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Zhang M, Li C, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Nie J, Shao S, Mei H, Rogers KM, Zhang W, Yuan Y. Effects of Water Isotope Composition on Stable Isotope Distribution and Fractionation of Rice and Plant Tissues. J Agric Food Chem 2024. [PMID: 38581384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Rice origin authenticity is important for food safety and consumer confidence. The stable isotope composition of rice is believed to be closely related to its water source, which affects its origin characteristics. However, the influence of water availability on the distribution of rice stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) is not clear. In this study, three irrigation waters with different isotopic values were used to investigate isotopic water use effects of Indica and Japonica rice, using pot experiments. Under three different water isotope treatments, the δ2H values of Indica polished rice showed significant differences (-65.0 ± 2.3, -60.5 ± 0.8 and -55.8 ± 1.7‰, respectively, p < 0.05) compared to δ13C and δ15N, as did Japonica polished rice. The values of δ2H and δ18O of rice became more positive when applying more enriched (in 2H and 18O) water, and the enrichment effect was higher in rice than in the corresponding plant tissue. In addition, the δ2H and δ18O values of Indica rice leaves decreased at the heading stage, increased at the filling stage, and then decreased at the harvest stage. Japonica rice showed a similar trend. δ2H changes from stem to leaf were more negative, but δ18O changes were more positive, and δ2H and δ18O values from leaf to rice were more positive for both brown and polished rice. The results from this study will clarify different water isotopic composition effects on rice and provide useful information to improve rice origin authenticity using stable isotope-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hanyi Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Weixing Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute/Rice Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Zeng G, Hao X, Wang H, Li H, Gao F. Effects of geographical origin, vintage, and soil on stable isotopes and mineral elements in Ecolly grape berries for traceability. Food Chem 2024; 435:137646. [PMID: 37806197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes and multi-element profiles of grapes and corresponding soils from different origins and vintages were determined by IRMS and ICP-MS, respectively. Stable isotope ratios and multi-element contents show significant differences among distinct regions and vintages. Grapes and soils were separated using δ2H and δ18O according to regions and vintages. PCA and CA results further verified that multi-element profiles were influenced by origins and vintages. In particular, δ2H, δ18O, and 21 elements in grapes were correlated with those in soil. Redundancy and Spearman analyses revealed that the BCF values were related to the longitude, latitude, altitude, precipitation, and average temperature. RF shows better performance than PLS-DA for discriminating grape origins and vintages. K, Tb, Cs, δ2H, and Co were important variables in discriminating grape origins. These findings confirm that isotopic and elemental profiles depend on the origin, vintage, and soil, establishing a promising method to discriminate grape origins and vintages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Zeng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China; College of Enology, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hao
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Enology, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Feifei Gao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China; College of Enology, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-viniculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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3
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Vitali V, Schuler P, Holloway-Phillips M, D'Odorico P, Guidi C, Klesse S, Lehmann MM, Meusburger K, Schaub M, Zweifel R, Gessler A, Saurer M. Finding balance: Tree-ring isotopes differentiate between acclimation and stress-induced imbalance in a long-term irrigation experiment. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17237. [PMID: 38488024 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a common European tree species, and understanding its acclimation to the rapidly changing climate through physiological, biochemical or structural adjustments is vital for predicting future growth. We investigated a long-term irrigation experiment at a naturally dry forest in Switzerland, comparing Scots pine trees that have been continuously irrigated for 17 years (irrigated) with those for which irrigation was interrupted after 10 years (stop) and non-irrigated trees (control), using tree growth, xylogenesis, wood anatomy, and carbon, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope measurements in the water, sugars and cellulose of plant tissues. The dendrochronological analyses highlighted three distinct acclimation phases to the treatments: irrigated trees experienced (i) a significant growth increase in the first 4 years of treatment, (ii) high growth rates but with a declining trend in the following 8 years and finally (iii) a regression to pre-irrigation growth rates, suggesting the development of a new growth limitation (i.e. acclimation). The introduction of the stop treatment resulted in further growth reductions to below-control levels during the third phase. Irrigated trees showed longer growth periods and lower tree-ring δ13 C values, reflecting lower stomatal restrictions than control trees. Their strong tree-ring δ18 O and δ2 H (O-H) relationship reflected the hydrological signature similarly to the control. On the contrary, the stop trees had lower growth rates, conservative wood anatomical traits, and a weak O-H relationship, indicating a physiological imbalance. Tree vitality (identified by crown transparency) significantly modulated growth, wood anatomical traits and tree-ring δ13 C, with low-vitality trees of all treatments performing similarly regardless of water availability. We thus provide quantitative indicators for assessing physiological imbalance and tree acclimation after environmental stresses. We also show that tree vitality is crucial in shaping such responses. These findings are fundamental for the early assessment of ecosystem imbalances and decline under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitali
