1
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Chen F, Zheng J, Wang L, Krajbich I. Attribute latencies causally shape intertemporal decisions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2948. [PMID: 38580626 PMCID: PMC10997753 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Intertemporal choices - decisions that play out over time - pervade our life. Thus, how people make intertemporal choices is a fundamental question. Here, we investigate the role of attribute latency (the time between when people start to process different attributes) in shaping intertemporal preferences using five experiments with choices between smaller-sooner and larger-later rewards. In the first experiment, we identify attribute latencies using mouse-trajectories and find that they predict individual differences in choices, response times, and changes across time constraints. In the other four experiments we test the causal link from attribute latencies to choice, staggering the display of the attributes. This changes attribute latencies and intertemporal preferences. Displaying the amount information first makes people more patient, while displaying time information first does the opposite. These findings highlight the importance of intra-choice dynamics in shaping intertemporal choices and suggest that manipulating attribute latency may be a useful technique for nudging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadong Chen
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Neuromanagement Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiehui Zheng
- Alibaba Business School, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Neuromanagement Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ian Krajbich
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Fletcher D, Houghton R, Spence A. Approaching future rewards or waiting for them to arrive: Spatial representations of time and intertemporal choice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301781. [PMID: 38578791 PMCID: PMC10997117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Our mental representation of the passage of time is structured by concepts of spatial motion, including an ego-moving perspective in which the self is perceived as approaching future events and a time-moving perspective in which future events are perceived as approaching the self. While previous research has found that processing spatial information in one's environment can preferentially activate either an ego-moving or time-moving temporal perspective, potential downstream impacts on everyday decision-making have received less empirical attention. Based on the idea people may feel closer to positive events they see themselves as actively approaching rather than passively waiting for, in this pre-registered study we tested the hypothesis that spatial primes corresponding to an ego-moving (vs. time-moving) perspective would attenuate temporal discounting by making future rewards feel more proximal. 599 participants were randomly assigned to one of three spatial prime conditions (ego-moving, time-moving, control) resembling map-based tasks people may engage with on digital devices, before completing measures of temporal perspective, perceived wait time, perceived control over time, and temporal discounting. Partly consistent with previous research, the results indicated that the time-moving prime successfully activated the intended temporal perspective-though the ego-moving prime did not. Contrary to our primary hypotheses, the spatial primes had no effect on either perceived wait time or temporal discounting. Processing spatial information in a map-based task therefore appears to influence how people conceptualise the passage of time, but there was no evidence for downstream effects on intertemporal preferences. Additionally, exploratory analysis indicated that greater perceived control over time was associated with lower temporal discounting, mediated by a reduction in perceived wait time, suggesting a possible area for future research into individual differences and interventions in intertemporal decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fletcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Houghton
- Human Factors Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexa Spence
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Li Y, Chu X. The effect of psychological distance on intertemporal choice of the reward processing: an eye-tracking investigation. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1275484. [PMID: 38356761 PMCID: PMC10864453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1275484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study employed eye-tracking technology to investigate how varying dimensions of psychological distance-temporal, probability, and social-affect intertemporal choice. Across three experiments, participants were asked to select between two intertemporal options while their eye movements were monitored. Findings revealed inconsistent impacts of different psychological distances on intertemporal decision-making. Increased temporal and social distances led to a preference for larger delayed rewards (Studies 1 and 3), whereas an increase in probability distance did not significantly alter choice preferences (Study 2). The research also highlighted a general pattern in information processing; as psychological distance widened, participants showed a tendency toward dimension-specific processing in making intertemporal decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyi Chu
- Department of Health Management, Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College, Weihai, China
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4
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Erhard A, Boztuğ Y, Lemken D. How do defaults and framing influence food choice? An intervention aimed at promoting plant-based choice in online menus. Appetite 2023; 190:107005. [PMID: 37598798 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nudging consumers towards plant-based foods by making these choices the default option is a promising strategy for effecting sustainable dietary change. In the hypothetical context of online food ordering in a Northern European country, we examined the underlying mechanisms and effectiveness of swapping the default in menus from meat to a plant-based meat alternative. Results showed that pre-selecting a plant-based option in the online setting was not enough to increase choice of plant-based meals alone. Rather, additionally framing the plant-based default as the more sustainable or tasty option was needed to significantly increase choice. While ease was unimportant and held constant in this online setting, endowment and implied endorsement were found to mediate default success such that the positive influence of endowment outweighed the (surprising) negative effect via endorsement. In contrast to general theoretical expectations of default nudges, an endorsement by an online food provider is unlikely to encourage plant-based choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainslee Erhard
- Department of Business Administration, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Yasemin Boztuğ
- Department of Business Administration, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dominic Lemken
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany; Institute for Food and Resource Economics, Universtity of Bonn, Nußallee 19, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Poon N, Luckman A, Isoni A, Mullett TL. A query theory account of the attraction effect. Cognition 2023; 238:105495. [PMID: 37269710 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We provide novel support for Query Theory, a reason-based decision framework, extending it to multialternative choices and applying it to the classic phenomenon known as the attraction effect. In Experiment 1 (N = 261), we generalised the two key metrics used in Query Theory from binary to multialternative choices and found that reasons supporting the target option were generated earlier and in greater quantity than those supporting the competitor, as predicted by the theory. In Experiment 2 (N = 703), we investigated the causal relationships between reasoning and choices by exogenously manipulating the order in which participants generated their reasons. As predicted, the size of the attraction effect was a function of this query order manipulation. We also introduced a bidirectional reason coding protocol to measure the valence of reasons, which confirmed support for Query Theory. We suggest the Query Theory framework can be useful for studying the high-level deliberation processes behind multialternative choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo Poon
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashley Luckman
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Isoni
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom; Department of Economics and Business, University of Cagliari, Italy
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6
