1
|
Hu H, Wu Y, Zhao M, Liu J, Xie P. Sleep duration time and human papillomavirus infection risk: The U-shaped relationship revealed by NHANES data. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301212. [PMID: 38578744 PMCID: PMC10997073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep factors (sleep duration time [SDT] and obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]) and human papillomavirus (HPV)/high-risk HPV(HR-HPV) infection, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using NHANES data, focusing on SDT and OSA's association with HPV/HR-HPV infection. The primary statistical methods included weighted multivariate linear regression and logistic regression to assess the association between SDT, OSA, and HPV/HR-HPV infection. The study employed restricted cubic splines (RCS) for evaluating potential non-linear relationships between SDT and HPV/HR-HPV infection. Subgroup analyses were conducted. Interaction terms were used to examine the heterogeneity in associations across different subgroups. RESULTS The study identified a U-shaped relationship between SDT and HPV infection. Specifically, 7 hours of sleep was associated with the lowest risk of HPV infection. In comparison, SDT less than 7 hours resulted in a 26.3% higher risk of HPV infection (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.26, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.029, 1.549), and more than 9 hours of sleep showed a 57.4% increased risk (OR = 1.574, 95% CI: 1.116, 2.220). The relationship between SDT and HR-HPV infection was significant in the first two models, but not in the fully adjusted model. No significant interaction was found between sleep duration and other covariates. There was no association between OSA and HPV/HR-HPV infection. CONCLUSION The study underscores the complex relationship between sleep duration and HPV infection risk, suggesting both very short and very long sleep durations may increase HPV infection likelihood. The findings highlight the need for further research to explore the biological mechanisms underpinning this association and to consider broader population groups and more precise sleep assessment methods in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huangyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture School of Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Acupuncture School of Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Acupuncture School of Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hassan H, Hosni A, Mammdoh YM, Fathy E. Serum Galectin-3: A novel predictor of treatment response to cryotherapy in cutaneous warts. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104790. [PMID: 37924930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Hassan
- Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology at the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Amal Hosni
- Clinical Pathology at the Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Yousra M Mammdoh
- Clinical Pathology at the Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Eman Fathy
- Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology at the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuriyama Y, Kosaka M, Kaneko A, Nishioka H, Anzawa K, Hattori T, Igarashi N, Tamura M, Motegi SI, Shimizu A. Skin surface material for detecting human papillomavirus infection of skin warts. J Dermatol 2023; 50:1450-1458. [PMID: 37622192 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Warts, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, have various clinical presentations, making them difficult to differentiate from clavus, callus, and sometimes, squamous cell carcinoma. Although skin biopsies are the gold standard, a less-invasive method of examining these lesions is desired. Ninety patients with warts and related diseases, such as clavus and callus, were recruited to explore new differentiation methods using the surface of the warts. DNA was extracted from three types of specimens in each case: surface swab, shaved hyperkeratotic scale, and post-shaved surface swab. Total DNA was successfully extracted from these three specimens and was sufficient for subsequent HPV DNA detection. We analyzed samples for the HPV type and HPV viral load using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifty-five cases were PCR-positive, and HPV1a, 2a, 4, 27, 57, and 65 were detected. The amount of HPV1a DNA produced was significantly greater than that of other HPV types. Regarding the correlation between the clinical diagnosis and HPV detection, the positive agreement rate was 90.9%, the negative agreement rate was 40.0%, and the overall agreement rate was 71.1%. Ten of the 21 cases clinically diagnosed as plantar warts were PCR-negative, especially in elderly patients. This suggests that it is difficult to distinguish plantar warts from clavus and callus in clinical practice. Although the amount of HPV DNA in the removed keratinization scale was highest for all HPV types, HPV detection by swabbing before and after shaving is also useful for follow-up as well as for differential diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kuriyama
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mieko Kosaka
- Diagnostics Division, Maruho Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Kaneko
- Diagnostics Division, Maruho Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Dermatology, Sano Kousei General Hospital, Sano, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Redzic N, Pereira AR, Menon S, Bogers J, Coppens A, Kehoe K, Vanden Broeck D. Characterization of type-specific HPV prevalence in a population of persistent cutaneous warts in Flanders, Belgium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17492. [PMID: 37840107 PMCID: PMC10577142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous warts are benign skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Even though they are considered benign, they can have a considerable impact on the quality of life and cause serious illness in certain immunocompromised populations. Studies have shown that the efficacy of wart treatment is dependent on the causative HPV type. Therefore, in this article, we aim to determine the HPV genotype-specific prevalence in cutaneous warts of a Flemish population as part of the Omnivirol-Salycilic acid randomized controlled trial. Swab samples of cutaneous warts (n = 269) were collected during enrollment. The DNA extraction was performed on the automated NucliSENS® easyMAG® system (bioMérieux). The samples were analyzed with two separate in-house PCR assays capable of detecting the most prevalent cutaneous HPV types (i.e. wart-associated HPV qPCR) as well as the most relevant mucosal types (i.e. RIATOL qPCR assay). In total, the type-specific prevalence of 30 distinct HPV genotypes was determined. The beta-globin gene was used as a cellularity control and for viral load quantification. Data concerning wart persistence, previous treatment, wart type, and other relevant wart and patient characteristics was collected through a baseline questionnaire. The study population consisted mostly of persistent warts considering that 98% (n = 263) of the sampled skin lesions were older than six months and 92% (n = 247) had undergone previous treatment. The most prominent wart type was the mosaic verruca plantaris (42%, n = 113). The most prevalent HPV types were cutaneous HPV types 27 (73%, n = 195), 57 (63%, n = 169), and 2 (42%, n = 113). Only 2% (n = 6) of the lesions was HPV negative. The highest median viral loads were observed with HPV27 and 57 (i.e. 6.29E+04 and 7.47E+01 viral copies per cell respectively). The multivariate analysis found significant associations between wart persistence and certain wart types, the number of warts, and HPV genotypes. Based on these findings, persistent warts are more likely to: (1) be verruca vulgaris, verruca plantaris simple or mosaic, (2) to manifest as multiple warts, (3) and to be negative for HPV type 2 or 4. These characteristics can be useful in the clinical setting for future risk stratification when considering treatment triage and management. Trial registration: NCT05862441, 17/05/2023 (retrospectively registered).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Redzic
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, AML - Sonic Healthcare Benelux, Antwerp, Belgium.
- AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - A Rita Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, AML - Sonic Healthcare Benelux, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sonia Menon
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Bogers
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, AML - Sonic Healthcare Benelux, Antwerp, Belgium
- AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for HPV, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Clinic, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Astrid Coppens
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, AML - Sonic Healthcare Benelux, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, AML - Sonic Healthcare Benelux, Antwerp, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for HPV, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Davy Vanden Broeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, AML - Sonic Healthcare Benelux, Antwerp, Belgium
- AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for HPV, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tao Z, Ran L, Jian-Hua W. Epidemiological survey of warts in Chinese military recruits: A cross-sectional and follow-up study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16989. [PMID: 37332915 PMCID: PMC10272479 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Warts are very common in military personnel, either at war or during peace times. However, little is known about the prevalence and natural course of warts in military recruits in China. Objective To investigate the prevalence and natural course of warts in Chinese military recruits. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the head, face, neck, hands, and feet of 3093 Chinese military recruits aged 16-25 years in Shanghai were examined for the presence of warts upon enlistment medical examinations. Questionnaires were distributed to collect the general information of the participants before the survey. All the patients were followed up by telephone interview for 11-20 months. Results The prevalence rate of warts in Chinese military recruits was 2.49%. The diagnosis of most cases was common and plantar warts, which were usually less than 1 cm in diameter and with mild discomfort. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking and sharing personal items with others were risk factors. Coming from southern China was a protective factor. Over 2/3 of patients recovered within 1 year and the type, number, and size of warts and treatment choice did not predict resolution.Study limitations and Conclusions This study demonstrated that warts had a relative lower morbidity and a higher spontaneous resolution rate in Chinese military recruits. The telephone interviews following the initial survey and the limitations of a cross-sectional study were the main drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wu Jian-Hua
- Corresponding author. Department of Dermatology, Changhai Hospital, 168 chang-hai RD yang-pu district, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evande R, Rana A, Biswas-Fiss EE, Biswas SB. Protein-DNA Interactions Regulate Human Papillomavirus DNA Replication, Transcription, and Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108493. [PMID: 37239839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of alpha papillomaviruses that cause various illnesses, including cancer. There are more than 160 types of HPV, with many being "high-risk" types that have been clinically linked to cervical and other types of cancer. "Low-risk" types of HPV cause less severe conditions, such as genital warts. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have shed light on how HPV induces carcinogenesis. The HPV genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule that is approximately 8 kilobases in size. Replication of this genome is strictly regulated and requires two virus-encoded proteins, E1 and E2. E1 is a DNA helicase that is necessary for replisome assembly and replication of the HPV genome. On the other hand, E2 is responsible for initiating DNA replication and regulating the transcription of HPV-encoded genes, most importantly the E6 and E7 oncogenes. This article explores the genetic characteristics of high-risk HPV types, the roles of HPV-encoded proteins in HPV DNA replication, the regulation of transcription of E6 and E7 oncogenes, and the development of oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Evande
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Anshul Rana
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Esther E Biswas-Fiss
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Subhasis B Biswas
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bristow I. Paediatric Cutaneous Warts and Verrucae: An Update. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16400. [PMID: 36554279 PMCID: PMC9779159 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous warts are common lesions in children caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and for most lesions spontaneously resolve within months of the initial infection, regardless of treatment. The infection is most prevalent in the second decade of life affecting over 40% of children. Studies have demonstrated wart virus carriage on normal skin is higher in children with active lesions and family members. Subtypes HPV 2, HPV 27, HPV 57 and HPV 63 are particularly common in paediatric populations. Warts arising on the plantar surface of the foot (verrucae) can be particularly problematic owing to the location. They may interfere with daily activities causing pain and embarrassment. Plantar lesions have been shown to be more resistant to treatment than warts elsewhere on the skin. Systematic reviews and studies conducted over the last decade have demonstrated little evidence of innovation or effective improvements in treatment of recalcitrant lesions over the last 30 years. However, newer modalities such as immunotherapy (using injected vaccines) and hyperthermia using microwave treatment may hold promise in improving the treatment of these common and therapeutically frustrating lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bristow
- Private Practice, Lymington, Hampshire SO41 9AH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skubic L, Hošnjak L, Breznik V, Fujs Komloš K, Luzar B, Poljak M. An Improved Protocol for Comprehensive Etiological Characterization of Skin Warts and Determining Causative Human Papillomavirus Types in 128 Histologically Confirmed Common Warts. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36298821 DOI: 10.3390/v14102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiologically associated with various benign and malignant neoplasms of cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. We describe an improved diagnostic protocol for comprehensive characterization of causative HPV types in common warts, in which broad-spectrum PCRs followed by Sanger sequencing, two previously described and seven newly developed type-specific quantitative real-time PCRs (qPCRs) coupled with the human beta-globin qPCR were used for: (i) diagnosis of HPV infection in warts; (ii) estimation of cellular viral loads of all HPV types detected; and (iii) determination of their etiological role in 128 histologically confirmed fresh-frozen common wart tissue samples. A total of 12 different causative HPV types were determined in 122/126 (96.8%) HPV-positive warts, with HPV27 being most prevalent (27.0%), followed by HPV57 (26.2%), HPV4 (15.1%), HPV2 (13.5%), and HPV65 (7.9%). The cellular viral loads of HPV4 and HPV65 were estimated for the first time in common warts and were significantly higher than the viral loads of HPV2, HPV27, and HPV57. In addition, we showed for the first time that HPV65 is etiologically associated with the development of common warts in significantly older patients than HPV27 and HPV57, whereas HPV4-induced warts were significantly smaller than warts caused by HPV2, HPV27, HPV57, and HPV65.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zheng K, Egawa N, Shiraz A, Katakuse M, Okamura M, Griffin HM, Doorbar J. The Reservoir of Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection; Strategies for Elimination Using Anti-Viral Therapies. Viruses 2022; 14:214. [PMID: 35215808 PMCID: PMC8876702 DOI: 10.3390/v14020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses have co-evolved with their human host, with each of the over 200 known HPV types infecting distinct epithelial niches to cause diverse disease pathologies. Despite the success of prophylactic vaccines in preventing high-risk HPV infection, the development of HPV anti-viral therapies has been hampered by the lack of enzymatic viral functions, and by difficulties in translating the results of in vitro experiments into clinically useful treatment regimes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in anti-HPV drug development, and highlight the importance of understanding persistent HPV infections for future anti-viral design. In the infected epithelial basal layer, HPV genomes are maintained at a very low copy number, with only limited viral gene expression; factors which allow them to hide from the host immune system. However, HPV gene expression confers an elevated proliferative potential, a delayed commitment to differentiation, and preferential persistence of the infected cell in the epithelial basal layer, when compared to their uninfected neighbours. To a large extent, this is driven by the viral E6 protein, which functions in the HPV life cycle as a modulator of epithelial homeostasis. By targeting HPV gene products involved in the maintenance of the viral reservoir, there appears to be new opportunities for the control or elimination of chronic HPV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; (K.Z.); (N.E.); (A.S.); (H.M.G.)
| | - Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; (K.Z.); (N.E.); (A.S.); (H.M.G.)
| | - Aslam Shiraz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; (K.Z.); (N.E.); (A.S.); (H.M.G.)
| | - Mayako Katakuse
- Kyoto R&D Centre, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto 600-8813, Japan; (M.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Maki Okamura
- Kyoto R&D Centre, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto 600-8813, Japan; (M.K.); (M.O.)
| | - Heather M. Griffin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; (K.Z.); (N.E.); (A.S.); (H.M.G.)