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schuler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Petra D'Odorico
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Guidi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Klesse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Holloway-Phillips M, Cernusak LA, Nelson DB, Lehmann MM, Tcherkez G, Kahmen A. Covariation between oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes declines along the path from xylem water to wood cellulose across an aridity gradient. New Phytol 2023; 240:1758-1773. [PMID: 37680025 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of cellulose in plant biology are commonly used to infer environmental conditions, often from time series measurements of tree rings. However, the covariation (or the lack thereof) between δ18 O and δ2 H in plant cellulose is still poorly understood. We compared plant water, and leaf and branch cellulose from dominant tree species across an aridity gradient in Northern Australia, to examine how δ18 O and δ2 H relate to each other and to mean annual precipitation (MAP). We identified a decline in covariation from xylem to leaf water, and onwards from leaf to branch wood cellulose. Covariation in leaf water isotopic enrichment (Δ) was partially preserved in leaf cellulose but not branch wood cellulose. Furthermore, whilst δ2 H was well-correlated between leaf and branch, there was an offset in δ18 O between organs that increased with decreasing MAP. Our findings strongly suggest that postphotosynthetic isotope exchange with water is more apparent for oxygen isotopes, whereas variable kinetic and nonequilibrium isotope effects add complexity to interpreting metabolic-induced δ2 H patterns. Varying oxygen isotope exchange in wood and leaf cellulose must be accounted for when δ18 O is used to reconstruct climatic scenarios. Conversely, comparing δ2 H and δ18 O patterns may reveal environmentally induced shifts in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisha Holloway-Phillips
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem Ecology, Stable Isotope Research Centre, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem Ecology, Stable Isotope Research Centre, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Mattoli L, Pelucchini C, Fiordelli V, Burico M, Gianni M, Zambaldi I. Natural complex substances: From molecules to the molecular complexes. Analytical and technological advances for their definition and differentiation from the corresponding synthetic substances. Phytochemistry 2023; 215:113790. [PMID: 37487919 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural complex substances (NCSs) are a heterogeneous family of substances that are notably used as ingredients in several products classified as food supplements, medical devices, cosmetics and traditional medicines, according to the correspondent regulatory framework. The compositions of NCSs vary widely and hundreds to thousands of compounds can be present at the same time. A key concept is that NCSs are much more than the simple sum of the compounds that constitute them, in fact some emerging phenomena are the result of the supramolecular interaction of the constituents of the system. Therefore, close attention should be paid to produce and characterize these systems. Today many natural compounds are produced by chemical synthesis and are intentionally added to NCSs, or to formulated natural products, to enhance their properties, lowering their production costs. Market analysis shows a tendency of people to use products made with NCSs and, currently, products made with ingredients of natural origin only are not conveniently distinguishable from those containing compounds of synthetic origin. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the current European regulatory framework does not allow consumers to correctly differentiate and identify products containing only ingredients of natural origin. The high demand for specific and effective NCSs and their high-cost offer on the market, create the conditions to economically motivated sophistications, characterized by the addition of a cheap material to a more expensive one, just to increase profit. This type of practice can concern both the addition of less valuable natural materials and the addition of pure artificial compounds with the same structure as those naturally present. In this scenario, it becomes essential for producers of natural products to have advanced analytical techniques to evaluate the effective naturalness of NCSs. In fact, synthetically obtained compounds are not identical to their naturally occurring counterparts, due to the isotopic composition or chirality, as well as the presence of different trace metabolites (since pure substances in nature do not exist). For this reason, in this review, the main analytical tests that can be performed to differentiate natural compounds from their synthetic counterparts will be highlighted and the main analytical technologies will be described. At the same time, the main fingerprint techniques useful for characterizing the complexity of the NCSs, also allowing their identification and quali-quantitative evaluation, will be described. Furthermore, NCSs can be produced through different manufacturing processes, not all of which are on the same level of quality. In this review the most suitable technologies for green processes that operate according to physical extraction principles will be presented, as according to the authors they are the ones that come closest to creating more life-cycle compatible NCSs and that are well suited to the European green deal, a strategy with the aim of transforming the EU into a sustainable and resource-efficient society by 2050.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mattoli
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy.
