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Li X, Yang Y, Xu S, Gui Y, Chen J, Xu J. Screening biomarkers for spinal cord injury using weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2723-2734. [PMID: 38595290 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00028/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff Immune changes and inflammatory responses have been identified as central events in the pathological process of spinal cord injury. They can greatly affect nerve regeneration and functional recovery. However, there is still limited understanding of the peripheral immune inflammatory response in spinal cord injury. In this study, we obtained microRNA expression profiles from the peripheral blood of patients with spinal cord injury using high-throughput sequencing. We also obtained the mRNA expression profile of spinal cord injury patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE151371). We identified 54 differentially expressed microRNAs and 1656 differentially expressed genes using bioinformatics approaches. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that various common immune and inflammation-related signaling pathways, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathway, T cell receptor signaling pathway, and nuclear factor-κB signal pathway, were abnormally activated or inhibited in spinal cord injury patient samples. We applied an integrated strategy that combines weighted gene co-expression network analysis, LASSO logistic regression, and SVM-RFE algorithm and identified three biomarkers associated with spinal cord injury: ANO10, BST1, and ZFP36L2. We verified the expression levels and diagnostic performance of these three genes in the original training dataset and clinical samples through the receiver operating characteristic curve. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that ANO10 and BST1 mRNA levels were increased and ZFP36L2 mRNA was decreased in the peripheral blood of spinal cord injury patients. We also constructed a small RNA-mRNA interaction network using Cytoscape. Additionally, we evaluated the proportion of 22 types of immune cells in the peripheral blood of spinal cord injury patients using the CIBERSORT tool. The proportions of naïve B cells, plasma cells, monocytes, and neutrophils were increased while the proportions of memory B cells, CD8+ T cells, resting natural killer cells, resting dendritic cells, and eosinophils were markedly decreased in spinal cord injury patients increased compared with healthy subjects, and ANO10, BST1 and ZFP26L2 were closely related to the proportion of certain immune cell types. The findings from this study provide new directions for the development of treatment strategies related to immune inflammation in spinal cord injury and suggest that ANO10, BST1, and ZFP36L2 are potential biomarkers for spinal cord injury. The study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration No. ChiCTR2200066985, December 12, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Senming Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuchang Gui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianwen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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2
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Shen T, Zhang W, Wang X, Ren X. Application of"Spinal cord fusion" in spinal cord injury repair and its neurological mechanism. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29422. [PMID: 38638967 PMCID: PMC11024622 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling and catastrophic condition that poses significant global clinical challenges. The difficulty of SCI repair results from the distinctive pathophysiological mechanisms, which are characterised by limited regenerative capacity and inadequate neuroplasticity of the spinal cord. Additionally, the formation of cystic cavities and astrocytic scars after SCI further obstructs both the ascending and descending neural conduction pathways. Consequently, the urgent challenge in post-SCI recovery lies in repairing the damaged spinal cord to reconstruct a functional and intact neural conduction circuit. In recent years, significant advancements in biological tissue engineering technology and novel therapies have resulted in a transformative shift in the field of SCI repair. Currently, SCI treatment primarily involves drug therapy, stem cell therapy, the use of biological materials, growth factors, and other approaches. This paper comprehensively reviews the progress in SCI research over the years, with a particular focus on the concept of "Spinal Cord Fusion" as a promising technique for SCI reconstruction. By discussing this important research progress and the neurological mechanisms involved, our aim is to help solve the problem of SCI repair as soon as possible and to bring new breakthroughs in the treatment of paraplegia after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
| | - Xiaoping Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530011, China
- Global Initiative to Cure Paralysis (GICUP Alliance), Columbus, OH, 43221, United States