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK; (K.Z.); (N.E.); (A.S.); (H.M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Loenenbach A, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Harder T, Poethko-Müller C, Thamm M, Lachmann R, Deleré Y, Wichmann O, Wiese-Posselt M. Seroprevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) types among children and adolescents in the general population in Germany. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:44. [PMID: 35012452 PMCID: PMC8751243 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Germany, HPV vaccination of adolescent girls was introduced in 2007. Nationally representative data on the distribution of vaccine-relevant HPV types in the pre-vaccination era are, however, only available for the adult population. To obtain data in children and adolescents, we assessed the prevalence and determinants of serological response to 16 different HPV types in a representative sample of 12,257 boys and girls aged 1–17 years living in Germany in 2003–2005. Methods Serum samples were tested for antibodies to nine mucosal and seven cutaneous HPV types. The samples had been collected during the nationally representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents in 2003–2006. We calculated age- and gender-specific HPV seroprevalence. We used multivariable regression models to identify associations between demographic and behavioral characteristics and HPV seropositivity. Results We found low but non-zero seroprevalence for the majority of tested HPV types among children and adolescents in Germany. The overall seroprevalence of HPV-16 was 2.6%, with slightly higher values in adolescents. Seroprevalence of all mucosal types but HPV-6 ranged from 0.6% for HPV-33, to 6.4% for HPV-31 and did not differ by gender. We found high overall seroprevalence for HPV-6 with 24.8%. Cutaneous HPV type seroprevalence ranged from 4.0% for HPV-38 to 31.7% for HPV-1. In the majority of cutaneous types, seroprevalence did not differ between boys and girls, but increased sharply with age, (e.g., HPV-1 from 1.5% in 1–3-years-old to 45.1% in 10–11-years-old). Associations between behavioral factors and type-specific HPV prevalence were determined to be heterogeneous. Conclusions We report the first nationally representative data of naturally acquired HPV antibody reactivity in the pre-HPV-vaccination era among children and adolescents living in Germany. These data can be used as baseline estimates for evaluating the impact of the current HPV vaccination strategy targeting 9–14-years-old boys and girls. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07028-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loenenbach
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany. .,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Harder
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Thamm
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raskit Lachmann
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ole Wichmann
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Wiese-Posselt
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Immunization Unit, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kreuter A, Wieland U. New important data on the transmission of cutaneous human papillomaviruses. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:11-12. [PMID: 34897831 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Helios St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - U Wieland
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
García-Oreja S, Álvaro-Afonso FJ, Sevillano-Fernández D, Tardáguila-García A, López-Moral M, Lázaro-Martínez JL. A non-invasive method for diagnosing plantar warts caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). J Med Virol 2021; 94:2897-2901. [PMID: 34890486 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The methods that are used for the diagnostic confirmation of human papillomavirus (HPV) include excisional biopsy and histopathological studies or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). They are invasive, laborious, and subject to ethical restrictions due to the benign nature of these warts. This study aims to analyse the accuracy of noninvasive swab samples to diagnose plantar warts. Fifty plantar warts were included in the study. Skin swabs and hyperkeratosis skin scales were collected from each wart. Multiplex PCR was performed to detect and type the HPVs. The prevalence of HPV in this study was 90% when the sample was obtained using the wart scraping method and 94% when it was obtained using swabs and the new method. In 45 of the 45 positive samples (sensitivity: 100%), the result between the wart scab and wart swab were almost identical. The genotyping result was identical in all 46 patients who had a positive result using both methods. The swab method appears to be a simple and accurate technique to diagnose plantar warts due to HPV. It is a noninvasive technique that could be performed even by inexperienced professionals and in patients with pain or a fear of needles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Oreja
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), University Podiatric Clinic, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Álvaro-Afonso
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), University Podiatric Clinic, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aroa Tardáguila-García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), University Podiatric Clinic, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mateo López-Moral
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), University Podiatric Clinic, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luís Lázaro-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), University Podiatric Clinic, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sánchez-Barrientos G, Vega-Memije E, García-Corona C, Cuevas-González JC, Zavaleta-Villa B, Ibarra-Arce A, Olivo-Diaz A. Human Leukocyte Antigens -DQA1 and -DQB1 Alleles in Patients With Common Warts. Cureus 2021; 13:e18933. [PMID: 34812317 PMCID: PMC8604088 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human papillomavirus induces the formation of lesions in different epithelia. Several studies describe an association of class II human leukocyte antigen with genital lesions, implying that they could also be related to the presence of common warts. The goal of this work was to determine the frequency of human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in Mexicans with common warts. Methods Thirty-two patients with a diagnosis of common warts, without any other systemic disease, and 100 healthy subjects from the same geographic area were recruited. The second exon of the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 loci was typed by dot-blot and chemiluminescence. Results Alleles DQA1*03:01:01 (P = 0.021) and DQB1*03:02 (P = 0.036) were associated with the presence of skin warts. DQA1*04:01-DQB1*04:02 (P = 0.009) and DQA1*03:01:01-DQB1*03:02 (P = 0.044) were the most frequent haplotypes in patients. Conclusion In conclusion, the results of our study showed that the alleles DQA1 *03:01:01, DQB1*03:02, DQA1 *04:01, and DQB1*04:02 were associated with susceptibility to common warts, while DQA1*05:01 was significantly diminished in them. Consequently, the haplotypes DQA1*04:01-DQB1*04: 02 and DQA1*03:01:01-DQB1*03:02 were found to be associated with susceptibility, and DQA1*05:01-DQB1*03:01 increased significantly in controls. Therefore, the alleles of the DQA1 and DQB1 genes that are associated with susceptibility could be presenting human papillomavirus (HPV) peptides to T lymphocytes that activate a Th2-type response (anti-inflammatory cytokines), which allows the development of skin warts in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Vega-Memije
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Mexico City, MEX
| | | | - Juan C Cuevas-González
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Mexico City, MEX
| | - Beatriz Zavaleta-Villa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Aurora Ibarra-Arce
- Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Mexico City, MEX
| | - Angelica Olivo-Diaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez", Mexico City, MEX
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghorzang E, de Koning MNC, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Gussekloo J, Quint KD, Goeman JJ, Feltkamp MCW, Bruggink SC, Eekhof JAH. HPV type-specific distribution among family members and linen in households of cutaneous wart patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:119-125. [PMID: 34547117 PMCID: PMC9293406 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Common and plantar warts are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Mode of transmission of wart HPVs within families is largely unknown. Objective To demonstrate similarity of HPV type(s) among wart cases, family members and household linen. Methods In a cross‐sectional study, swabs taken from 123 warts and foreheads of 62 index patients and 157 family members and from 58 kitchen towels and 59 bathroom mats were tested for DNA of 23 cutaneous wart‐associated HPV types. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to estimate the chance of detecting the same HPV type as was found in the index patients on the family contacts and on the kitchen towels and bathroom mats. Results HPV1, HPV2, HPV27 and HPV57 were the most prevalent types in the warts of the index patients. Altogether, 60 (42.3%) of the 142 family members without warts had HPV DNA on their foreheads. When HPV1 and HPV2 were found in the warts, these types were also frequently (>50%) found on the foreheads of index patients and their family members, as well as on the kitchen towels and the bathroom mats. HPV27 and HPV57 were less frequently found (<25%) on foreheads and linen. No associations were found for age, sex and site of HPV DNA presence. Conclusion Dissemination of skin wart‐causing HPV types, from wart cases to household contacts and linen, such as kitchen towels and bathroom mats, is more likely for HPV1 and HPV2 than for HPV27 and HPV57. The role of towels and bathroom mats in HPV transmission deserves further investigation. Linked Commentary A. Kreuter and U. Wieland. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36: 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17820.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ghorzang