| | | | | | - Michela Burico
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Mattia Gianni
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zambaldi
- Innovation & Medical Science, Aboca SpA, Sansepolcro, AR, Italy
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Cui L, Chen H, Yuan Y, Zhu F, Nie J, Han S, Fu Y, Hou H, Hu Q, Chen Z. Tracing the geographical origin of tobacco at two spatial scales by stable isotope and element analyses with chemometrics. Food Chem X 2023; 18:100716. [PMID: 37397212 PMCID: PMC10314160 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco is a widely cultivated cash crop, but it is often smuggled and sold illegally. Unfortunately, there is currently no way to verify the origin of tobacco in China. In an effort to address this issue, we conducted a study using stable isotopes and elements from 176 tobacco samples at both provincial and municipal scales. Our findings revealed significant differences in δ13C, K, Cs, and 208/206Pb at the provincial-level, and Sr, Se, and Pb at the municipal level. We created a heat map at the municipal level, which showed a similar cluster classification to geographic grouping and provided an initial assessment of tobacco origins. Using OPLS-DA modeling, we achieved a 98.3% accuracy rate for the provincial scale and 97.6% for the municipal scale. It is worth noting that the importance of rankings of variables varied depending on the spatial scale of the evaluation. This study offers the first traceability fingerprint dataset of tobacco and has the potential to combat mislabeling and fraudulent conduct by identifying the geographical origin of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fengpeng Zhu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ya'ning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zengping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Fu J, Wang J, Chen Z, Deng Z, Lai H, Zhang L, Yun Y, Zhang C. Application of stable isotope and mineral element fingerprint in identification of Hainan camellia oil producing area based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Baan J, Holloway-Phillips M, Nelson DB, Kahmen A. The metabolic sensitivity of hydrogen isotope fractionation differs between plant compounds. Phytochemistry 2023; 207:113563. [PMID: 36528118 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen stable isotope analyses (δ2H) of plant derived organic compounds are a useful tool for ecological, environmental, and palaeoclimatological research. However, during organic compound synthesis, variable biosynthetic 2H-fractionation has been suggested to occur as a result of changes in plant carbon fluxes. So far, inference has been based on examining the δ2H patterns of plant compounds along environmental gradients, among plant species, and between plant organs. In an alternative approach, we used four plant species with four different types of mutations that cause impaired starch synthesis to assess whether variability in carbon metabolism affects the biosynthetic 2H-fractionation during cellulose, phytol, and acetogenic lipid synthesis. We found that mutants with impaired starch synthesis always had higher cellulose and phytol δ2H values compared to the wild type. By contrast, 2H-fractionation during acetogenic lipid biosynthesis generally did not show strong metabolic sensitivity. We rationalise these differences by considering the biosynthetic pathway of each compound and the likely source of the variable isotope fractionation. In different organic compounds, the sensitivity of variable biosynthetic 2H-fractionation to changes in C-metabolism depends on incorporation of specific H atoms from precursor molecules. As such, we determined that the similar increase in cellulose and phytol δ2H values as an effect of impaired starch synthesis most likely originates in triose-phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Baan
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Meisha Holloway-Phillips
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Han S, Cui L, Chen H, Fu Y, Hou H, Hu Q, Yuan Y. Stable isotope characterization of tobacco products: A determination of synthetic or natural nicotine authenticity. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2023; 37:e9441. [PMID: 36411266 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE "Tobacco-free" or synthetic nicotine products have appeared in some markets, increasing potential health risks and regulatory compliance challenges. Currently, there are few reliable methods for the determination of authenticity of natural and synthetic nicotine. Analytical techniques based on stable isotopes have broad application prospects in the traceability and identification of agricultural products. METHODS Tobacco leaves from four main tobacco production regions in China and different types of tobacco products were extracted with n-hexane and 5% sodium hydroxide to obtain nicotine extracts. Subsequent stable isotope mass spectrometry was performed by analyzing δ2 H, δ13 C, and δ15 N values of nicotine. RESULTS Firstly, results from a batch of 233 samples indicated stable isotopes were closely related to climate and geographical locations and provide a basis for a determination of the origin of tobacco leaves. In addition, the δ2 H values had significant differences between natural and synthetic nicotine and the results indicate a δ2 H value of -163.0‰ could be the threshold for assessing synthetic and natural nicotine. Finally, a total of 239 results further validated the δ2 H value as a metric for source authentication of commercial tobacco products. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic (S)-(-)-nicotine could be accurately and quickly identified using the method developed by measuring δ2 H values in a qualitative manner. To our knowledge, this is the first time a stable isotope mass spectrometry technique has been used for distinguishing the source of nicotine. This technique will aid in the accurate identification, labelling, and regulation of synthetic nicotine-based tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Cui