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Giuliani F, Cannito L, Gigliotti G, Rosa A, Pietroni D, Palumbo R. The joint effect of framing and defaults on choice behavior. Psychol Res 2023; 87:1114-1128. [PMID: 36063226 PMCID: PMC10192178 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The framing effect leads people to prefer a sure alternative over a risky one (risk aversion) when alternatives are described as potential gains compared to a context-dependent reference point. The reverse (risk propensity) happens when the same alternatives are described as potential losses. The default effect is the tendency to prefer a preselected alternative over other non-preselected given options, without facilitating nor incentivizing the choice. These two effects have mainly been studied separately. Here we provided novel empirical evidence of additive effects due to the application of both framing and default within the same decision problem in a large sample size (N = 960). In the baseline condition, where no default was provided, we measured the proportion of risky choices in life-or-death and financial decisions both presented in terms of potential gains or losses following the structure of the Asian disease problem. In the sure default condition, the same layout was proposed with a flag on the sure option, whereas in the risky default condition, the flag was on the risky option. In both default conditions, we asked participants whether they wanted to change the preselected option. Overall, the comparison between these conditions revealed three distinct main effects: (i) a classic framing effect, (ii) a larger risk propensity in the life-or-death scenario than in the financial one, and (iii) a larger default effect when the flag was on the risky, rather than on the sure, option. Therefore, we conclude that default options can enhance risk propensity. Finally, individual beliefs about the source of the default significantly moderated the strength of the effect. Underlying mechanisms and practical implications are discussed considering prominent theories in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Giuliani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies "CAST", University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Loreta Cannito
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies "CAST", University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gilberto Gigliotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Angelo Rosa
- Department of Management, Finance and Technology, University "LUM", Casamassima, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Pietroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies "CAST", University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 11, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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7
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He L, Wall D, Reeck C, Bhatia S. Information acquisition and decision strategies in intertemporal choice. Cogn Psychol 2023; 142:101562. [PMID: 36996641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Intertemporal decision models describe choices between outcomes with different delays. While these models mainly focus on predicting choices, they make implicit assumptions about how people acquire and process information. A link between information processing and choice model predictions is necessary for a complete mechanistic account of decision making. We establish this link by fitting 18 intertemporal choice models to experimental datasets with both choice and information acquisition data. First, we show that choice models have highly correlated fits: people that behave according to one model also behave according to other models that make similar information processing assumptions. Second, we develop and fit an attention model to information acquisition data. Critically, the attention model parameters predict which type of intertemporal choice models best describes a participant's choices. Overall, our results relate attentional processes to models of intertemporal choice, providing a stepping stone towards a complete mechanistic account of intertemporal decision making.
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8
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Tunney RJ, Raybould JN. Thinking about neither death nor poverty affects delay discounting, but episodic foresight does: Three replications of the effects of priming on time preferences. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:838-849. [PMID: 35422160 PMCID: PMC10031630 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221097047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We outline three attempts to replicate experiments that reported priming effects on time preferences measured by delay discounting. Experiment 1 tested the claim that images of poverty prime impulsive choice in people from less affluent backgrounds compared with people from more affluent backgrounds. Experiment 2 tested the claim that mortality salience-thinking about death-primes people to place more value on the future than people who thought about dental surgery. Experiment 3 tested the claim that an episodic foresight manipulation primes greater discounting than no episodic foresight. Experiments 1 and 2 failed to replicate the effects of priming on discount rates. Experiment 3 was a successful and very close replication of the effect of episodic foresight on discount rates.
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9
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Abstract
Neurocognitive theories of value-based choice propose that people additively accumulate choice attributes when making decisions. These theories cannot explain the emergence of complex multiplicative preferences such as those assumed by prospect theory and other economic models. We investigate an interactive attention mechanism, according to which attention to attributes (like payoffs) depends on other attributes (like probabilities) attended to previously. We formalize this mechanism using a Markov attention model combined with an accumulator decision process, and test our model on eye-tracking and mouse-tracking data in risky choice. Our tests show that interactive attention is necessary to make good choices, that most participants display interactive attention and that allowing for interactive attention in accumulation-based decision models improves their predictions. By equipping established decision models with sophisticated attentional dynamics, we extend these models to describe complex economic choice, and in the process, we unify two prominent theoretical approaches to studying value-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng He
- SILC Business School, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sudeep Bhatia
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Post T. Guessing, math, or something else? Lay people's processes for valuing annuities. Behavioral Decision Making 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Post
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Finance Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
- Faculty of Management, Science, and Technology, Department of Accounting & Finance Open University Heerlen The Netherlands
- Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement (Netspar) Tilburg The Netherlands
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11
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Yang XL, Chen ST, Liu HZ. The effect of incentives on intertemporal choice: Choice, confidence, and eye movements. Front Psychol 2022; 13:989511. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.989511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite various studies examining intertemporal choice with hypothetical rewards due to problematic real reward delivery, there remains no substantial evidence on the effect of the incentives on the decision confidence and cognitive process in intertemporal choice and no comprehensive exploration on the loss domain. Hence, this study conducts an eye-tracking experiment to examine the effect of incentive approach and measure participants' decision confidence using a between-subject design in both gain and loss domains. Results replicated previous findings which show incentives do not affect intertemporal choice in the gain domain. In contrast, in the loss domain, participants in the incentivized group were more likely to choose the larger-later options than those in the non-incentivized group. Furthermore, the decision confidence and the mean fixation duration differed between the incentivized and non-incentivized groups in both gain and loss domains. These findings allow for a better understanding of the effect of incentives on intertemporal choice and provide valuable information for the design of incentives in future intertemporal experiments.
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12
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Sun H, Ma J, Zhou L, Jiang C, Li S. Waiting is painful: The impact of anticipated dread on negative discounting in the loss domain. Judgm decis mak 2022; 17:1353-1378. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500009451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
According to the positive time-discounting assumption of intertemporal
decision-making, people prefer to undergo negative events in the future
rather than in the present. However, negative discounting has been
identified in the intertemporal choice and loss domains, which refers to
people’s preference to experience negative events earlier rather than later.