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M N C de Koning
- Viroclinics-DDL, DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - J N Bouwes Bavinck
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Gussekloo
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K D Quint
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J J Goeman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S C Bruggink
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J A H Eekhof
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are an ancient and highly successful group of viruses that have co-evolved with their host to replicate in specific anatomical niches of the stratified epithelia. They replicate persistently in dividing cells, hijack key host cellular processes to manipulate the cellular environment and escape immune detection, and produce virions in terminally differentiated cells that are shed from the host. Some HPVs cause benign, proliferative lesions on the skin and mucosa, and others are associated with the development of cancer. However, most HPVs cause infections that are asymptomatic and inapparent unless the immune system becomes compromised. To date, the genomes of almost 450 distinct HPV types have been isolated and sequenced. In this Review, I explore the diversity, evolution, infectious cycle, host interactions and disease association of HPVs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nieto-Benito LM. Hemorrhagic plantar blisters in a healthy 15-year-old patient. Semergen 2021; 48:e7-e8. [PMID: 34531127 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Nieto-Benito
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee J, Kim S, Jeon C, Shim S, Ahn HI, Kim N. A Combination of Herbal Medicine and Moxibustion Treatment is Effective for a Recalcitrant Cutaneous Warts in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report. J Acupunct Res 2021; 38:233-5. [DOI: 10.13045/jar.2021.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although warts are a common skin condition/disease that recurs in childhood, treatment completion is difficult owing to the pain associated with conventional therapies. In this case, Korean herbal medicine, Guijakjihwang-Tang, and indirect moxibustion was used to treat a recalcitrant cutaneous wart without pain and recurrence. A 7-year-old boy presented with recurrent cutaneous warts on his right hand and received cryotherapy 3 times in the previous year. The wart recurred during the course of cryotherapy treatment, and the patient did not want to suffer any more pain from the previous treatment. Therefore, parents sought an efficient and painless therapy. The patient was treated for 2 months using Guijakjihwang-Tang combined with indirect moxibustion. The prominent lesion separated in the 2nd month of treatment and completely recovered without adverse events in the 3rd month. There was no recurrence over 12 months of follow-up. This report provides meaningful insights into the use of Korean medicine as a safe, painless and efficient treatment for warts in pediatric patients.
Collapse
|
18
|
Redzic N, Benoy I, Vanden Broeck D, Bogers JP. Development and validation of a wart-associated human papilloma virus genotyping assay for detection of HPV in cutaneous warts. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3841-3848. [PMID: 33090508 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous warts are infectious disorders caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). A recent study revealed that the HPV genotype influences the natural course and response to treatment for plantar warts, suggesting that HPV genotyping could potentially be used to optimize wart treatment schemes. For this purpose, a wart-associated HPV genotyping assay was developed. The assay was subjected to an intensive validation process including, i.a., empiric determination of the annealing temperature, primer-probe optimization, evaluation of the analytical specificity and sensitivity, viral load quantification, and qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of intra-run repeatability and inter-run reproducibility. The newly developed assay was employed in a small-scale HPV genotyping study of wart biopsies (n = 50). The assay exhibited an analytical type-specific sensitivity and specificity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.9%-100%). The limit of quantification of the tested sequences corresponded to less than 17 viral copies/µl, while the limit of detection was less than 5 copies/µl. Very good to excellent agreements were gained between intra- and inter-run measurements (κ = 0.85-1.00) and coefficients of variation of the quantitative agreements were less then 3%. 22.5% (95% CI: 11%-39%) of the analyzed biopsies were negative for the tested HPV types, while 35% (95% CI: 21%-52%) contained multiple infections. The wart-associated HPV quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was proven to be highly sensitive and specific. Multiple HPV infections were detected in 35% of lesions, contradicting the current literature claiming that in immunocompetent patients only 4%-16% of warts exhibit multiple HPV infections. This assay is qualified to be implemented in development of future genotype specific wart treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Redzic
- AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, AML, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ina Benoy
- AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, AML, Antwerp, Belgium
- National Reference Center for HPV, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Davy Vanden Broeck
- AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, AML, Antwerp, Belgium
- National Reference Center for HPV, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Center for Reproductive health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes P Bogers
- AMBIOR, Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, AML, Antwerp, Belgium
- National Reference Center for HPV, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Salman S, S A Shehata M, Ibrahim AM, Awad M, Sarsik S, El-Shirbiny H, Fathi M, Agha NY, Anis R, Abdel Daim MM. Efficacy of retinoids alone or in combination with other remedies in the management of warts: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14793. [PMID: 33480148 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of combined systemic retinoids and intralesional immunotherapy in the management of warts is still debatable without straightforward evidence. Through network meta-analysis, the current study evaluated the efficacy and safety of systemic retinoids alone or combined with other remedies in the treatment of warts. We searched six literature databases for clinical trials that compared systemic retinoids to local treatments or placebo in wart management. Outcomes were calculated as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence-interval. We used the R software to perform conventional and network meta-analyses (with a frequentist approach). Network meta-analysis of eight trials showed that oral acitretin plus intralesional Candida Ag (OR = 367.71), INF-α plus oral isotretinoin (OR = 223.77), oral acitretin (OR = 117), Candida Ag (OR = 91.93), oral isotretinoin (OR = 62.26) and topical isotretinoin (OR = 17.69) had higher complete recovery rates than placebo. Regarding the P-score, oral acitretin plus intralesional Candida Ag had the highest efficacy in achieving complete response (P-score = 0.88), followed by INF-α plus oral isotretinoin (P-score = 0.79), then oral acitretin (P-score = 0.60). Variable baseline characteristics and lack of data on some outcomes. The current study shows the efficacy for systemic retinoids in the treatment of warts, especially reluctant or recurrent types. Moreover, combinations of systemic retinoids with intralesional immunotherapy yield higher rates of complete clearance with lower recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Salman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mina Awad
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh Sarsik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Fathi
- Kasr Al-Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ruba Anis
- Kasr Al-Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kombe Kombe AJ, Li B, Zahid A, Mengist HM, Bounda GA, Zhou Y, Jin T. Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation. Front Public Health 2021; 8:552028. [PMID: 33553082 PMCID: PMC7855977 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.552028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosed in more than 90% of cervical cancers, the fourth deadliest cancer in women, human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently the most common pathogen responsible for female cancers. Moreover, HPV infection is associated with many other diseases, including cutaneous and anogenital warts, and genital and upper aerodigestive tract cancers. The incidence and prevalence of these pathologies vary considerably depending on factors including HPV genotype, regional conditions, the study population, and the anatomical site sampled. Recently, features of the cervicovaginal microbiota are found to be associated with the incidence of HPV-related diseases, presenting a novel approach to identify high-risk women through both blood and cervical samples. Overall, the HPV repartition data show that HPV infection and related diseases are more prevalent in developing countries. Moreover, the available (2-, 4-, and 9-valent) vaccines based on virus-like particles, despite their proven effectiveness and safety, present some limitations in terms of system development cost, transport cold chain, and oncogenic HPV variants. In addition, vaccination programs face some challenges, leading to a considerable burden of HPV infection and related diseases. Therefore, even though the new (9-valent) vaccine seems promising, next-generation vaccines as well as awareness programs associated with HPV vaccination and budget reinforcements for immunization are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Gabonese Scientific Research Consortium, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Bofeng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ayesha Zahid