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya'ning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Jiang H, Gu H, Chen H, Sun H, Zhang X, Liu X. Comparative cryogenic extraction rehydration experiments reveal isotope fractionation during root water uptake in Gramineae. New Phytol 2022; 236:1267-1280. [PMID: 35945699 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Determining whether isotope fractionation occurs during root water uptake is a prerequisite for using stem or xylem water isotopes to trace water sources. However, it is unclear whether isotope fractionation occurs during root water uptake in gramineous crops. We conducted prevalidation experiments to estimate the isotope measurement bias associated with cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD). Next, we assessed isotope fractionation during root water uptake in two common agronomic crops, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), under flooding after postdrought stress conditions. Cryogenic vacuum distillation caused significant depletion of 2 H but negligible effects on 18 O for both soil and stem water. Surprisingly CVD caused depletion of 2 H and enrichment of 18 O in root water. Stem and root water δ18 O were more than soil water δ18 O, even considering the uncertainty of CVD. Soil water 18 O was depleted compared with irrigation water 18 O in the pots with plants but enriched relative to irrigation water 18 O in the pots without plants. These results indicate that isotope fractionation occurred during wheat and maize root water uptake after full irrigation and led to a heavy isotope enrichment in stem water. Therefore, the xylem/stem water isotope approach widely used to trace water sources should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, Hebei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Gu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, Hebei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016, Hebei, China
| | - Hongyong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, Hebei, China
| | - Xiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, Hebei, China
| | - Xiuwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, Hebei, China
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11
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Opdensteinen P, Sperl LE, Mohamadi M, Kündgen‐Redding N, Hagn F, Buyel JF. The transient expression of recombinant proteins in plant cell packs facilitates stable isotope labelling for NMR spectroscopy. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1928-1939. [PMID: 35702941 PMCID: PMC9491462 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used to determine the structure, dynamics and interactions of proteins. However, protein NMR requires stable isotope labelling for signal detection. The cells used for the production of recombinant proteins must therefore be grown in medium containing isotopically labelled substrates. Stable isotope labelling is well established in Escherichia coli, but bacteria are only suitable for the production of simple proteins without post-translational modifications. More complex proteins require eukaryotic production hosts, but their growth can be impaired by labelled media, thus reducing product yields and increasing costs. To address this limitation, we used media supplemented with isotope-labelled substrates to cultivate the tobacco-derived cell line BY-2, which was then cast into plant cell packs (PCPs) for the transient expression of a labelled version of the model protein GB1. Mass spectrometry confirmed the feasibility of isotope labelling with 15 N and 2 H using this approach. The resulting NMR spectrum featured a signal dispersion comparable to recombinant GB1 produced in E. coli. PCPs therefore offer a rapid and cost-efficient alternative for the production of isotope-labelled proteins for NMR analysis, especially suitable for complex proteins that cannot be produced in microbial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Opdensteinen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Laura E. Sperl
- Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ) at the Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
- Institute of Structural BiologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Mariam Mohamadi
- Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ) at the Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
- Institute of Structural BiologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | | | - Franz Hagn
- Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ) at the Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
- Institute of Structural BiologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Johannes Felix Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IMEAachenGermany
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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12
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Holloway-Phillips M, Baan J, Nelson DB, Lehmann MM, Tcherkez G, Kahmen A. Species variation in the hydrogen isotope composition of leaf cellulose is mostly driven by isotopic variation in leaf sucrose. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:2636-2651. [PMID: 35609972 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Experimental approaches to isolate drivers of variation in the carbon-bound hydrogen isotope composition (δ2 H) of plant cellulose are rare and current models are limited in their application. This is in part due to a lack in understanding of how 2 H-fractionations in carbohydrates differ between species. We analysed, for the first time, the δ2 H of leaf sucrose along with the δ2 H and δ18 O of leaf cellulose and leaf and xylem water across seven herbaceous species and a starchless mutant of tobacco. The δ2 H of sucrose explained 66% of the δ2 H variation in cellulose (R2 = 0.66), which was associated with species differences in the 2 H enrichment of sucrose above leaf water ( ε sucrose <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0001" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0001.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mtext>\unicode{x003B5}</mtext><mtext>sucrose</mtext></msub></mrow></math> : -126% to -192‰) rather than by variation in leaf water δ2 H itself. ε sucrose <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0002" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0002.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mtext>\unicode{x003B5}</mtext><mtext>sucrose</mtext></msub></mrow></math> was positively related to dark respiration (R2 = 0.27), and isotopic exchange of hydrogen in sugars was positively related to the turnover time of carbohydrates (R2 = 0.38), but only when ε sucrose <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0003" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0003.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">\unicode{x003B5}</mi><mtext>sucrose</mtext></msub></mrow></mrow></math> was fixed to the literature accepted value of - 171 <math altimg="urn:x-wiley:01407791:media:pce14362:pce14362-math-0004" wiley:location="equation/pce14362-math-0004.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><mo>\unicode{x02212}</mo><mn>171</mn></mrow></mrow></math> ‰. No relation was found between isotopic exchange of hydrogen and oxygen, suggesting large differences in the processes shaping post-photosynthetic fractionation between elements. Our results strongly advocate that for robust applications of the leaf cellulose hydrogen isotope model, parameterization utilizing δ2 H of sugars is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jochem Baan