Studies have validated and supported the "anticipated dread" as an
explanation for negative discounting. This study again explored the effect
of anticipated dread on intertemporal choice using content analysis; that
is, having participants identify anticipated dread among reasons for
negative discounting. This study also validated the effect of anticipated
dread on negative discounting by manipulating anticipated dread. This study
adds empirical and direct evidence for the role of anticipated dread in
negative discounting.
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Chapin FS, Weber EU, Bennett EM, Biggs R, van den Bergh J, Adger WN, Crépin AS, Polasky S, Folke C, Scheffer M, Segerson K, Anderies JM, Barrett S, Cardenas JC, Carpenter SR, Fischer J, Kautsky N, Levin SA, Shogren JF, Walker B, Wilen J, de Zeeuw A. Earth stewardship: Shaping a sustainable future through interacting policy and norm shifts. Ambio 2022; 51:1907-1920. [PMID: 35380347 PMCID: PMC8982314 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Transformation toward a sustainable future requires an earth stewardship approach to shift society from its current goal of increasing material wealth to a vision of sustaining built, natural, human, and social capital-equitably distributed across society, within and among nations. Widespread concern about earth's current trajectory and support for actions that would foster more sustainable pathways suggests potential social tipping points in public demand for an earth stewardship vision. Here, we draw on empirical studies and theory to show that movement toward a stewardship vision can be facilitated by changes in either policy incentives or social norms. Our novel contribution is to point out that both norms and incentives must change and can do so interactively. This can be facilitated through leverage points and complementarities across policy areas, based on values, system design, and agency. Potential catalysts include novel democratic institutions and engagement of non-governmental actors, such as businesses, civic leaders, and social movements as agents for redistribution of power. Because no single intervention will transform the world, a key challenge is to align actions to be synergistic, persistent, and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Stuart Chapin
- Professor Emeritus, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA
| | - Elke U. Weber
- Andlinger Center, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Elena M. Bennett
- Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Reinette Biggs
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeroen van den Bergh
- ICTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- SBE & IVM, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. Neil Adger
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ UK
| | - Anne-Sophie Crépin
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Carl Folke
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marten Scheffer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Segerson
- Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1063 USA
| | - John M. Anderies
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2401 USA
| | - Scott Barrett
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Juan-Camilo Cardenas
- Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002 USA
| | | | - Joern Fischer
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Nils Kautsky
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon A. Levin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003 USA
| | - Jason F. Shogren
- Department of Economics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3985 USA
| | - Brian Walker
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - James Wilen
- Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Aart de Zeeuw
- Tilburg School of Economics and Management, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
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14
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Sengupta A, Savani K. The cancellation heuristic in intertemporal choice shifts people's time preferences. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4627. [PMID: 35301341 PMCID: PMC8931124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on past research in risky decision making, the present research investigated whether the cancellation heuristic is evident in intertemporal choice. Specifically, the cancellation heuristic posits that whenever choice options are partitioned into multiple components, people ignore seemingly identical components and compare the non-identical components. We nudged people to employ the cancellation heuristic by partitioning both the smaller earlier reward and the larger later reward into a seemingly identical component and a non-identical component. Given diminishing marginal utility, we hypothesized that people would perceive an identical difference between the smaller earlier reward and the larger later reward as being subjectively greater when both amounts are smaller in magnitude, thereby increasing the relative attractiveness of the larger later reward in the partition condition. We conducted four studies, including two incentive-compatible lab experiments, one incentive-compatible lab-in-the-field experiment, and one survey study using choices among both gains and losses. We consistently found that this choice architecture intervention significantly increased people's likelihood of choosing the larger later reward. Furthermore, we provide evidence of the underlying mechanism-people's intertemporal decisions shifted to a greater extent in the cancellation condition, particularly if their marginal utility diminished faster. The findings indicate that two features of human psychology-diminishing marginal utility and the cancellation heuristic-can be simultaneously utilized to nudge people to make decisions that would be better for them in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sengupta
- Alfred Weber Institute of Economics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Industrial Economics Department, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Krishna Savani
- Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
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15
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Cao Q, Hofmeyr A, Hsu E, Luo S, Monterosso J. Fixed Attributes and Discounting Behavior. Exp Psychol 2022; 68:305-322. [PMID: 35258360 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting tasks present alternatives that differ in two attributes: amount and delay. Typically, choice is modeled by application of a discount function to each option, allowing alternative-wise comparison. However, if participants make decisions by comparing attributes, manipulations that affect the salience of either attribute may affect patience. In Experiment 1, participants completed one block of trials in which amount was a fixed attribute (constant across trials), and another in which delay was fixed. Consistent with the hypothesis that the varying attribute would be more salient, participants exhibited less patience in the amount-fixed condition. Moreover, this effect was larger for participants who responded more quickly when making choices that favored the varying attribute. In Experiment 2, these findings were extended by adding trial blocks with a working memory dual task. We replicated the fixed-attribute effect, along with the aforementioned association with reaction time. Contrary to expectation, the fixed-attribute effect was not larger when participants were under working memory load. Instead, working memory load was associated with more patient responses, which may be related to idiosyncrasies of the task including the absence of immediate rewards. Overall, results suggest a fixed-attribute effect on patience, which is consistent with a multi-attribute decision framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongwen Cao
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andre Hofmeyr
- School of Economics and Research Unit in Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics (RUBEN), University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eustace Hsu
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shan Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Milovanovic J, Shealy T, Klotz L, Johnson EJ, Weber EU. Pictures Matter: How Images of Projected Sea-Level Rise Shape Long-Term Sustainable Design Decisions for Infrastructure Systems. Sustainability 2022; 14:3007. [DOI: 10.3390/su14053007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Community input matters in long-term decisions related to climate change, including the development of public infrastructure. In order to assess the effect of different ways of informing the public about infrastructure projects, a sample of people in the United States (n = 630) was provided with a case study concerning the redevelopment of the San Diego Airport. Participants received the same written information about the projected future condition of the airport. In addition, participants received images either portraying current conditions or portraying conditions in 2100 based on NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) sea-level rise data. Participants were asked to choose 7 out of 21 design options to implement in the redevelopment project. The framework used for the design options stemmed from the Envision rating system. We analyzed the participants’ selection of the credits using generalized linear mixed models. Those that received the images portraying the future were significantly more likely to select design options that would reduce the risk of climate change and flooding. Images portraying sea-level rise had different effects depending on participant demographics. Such images increased the selection of design elements related to the climate and risk for participants identifying as female or as Democrat. For participants identifying as male or as Republican, the same images increased their selection of design elements to enhance community public space. The results demonstrate the positive effects of portraying the future in terms of encouraging focus on long-term sustainable design decisions for infrastructure systems.