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Anilkumar S, Wright-Jin E. NF-κB as an Inducible Regulator of Inflammation in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2024; 13:485. [PMID: 38534329 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB (nuclear factor K-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) transcription factor family is critical for modulating the immune proinflammatory response throughout the body. During the resting state, inactive NF-κB is sequestered by IκB in the cytoplasm. The proteasomal degradation of IκB activates NF-κB, mediating its translocation into the nucleus to act as a nuclear transcription factor in the upregulation of proinflammatory genes. Stimuli that initiate NF-κB activation are diverse but are canonically attributed to proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Downstream effects of NF-κB are cell type-specific and, in the majority of cases, result in the activation of pro-inflammatory cascades. Acting as the primary immune responders of the central nervous system, microglia exhibit upregulation of NF-κB upon activation in response to pathological conditions. Under such circumstances, microglial crosstalk with other cell types in the central nervous system can induce cell death, further exacerbating the disease pathology. In this review, we will emphasize the role of NF-κB in triggering neuroinflammation mediated by microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Anilkumar
- Neonatal Brain Injury Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wright-Jin
- Neonatal Brain Injury Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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4
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Batista AF, Khan KA, Papavergi MT, Lemere CA. The Importance of Complement-Mediated Immune Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:817. [PMID: 38255891 PMCID: PMC10815224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of our innate immune system, the complement system is responsible for our defense against pathogens. The complement cascade has complex roles in the central nervous system (CNS), most of what we know about it stems from its role in brain development. However, in recent years, numerous reports have implicated the classical complement cascade in both brain development and decline. More specifically, complement dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common form of dementia. Synapse loss is one of the main pathological hallmarks of AD and correlates with memory impairment. Throughout the course of AD progression, synapses are tagged with complement proteins and are consequently removed by microglia that express complement receptors. Notably, astrocytes are also capable of secreting signals that induce the expression of complement proteins in the CNS. Both astrocytes and microglia are implicated in neuroinflammation, another hallmark of AD pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of previously known and newly established roles for the complement cascade in the CNS and we explore how complement interactions with microglia, astrocytes, and other risk factors such as TREM2 and ApoE4 modulate the processes of neurodegeneration in both amyloid and tau models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Batista
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Khyrul A. Khan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
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Sokołowska P, Seweryn Karbownik M, Jóźwiak-Bębenista M, Dobielska M, Kowalczyk E, Wiktorowska-Owczarek A. Antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine's action: NF-κB in the spotlight. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115918. [PMID: 37952898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine recently approved for therapy of treatment-resistant depression shows a complex and not fully understood mechanism of action. Apart from its classical glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonistic action, it is thought that anti-inflammatory properties of the drug are of clinical relevance due to the contribution of activated inflammatory mediators to the pathophysiology of depression and non-responsiveness of a group of patients to current antidepressant therapies. In a search of the mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine, the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor (NF-κB) has been proposed as a target for ketamine. The NF-κB forms precisely regulated protein signaling cascades enabling a rapid response to cellular stimuli. In the central nervous systems, NF-κB signaling appears to have pleiotropic but double-edged functions: on the one hand it participates in the regulation of processes that are crucial in the treatment of depression, such as neuroplasticity, neurogenesis or neuronal survival, on the other - in the activation of neuroinflammation and cell death. Ketamine has been found to reduce inflammation mediated by NF-κB, leading to decreased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory or stress mediators. Therefore, this review presents recent data on the significance of the NF-κB cascade in the mechanism of ketamine's action and its future perspectives in designing new strategies for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sokołowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Poland.