- Department of Environmental Science-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Department of Environmental Science-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem Ecology, Stable Isotope Research Centre, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Université d'Angers, INRAe, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Science-Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Cueni F, Nelson DB, Lehmann MM, Boner M, Kahmen A. Constraining parameter uncertainty for predicting oxygen and hydrogen isotope values in fruit. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:5016-5032. [PMID: 35512408 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding δ18O and δ2H values of agricultural products like fruit is of particular scientific interest in plant physiology, ecology, and forensic studies. Applications of mechanistic stable isotope models to predict δ18O and δ2H values of water and organic compounds in fruit, however, are hindered by a lack of empirical parameterizations and validations. We addressed this lack of data by experimentally evaluating model parameter values required to model δ18O and δ2H values of water and organic compounds in berries and leaves from strawberry and raspberry plants grown at different relative humidities. Our study revealed substantial differences between leaf and berry isotope values, consistent across the different relative humidity treatments. We demonstrated that existing isotope models can reproduce water and organic δ18O and δ2H values for leaves and berries. Yet, these simulations require organ-specific model parameterization to accurately predict δ18O and δ2H values of leaf and berry tissue and water pools. We quantified these organ-specific model parameters for both species and relative humidity conditions. Depending on the required model accuracy, species- and environment-specific model parameters may be justified. The parameter values determined in this study thus facilitate applications of stable isotope models where understanding δ18O and δ2H values of fruit is of scientific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Cueni
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Agroisolab GmbH, Professor-Rehm-Strasse 6, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Boner
- Agroisolab GmbH, Professor-Rehm-Strasse 6, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Li C, Nie J, Zhang Y, Shao S, Liu Z, Rogers KM, Zhang W, Yuan Y. Geographical origin modeling of Chinese rice using stable isotopes and trace elements. Food Control 2022; 138:108997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Sheng M, Zhang W, Nie J, Li C, Zhu AX, Hu H, Lou W, Deng X, Lyu X, Ren Z, Rogers KM, Abdul Wadood S, Zhang Y, Yuan Y. Predicting isoscapes based on an environmental similarity model for the geographical origin of Chinese rice. Food Chem 2022; 397:133744. [PMID: 35878556 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authentication of geographical origin of food is important using stable isotope analysis. However, the isotopic databank is still short of comprehensive. The isoscapes model based on environmental similarity is used for the first time to predict the geospatial distribution of δ13C, δ2H and δ18O in Chinese rice in 2017 and 2018. 794 rice samples in 2017 were used to build isoscapes model. Independent verification shows that the predicted isotope distribution from this new approach is of high accuracy, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.51 ‰, 7.09 ‰ and 2.06 ‰ for δ13C, δ2H and δ18O values for 2017, respectively. Our results indicate that it is possible to predict the spatial distribution of stable isotopes in rice using an isoscapes model based on environmental similarity. This novel strategy can enrich and complement a stable isotope reference database for rice origin identification at regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - A-Xing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Weidong Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xunfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaonan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhouqiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Karyne M Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Syed Abdul Wadood
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Department of Nutrition &Health Promotion, University of Home Economics Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310021, China
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16
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Vitali V, Martínez-Sancho E, Treydte K, Andreu-Hayles L, Dorado-Liñán I, Gutierrez E, Helle G, Leuenberger M, Loader NJ, Rinne-Garmston KT, Schleser GH, Allen S, Waterhouse JS, Saurer M, Lehmann MM. The unknown third - Hydrogen isotopes in tree-ring cellulose across Europe. Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:152281. [PMID: 34942249 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first Europe-wide comprehensive assessment of the climatological and physiological information recorded by hydrogen isotope ratios in tree-ring cellulose (δ2Hc) based on a unique collection of annually resolved 100-year tree-ring records of two genera (Pinus and Quercus) from 17 sites (36°N to 68°N). We observed that the high-frequency climate signals in the δ2Hc chronologies were weaker than those recorded in carbon (δ13Cc) and oxygen isotope signals (δ18Oc) but similar to the tree-ring width ones (TRW). The δ2Hc climate signal strength varied across the continent and was stronger and more consistent for Pinus than for Quercus. For both genera, years with extremely dry summer conditions caused a significant 2H-enrichment in tree-ring cellulose. The δ2Hc inter-annual variability was strongly site-specific, as a result of the imprinting of climate and hydrology, but also physiological mechanisms and tree growth. To differentiate between environmental