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Frömer R, Shenhav A. Filling the gaps: Cognitive control as a critical lens for understanding mechanisms of value-based decision-making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104483. [PMID: 34902441 PMCID: PMC8844247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While often seeming to investigate rather different problems, research into value-based decision making and cognitive control have historically offered parallel insights into how people select thoughts and actions. While the former studies how people weigh costs and benefits to make a decision, the latter studies how they adjust information processing to achieve their goals. Recent work has highlighted ways in which decision-making research can inform our understanding of cognitive control. Here, we provide the complementary perspective: how cognitive control research has informed understanding of decision-making. We highlight three particular areas of research where this critical interchange has occurred: (1) how different types of goals shape the evaluation of choice options, (2) how people use control to adjust the ways they make their decisions, and (3) how people monitor decisions to inform adjustments to control at multiple levels and timescales. We show how adopting this alternate viewpoint offers new insight into the determinants of both decisions and control; provides alternative interpretations for common neuroeconomic findings; and generates fruitful directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frömer
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - A Shenhav
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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18
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Hancock PI, Klotz L, Shealy T, Johnson EJ, Weber EU, Stenger K, Vuppuluri R. Framing to reduce present bias in infrastructure design intentions. iScience 2022; 25:103954. [PMID: 35265819 PMCID: PMC8898915 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick I. Hancock
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, 114 Olsson Hall 151 Engineers Way, P.O. Box 400747, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Leidy Klotz
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, 114 Olsson Hall 151 Engineers Way, P.O. Box 400747, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Tripp Shealy
- Charles Edward Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 200 Patton Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric J. Johnson
- Columbia Business School, 3022 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Elke U. Weber
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, 309 Peretsman Scully Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Katelyn Stenger
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, 114 Olsson Hall 151 Engineers Way, P.O. Box 400747, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Richa Vuppuluri
- Department of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, 114 Olsson Hall 151 Engineers Way, P.O. Box 400747, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Zhou L, Zou T, Zhang L, Lin JM, Zhang YY, Liang ZY. "Carpe Diem?": Disjunction Effect of Incidental Affect on Intertemporal Choice. Front Psychol 2021; 12:782472. [PMID: 34956000 PMCID: PMC8702439 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.782472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidental affect has an important impact on intertemporal choice (IC). This research aimed to test how positive incidental affect influences IC and its underlying mechanisms. We assumed that positive incidental affect may have a disjunction effect on IC that includes or excludes immediate time. Moreover, we examined the role of time perception for the effect of affect on IC. In Study 1, after undergoing affect priming by video clips, participants completed the IC task using a multiple staircase paradigm. Using Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling, we estimated the discount rate parameter by distinguishing “immediate” and “non-immediate” conditions of IC. The participants’ time perception was also measured. In Study 2, apart from the choice preference of IC, we additionally investigated the differences in the participants’ attention to delay and reward attributes before decision making. The results of the two studies indicated that positive incidental affect leads to longer time perception (Study 1) and prior and more attention to the delay attribute of IC (Study 2), which leads individuals to prefer immediate options in the IC (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, there is a disjunction effect of affect; in other words, the incidental affect did not influence IC excluding immediate time (Studies 1 and 2). This study improves our understanding of the disjunctive effect and its mechanism of inducing a positive incidental affect on IC and thus provides a new perspective on how related decision making can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zou
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiao-Min Lin
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Yang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhu-Yuan Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Wang S, Feng SF, Bornstein AM. Mixing memory and desire: How memory reactivation supports deliberative decision-making. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2021; 13:e1581. [PMID: 34665529 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memories affect nearly every aspect of our mental life. They allow us to both resolve uncertainty in the present and to construct plans for the future. Recently, renewed interest in the role memory plays in adaptive behavior has led to new theoretical advances and empirical observations. We review key findings, with particular emphasis on how the retrieval of many kinds of memories affects deliberative action selection. These results are interpreted in a sequential inference framework, in which reinstatements from memory serve as "samples" of potential action outcomes. The resulting model suggests a central role for the dynamics of memory reactivation in determining the influence of different kinds of memory in decisions. We propose that representation-specific dynamics can implement a bottom-up "product of experts" rule that integrates multiple sets of action-outcome predictions weighted based on their uncertainty. We close by reviewing related findings and identifying areas for further research. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Neuroscience > Cognition Neuroscience > Computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Wang
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel F Feng
- Department of Mathematics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Khalifa University Centre for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Aaron M Bornstein
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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21
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Abstract
Choice-consistency is considered a hallmark of rational value-based choice. However, because the cognitive apparatus supporting decision-making is imperfect, real decision-makers often show some degree of choice inconsistency. Cognitive models are necessary to complement idealized choice axioms with attention, perception and memory processes. Specifically, compelling theoretical work suggests that the (imperfect) retention of choice-relevant memories might be important for choice-consistency, but this hypothesis has not been tested directly. We used a novel multi-attribute visual choice paradigm to experimentally test the influence of memory retrieval of exemplars on choice-consistency. Our manipulation check confirmed that our retention interval manipulation successfully reduced memory representation strength. Given this, we found strong evidence against our hypothesis that choice-consistency decreases with increasing retention time. However, quality controls indicated that the choice-consistency of our participants was non-discernable from random behaviour. In addition, an exploratory analysis showed essentially no test-retest reliability of choice-consistency between two observations. Taken together, this suggests the presence of a floor effect in our data and, thus, low data quality for conclusively evaluating our hypotheses. Further exploration tentatively suggested a high difficulty of discriminating between the choice objects driving this floor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Nitsch