| | - Michał Seweryn Karbownik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Poland
| | - Marta Jóźwiak-Bębenista
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Poland
| | - Maria Dobielska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Poland
| | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Poland
| | - Anna Wiktorowska-Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Poland
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6
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Zhao Q, Li H, Li H, Xie F, Zhang J. Research progress of neuroinflammation-related cells in traumatic brain injury: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34009. [PMID: 37352020 PMCID: PMC10289497 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is related to chronic neurodegenerative diseases and is one of the causes of acute secondary injury after TBI. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the role of cellular mechanisms in the neuroinflammatory response after TBI. The objective of this article is to understand the involvement of cells during the TBI inflammatory response (for instance, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) and shed light on the recent progress in the stimulation and interaction of granulocytes and lymphocytes, to provide a novel approach for clinical research. We searched articles in PubMed published between 1950 and 2023, using the following keywords: TBI, neuroinflammation, inflammatory cells, neuroprotection, clinical. Articles for inclusion in this paper were finalized based on their novelty, representativeness, and relevance to the main arguments of this review. We found that the neuroinflammatory response after TBI includes the activation of glial cells, the release of inflammatory mediators in the brain, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells. These inflammatory responses not only induce secondary brain damage, but also have a role in repairing the nervous system to some extent. However, not all of the mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions have been well studied. After TBI, clinical treatment cannot simply suppress the inflammatory response, and the inflammatory phenotype of patients' needs to be defined according to their specific conditions after injury. Clinical trials of personalized inflammation regulation therapy for specific patients should be carried out in order to improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhao
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Huige Li
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
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7
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Bretheau F, Castellanos-Molina A, Bélanger D, Kusik M, Mailhot B, Boisvert A, Vallières N, Lessard M, Gunzer M, Liu X, Boilard É, Quan N, Lacroix S. The alarmin interleukin-1α triggers secondary degeneration through reactive astrocytes and endothelium after spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5786. [PMID: 36184639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers neuroinflammation, and subsequently secondary degeneration and oligodendrocyte (OL) death. We report that the alarmin interleukin (IL)-1α is produced by damaged microglia after SCI. Intra-cisterna magna injection of IL-1α in mice rapidly induces neutrophil infiltration and OL death throughout the spinal cord, mimicking the injury cascade seen in SCI sites. These effects are abolished through co-treatment with the IL-1R1 antagonist anakinra, as well as in IL-1R1-knockout mice which demonstrate enhanced locomotor recovery after SCI. Conditional restoration of IL-1R1 expression in astrocytes or endothelial cells (ECs), but not in OLs or microglia, restores IL-1α-induced effects, while astrocyte- or EC-specific Il1r1 deletion reduces OL loss. Conditioned medium derived from IL-1α-stimulated astrocytes results in toxicity for OLs; further, IL-1α-stimulated astrocytes generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and blocking ROS production in IL-1α-treated or SCI mice prevented OL loss. Thus, after SCI, microglia release IL-1α, inducing astrocyte- and EC-mediated OL degeneration.
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8
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Li H, He B, Zhang X, Hao H, Yang T, Sun C, Song H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Wang Y. D-dopachrome tautomerase drives astroglial inflammation via NF-κB signaling following spinal cord injury. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:128. [PMID: 35965310 PMCID: PMC9375920 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Reactive astrocytes are increasingly recognized as crucial regulators of innate immunity in degenerative or damaged central nervous system (CNS). Many proinflammatory mediators have been shown to drive inflammatory cascades of astrocytes through activation of NF-κB, thereby affecting the functional outcome of the insulted CNS. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), a newly described cytokine and a close homolog of proinflammatory macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), has been revealed to share receptor and overlapping functional spectrum with MIF, but little is known about its roles in the neuropathological progression of the CNS and relevant regulatory mechanisms.
Results
D-DT protein levels were significantly elevated within neurons and astrocytes following SCI. Analysis of transcriptome profile revealed that D-DT was able to activate multiple signal pathways of astrocytes, which converged to NF-κB, a hub regulator governing proinflammatory response. Rat D-DT recombinant protein was efficient in inducing the production of inflammatory cytokines from astrocytes through interaction with CD74 receptor. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB was observed to be essential for the transduction of D-DT signaling. Administration of D-DT specific inhibitor at lesion sites of the cord resulted in significant attenuation of NF-κB activation and reduction of the inflammatory cytokines following SCI, and accordingly improved the recovery of locomotor functions.
Conclusion
Collectively, D-DT is a novel proinflammatory mediator of astrocytes following SCI. Insights of its cell-specific expression and relevant proinflammatory mechanisms will provide clues for the control of CNS inflammation.