and physiological signals in δ2Hc, we investigated its relationships with δ18Oc and TRW. We found significant negative relationships between δ2Hc and TRW (7 sites), and positive ones between δ2Hc and δ18Oc (10 sites). The strength of these relationships was nonlinearly related to temperature and precipitation. Mechanistic δ2Hc models performed well for both genera at continental scale simulating average values, but they failed on capturing year-to-year δ2Hc variations. Our results suggest that the information recorded by δ2Hc is significantly different from that of δ18Oc, and has a stronger physiological component independent from climate, possibly related to the use of carbohydrate reserves for growth. Advancements in the understanding of 2H-fractionations and their relationships with climate, physiology, and species-specific traits are needed to improve the modelling and interpretation accuracy of δ2Hc. Such advancements could lead to new insights into trees' carbon allocation mechanisms, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vitali
- Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - E Martínez-Sancho
- Dendrosciences, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - K Treydte
- Dendrosciences, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - L Andreu-Hayles
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall.s), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Llu.s Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Dorado-Liñán
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Gutierrez
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Helle
- German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 4.3 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics Division and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - N J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - G H Schleser
- FZJ Research Center Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Allen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - J S Waterhouse
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Saurer
- Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - M M Lehmann
- Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Ecosystem Ecology, Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Forest Dynamics, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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17
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Cueni F, Nelson DB, Kahmen A. Effects of phenotypic variability on the oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of grains in different winter wheat varieties. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2022; 58:60-80. [PMID: 34846959 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2021.2002855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope analyses are the leading method for geographic origin determination, especially of plant-based agricultural products. Origin analysis is typically done by comparing a suspicious sample to reference materials with known geographic origin. Reference materials are usually collected at the species level, assuming different varieties of a species to have comparable isotope compositions within a given location. We evaluated whether different phenotypes that are expressed in different varieties of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) influence the oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) isotope composition of plant tissue water and organic compounds. We found that mean δ18O and δ2H values among winter wheat varieties did not differ significantly in leaf water, however, differed significantly in bulk dried grain tissue. The differences in bulk dried grain δ18O and δ2H values among varieties can be related to differences in phenotypic trait expression among varieties. Despite this substantial phenotypic variability, the overall variability of bulk dried grain δ18O and δ2H values among varieties was small (SD 0.54 ‰ for oxygen, 3.60 ‰ for hydrogen). We thus conclude that reference materials collected at the species level should be sufficient for geographic origin analysis of winter wheat and possibly other cereals using δ18O and δ2H values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Cueni
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Agroisolab GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Tarakanov IG, Tovstyko DA, Lomakin MP, Shmakov AS, Sleptsov NN, Shmarev AN, Litvinskiy VA, Ivlev AA. Effects of Light Spectral Quality on Photosynthetic Activity, Biomass Production, and Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., Plants. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:441. [PMID: 35161422 PMCID: PMC8840441 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of plant-specific LED lighting protocols for indoor plant growing systems needs both basic and applied research. Experiments with lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., plants using artificial lighting based on narrow-band LEDs were carried out in a controlled environment. We investigated plant responses to the exclusion of certain spectral ranges of light in the region of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); in comparison, the responses to quasimonochromatic radiation in the red and blue regions were studied separately. The data on plant phenotyping, photosynthetic activity determination, and PAM fluorometry, indicating plant functional activity and stress responses to anomalous light environments, are presented. The study on carbon isotopic composition of photoassimilates in the diel cycle made it possible to characterize the balance of carboxylation and photorespiration processes in the leaves, using a previously developed oscillatory model of photosynthesis. Thus, the share of plant photorespiration (related to plant biomass enrichment with 13C) increased in response to red-light action, while blue light accelerated carboxylation (related to 12C enrichment). Blue light also reduced water use efficiency. These data are supported by the observations from the light environments missing distinct PAR spectrum regions. The fact that light of different wavelengths affects the isotopic composition of total carbon allowed us to elucidate the nature of its action on the organization of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G. Tarakanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Daria A. Tovstyko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Maxim P. Lomakin