- Comparative Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Kalenscher
- Comparative Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Swim JK, Geiger N, Guerriero JG. Not out of MY bank account! Science messaging when climate change policies carry personal financial costs. Thinking & Reasoning 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2021.1957710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet K. Swim
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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23
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Heilman RM, Kusev P, Miclea M, Teal J, Martin R, Passanisi A, Pace U. Are Impulsive Decisions Always Irrational? An Experimental Investigation of Impulsive Decisions in the Domains of Gains and Losses. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18168518. [PMID: 34444268 PMCID: PMC8392628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intertemporal choices are very prevalent in daily life, ranging from simple, mundane decisions to highly consequential decisions. In this context, thinking about the future and making sound decisions are crucial to promoting mental and physical health, as well as a financially sustainable lifestyle. In the present study, we set out to investigate some of the possible underlying mechanisms, such as cognitive factors and emotional states, that promote future-oriented decisions. In a cross-sectional experimental study, we used a gain and a loss version of an intertemporal monetary choices task. Our main behavioural result indicated that people are substantially more impulsive over smaller and sooner monetary losses compared to equivalent gains. In addition, for both decisional domains, significant individual difference predictors emerged, indicating that intertemporal choices are sensitive to the affective and cognitive parameters. By focusing on the cognitive and emotional individual factors that influence impulsive decisions, our study could constitute a building block for successful future intervention programs targeted at mental and physical health issues, including gambling behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M. Heilman
- Department of Psychology, Babeş–Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj–Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Petko Kusev
- Behavioural Research Centre, Huddersfield Business School, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (P.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Mircea Miclea
- Department of Psychology, Babeş–Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj–Napoca, Romania;
| | - Joseph Teal
- Behavioural Research Centre, Huddersfield Business School, The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (P.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Rose Martin
- Department of People and Organisations, Surrey Business School, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Alessia Passanisi
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy; (A.P.); (U.P.)
| | - Ugo Pace
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy; (A.P.); (U.P.)
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24
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Fisher G. A multiattribute attentional drift diffusion model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Zhou Y, Li Q, Liu H. Visual attention and time preference reversals. Judgm decis mak 2021; 16:1010-1038. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTime preference reversal refers to systematic inconsistencies between preferences and bids for intertemporal options. From the two eye-tracking studies (N1 = 60, N2 = 110), we examined the underlying mechanisms of time preference reversal. We replicated the reversal effect in which individuals facing a pair of intertemporal options choose the smaller-sooner option but assign a higher value to the larger-later one. Results revealed that the mean fixation duration and the proportion of gaze time on the outcome attribute varied across the choice and bid tasks. In addition, time preference reversals correlated with individual differences in maximizing tendencies. Findings support the contingent weighting hypothesis and strategy compatibility hypothesis and allow for improved theoretical understanding of the potential mechanisms and processes involved in time preference reversals.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Artur Domurat
- Department of Economic Psychology, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria-Curie Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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27
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Majer JM, Barth M, Zhang H, van Treek M, Trötschel R. Resolving Conflicts Between People and Over Time in the Transformation Toward Sustainability: A Framework of Interdependent Conflicts. Front Psychol 2021; 12:623757. [PMID: 33935875 PMCID: PMC8081902 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformative and mutually beneficial solutions require decision-makers to reconcile present- and future interests (i.e., intrapersonal conflicts over time) and to align them with those of other decision-makers (i.e., interpersonal conflicts between people). Despite the natural co-occurrence of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts in the transformation toward sustainability, both types of conflicts have been studied predominantly in isolation. In this conceptual article, we breathe new life into the traditional dialog between individual decision-making and negotiation research and address critical psychological barriers to the transformation toward sustainability. In particular, we argue that research on intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts should be tightly integrated to provide a richer understanding of the interplay between these conflicts. We propose a novel, unifying framework of interdependent conflicts that systematically structures this interplay, and we analyze how complex interdependencies between the social (i.e., conflict between decision-makers) and temporal (i.e., conflict within a decision-maker) dimensions pose fundamental psychological barriers to mutually beneficial solutions. Since challenges to conflict resolution in the transformation toward sustainability emerge not only between individual decision-makers but also frequently between groups of decision-makers, we scale the framework up to the level of social groups and thereby provide an interdependent-conflicts perspective on the interplay between intra- and intergenerational conflicts. Overall, we propose simple, testable propositions, identify intervention approaches, and apply them to transition management. By analyzing the challenges faced by negotiating parties during interdependent conflicts and highlighting potential intervention approaches, we contribute to the transformation toward sustainability. Finally, we discuss implications of the framework and point to avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann M Majer
- Department of Social, Organizational, and Political Psychology, Faculty of Education, Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Barth
- Education for Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Sustainable Development and Learning, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Social, Organizational, and Political Psychology, Faculty of Education, Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Marie van Treek
