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Lamichhane S, Härkönen T, Vatanen T, Hyötyläinen T, Knip M, Orešič M. Impact of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on fecal microbiota composition in mother-infant dyads. Environ Int 2023; 176:107965. [PMID: 37210808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence suggesting that chemical exposure alters gut microbiota composition. However, not much is known about the impact of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on the gut microbial community. Here, in a mother-infant study, we set out to identify the gut bacterial species that associate with chemical exposure before (maternal) and after (maternal, infant) birth. Paired serum and stool samples were collected from mother-infant dyads (n = 30) in a longitudinal setting. PFAS were quantified in maternal serum to examine their associations with the microbial compositions (determined by shotgun metagenomic sequencing) in mothers and infants. High maternal exposure to PFAS was consistently associated with increased abundance of Methanobrevibacter smithii in maternal stool. Among individual PFAS compounds, PFOS and PFHpS showed the strongest association with M. smithii. However, maternal total PFAS exposure associated only weakly with the infant microbiome. Our findings suggest that PFAS exposure affects the composition of the adult gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Lamichhane
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Taina Härkönen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Vatanen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mikael Knip
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
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Chuphal N, Singha KP, Sardar P, Sahu NP, Shamna N, Kumar V. Scope of Archaea in Fish Feed: a New Chapter in Aquafeed Probiotics? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1668-1695. [PMID: 33821466 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of diseases leading to substantial loss is a major bottleneck in aquaculture. Over the last decades, the concept of using feed probiotics was more in focus to address the growth and health of cultivable aquatic organisms. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the distinct functionality of archaea from conventional probiotics in nutrient utilization, specific caloric contribution, evading immune response and processing thermal resistance. The prime limitation of conventional probiotics is the viability of desired microbes under harsh feed processing conditions. To overcome the constraints of commercial probiotics pertaining to incompatibility towards industrial processing procedure, a super microbe, archaea, appears to be a potential alternative approach in aquaculture. The peculiarity of the archaeal cell wall provides them with heat stability and rigidity under industrial processing conditions. Besides, archaea being one of the gut microbial communities participates in various health-oriented biological functions in animals. Thus, the current review devoted that administration of archaea in aquafeed could be a promising strategy in aquaculture. Archaea may be used as a potential probiotic with the possible modes of functions and advantages over conventional probiotics in aquafeed preparation. The present review also provides the challenges associated with the use of archaea for aquaculture and a brief outline of the patents on archaea to highlight the various use of archaea in different sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Chuphal
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Krishna Pada Singha
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.,Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA
| | - Parimal Sardar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Naseemashahul Shamna
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA.
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Abstract
It has been assumed that the feeding habits of vertebrates predispose the variety of intestinal differentiations and the composition of the microbial biota living in their intestinal tracts. Consequently, the presence of methanogenic bacteria in the various differentiations of the large intestine and the foregut of herbivorous vertebrates had been attributed primarily to the existence of anaerobic habitats and the availability of carbon dioxide and hydrogen originating from the fermentative microbial digestion of plant-based diets. However, Australian ratites, many murids, and several New World primates lack methanogens, despite their intestinal differentiations and their vegetarian feeding habits. Crocodiles, giant snakes, aardvarks, and ant-eaters on the other hand release significant amounts of methane. A determination of methane emissions by 253 vertebrate species confirmed that competence for intestinal methanogenic bacteria is shared by related species and higher taxa, irrespective of different feeding habits. In "methanogenic" branches of the evolutionary tree, a variety of differentiations of the large intestine evolved and, in some cases, differentiations of the foregut. In contrast, the lack of competence for methanogens in chiropterans/insectivores and carnivores apparently has precluded the evolution of specialized fermenting differentiations of the digestive tract. Our observations reveal that the presence of intestinal methanogenic bacteria is under phylogenetic rather than dietary control: competence for intestinal methanogenic bacteria is a plesiomorphic (primitive-shared) character among reptiles, birds, and mammals. This competence for methanogenic bacteria has been crucial for the evolution of the amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H P Hackstein