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Olude MA, Mouihate A, Mustapha OA, Farina C, Quintana FJ, Olopade JO. Astrocytes and Microglia in Stress-Induced Neuroinflammation: The African Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:795089. [PMID: 35707531 PMCID: PMC9190229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Africa is laden with a youthful population, vast mineral resources and rich fauna. However, decades of unfortunate historical, sociocultural and leadership challenges make the continent a hotspot for poverty, indoor and outdoor pollutants with attendant stress factors such as violence, malnutrition, infectious outbreaks and psychological perturbations. The burden of these stressors initiate neuroinflammatory responses but the pattern and mechanisms of glial activation in these scenarios are yet to be properly elucidated. Africa is therefore most vulnerable to neurological stressors when placed against a backdrop of demographics that favor explosive childbearing, a vast population of unemployed youths making up a projected 42% of global youth population by 2030, repressive sociocultural policies towards women, poor access to healthcare, malnutrition, rapid urbanization, climate change and pollution. Early life stress, whether physical or psychological, induces neuroinflammatory response in developing nervous system and consequently leads to the emergence of mental health problems during adulthood. Brain inflammatory response is driven largely by inflammatory mediators released by glial cells; namely astrocytes and microglia. These inflammatory mediators alter the developmental trajectory of fetal and neonatal brain and results in long-lasting maladaptive behaviors and cognitive deficits. This review seeks to highlight the patterns and mechanisms of stressors such as poverty, developmental stress, environmental pollutions as well as malnutrition stress on astrocytes and microglia in neuroinflammation within the African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ayokunle Olude
- Vertebrate Morphology, Environmental Toxicology and Neuroscience Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Matthew Ayokunle Olude,
| | - Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Oluwaseun Ahmed Mustapha
- Vertebrate Morphology, Environmental Toxicology and Neuroscience Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco Javier Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - James Olukayode Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Zhao R, Wu X, Bi XY, Yang H, Zhang Q. Baicalin attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1080-1087. [PMID: 34558536 PMCID: PMC8552841 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.324857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalin is a natural active ingredient isolated from Scutellariae Radix that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibits neuroprotective effects on multiple central nervous system diseases. However, the mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects remains unclear. In this study, rat models of spinal cord injury were established using a modified Allen's impact method and then treated with intraperitoneal injection of Baicalin. The results revealed that Baicalin greatly increased the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale score, reduced blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, decreased the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and nuclear factor κB, increased the expression of Bcl-2, and reduced neuronal apoptosis and pathological spinal cord injury. SH-SY5Y cell models of excitotoxicity were established by application of 10 mM glutamate for 12 hours and then treated with 40 µM Baicalin for 48 hours to investigate the mechanism of action of Baicalin. The results showed that Baicalin reversed tight junction protein expression tendencies (occludin and ZO-1) and apoptosis-related protein expression (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and nuclear factor-κB), and also led to up-regulation of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation. These effects on Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 were blocked by pretreatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. These findings suggest that Baicalin can inhibit blood-spinal cord barrier permeability after spinal cord injury and reduce neuronal apoptosis, possibly by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study was approved by Animal Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiaotong University on March 6, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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11
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Pang QM, Chen SY, Fu SP, Zhou H, Zhang Q, Ao J, Luo XP, Zhang T. Regulatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Secondary Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:573-593. [PMID: 35115806 PMCID: PMC8802142 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s349572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Tao Zhang; Qian Zhang, Email ;
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12
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Danková M, Domoráková I, Fagová Z, Stebnický M, Mechírová E. Induction of ischemic tolerance by remote perconditioning or postconditioning as neuroprotective strategy for spinal cord motor neurons. Life Sci 2021; 283:119789. [PMID: 34256043 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study is focused on the investigation of the mechanisms leading to ischemic tolerance acquisition in the spinal cord neurons via application of non-invasive method of remote conditioning. MATERIAL AND METHODS We have verified the possibility of neuroprotection of spinal cord in rabbit by using remote perconditioning (PerC) applied during last 12 min of spinal cord ischemia (SC-ischemia) or postconditioning (PostC) applied after 1st (early) or 3rd (late) h of reperfusion. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the aorta below the left renal artery for 20 min. Reperfusion period was 24 or 72 h. Remote conditioning was induced by compression of left forelimb with a tourniquet in 3 cycles of 2 min of ischemia, each followed by 2 min of reperfusion. Damaged neurons were detected by Fluoro Jade B method and the modified Tarlov score was used for functional assessment. KEY FINDINGS The remote conditioning significantly attenuated degeneration of motor neurons in all remote conditioned groups versus both SC-ischemia groups. We detected significant changes in number of Hsp70 positive motor neurons. At 72time point, in the group with remote late PostC we observed significant increase (p < 0.001) of Hsp70 positive motor neurons versus SC- ischemia group and sham control. There was a trend towards improvement of hindlimbs movement. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed the effectiveness of remote conditioning as a neuroprotective strategy, evidenced by induction of ischemic tolerance leading to decrease of motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Danková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Sasinkova 4, 811 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Domoráková