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander S. Shmakov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sleptsov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander N. Shmarev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia;
| | - Vladimir A. Litvinskiy
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123, Profsoyuznaya Str., 117647 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Ivlev
- Department of Plant Physiology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.T.); (M.P.L.); (A.S.S.); (N.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
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19
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Schuler P, Cormier M, Werner RA, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Vitali V, Saurer M, Lehmann MM. A high-temperature water vapor equilibration method to determine non-exchangeable hydrogen isotope ratios of sugar, starch and cellulose. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:12-22. [PMID: 34564870 PMCID: PMC9291759 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the non-exchangeable hydrogen isotope ratio (δ2 Hne ) in carbohydrates is mostly limited to the structural component cellulose, while simple high-throughput methods for δ2 Hne values of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) such as sugar and starch do not yet exist. Here, we tested if the hot vapor equilibration method originally developed for cellulose is applicable for NSC, verified by comparison with the traditional nitration method. We set up a detailed analytical protocol and applied the method to plant extracts of leaves from species with different photosynthetic pathways (i.e., C3 , C4 and CAM). δ2 Hne of commercial sugars and starch from different classes and sources, ranging from -157.8 to +6.4‰, were reproducibly analysed with precision between 0.2‰ and 7.7‰. Mean δ2 Hne values of sugar are lowest in C3 (-92.0‰), intermediate in C4 (-32.5‰) and highest in CAM plants (6.0‰), with NSC being 2 H-depleted compared to cellulose and sugar being generally more 2 H-enriched than starch. Our results suggest that our method can be used in future studies to disentangle 2 H-fractionation processes, for improving mechanistic δ2 Hne models for leaf and tree-ring cellulose and for further development of δ2 Hne in plant carbohydrates as a potential proxy for climate, hydrology, plant metabolism and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schuler
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marc‐André Cormier
- Department of Earth Sciences, Research Group of Ocean BiogeochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Roland A. Werner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Group of Grassland SciencesETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Group of Grassland SciencesETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Valentina Vitali
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco M. Lehmann
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Research Group of Ecosystem EcologySwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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20
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Abstract
Fraudulent food products, especially regarding false claims of geographic origin, impose economic damages of $30-$40 billion per year. Stable isotope methods, using oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in particular, are the leading forensic tools for identifying these crimes. Plant physiological stable oxygen isotope models simulate how precipitation δ18O values and climatic variables shape the δ18O values of water and organic compounds in plants. These models have the potential to simplify, speed up, and improve conventional stable isotope applications and produce temporally resolved, accurate, and precise region-of-origin assignments for agricultural food products. However, the validation of these models and thus the best choice of model parameters and input variables have limited the application of the models for the origin identification of food. In our study we test model predictions against a unique 11-year European strawberry δ18O reference dataset to evaluate how choices of input variable sources and model parameterization impact the prediction skill of the model. Our results show that modifying leaf-based model parameters specifically for fruit and with product-independent, but growth time specific environmental input data, plant physiological isotope models offer a new and dynamic method that can accurately predict the geographic origin of a plant product and can advance the field of stable isotope analysis to counter food fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Cueni
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- Agroisolab GmbH, Professor-Rehm-Strasse 6, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Boner
- Agroisolab GmbH, Professor-Rehm-Strasse 6, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Connolly R, Jambrina-Enríquez M, Herrera-Herrera AV, Mallol C. Investigating Hydrogen Isotope Variation during Heating of n-Alkanes under Limited Oxygen Conditions: Implications for Palaeoclimate Reconstruction in Archaeological Settings. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071830. [PMID: 33805066 PMCID: PMC8037755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on a series of heating experiments that focus on n-alkanes extracted from leaf, bark, and xylem tissues of the Celtis australis plant. These lipid biomarkers were analysed for their compound-specific hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2Hwax) under limited oxygen conditions at 150, 250, 350, and 450 °C. Our results reveal isotopic variations in wax lipids of different plant organs during short-term low-temperature combustion. We conclude that, in the absence of a detailed characterisation of the depositional environment in advance of sampling, δ2Hwax values in archaeological or otherwise highly anthropogenic environments should be interpreted cautiously. In addition, we observed that variation in δ2Hwax of leaves is minimal at temperatures ≤ 350 °C, highlighting the potential for δ2Hwax in thermally altered combustion substrates to yield palaeoclimate information, which could allow researchers to investigate links between archaeological and climatic records at a high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Connolly
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Organica Antonio Gonzalez (IUBO), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Canary Islands, Spain; (R.C.); (M.J.-E.); (A.V.H.-H.)