- Department of Social, Organizational, and Political Psychology, Faculty of Education, Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Roman Trötschel
- Department of Social, Organizational, and Political Psychology, Faculty of Education, Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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28
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Rodriguez-Moreno DV, Cycowicz YM, Figner B, Wang Z, He X, Geronazzo-Alman L, Sun X, Cheslack-Postava K, Bisaga A, Hoven CW, Amsel LV. Delay discounting and neurocognitive correlates among inner city adolescents with and without family history of substance use disorder. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100942. [PMID: 33751954 PMCID: PMC8010627 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents with a family history (FH+) of substance use disorder (SUD) are at a greater risk for SUD, suggested to be partly due to the transmission of behavioral impulsivity. We used a delay discounting task to compare impulsivity in decision-making and its associated brain functioning among FH+ and FH - minority adolescents. Participants chose between Smaller Sooner (SS) and Larger Later (LL) rewards. The SS was available immediately (Now trials) or in the future (Not-Now trials), allowing for greater differentiation between impulsive decisions. The FH+ group showed greater impatience by responding SS more frequently than the FH - group, only on the Now trials, and even when the relative reward differences (RRD) increased. Surprisingly, there were no differences in brain activity between the groups. Combined, the groups showed greater reward activity during the Now vs. Not-Now trials in medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, precuneus, and inferior frontal gyrus (i.e., an immediacy effect). As the RRD increased activation in the reward network decreased, including the striatum, possibly reflecting easy decision-making. These results indicate that risk for SUD, seen behaviorally among FH+ adolescents, may not yet be associated with discernable brain changes, suggesting that early intervention has the potential to reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yael M Cycowicz
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Bernd Figner
- Behavioural Science Institute and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhishun Wang
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaofu He
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lupo Geronazzo-Alman
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Keely Cheslack-Postava
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Bisaga
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christina W Hoven
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence V Amsel
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Granados Samayoa JA, Fazio RH. “I want it now!” Intertemporal Choice Through the Lens of Valence Weighting Bias. Social Cognition 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research presents a novel perspective regarding individual differences in intertemporal choice preferences. We postulate that such differences are partly rooted in individuals’ valence weighting proclivities—their characteristic manner of weighting positive and negative valence when constructing an initial evaluation. Importantly, valence weighting bias should predict intertemporal choice most strongly (a) for those who are relatively low in trait self-control and (b) when the magnitude of the available rewards is relatively small, because these two factors are associated with lesser motivation/resources to deliberate extensively about one's decision. More specifically, we propose that those with a more positive weighting bias give greater weight to the clearly positive immediate reward that is under consideration, and under these conditions, the resulting appraisal shapes choice more strongly. Using a performance-based measure of valence weighting tendencies, a hypothetical intertemporal choice task, and a self-report measure of trait self-control, we provide evidence for our hypothesis.
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Abstract
To determine human papillomavirus and influenza vaccine coverage among young adults in the US and assess differences in vaccine uptake by college enrollment status, we conducted an online survey of young adults aged 18-26 (n = 417) using Survey Monkey, with recruitment occurring through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. We collected data on self-reported preventive health behaviors, including vaccine receipt, current college enrollment status, and other demographics. Overall, 49% of participants reported receiving at least one dose of human papillomavirus vaccine and 57% reported receiving at least one influenza vaccine over the past three years. Vaccine coverage estimates did not differ between college-enrolled and non-enrolled respondents. Low vaccine coverage rates demonstrate the need to improve vaccine strategies for young adults. The strongest predictor of vaccine receipt was having received a provider recommendation. There does not appear to be healthcare utilization differences related to ability to access care through student health or community-based settings. Additional research is needed to develop interventions to improve vaccination coverage among young adults, both currently enrolled and not enrolled in college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Mathewson
- Rollins School of Public Health, CNR 7019, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maria Sundaram
- Rollins School of Public Health, CNR 7019, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Robert A Bednarczyk
- Rollins School of Public Health, CNR 7019, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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31
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Spiller SA, Ariely D. How does the perceived value of a medium of exchange depend on its set of possible uses? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Burum B, Nowak MA, Hoffman M. An evolutionary explanation for ineffective altruism. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:1245-1257. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Sun Q, Willemsen MC, Knijnenburg BP. Unpacking the intention-behavior gap in privacy decision making for the internet of things (IoT) using aspect listing. Comput Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cose.2020.101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Wall D, Crookes RD, Johnson EJ, Weber EU. Risky choice frames shift the structure and emotional valence of internal arguments: A query theory account of the unusual disease problem. Judgm decis mak 2020; 15:685-703. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500007877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe examine a Query Theory account of risky choice framing effects — when risky choices are framed as a gain, people are generally risky averse but, when an equivalent choice is framed as a loss, people are risk seeking. Consistent with Query Theory, frames affected the structure of participants’ arguments: gain frame participants listed arguments favoring the certain option earlier and more often than loss frame participants. These argumentative shifts mediated framing effects; manipulating participants initial arguments attenuated them. While emotions, as measured by PANAS, were related to frames but not related to choices, an exploratory text analysis of the affective valence of arguments was related to both. Compared to loss-frame participants, gain-frame participants expressed more positive sentiment towards the certain option than the risky option. This relative-sentiment index predicted choices by itself but not when included with structure of arguments. Further, manipulated initial arguments did not significantly affect participant’s relative sentiment. Prior to changing choices, risky choice frames alter both the structure and emotional valence of participants’ internal arguments.