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guy-Armel Bounda
- Gabonese Scientific Research Consortium, Libreville, Gabon.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sinomedica Co., Ltd., Mong Kok, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Magalhães GM, Vieira ÉC, Garcia LC, De Carvalho-Leite MDLR, Guedes ACM, Araújo MG. Update on human papilloma virus - part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical spectrum. An Bras Dermatol 2021; 96:1-16. [PMID: 33341319 PMCID: PMC7838122 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is related to a great number of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations. The spectrum of HPV ranges from inapparent infections, through various clinical benign presentations including cutaneous and mucosal disease, to malignant and premalignant conditions. New HPV types are currently described in the literature; many of them are characterized as high-risk types due to their oncogenic potential. Knowledge regarding their epidemiology and pathogenesis is important to understand not only infection and disease processes, but also to formulate the clinical and laboratory basis for diagnosis, therapeutics, and prophylactic measures. This non-systematic review aims to discuss and to update those aspects, with an emphasis on relevant topics for dermatologists. HPV infection and related diseases in the Brazilian scenario are highlighted, including common dermatologic conditions seen at clinics as well as the condition of a public health problem as a sexually transmitted infection. The oncogenicity of the virus and the variety of clinical outcomes - especially in the immunocompromised individuals - are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Magela Magalhães
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Cristina Vieira
- Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Campos Garcia
- Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Carlos Martins Guedes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Grossi Araújo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Dermatology Service, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Burgmann J, Biester T, Grothaus J, Kordonouri O, Ott H. Pediatric diabetes and skin disease (PeDiSkin): A cross-sectional study in 369 children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:1556-1565. [PMID: 32985057 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spectrum of skin disorders in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their impact on affected persons are still incompletely understood. This study assessed the prevalence of skin diseases, cutaneous complications associated with T1D treatment and skin-related quality of life (QoL) in young T1D persons. METHODS Participation in this interdisciplinary, single-center, cross-sectional, observational study was offered to all persons with T1D ≤20 years. Participants were characterized by a detailed medical history, routine laboratory workup, thorough clinical examinations and an established QoL questionnaire. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-nine persons were recruited (55% male; age 12.3 ± 4.4 years; HbA1c 7.4 ± 1.0%; mean ± SD). Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) was used by 72.4%, multiple daily injections (MDI) by 27.6% and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) by 76%. Skin affections occurred in 91.8% of the study population. Device-associated lesions were most prevalent, including lipohypertrophy in 42.2% of MDI and 46.8% of CGM users and contact eczema associated with CSII or CGM in 14.2% and 18.3%, respectively. Diabetes-associated skin disorders and skin infections were rare or absent. Skin-related QoL impairment was low or absent in 95% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Skin diseases have a high prevalence and a broad spectrum in young persons with T1D. Eczematous reactions to CSII and CGM devices represent the most frequent skin complications. This highlights the need for regular skin checkups as an integral part of pediatric diabetes consultations and interdisciplinary cooperation for classification and treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Burgmann
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children's Hospital AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany
| | - Torben Biester
- Diabetes Centre for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Grothaus
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children's Hospital AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olga Kordonouri
- Diabetes Centre for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hagen Ott
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children's Hospital AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Soenjoyo KR, Chua BWB, Wee LWY, Koh MJA, Ang SB. Treatment of cutaneous viral warts in children: A review. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e14034. [PMID: 32683782 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral warts or verruca are very common skin infections in children. Although benign, lesions can be extensive, painful, bleed, or lead to cosmetic disfigurement. Although spontaneous resolution can occur, parents often bring their children for treatment, especially when they are symptomatic. Many publications have assessed the efficacy and safety of treatment of warts in adults. However, treatment in children can be challenging due to their immune responses and lower threshold for pain. We review the current literature on the methods, efficacy, and side effect profile of common treatment modalities for cutaneous viral warts in children. There is evidence that salicylic acid and cryotherapy are effective, and although cryotherapy is more effective, there is a higher risk of side effects such as pain and blistering. Combination treatment with salicylic acid and cryotherapy may reduce these side effects. Although there is limited data, other treatment options such as cantharidin, immunotherapy and other mechanical therapies, for example, carbon dioxide lasers, may also be considered, especially for recalcitrant lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynette Wei Yi Wee
- Dermatology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Jean Aan Koh
- Dermatology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Bin Ang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Dermatology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Family Medicine Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Layman H, Rickert KW, Wilson S, Aksyuk AA, Dunty JM, Natrakul D, Swaminathan N, DelNagro CJ. Development and validation of a multiplex immunoassay for the simultaneous quantification of type-specific IgG antibodies to E6/E7 oncoproteins of HPV16 and HPV18. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229672. [PMID: 32214362 PMCID: PMC7098588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 170 types of human papilloma viruses (HPV) exist with many causing proliferative diseases linked to malignancy in indications such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Characterization of antibody levels toward HPV serology is challenging due to complex biology of oncoproteins, pre-existing titers to multiple HPV types, cross-reactivity, and low affinity, polyclonal responses. Using multiplex technology from MSD, we have developed an assay that simultaneously characterizes antibodies against E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV16 and 18, the primary drivers of HPV-associated oncogenesis. We fusion tagged our E6 and E7 proteins with MBP via two-step purification, spot-printed an optimized concentration of protein into wells of MSD 96-well plates, and assayed various cynomolgus monkey, human and HPV+ cervical cancer patient serum to validate the assay. The dynamic range of the assay covered 4-orders of magnitude and antibodies were detected in serum at a dilution up to 100,000-fold. The assay was very precise (n = 5 assay runs) with median CV of human serum samples ~ 5.3% and inter-run variability of 11.4%. The multiplex serology method has strong cross-reactivity between E6 oncoproteins from human serum samples as HPV18 E6 antigens neutralized 5 of 6 serum samples as strongly as HPV16 E6. Moderate concordance (Spearman’s Rank = 0.775) was found between antibody responses against HPV16 E7 in the multiplex assay compared to standard ELISA serology methods. These results demonstrate the development of a high-throughput, multi-plex assay that requires lower sample quantity input with greater dynamic range to detect type-specific anti-HPV concentrations to E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV16 and 18.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Layman
- AstraZeneca plc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Keith W. Rickert
- AstraZeneca plc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Wilson
- AstraZeneca plc, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jill M. Dunty