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Fagová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Stebnický
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic; Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Department of Surgery and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Rastislavova 43, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Eva Mechírová
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Šrobárova 2, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
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13
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Ji H, Zhang Y, Chen C, Li H, He B, Yang T, Sun C, Hao H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Hu Y, Li A, Guo A, Wang Y. D-dopachrome tautomerase activates COX2/PGE 2 pathway of astrocytes to mediate inflammation following spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:130. [PMID: 34116703 PMCID: PMC8196514 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes are the predominant glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) that can secrete various cytokines and chemokines mediating neuropathology in response to danger signals. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), a newly described cytokine and a close homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein, has been revealed to share an overlapping function with MIF in some ways. However, its cellular distribution pattern and mediated astrocyte neuropathological function in the CNS remain unclear. Methods A contusion model of the rat spinal cord was established. The protein levels of D-DT and PGE2 synthesis-related proteinase were assayed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Primary astrocytes were stimulated by different concentrations of D-DT in the presence or absence of various inhibitors to examine relevant signal pathways. The post-injury locomotor functions were assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale. Results D-DT was inducibly expressed within astrocytes and neurons, rather than in microglia following spinal cord contusion. D-DT was able to activate the COX2/PGE2 signal pathway of astrocytes through CD74 receptor, and the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was involved in the regulation of D-DT action. The selective inhibitor of D-DT was efficient in attenuating D-DT-induced astrocyte production of PGE2 following spinal cord injury, which contributed to the improvement of locomotor functions. Conclusion Collectively, these data reveal a novel inflammatory activator of astrocytes following spinal cord injury, which might be beneficial for the development of anti-inflammation drug in neuropathological CNS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02186-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aisong Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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Pamies D, Sartori C, Schvartz D, González-Ruiz V, Pellerin L, Nunes C, Tavel D, Maillard V, Boccard J, Rudaz S, Sanchez JC, Zurich MG. Neuroinflammatory Response to TNFα and IL1β Cytokines Is Accompanied by an Increase in Glycolysis in Human Astrocytes In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4065. [PMID: 33920048 PMCID: PMC8071021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis has been abundantly studied in rodents but relatively poorly in human cells due to limited access to the brain. Astrocytes play important roles in cerebral energy metabolism, and are also key players in neuroinflammation. Astroglial metabolic and inflammatory changes as a function of age have been reported, leading to the hypothesis that mitochondrial metabolism and inflammatory responses are interconnected in supporting a functional switch of astrocytes from neurotrophic to neurotoxic. This study aimed to explore the metabolic changes occurring in astrocytes during their activation. Astrocytes were derived from human ReN cell neural progenitors and characterized. They were activated by exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or interleukin 1β (IL1β) for 24 h. Astrocyte reaction and associated energy metabolic changes were assessed by immunostaining, gene expression, proteomics, metabolomics and extracellular flux analyses. ReN-derived astrocytes reactivity was observed by the modifications of genes and proteins linked to inflammation (cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs)) and immune pathways (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I). Increased NFκB1, NFκB2 and STAT1 expression, together with decreased STAT3 expression, suggest an activation towards the detrimental pathway. Strong modifications of astrocyte cytoskeleton were observed, including a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) decrease. Astrogliosis was accompanied by changes in energy metabolism characterized by increased glycolysis and lactate release. Increased glycolysis is reported for the first time during human astrocyte activation. Astrocyte activation is strongly tied to energy metabolism, and a possible association between NFκB signaling and/or MHC class I pathway and glycolysis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Chiara Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Analytical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- INSERM U1082, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Carolina Nunes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Denise Tavel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Vanille Maillard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
| | - Julien Boccard
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Analytical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Analytical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Zurich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (D.P.); (C.S.); (L.P.); (C.N.); (D.T.); (V.M.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland; (D.S.); (V.G.-R.); (J.B.); (S.R.); (J.-C.S.)