- Departmento de Geografia e Historia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Margarita Jambrina-Enríquez
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Organica Antonio Gonzalez (IUBO), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Canary Islands, Spain; (R.C.); (M.J.-E.); (A.V.H.-H.)
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio V. Herrera-Herrera
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Organica Antonio Gonzalez (IUBO), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Canary Islands, Spain; (R.C.); (M.J.-E.); (A.V.H.-H.)
| | - Carolina Mallol
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Organica Antonio Gonzalez (IUBO), Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 Canary Islands, Spain; (R.C.); (M.J.-E.); (A.V.H.-H.)
- Departmento de Geografia e Historia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 Canary Islands, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and the Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edificio 1, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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22
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Brunel-Saldias N, Ferrio JP, Elazab A, Orellana M, del Pozo A. Root Architecture and Functional Traits of Spring Wheat Under Contrasting Water Regimes. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:581140. [PMID: 33262777 PMCID: PMC7686047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wheat roots are known to play an important role in the yield performance under water-limited (WL) conditions. Three consecutive year trials (2015, 2016, and 2017) were conducted in a glasshouse in 160 cm length tubes on a set of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under contrasting water regimes (1) to assess genotypic variability in root weight density (RWD) distribution in the soil profile, biomass partitioning, and total water used; and (2) to determine the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic signatures of plant and soil water in order to evaluate the contribution of shallow and deep soil water to plant water uptake and the evaporative enrichment of these isotopes in the leaf as a surrogate for plant transpiration. In the 2015 trial under well-watered (WW) conditions, the aerial biomass (AB) was not significantly different among 15 wheat genotypes, while the total root biomass and the RWD distribution in the soil profile were significantly different. In the 2016 and 2017 trials, a subset of five genotypes from the 2015 trial was grown under WW and WL regimes. The water deficit significantly reduced AB only in 2016. The water regimes did not significantly affect the root biomass and root biomass distribution in the soil depths for both the 2016 and 2017 trials. The study results highlighted that under a WL regime, the production of thinner roots with low biomass is more beneficial for increasing the water uptake than the production of large thick roots. The models applied to estimate the relative contribution of the plant's primary water sources (shallow or deep soil water) showed large interindividual variability in soil, and plant water isotopic composition resulted in large uncertainties in the model estimates. On the other side, the combined information of root architecture and the leaf stable isotope signatures could explain plant water status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia Brunel-Saldias
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Fundacion Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigacion y el Desarrollo (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Forest Resources, Agrifood Research and Technology Center of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Abdelhalim Elazab
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Massiel Orellana
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Alejandro del Pozo
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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23
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Sanchez-Bragado R, Vicente R, Molero G, Serret MD, Maydup ML, Araus JL. New avenues for increasing yield and stability in C3 cereals: exploring ear photosynthesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2020; 56:223-234. [PMID: 32088154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Small grain cereals such as wheat, rice and barley are among the most important crops worldwide. Any attempt to increase crop productivity and stability through breeding implies developing new strategies for plant phenotyping, including defining ideotype attributes for selection. Recently, the role of non-foliar photosynthetic organs, particularly the inflorescences, has received increasing attention. For example, ear photosynthesis has been reported to be a major contributor to grain filling in wheat and barley under stress and good agronomic conditions. This review provides an overview of the particular characteristics of the ear that makes this photosynthetic organ better adapted to grain filling than the flag leaf and revises potential metabolic and molecular traits that merit further research as targets for cereal improvement. Currently, the absence of high-throughput phenotyping methods limits the inclusion of ear photosynthesis in the breeding agenda. In this regard, a number of different approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Sanchez-Bragado
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO Center, Av. R. Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; Secció de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gemma Molero
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Maria Dolors Serret
- Secció de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - María Luján Maydup
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, CONICET, La Plata University- Plant Physiology Institute INFIVE, Argentina
| | - José Luis Araus
- Secció de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, and AGROTECNIO Center, Lleida, Spain.
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