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35
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Boudewyns V, Kelly B, Southwell BG. Social science and price transparency in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisements. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 16:733-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
We review research that measures time preferences-i.e., preferences over intertemporal tradeoffs. We distinguish between studies using financial flows, which we call "money earlier or later" (MEL) decisions and studies that use time-dated consumption/effort. Under different structural models, we show how to translate what MEL experiments directly measure (required rates of return for financial flows) into a discount function over utils. We summarize empirical regularities found in MEL studies and the predictive power of those studies. We explain why MEL choices are driven in part by some factors that are distinct from underlying time preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Laibson
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Harvard University
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Pomares TD, Buttenheim AM, Amin AB, Joyce CM, Porter RM, Bednarczyk RA, Omer SB. Association of cognitive biases with human papillomavirus vaccine hesitancy: a cross-sectional study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1018-1023. [PMID: 31859593 PMCID: PMC7227686 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1698243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the link between vaccine hesitancy and vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks, it is critical to examine the cognitive processes that contribute to the development of vaccine hesitancy, especially among parents of adolescents. We conducted a secondary analysis of baseline data from a two-phase randomized trial on human papillomavirus to investigate how vaccine hesitancy and intent to vaccinate are associated with six decision-making factors: base rate neglect, conjunction fallacy, sunk cost bias, present bias, risk aversion, and information avoidance. We recruited 1,413 adults residing in the United States with at least one daughter aged 9-17 years old through an online survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Vaccine hesitancy, intent to vaccinate, and susceptibility to cognitive biases was measured through a series of brief questionnaires. 1,400 participants were in the final analyzed sample. Most participants were white (74.1%), female (71.6%), married (75.3%), and had a college or graduate/professional education (88.8%). Conjunction fallacy, sunk cost bias, information avoidance, and present bias may be associated with vaccine hesitancy. Intent to vaccinate may be associated with information avoidance. These results suggest that cognitive biases play a role in developing parental vaccine hesitancy and vaccine-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D. Pomares
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alison M. Buttenheim
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avnika B. Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline M. Joyce
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachael M. Porter
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert A. Bednarczyk
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Miozzo M, Navarrete E, Ongis M, Mello E, Girotto V, Peressotti F. Foreign language effect in decision-making: How foreign is it? Cognition 2020; 199:104245. [PMID: 32222524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that decisions and moral judgments differ when made using native languages compared to foreign languages. Cross-linguistic differences appeared in foreign languages that monolinguals typically acquired in school and used neither routinely nor extensively. We replicated these differences with two populations of proficient, native bilinguals (Italian-Venetian; Italian-Bergamasque). Venetian and Bergamasque are spoken in households and informal circles, unlike Italian, which is also used in more formal contexts. The findings reported in foreign languages for the Asian Disease Problem and the Footbridge Dilemma were reproduced in Venetian and Bergamasque. Our results show that language effects on decision-making and moral judgments are not restricted to foreign languages. The explanation proposed for foreign languages of cross-linguistic differences in emotion responses does not apply to our proficient, native bilinguals, who showed emotion responses of equal intensity in their languages. We propose that the contexts in which bilinguals use a language - either native, regional or foreign - could affect decisions.
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Kekic M, McClelland J, Bartholdy S, Chamali R, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Bad Things Come to Those Who Do Not Wait: Temporal Discounting Is Associated With Compulsive Overeating, Eating Disorder Psychopathology and Food Addiction. Front Psychiatry 2020; 10:978. [PMID: 32038324 PMCID: PMC6987464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency to act on immediate pleasure-driven desires, due to the devaluation of future rewards [a process known as temporal discounting (TD)], has been associated with substance use disorders (SUD) and with conditions characterised by compulsive overeating. The study involved a large inclusive participant sample (i.e., no diagnostic or exclusion criteria were applied). They were recruited/assessed online and we investigated whether TD was related to compulsive overeating and associated problems. Participants [N = 432, (48 males)] completed an online survey, which included a hypothetical monetary TD task, the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). TD correlated with frequency of compulsive overeating and compensatory behaviours, with eating disorder psychopathology, with scores on the YFAS, and with body mass index (BMI). As our study shows that elevated rates of TD are associated with a range of behaviours/measures, we propose that it is more likely that elevated TD rates are a predisposing factor rather than a consequence of the behaviour, i.e., elevated rates of TD contribute to pathological eating-related behaviours; however, a bi-directional explanation is also possible. Future research should investigate whether interventions aimed at reducing TD have clinical potential for treating problematic eating behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mertens S, Hahnel UJJ, Brosch T. This way, please: Uncovering the directional effects of attribute translations on decision making. Judgm decis mak 2020; 15:25-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500006896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe translation of choice attributes into more meaningful information (e.g., from kWh to costs) is a form of choice architecture that is thought to facilitate decision making by providing decision signposts that activate personally relevant but latent objectives and guide decisions towards options that are most congruent with the activated objectives. Here, we investigated the psychological mechanisms that underlie and drive the directional effects of attribute translations on decision making. Across two choice experiments (total N = 973), we provide empirical support for our proposition that attribute translations operate via pre-decisional attention processes. Specifically, we demonstrate that attribute translations focus individuals’ attention on choice options that are most congruent with the concerns highlighted by translations, and that this attentional prioritization of alternatives predicts choice. In addition to the cognitive mechanisms underlying attribute translations, we highlight the choice architectural principles that moderate the effectiveness of translations. We show that the directional effects of attribute translations are driven by the information that translations provide rather than by contextual changes in the decision environment. In line with previous research on evaluability, we find the effectiveness of attribute translations to depend on information format, with translations conveying evaluative information having a larger impact on decision making than translations providing numerical information. The present study is among the first to investigate the decision making processes underlying a choice architectural intervention. It provides insights into the mechanisms that drive and facilitate the signpost effect and renders recommendations for the implementation of attribute translations in policy making.