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Chen Y, Tian Z, He L, Liu C, Wang N, Rong L, Liu B. Exosomes derived from miR-26a-modified MSCs promote axonal regeneration via the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway following spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:224. [PMID: 33820561 PMCID: PMC8022427 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes derived from the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) have shown great potential in spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. This research was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of miR-26a-modified MSC-derived exosomes (Exos-26a) following SCI. Methods Bioinformatics and data mining were performed to explore the role of miR-26a in SCI. Exosomes were isolated from miR-26a-modified MSC culture medium by ultracentrifugation. A series of experiments, including assessment of Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scale, histological evaluation, motor-evoked potential recording, diffusion tensor imaging, and western blotting, were performed to determine the therapeutic influence and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Exos-26a in SCI rats. Results Exos-26a was shown to promote axonal regeneration. Furthermore, we found that exosomes derived from miR-26a-modified MSC could improve neurogenesis and attenuate glial scarring through PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling cascades. Conclusions Exosomes derived from miR-26a-modified MSC could activate the PTEN-AKT-mTOR pathway to promote axonal regeneration and neurogenesis and attenuate glia scarring in SCI and thus present great potential for SCI treatment. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02282-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenming Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Nangxiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Liu F, Cheng X, Zhong S, Liu C, Jolkkonen J, Zhang X, Liang Y, Liu Z, Zhao C. Communications Between Peripheral and the Brain-Resident Immune System in Neuronal Regeneration After Stroke. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1931. [PMID: 33042113 PMCID: PMC7530165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia may cause irreversible neural network damage and result in functional deficits. Targeting neuronal repair after stroke potentiates the formation of new connections, which can be translated into a better functional outcome. Innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain and the periphery triggered by ischemic damage participate in regulating neural repair after a stroke. Immune cells in the blood circulation and gut lymphatic tissues that have been shaped by immune components including gut microbiota and metabolites can infiltrate the ischemic brain and, once there, influence neuronal regeneration either directly or by modulating the properties of brain-resident immune cells. Immune-related signalings and metabolites from the gut microbiota can also directly alter the phenotypes of resident immune cells to promote neuronal regeneration. In this review, we discuss several potential mechanisms through which peripheral and brain-resident immune components can cooperate to promote first the resolution of neuroinflammation and subsequently to improved neural regeneration and a better functional recovery. We propose that new insights into discovery of regulators targeting pro-regenerative process in this complex neuro-immune network may lead to novel strategies for neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute and Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhouyang Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Li X, Li M, Tian L, Chen J, Liu R, Ning B. Reactive Astrogliosis: Implications in Spinal Cord Injury Progression and Therapy. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:9494352. [PMID: 32884625 PMCID: PMC7455824 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9494352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most populous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are essential to CNS physiology and play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis, development of synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. Nevertheless, under the influence of certain factors, astrocytes may also exert detrimental effects through a process of reactive astrogliosis. Previous studies have shown that astrocytes have more than one type of polarization. Two types have been extensively researched. One is a damaging change that occurs under inflammation and has been termed A1 astrocyte, while the other is a restorative change that occurs under ischemic induction and was termed A2 astrocyte. Researchers are now increasingly paying attention to the role of astrocytes in spinal cord injury (SCI), degenerative diseases, chronic pain, neurological tumors, and other CNS disorders. In this review, we discuss (a) the characteristics of polarized astrocytes, (b) the relationship between astrocyte polarization and SCI, and (c) new implications of reactive astrogliosis for future SCI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Meng Li
