries are charged. One of the most efficient methods to produce Cu nanofoams is the dealloying of Cu alloy precursors. This process often yields nanofoams that have low strength, thus requiring additional heat treatment to improve the mechanical properties of Cu foams. This paper provides the effects of heat treatment on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and electrochemical performance of Cu nanofoams. Annealing was conducted under both inert and oxidizing atmospheres. These studies ultimately reveal the underlying mechanisms of ligament coarsening during heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenő Gubicza
- Department of Materials Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary; (P.J.); (P.-T.H.); (Á.S.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-3722876
| | - Péter Jenei
- Department of Materials Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary; (P.J.); (P.-T.H.); (Á.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Gigap Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (G.H.); (Y.S.); (D.P.); (J.-H.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Pham-Tran Hung
- Department of Materials Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary; (P.J.); (P.-T.H.); (Á.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Youngseok Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (G.H.); (Y.S.); (D.P.); (J.-H.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Dahye Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (G.H.); (Y.S.); (D.P.); (J.-H.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Ábel Szabó
- Department of Materials Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary; (P.J.); (P.-T.H.); (Á.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Csilla Kádár
- Department of Materials Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary; (P.J.); (P.-T.H.); (Á.S.); (C.K.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem Rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Composite Metal Foams Research Group, Műegyetem Rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jae-Hun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (G.H.); (Y.S.); (D.P.); (J.-H.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Heeman Choe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea; (G.H.); (Y.S.); (D.P.); (J.-H.K.); (H.C.)
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Huber N. A Strategy for Dimensionality Reduction and Data Analysis Applied to Microstructure-Property Relationships of Nanoporous Metals. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1822. [PMID: 33917132 PMCID: PMC8067848 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous metals, with their complex microstructure, represent an ideal candidate for the development of methods that combine physics, data, and machine learning. The preparation of nanporous metals via dealloying allows for tuning of the microstructure and macroscopic mechanical properties within a large design space, dependent on the chosen dealloying conditions. Specifically, it is possible to define the solid fraction, ligament size, and connectivity density within a large range. These microstructural parameters have a large impact on the macroscopic mechanical behavior. This makes this class of materials an ideal science case for the development of strategies for dimensionality reduction, supporting the analysis and visualization of the underlying structure-property relationships. Efficient finite element beam modeling techniques were used to generate ~200 data sets for macroscopic compression and nanoindentation of open pore nanofoams. A strategy consisting of dimensional analysis, principal component analysis, and machine learning allowed for data mining of the microstructure-property relationships. It turned out that the scaling law of the work hardening rate has the same exponent as the Young's modulus. Simple linear relationships are derived for the normalized work hardening rate and hardness. The hardness to yield stress ratio is not limited to 1, as commonly assumed for foams, but spreads over a large range of values from 0.5 to 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Huber
- Institute of Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-4152-87-2501
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Welborn SS, van der Meer S, Corsi JS, de Hosson JTM, Detsi E. Using X-Ray Scattering to Elucidate the Microstructural Instability of 3D Bicontinuous Nanoporous Metal Scaffolds for Use in an Aperiodic 3D Tricontinuous Conductor-Insulator-Conductor Nanocapacitor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:11721-11731. [PMID: 33660511 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional aperiodic energy storage devices is in part impeded by the lack of appropriate aperiodic templates that can withstand the thermal conditions required to deposit energy storage materials within their void space. Herein, the feasibility of an aperiodic three-dimensional architecture for energy storage is demonstrated for the first time by constructing a tricontinuous conductor-insulator-conductor (CIC) nanocapacitor on an aperiodic nanoporous gold scaffold. To accomplish this, the scaffold was characterized using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) during exposure to a thermal environment, revealing that its microstructure eventually stabilizes after undergoing a phase of rapid coarsening, indicating a departure from the 1/4 time-dependent power-law coarsening behavior usually observed at the early stage of the coarsening process. Using this stability regime, we created the CIC by intentionally precoarsening and stabilizing the scaffold before depositing two dissimilar metal oxide films in its void space by atomic layer deposition. Current-voltage characteristics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed that the un-optimized 3D CIC outperformed its 2D counterpart by ∼4× in terms of capacitance. This proof-of-concept device will pave the way to the development of aperiodic three-dimensional energy storage systems with enhanced energy and power densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Welborn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
- Vagelos Institute for Energy Science and Technology (VIEST), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sven van der Meer
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
- Department of Applied Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John S Corsi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
- Vagelos Institute for Energy Science and Technology (VIEST), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeff Th M de Hosson