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dusit Natrakul
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nithya Swaminathan
- AstraZeneca plc, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Cutaneous warts are a common pediatric complaint with modest response to first-line treatments. Warts are a manifestation of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and are cleared by cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Intralesional immunotherapy treatments have been studied as alternative therapies, particularly for recalcitrant or multiple warts, including Candida antigen, mumps antigen, the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. These treatments are thought to increase HPV recognition by stimulating CMI. In this review, we evaluate and compare the efficacy and adverse effects of intralesional immunotherapy in the treatment of pediatric warts. Articles met inclusion criteria if they specifically evaluated the effects of intralesional immunotherapy (candida, MMR, tuberculin PPD, or BCG) as treatment for cutaneous warts in a pediatric population, and if they quantified treatment effect in a reproducible manner. Twenty-one studies met criteria. Many studies demonstrated complete clearance of injected common warts in pediatric patients with clearance rates ranging from 23.3% to 95.2%. Distant wart resolution was common. Intralesional immunotherapy is a promising treatment option for cutaneous warts in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime R Fields
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sami K Saikaly
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer J Schoch
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Breznik V, Fujs Komloš K, Hošnjak L, Luzar B, Kavalar R, Miljković J, Poljak M. Determination of Causative Human Papillomavirus Type in Tissue Specimens of Common Warts Based on Estimated Viral Loads. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:4. [PMID: 32039037 PMCID: PMC6993575 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Assessment of human papillomavirus (HPV) type-specific viral load (VL) is a valid tool for determining the etiology of HPV-related skin tumors, especially when more than one HPV type is detected within one lesion. Methods: The causative HPV type was determined in 185 fresh-frozen tissue specimens of histologically confirmed common warts (CWs) collected from 121 immunocompetent patients. All tissues were tested using the type-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for the most common wart-associated Alpha-PV (HPV2/27/57) and Mu-PV types (HPV1/63/204). The presence of 23 additional low-risk HPVs was evaluated using a conventional wide-spectrum PCR. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 176/185 (95.1%) CWs and multiple HPV types in 71/185 (38.4%) lesions. Using the VL approach and a robust cutoff of one viral copy/cell established in this study, HPV2/27/57 were determined as causative agents in 41/53 (77.3%) and 53/71 (74.7%) CWs with single and multiple HPVs, respectively. Conclusions: CWs are mostly etiologically associated with HPV2/27/57 and only rarely with HPV1. In the majority of CWs containing multiple HPVs, a single HPV type was present in high concentration, indicating etiological association. No significant differences in VLs of lesion-causing HPV types in CWs containing single or multiple HPVs were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Breznik
- Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Fujs Komloš
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Luzar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rajko Kavalar
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jovan Miljković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen Z, Li Q, Huang J, Li J, Yang F, Min X, Chen Z. E6 and E7 gene polymorphisms in human papillomavirus Type-6 identified in Southwest China. Virol J 2019; 16:114. [PMID: 31511025 PMCID: PMC6740006 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus type-6 (HPV6) is the major etiological agent of anogenital warts both men and women. The present study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity among HPV6 in Southwest China, and to investigate the origin of, selective pressure experienced by, and impact of the resultantly identified genetic variants on the HPV6 secondary structure. METHODS Phylogenetic trees were constructed by Maximum-likelihood and the Kimura 2-parameters methods by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. The diversity of secondary structure was analyzed by PSIPred software. The selection pressures acting on the E6/E7 genes were estimated by Phylogenetic Analyses by Maximum Likelihood version 4.8 software. RESULTS HPV6 was the most prevalent low risk HPV type in southwest China. In total, 143 E6 and E7 gene sequences of HPV6 isolated from patients were sequenced and compared to GenBank HPV6 reference sequence X00203. The results of these analyses revealed that both the HPV6 E6 and E7 were highly conserved within the analyzed patient samples, and comprised only 3 types of variant sequence, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of HPV6 E6 and E7 sequences revealed seven/five single-nucleotide mutations, two/four and five/one of which were non-synonymous and synonymous, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses of the E6 and E7 sequences indicated that they belonged to sub-lineage A1 and sub-lineage B1, whereas the selective pressure analyses showed that only the E7 mutation sites 4R, 34E, and 52F were positive selection. CONCLUSIONS HPV6 (detection rate = 13.10%) was very prevalent in southwest China, both the HPV6 E6 and E7 sequences were highly conserved within the analyzed patient samples in southwest China, indicating that the low risk HPV6 can adapt to the environment well without much evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuyi Chen
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.,Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongyao Li
- Bio-resource Research and Utilization Joint Key Laboratory of Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Information Technology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Information Technology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Min
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zehui Chen
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rollison DE, Viarisio D, Amorrortu RP, Gheit T, Tommasino M. An Emerging Issue in Oncogenic Virology: the Role of Beta Human Papillomavirus Types in the Development of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Virol 2019; 93:e01003-18. [PMID: 30700603 PMCID: PMC6430537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01003-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that beta human papillomaviruses (HPVs), together with ultraviolet radiation, contribute to the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Beta HPVs appear to be not the main drivers of carcinogenesis but rather facilitators of the accumulation of ultraviolet-induced DNA mutations. Beta HPVs are promoters of skin carcinogenesis, although they are dispensable for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype. Therefore, beta HPV represents a target for skin cancer prevention, especially in high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Daniele Viarisio
- Infection and Cancer Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hasanzadeh M, Rejali M, Mehramiz M, Akbari M, Mousavi Seresht L, Yazdandoost Y, Farokhi S, Mahdian Z, Maleki F, Emamdadi-Aliabad Z, Jalilvand N, Khorrami S, Fadaei Z, Movahedi M, Hosseini Z, Razmi F, Takamoli T, Ferns GA, Avan A. The interaction of high and low-risk human papillomavirus genotypes increases the risk of developing genital warts: A population-based cohort study. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12870-12874. [PMID: 30868650 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is among the most common type of cancers in women and is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Genital warts are also reported to be linked with HPV infection types 11 and 6. In turn, clinical characteristics and morphological features of warts may be useful in the prediction of prognosis and in making treatment decisions. Thus, we have investigated the association of high and low-risk HPVs genotype with genital wart risk, as well as pathological and cytological information in cases recruited from a population-based cohort study of 1380 patients. Patients infected with HPV genotype 6 or 11 had an increased risk of having warts, with OR of 2.34 (95% CI: 0.955-5.737, P = 0.06). Also, this association was enhanced in the presence of high plus low-risk HPV for having genital wart (OR: 2.814; 95%: 1.208-6.55, P = 0.017) and cases having high-risk HPV (OR: 2.329; 95% CI: 1.029-5.269, P = 0.042). Moreover, we observed patients with genital warts having CIN2/3, indicating the importance of informing the physician to the patient to prevent more severe lesions. Our data demonstrated that patients with both low/high-risk HPV types had an increased risk of developing genital warts and persistent infection with HPV was a necessary precursor for the increase in cervical lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rejali
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehraneh Mehramiz
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Akbari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Mousavi Seresht
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yasaman Yazdandoost
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saba Farokhi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Mahdian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Maleki
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Narjes Jalilvand
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shadi Khorrami