- Department of Microbiology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Science, Catholic University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL-6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A van Alen
- Department of Microbiology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Science, Catholic University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL-6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract contains a highly complex ecosystem that harbors various microorganisms, which together create a unique environment within each individual. There is growing awareness that dietary habits are one of the essential factors contributing to the microbial diversity and community configuration that ultimately affects human health. From an evolutionary perspective, human dietary history can be viewed as a central factor in the selection of the gut microbial community and stabilization of the mutualistic host-microbial interaction, that together drive host phenotype. Herein, current knowledge concerning the influence of major dietary macrostructure and individual food ingredients is presented. This knowledge will provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management and, ultimately, movement toward an era of personalized nutrition and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition and ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Fernandes J, Wang A, Su W, Rozenbloom SR, Taibi A, Comelli EM, Wolever TMS. Age, dietary fiber, breath methane, and fecal short chain fatty acids are interrelated in Archaea-positive humans. J Nutr 2013; 143:1269-75. [PMID: 23739307 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.170894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent attention has focused on the significance of colonic Archaea in human health and energy metabolism. The main objectives of this study were to determine the associations among the number of fecal Archaea, body mass index (BMI), fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and dietary intakes of healthy humans. We collected demographic information, 3-d diet records, and breath and fecal samples from 95 healthy participants who were divided into 2 groups: detectable Archaea (>10(6) copies/g; Arch+ve) and undetectable Archaea. Dietary intakes, BMI, and fecal SCFAs were similar in both groups. The mean number of Archaea 16S rRNA gene copies detected in Arch+ve participants' feces was 8.9 ± 0.2 log/g wet weight. In Arch+ve participants, there were positive correlations between breath methane and age (r = 0.52; P = 0.001), total dietary fiber (TDF) intake (r = 0.57; P = 0.0003), and log number of fecal Archaea 16S rRNA gene copies (r = 0.35; P = 0.03). In the Arch+ve group, negative correlations were observed between TDF/1000 kcal and fecal total SCFA (r = -0.46; P ≤ 0.01) and between breath methane and fecal total SCFA (r = -0.42; P = 0.01). Principal component analysis identified a distinct Archaea factor with positive loadings of age, breath methane, TDF, TDF/1000 kcal, and number of log Archaea 16S rRNA gene copies. The results suggest that colonic Archaea is not associated with obesity in healthy humans. The presence of Archaea in humans may influence colonic fermentation by altering SCFA metabolism and fecal SCFA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judlyn Fernandes
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fievez V, Piattoni F, Mbanzamihigo L, Demeyer D. Reductive Acetogenesis in the Hindgut and Attempts to its Induction in the Rumen—A Review. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1999.9706258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Abstract
The presence of Archaea is currently being explored in various environments, including extreme geographic positions and eukaryotic habitats. Methanogens are the dominating archaeal organisms found in most animals, from unicellular protozoa to humans. Many methanogens can contribute to the removal of hydrogen, thereby improving the efficiency of fermentation or the reductive capacity of energy-yielding reactions. They may also be involved in tissue damage in periodontal patients. Recent molecular studies demonstrated the presence of Archaea other than methanogens in some animals-but so far, not in humans. The roles of these microorganisms have not yet been established. In the present review, we present the state of the art regarding the archaeal microflora in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lange
- BioCentrum, Technical University of Denmark, BioCentrum, Building 227, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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Dopp E, Hartmann LM, Florea AM, Rettenmeier AW, Hirner AV. Environmental distribution, analysis, and toxicity of organometal(loid) compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 2004; 34:301-33. [PMID: 15239389 DOI: 10.1080/10408440490270160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical modification of the metals and metalloids mercury, tin, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium, and tellurium via formation of volatile metal hydrides and alkylated species (volatile and involatile) performs a fundamental role in determining the environmental processing of these elements. In most instances, the formation of such species increases the environmental mobility of the element, and can result in bioaccumulation in lipophilic environments. While inorganic forms of most of these compounds are well characterized (e.g., arsenic, mercury) and some of them exhibit low toxicity (e.g., tin, bismuth), the more lipid-soluble organometals can be highly toxic. Methylmercury poisoning (e.g., Minamata disease) and tumor development in rats after exposure to dimethylarsinic acid or tributyltin oxide are just some examples. Data on the genotoxicity (and the neurotoxicity) as well as the mechanisms of cellular action of organometal(loid) compounds are, however, scarce. Many studies have shown that the production of such organometal(loid) species is possible and likely whenever anaerobic conditions (at least on a microscale) are combined with available metal(loid)s and methyl donors in the presence of suitable organisms. Such anaerobic conditions can exist within natural environments (e.g., wetlands, pond sediments) as well as within anthropogenic environmental systems (e.g., waste disposal sites and sewage treatments plants). Some methylation can also take place under aerobic conditions. This article gives an overview about the environmental distribution of organometal(loid) compounds and the potential hazardous effects on animal and human health. Genotoxic effects in vivo and in vitro in particular are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dopp
- Institut für Hygiene und Arbeitsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Abstract
Archaea are microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes. They are prevalent in extreme environments, and yet found in most ecosystems. They are a natural component of the microbiota of most, if not all, humans and other animals. Despite their ubiquity and close association with humans, animals and plants, no pathogenic archaea have been identified. Because no archaeal pathogens have yet been identified, there is a general assumption that archaeal pathogens do not exist. This review examines whether this is a good assumption by investigating the potential for archaea to be or become pathogens. This is achieved by addressing: the diversity of archaea versus known pathogens, opportunities for archaea to demonstrate pathogenicity and be detected as pathogens, reports linking archaea with disease, and immune responses to archaea. In addition, molecular and genomic data are examined for the presence of systems utilised in pathogenesis. The view of this report is that, although archaea can presently be described as non-pathogenic, they have the potential to be (discovered as) pathogens. The present optimistic view that there are no archaeal pathogens is tainted by a severe lack of relevant knowledge, which may have important consequences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cavicchioli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study ascertains the relative contributions of genetics and environment in determining methane emission in humans and rats. There is considerable interest in the factors determining the microbial species that inhabit the colon. Methanogens. which are archaebacteria, are an easily detected colonic luminal bacteria because they respire methane. They are present in some but not all human colons and lower animal hindguts. Opinion varies on the nature of the factors influencing this ecology with some studies proposing the existence of host genetic influences. METHODS Methane emission was measured in human twin pairs by gas chromatography, and structural equation modeling was used to determine the proportion of genetic and environmental determinants. The importance of the timing of environmental effects and rat strain on the trait of methane emission were ascertained by experiments with cohabiting methanogenic and nonmethanogenic rats. RESULTS Analysis of breath samples from 274 adolescent twin pairs and their families indicated that the major influences on the trait of methane emission are the result of shared (53%, 95% confidence interval 39-61) and unique environmental (47%, 95% confidence interval 38-56) effects. No significant autosomal genetic effects were detected, but as observed in other studies, men (37%) were less likely to excrete methane in their breath than women (63%). Investigation of methane emission in rats indicated that environmental effects in this animal are most potent during the weaning period, with stable gut microbial ecology thereafter for some but not all rat strains. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with shared and unique environmental factors being the main determinants of the ecology of this colonic microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Florin
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland and Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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De Boever P, Deplancke B, Verstraete W. Fermentation by gut microbiota cultured in a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem is improved by supplementing a soygerm powder. J Nutr 2000; 130:2599-606. [PMID: 11015496 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.10.2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro model, designated the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME), was used to study the effect of a soygerm powder rich in beta-glycosidic phytoestrogenic isoflavones on the fermentation pattern of the colon microbiota and to determine to what extent the latter metabolize the conjugated phytoestrogens. Initially, an inoculum prepared from human feces was introduced into the reactor vessels and stabilized over 3 wk using a culture medium. This stabilization period was followed by a 2-wk control period during which the microbiota were monitored. The microbiota were then subjected to a 2-wk treatment period by adding 2.5 g/d soygerm powder to the culture medium. The addition resulted into an overall increase of bacterial marker populations (Enterobacteriaceae:, coliforms, Lactobacillus: sp., Staphylococcus: sp. and Clostridium: sp.), with a significant increase of the Lactobacillus: sp. population. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration increased approximately 30% during the supplementation period; this was due mainly to a significant increase of acetic and propionic acids. Gas analysis revealed that the methane concentration increased significantly. Ammonium and sulfide concentrations were not influenced by soygerm supplementation. Use of an electronic nose apparatus indicated that odor concentrations decreased significantly during the treatment period. The beta-glycosidic bonds of the phytoestrogenic isoflavones were cleaved under the conditions prevailing in the large intestine. The increased bacterial fermentation after addition of the soygerm powder was paralleled by substantial metabolism of the free isoflavones (genistein, daidzein and glycitein), resulting in recovery of only 12-17% of the supplemented isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Boever
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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El Oufir L, Flourié B, Bruley des Varannes S, Barry JL, Cloarec D, Bornet F, Galmiche JP. Relations between transit time, fermentation products, and hydrogen consuming flora in healthy humans. Gut 1996; 38:870-7. [PMID: 8984026 PMCID: PMC1383195 DOI: 10.1136/gut.38.6.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate whether transit time could influence H2 consuming flora and certain indices of colonic bacterial fermentation. METHODS Eight healthy volunteers (four methane excretors and four non-methane excretors) were studied for three, three week periods during which they received a controlled diet alone (control period), and then the same diet with cisapride or loperamide. At the end of each period, mean transit time (MTT) was estimated, an H2 lactulose breath test was performed, and stools were analysed. RESULTS In the control period, transit time was inversely related to faecal weight, sulphate reducing bacteria counts, concentrations of total short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), propionic and butyric acids, and H2 excreted in breath after lactulose ingestion. Conversely, transit time was positively related to faecal pH and tended to be related to methanogen counts. Methanogenic bacteria counts were inversely related to those of sulphate reducing bacteria and methane excretors had slower MTT and lower sulphate reducing bacteria counts than non-methane excretors. Compared with the control period, MTT was significantly shortened (p < 0.05) by cisapride and prolonged (p < 0.05) by loperamide (73 (11) hours, 47 (5) hours and 147 (12) hours for control, cisapride, and loperamide, respectively, mean (SD)). Cisapride reduced transit time was associated with (a) a significant rise in faecal weight, sulphate reducing bacteria, concentrations of total SCFAs, and propionic and butyric acids and breath H2 as well as (b) a significant fall in faecal pH and breath CH4 excretion, and (c) a non-significant decrease in the counts of methanogenic bacteria. Reverse relations were roughly the same during the loperamide period including a significant rise in the counts of methanogenic bacteria and a significant fall in those of sulphate reducing bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Transit time differences between healthy volunteers are associated with differences in H2 consuming flora and certain indices of colonic fermentation. Considering the effects of some fermentation products on intestinal morphology and function, these variations may be relevant to the pathogenesis of colorectal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L El Oufir
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, CHU Nord, Nantes, France
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Abstract
The factors that regulate methanogenesis in humans have not been established. The presence of bile acid, which is lost into the colon from the small intestine, may be an important regulatory factor of methanogenesis. To examine this possibility, the effect of human bile on methane production by faecal cultures, and the in vivo effect of biliary diversion on breath methane excretion in a methanogenic choledochostomy patient, were investigated. Faecal suspensions (0.1%) from five methanogenic humans were incubated anaerobically with bile (0.3-30%) from three choledochostomy patients, and headspace methane measured by gas chromatography. All biles inhibited headspace methane. Inhibition of methanogenesis was dose dependent, plateaued at 10-30% bile concentration, and was abolished by 0.6% cholestyramine. The maximum inhibition by bile, median (range), was 38 (0.9-56)% of control methane values. Reversal of the bile fistula in the fourth choledochostomy patient converted that subject from methanogenic to 'non-methanogenic' status, It is concluded that inhibition of methanogens in the caecum by bile acid could significantly reduce the number of methanogens in the colon. This and the effect of transit time could explain much of the known epidemiology of 'non-methanogenesis', which has been related to obesity, (comparatively) fast colonic transit in healthy persons, and to small intestinal Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Florin
- University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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