- Department of Applied Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Detsi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, United States
- Vagelos Institute for Energy Science and Technology (VIEST), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Shi S, Li Y, Ngo-Dinh BN, Markmann J, Weissmüller J. Scaling behavior of stiffness and strength of hierarchical network nanomaterials. Science 2021; 371:1026-1033. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shi
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bao-Nam Ngo-Dinh
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Institute for Materials, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Markmann
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Jenei P, Kádár C, Han G, Hung PT, Choe H, Gubicza J. Annealing-Induced Changes in the Microstructure and Mechanical Response of a Cu Nanofoam Processed by Dealloying. Metals 2020; 10:1128. [DOI: 10.3390/met10091128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cu nanoporous foams are promising candidates for use as an anode material for advanced lithium ion batteries. In this study, Cu nanofoam was processed from pack-cemented bulk material via dealloying. In the as-processed Cu nanofoam, the average ligament size was ~105 nm. The hardness in this initial state was ~2 MPa, and numerous cracks were observed in the indentation pattern obtained after hardness testing, thus indicating the low mechanical strength of the material. Annealing for 6 h under an Ar atmosphere at 400 °C was shown to result in crystalline coarsening and a reduction in the probability of twin faulting in the ligaments. Simultaneously, the junctions of the ligaments became stronger and hence more difficult to crack. This study demonstrates that moderate heat treatment under Ar can improve the resistance against crack propagation in Cu nanofoam without a large change in the ligament size and the surface oxide content, which can thus influence the electrochemical performance of the material in battery applications.
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Richert C, Huber N. A Review of Experimentally Informed Micromechanical Modeling of Nanoporous Metals: From Structural Descriptors to Predictive Structure-Property Relationships. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3307. [PMID: 32722289 PMCID: PMC7435653 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous metals made by dealloying take the form of macroscopic (mm- or cm-sized) porous bodies with a solid fraction of around 30%. The material exhibits a network structure of "ligaments" with an average ligament diameter that can be adjusted between 5 and 500 nm. Current research explores the use of nanoporous metals as functional materials with respect to electrochemical conversion and storage, bioanalytical and biomedical applications, and actuation and sensing. The mechanical behavior of the network structure provides the scope for fundamental research, particularly because of the high complexity originating from the randomness of the structure and the challenges arising from the nanosized ligaments, which can be accessed through an experiment only indirectly via the testing of the macroscopic properties. The strength of nanoscale ligaments increases systematically with decreasing size, and owing to the high surface-to-volume ratio their elastic and plastic properties can be additionally tuned by applying an electric potential. Therefore, nanoporous metals offer themselves as suitable model systems for exploring the structure-property relationships of complex interconnected microstructures as well as the basic mechanisms of the chemo-electro-mechanical coupling at interfaces. The micromechanical modeling of nanoporous metals is a rapidly growing field that strongly benefits from developments in computational methods, high-performance computing, and visualization techniques; it also benefits at the same time through advances in characterization techniques, including nanotomography, 3D image processing, and algorithms for geometrical and topological analysis. The review article collects articles on the structural characterization and micromechanical modeling of nanoporous metals and discusses the acquired understanding in the context of advancements in the experimental discipline. The concluding remarks are given in the form of a summary and an outline of future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Richert
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany;
| | - Norbert Huber
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Mechanics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany;
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Li Y, Dinh Ngô BN, Markmann J, Weissmüller J. Datasets for the microstructure of nanoscale metal network structures and for its evolution during coarsening. Data Brief 2020; 29:105030. [PMID: 31989004 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The datasets in this work are files containing atom position coordinates of volume elements approximating nanoporous gold made by dealloying and annealing. The material is represented in an as-prepared state and in various stages of coarsening, as described in Phys. Rev. Mater, 3 (2019) 076001. Realistic initial structures of different solid fractions have been constructed by the leveled-wave algorithm, approximating mixtures at the end of early-stage spinodal decomposition. The microstructural evolution during coarsening by surface diffusion was approximated by on-lattice kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation. The data sets refer to solid fractions from 0.22 to 0.50, providing for different initial connectivity of the bicontinuous structures. Coarsening at two temperatures, 900 K and 1800 K, explores two different degrees of surface energy anisotropy – more faceted at 900 K and more rough at 1800 K. Each structure takes the form of a face-centred cubic lattice with approximately 32 million sites. A site can be occupied by either void or atom. 3D periodic boundary conditions are satisfied. Tables list each structure's properties, and specifically the specific surface area, two different measures for the ligament size, the net topological genus as well as the scaled genus. The atom coordinate files may serve as the basis for geometry analysis and for atomistic as well as finite element simulation studies of nanoporous as well as spinodally decomposed materials. The data sets are accessible via the TORE repository at http://hdl.handle.net/11420/3253.
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