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Fadaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehraneh Movahedi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Hosseini
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Razmi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Toktame Takamoli
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shi L, Luo M, Zhang F, Zhang L, Wang B, Liu P, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Yang D, Zhang G, Zhou F, Stepp H, Sroka R, Chen WR, Wang X. Photothermal therapy enhanced the effectiveness of imiquimod against refractory cutaneous warts through boosting immune responses. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800149. [PMID: 29952075 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Refractory cutaneous warts are difficult to eliminate. In situ photo-immunotherapy (ISPI) is an innovative treatment concept combining local photothermal therapy (PTT) and topical immunotherapy using imiquimod. To compare the efficacy of ISPI vs topical imiquimod alone, a prospective randomized controlled trial was performed with patients suffering from refractory cutaneous warts. In both groups, approximately 50% of the skin surface containing warts was treated for 6 weeks. On the basis of topical imiquimod, ISPI includes an additional 808 nm laser irradiation. Treatment response, temperatures during irradiation and histopathologic examination were evaluated. The complete response rate in the ISPI-group (22/36, 61.1%) was significantly higher than in the imiquimod alone group (11/34, 32.4%). In the ISPI-group, the mean maximum temperature was 44.5 ± 5.1°C, and obvious lymphocytic infiltration was found in the perivasculature of the dermis. There was no recurrence or worsening in both groups during the 12-month follow-up. No obvious adverse reaction was observed. This study demonstrates that ISPI can be used as an effective and safe treatment modality for refractory cutaneous warts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Luo
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhe Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Degang Yang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Zhou
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Herbert Stepp
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei R Chen
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kerge S, Vuorinen J, Hurme S, Soukka T, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Syrjänen S, Rautava J. Benign proliferative epithelial lesions of oral mucosa are infrequently associated with α-, β-, or γ human papillomaviruses. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:43-48. [PMID: 30828618 PMCID: PMC6383307 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral papillomas and verruca vulgaris have been associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, approximately half of these have remained HPV-negative when tested for mucosal HPV genotypes. In this study, we evaluated presence of α-, β-, and γ-HPVs in benign papillary and verrucous lesions. METHODS Eighty-three clinical lesions with suspected HPV etiology were analyzed for HPV types of genus α (n = 24), β (n = 46), and γ (n = 52). Immunohistochemistry was used for p16 as a possible surrogate marker of high-risk HPV, accompanied by Ki-67 proliferation marker. RESULTS Altogether, α-HPVs were detected in 6.4%, β-HPVs in 2.4%, and γ-HPV in 4.8%. The following genotypes were identified: HPV6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 161, and 170. Neither Ki-67 nor p16 positivity alone were associated with HPV but combined staining showed significant inverse association (P = .042). CONCLUSION HPV infection is found only in a minority of benign verrucous and papillary oral lesions, with the predominance of α-HPVs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirli Kerge
- Department of Oral DiseasesTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Jessi Vuorinen
- Department of Oral PathologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Saija Hurme
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Tero Soukka
- Department of Oral DiseasesTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology GroupInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology GroupInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of PathologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Department of Oral PathologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jaana Rautava
- Department of PathologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Department of Oral PathologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) account for a number of distinct disease entities in pediatrics, ranging from common warts to the stigmatizing condyloma acuminata to life-threatening respiratory papillomatosis. Although there is still a lack of consensus on treatment for each of these HPV-related diseases, scientific investigation continues to progress. Increasing prevention of HPV-related disease with further vaccination and development of new vaccines continues to be the best medical strategy. RECENT FINDINGS Although high-quality evidence for treatment of HPV-related disease is still lacking, several new studies have been published in recent years that have refined opinions on therapy. Novel treatments continue to be developed, including new vaccines to further coverage for other strains. SUMMARY HPV-related disease in pediatrics is associated with societal stigmatization and a high level of morbidity. Greater understanding of the distinct diseases and high-quality research is necessary to enhance treatment selection in the coming future.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ruffner MA, Sullivan KE, Henrickson SE. Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in Primary Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:665. [PMID: 28674531 PMCID: PMC5474473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are commonplace and often innocuous. Nevertheless, within the population of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDDs), viral infections can be the feature that drives a diagnostic evaluation or can be the most significant morbidity for the patient. This review is focused on the viral complications of PIDDs. It will focus on respiratory viruses, the most common type of viral infection in the general population. Children and adults with an increased frequency or severity of respiratory viral infections are often referred for an immunologic evaluation. The classic teaching is to investigate humoral function in people with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, but this is often interpreted to mean recurrent bacterial infections. Recurrent or very severe viral infections may also be a harbinger of a primary immunodeficiency as well. This review will also cover persistent cutaneous viral infections, systemic infections, central nervous system infections, and gastrointestinal infections. In each case, the specific viral infections may drive a diagnostic evaluation that is specific for that type of virus. This review also discusses the management of these infections, which can become problematic in patients with PIDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Ruffner
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Sarah E Henrickson
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Šterbenc A, Hošnjak L, Chouhy D, Bolatti EM, Oštrbenk A, Seme K, Kocjan BJ, Luzar B, Giri AA, Poljak M. Molecular characterization, tissue tropism, and genetic variability of the novel Mupapillomavirus type HPV204 and phylogenetically related types HPV1 and HPV63. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175892. [PMID: 28426749 PMCID: PMC5398564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV204 is the only newly identified Mupapillomavirus (Mu-PV) type in more than a decade. To comprehensively characterize HPV204, we performed a detailed molecular analysis of the viral genome and evaluated its clinical relevance in comparison to the other Mu-PVs, HPV1 and HPV63. The 7,227-bp long genome of HPV204 exhibits typical genomic organization of Mu-PVs with eight open reading frames (ORFs) (E6, E7, E1, E2, E8, E4, L2, and L1). We developed three type-specific quantitative real-time PCRs and used them to test a representative collection (n = 1,006) of various HPV-associated benign and malignant neoplasms, as well as samples of clinically normal cutaneous, mucosal, and mucocutaneous origins. HPV204, HPV1, and HPV63 were detected in 1.1%, 2.7%, and 1.9% of samples tested, respectively, and were present in skin and mucosa, suggesting dual tissue tropism of all Mu-PVs. To evaluate the etiological role of Mu-PVs in the development of HPV-associated neoplasms, Mu-PV viral loads per single cell were estimated. HPV1 and HPV63 were present in high viral copy numbers in 3/43 and 1/43 cutaneous warts, respectively, and were identified as the most likely causative agents of these warts. HPV204 viral load was extremely low in a single HPV204-positive cutaneous wart (7.4 × 10−7 viral copies/cell). Hence, etiological association between HPV204 and the development of cutaneous warts could not be established. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the genetic variability of Mu-PVs by sequencing complete LCR genomic regions of HPV204, HPV1, and HPV63. We detected several nucleotide substitutions and deletions within the LCR genomic regions of Mu-PVs and identified two genetic variants of HPV204 and HPV63 and five genetic variants of HPV1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Šterbenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diego Chouhy
- Virology Area, School of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elisa M. Bolatti
- Virology Area, School of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anja Oštrbenk
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Seme