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Abstract
In everyday decision-making, individuals make trade-offs between short-term and long-term benefits or costs. Depending on many factors, individuals may choose to wait for larger delayed reward, yet in other situations they may prefer the smaller, immediate reward. In addition to within-subject variation in the short-term versus long-term reward trade-off, there are also interindividual differences in delay discounting (DD), which have been shown to be quite stable. The extent to which individuals discount the value of delayed rewards turns out to be associated with important health and disorder-related outcomes: the more discounting, the more unhealthy or problematic choices. This has led to the hypothesis that DD can be conceptualized as trans-disease process. The current systematic review presents an overview of behavioral trainings and manipulations that have been developed to reduce DD in human participants aged 12 years or older. Manipulation studies mostly contain one session and measure DD directly after the manipulation. Training studies add a multiple session training component that is not per se related to DD, in between two DD task measurements. Ninety-eight studies (151 experiments) were identified that tested behavioral trainings and manipulations to decrease DD. Overall, results indicated that DD can be decreased, showing that DD is profoundly context dependent and changeable. Most promising avenues to pursue in future research seem to be acceptance-based/mindfulness-based trainings, and even more so manipulations involving a future orientation. Limitations and recommendations are discussed to identify the mechanistic processes that allow for changes in discount rate and behavior accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Scholten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Water
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uta Graf
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabela Granic
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Abstract. Prior research has suggested that circulating levels of glucose in the bloodstream help to determine success at self-control. However, this idea has been challenged on multiple grounds. The current research added new evidence to the debate by testing (1) the extent to which exercising self-control reduces blood glucose levels, (2) whether consuming glucose, rinsing the mouth with glucose, or consuming aspartame (a sugar substitute) increases blood glucose levels, and (3) the extent to which measured blood glucose levels relate to emotional responding, delay discounting, and cognitive control, respectively. We found no evidence that blood glucose levels influence or are influenced by self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. Finley
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David Tang
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Li A, Hu T. Are immediate-oriented people unlikely to adopt a healthy lifestyle? The moderation effect of prevention focus. Personality and Individual Differences 2019; 142:276-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Low-income environments have been associated with greater levels of impulsive behavior, which contribute to the higher debt and obesity rates that further perpetuate current wealth and health disparities. In this commentary, we describe how this might be explained by an appeal to "incentive hope" and the motivational drive toward consumption triggered by the future uncertainty these groups face.
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Amasino DR, Sullivan NJ, Kranton RE, Huettel SA. Amount and time exert independent influences on intertemporal choice. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:383-392. [PMID: 30971787 PMCID: PMC8020819 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intertemporal choices involve trade-offs between the value of rewards and the delay before those rewards are experienced. Canonical intertemporal choice models such as hyperbolic discounting assume that reward amount and time until delivery are integrated within each option prior to comparison1,2. An alternative view posits that intertemporal choice reflects attribute-wise processes in which amount and time attributes are compared separately3-6. Here, we use multi-attribute drift diffusion modelling (DDM) to show that attribute-wise comparison represents the choice process better than option-wise comparison for intertemporal choice in a young adult population. We find that, while accumulation rates for amount and time information are uncorrelated, the difference between those rates predicts individual differences in patience. Moreover, patient individuals incorporate amount earlier than time into the decision process. Using eye tracking, we link these modelling results to attention, showing that patience results from a rapid, attribute-wise process that prioritizes amount over time information. Thus, we find converging evidence that distinct evaluation processes for amount and time determine intertemporal financial choices. Because intertemporal decisions in the lab have been linked to failures of patience ranging from insufficient saving to addiction7-13, understanding individual differences in the choice process is important for developing more effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna R Amasino
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Scott A Huettel
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Horne Z, Muradoglu M, Cimpian A. Explanation as a Cognitive Process. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:187-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zheng Y, Shen S, Xu M, Rao L, Li S. Worth-based choice: giving an offered smaller pear an even greater fictional value. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 2019; 13:e10. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2019.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Choices between options represented in a multidimensional space, in which each dimension signifies a distinct attribute describing the objects, are presumably guided by the principle of value maximization. However, the current study assumes that in a real-world setting, those who are able to imagine things that do not actually exist could modify the multidimensional space by self-generating an unoffered but fictional dimension. We define the utility (Uv) assigned by the decision makers to the options on the offered/given dimension as value (v[x]) and the utility (Uw) on the self-generated/fictional dimension as worth (w[xc]). Our series of experiments demonstrated that an option with a greater value established strictly on that given set of dimensions might not necessarily be chosen (which contradicted the principle of value maximization). Choosing an option with less value (i.e. giving away the bigger pear) behavior can be described and explained by the “worth-based choice” approach, as people behave to select the option with the highest worth rather than that with the highest value. We are optimistic that the resulting findings will facilitate our understanding of the beauty of such a “one step further” choice and assist us in understanding the following: the ability to further generate a fictional dimension and to assign a delayed utility (worth) to the options on the fictional dimension, and to make a worth-based choice, which could eventually be taken as the operational definition to measure the degree of “fiction-generating ability”, as proposed by Harari ( 2014 ).
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Abstract
The National Institute of Mental Health launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative to better understand dimensions of behavior and identify targets for treatment. Examining dimensions across psychiatric illnesses has proven challenging, as reliable behavioral paradigms that are known to engage specific neural circuits and translate across diagnostic populations are scarce. Delay discounting paradigms seem to be an exception: they are useful for understanding links between neural systems and behavior in healthy individuals, with potential for assessing how these mechanisms go awry in psychiatric illnesses. This article reviews relevant literature on delay discounting (or the rate at which the value of a reward decreases as the delay to receipt increases) in humans, including methods for examining it, its putative neural mechanisms, and its application in psychiatric research. There exist rigorous and reproducible paradigms to evaluate delay discounting, standard methods for calculating discount rate, and known neural systems probed by these paradigms. Abnormalities in discounting have been associated with psychopathology ranging from addiction (with steep discount rates indicating relative preference for immediate rewards) to anorexia nervosa (with shallow discount rates indicating preference for future rewards). The latest research suggests that delay discounting can be manipulated in the laboratory. Extensively studied in cognitive neuroscience, delay discounting assesses a dimension of behavior that is important for decision-making and is linked to neural substrates and to psychopathology. The question now is whether manipulating delay discounting can yield clinically significant changes in behavior that promote health. If so, then delay discounting could deliver on the RDoC promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M Lempert
- Department of Psychology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - Joanna E Steinglass
- Department of Psychiatry,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY,USA
| | - Anthony Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY,USA
| | - Joseph W Kable
- Department of Psychology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - Helen Blair Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY,USA
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Gwinn R, Leber AB, Krajbich I. The spillover effects of attentional learning on value-based choice. Cognition 2019; 182:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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