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan J. Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Luzar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriana A. Giri
- Virology Area, School of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) research has been dominated by the study of a subset of Alpha papillomaviruses that together cause almost 5% of human cancers worldwide, with the focus being on the two most prominent of these (HPV16 and 18). These viruses are referred to as 'high-risk' (hrHPV), to distinguish them from the over 200 prevalent HPV types that more commonly cause only benign epithelial lesions. The 'low-risk' (lrHPV) term used to describe this group belies their cumulative morbidity. Persistent laryngeal papillomas, which occur rarely in children and adults, require regular surgical de-bulking to allow breathing. Such infections are not curable, and despite being caused by HPV11 (a lrHPV) are associated with 1-3% risk of cancer progression if not resolved. Similarly, the ubiquitous Beta HPV types, which commonly cause asymptomatic infections at cutaneous sites, can sometimes cause debilitating papillomatosis with associated cancer risk. Recalcitrant genital warts, which affect 1 in 200 young adults in the general population, and even the ubiquitous common warts and verrucas that most of us at some time experience, cannot be reliably eradicated, with treatment strategies advancing little over the last 100 years. The review highlights molecular similarities between high and low-risk HPV types, and focuses on the different pathways that the two groups use to ensure persistent infection and adequate virus shedding from the epithelial surface. Understanding the normal patterns of viral gene expression that underlie lesion formation, and which also prevent loss of the infected basal cells in established lesions, are particularly important when considering new treatment options. Finally, the common requirement for deregulated viral gene expression and genome persistence in development of cancers, unites both high and low-risk HPV types, and when considered alongside viral protein functions, provides us with a working understanding of the mechanisms that underlie HPV-associated pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagayasu Egawa
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mousavi T, Moosazadeh M, Afshari M, Davoodi L, Haghshenas M. Efficacy of L1 Protein Vaccines Against Cervical and Vaginal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2016; 19. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.42732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
37
|
Lee HS, Lee JH, Choo JY, Byun HJ, Jun JH, Lee JY. Immunohistochemistry and Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection Human Papilloma Virus in Warts: A Comparative Study. Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:479-85. [PMID: 27489431 PMCID: PMC4969478 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the most widely used methods for the detection of viruses. PCR is known to be a more sensitive and specific method than the immunohistochemical method at this time, but PCR has the disadvantages of high cost and skilled work to use widely. With the progress of technology, the immunohistochemical methods used in these days has come to be highly sensitive and actively used in the diagnostic fields. Objective To evaluate and compare the usefulness of immunohistochemistry and PCR for detection human papilloma virus (HPV) in wart lesions. Methods Nine biopsy samples of verruca vulgaris and 10 of condyloma accuminatum were examined. Immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibody to HPV L1 capsid protein and PCR were done for the samples. DNA sequencing of the PCR products and HPV genotyping were also done. Results HPV detection rate was 78.9% (88.9% in verruca vulgaris, 70.0% in condyloma accuminatum) on immunohistochemistry and 100.0% for PCR. HPV-6 genotype showed a lower positivity rate on immunohistochemistry (50.0%) as compared to that of the other HPV genotypes. Conclusion Immunohistochemistry for HPV L1 capsid protein showed comparable sensitivity for detection HPV. Considering the high cost and great effort needed for the PCR methods, we can use immunohistochemistry for HPV L1 capsid protein with the advantage of lower cost and simple methods for HPV detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Choo
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Byun
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Jun
- Department of Bio-Medical Laboratory Science, Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Passmore JAS, Williamson AL. Host Immune Responses Associated with Clearance or Persistence of Human Papillomavirus Infections. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-016-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
39
|
Dey S, De A, Nandy A. Rational Design of Peptide Vaccines Against Multiple Types of Human Papillomavirus. Cancer Inform 2016; 15:1-16. [PMID: 27279731 PMCID: PMC4890726 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s39071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) occurs in many types, some of which cause cervical, genital, and other cancers. While vaccination is available against the major cancer-causing HPV types, many others are not covered by these preventive measures. Herein, we present a bioinformatics study for the designing of multivalent peptide vaccines against multiple HPV types as an alternative strategy to the virus-like particle vaccines being used now. Our technique of rational design of peptide vaccines is expected to ensure stability of the vaccine against many cycles of mutational changes, elicit immune response, and negate autoimmune possibilities. Using the L1 capsid protein sequences, we identified several peptides for potential vaccine design for HPV 16, 18, 33, 35, 45, and 11 types. Although there are concerns about the epitope-binding affinities for the peptides identified in this process, the technique indicates possibilities of multivalent, adjuvanted, peptide vaccines against a wider range of HPV types, and tailor-made different combinations of the peptides to address frequency variations of types over different population groups as required for prophylaxis and at lower cost than are in use at the present time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Dey
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata, India
| | - Antara De
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashesh Nandy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Education, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Egawa N, Egawa K, Griffin H, Doorbar J. Human Papillomaviruses; Epithelial Tropisms, and the Development of Neoplasia. Viruses. 2015;7:3863-3890. [PMID: 26193301 PMCID: PMC4517131 DOI: 10.3390/v7072802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses have evolved over many millions of years to propagate themselves at specific epithelial niches in a range of different host species. This has led to the great diversity of papillomaviruses that now exist, and to the appearance of distinct strategies for epithelial persistence. Many papillomaviruses minimise the risk of immune clearance by causing chronic asymptomatic infections, accompanied by long-term virion-production with only limited viral gene expression. Such lesions are typical of those caused by Beta HPV types in the general population, with viral activity being suppressed by host immunity. A second strategy requires the evolution of sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms, and allows some HPV types to cause prominent and persistent papillomas, even in immune competent individuals. Some Alphapapillomavirus types have evolved this strategy, including those that cause genital warts in young adults or common warts in children. These strategies reflect broad differences in virus protein function as well as differences in patterns of viral gene expression, with genotype-specific associations underlying the recent introduction of DNA testing, and also the introduction of vaccines to protect against cervical cancer. Interestingly, it appears that cellular environment and the site of infection affect viral pathogenicity by modulating viral gene expression. With the high-risk HPV gene products, changes in E6 and E7 expression are thought to account for the development of neoplasias at the endocervix, the anal and cervical transformation zones, and the tonsilar crypts and other oropharyngeal sites. A detailed analysis of site-specific patterns of gene expression and gene function is now prompted.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bauer B, Goebeler M, Weissbrich B, Kerstan A. Kerinokeratosis Papulosa of Childhood. Dermatology 2015; 231:1-4. [PMID: 26044728 DOI: 10.1159/000381539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kerinokeratosis papulosa (KP) is considered an extremely rare genodermatosis presenting usually as waxy papules on the trunk in childhood. OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the clinical, histological and potential etiopathological aspects of KP. METHODS The dermatoscopic features of a new case of KP of childhood are investigated. The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in lesional skin was studied by polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, all cases of KP of childhood reported so far were reviewed. RESULTS As a diagnostic tool, we describe for the first time a dermatoscopic feature, namely a cribriform pattern of KP, in an 11-year-old boy. In addition, we detected HPV (type 57) in his KP lesions. CONCLUSIONS Dermatoscopic examination might be a useful tool to distinguish KP from other skin lesions, e.g. common warts. The detection of HPV type 57 might hint to an etiological role of HPV for KP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|