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Lige Tian
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Jianan Chen
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 105, Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
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18
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Obafemi TO, Olasehinde OR, Olaoye OA, Jaiyesimi KF, Adewumi FD, Adewale OB, Afolabi BA. Metformin/Donepezil combination modulates brain antioxidant status and hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum stress in type 2 diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:499-510. [PMID: 32550202 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetes mellitus is associated with perturbations in brain biochemical parameters associated with dementia. This study aimed at comparing the effect of metformin and metformin/donepezil combination on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in the brain of diabetic Wistar rats. Methods Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin after administration of 10% fructose for 14 days. Animals were randomly assigned to four groups of five animals each. Group 1 was the normal control and received only distilled water. Groups 2 and 3 were diabetic rats treated with metformin/donepezil combination and metformin only respectively, while group 4 was diabetic control. Treatment lasted for 21 days after confirmation of diabetes. Activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), butyrylcholinesterase (BchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase were evaluated in the brain of diabetic rats. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to estimate brain levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) malondialdehyde and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), while expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers - glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was determined using real-time PCR in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Results Treatment with metformin/donepezil combination significantly reduced the activities of AchE, BchE as well as levels of malondialdehyde, TNF-α and IL-6, while the activities of SOD, GPx and catalase were significantly increased in the brain. Moreover, expression of ER stress markers was attenuated in the hippocampus. Conclusion Metformin/donepezil combination appeared more efficacious than metformin only and could be considered for managing diabetes-associated dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudeen Olabisi Obafemi
- Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, PMB 5454 Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun R Olasehinde
- Medical Biochemistry Unit, College of Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, PMB 5454, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Oyindamola A Olaoye
- Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, PMB 5454 Nigeria
| | - Kikelomo F Jaiyesimi
- Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, PMB 5454 Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo D Adewumi
- Industrial Chemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, PMB 5454 Nigeria
| | - Olusola B Adewale
- Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, PMB 5454 Nigeria
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19
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Tang G, Chen Y, Chen J, Chen Z, Jiang W. Deferoxamine Ameliorates Compressed Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting Neovascularization in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1437-1444. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Colombo E, Bassani C, De Angelis A, Ruffini F, Ottoboni L, Comi G, Martino G, Farina C. Siponimod (BAF312) Activates Nrf2 While Hampering NFκB in Human Astrocytes, and Protects From Astrocyte-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:635. [PMID: 32322257 PMCID: PMC7156595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with heterogeneous pathophysiology. In its progressive course oligodendrocyte and neuroaxonal damage is sustained by compartmentalized inflammation due to glial dysregulation. Siponimod (BAF312), a modulator of two sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (S1P1 and S1P5) is the first oral treatment specifically approved for active secondary progressive MS. To address potential direct effects of BAF312 on glial function and glia-neuron interaction, we set up a series of in vitro functional assays with astrocytes generated from human fibroblasts. These cells displayed the typical morphology and markers of astroglia, and were susceptible to the action of inflammatory mediators and BAF312, because expressing receptors for IL1, IL17, and S1P (namely S1P1 and S1P3). Targeting of S1P signaling by BAF312 inhibited NFκB translocation evoked by inflammatory cytokines, indicating a direct anti-inflammatory activity of the drug on the human astrocyte. Further, while glia cells exposed to IL1 or IL17 downregulated protein expression of glutamate transporters, BAF312-treated astrocytes maintained high levels of GLAST and GLT1 regardless of the presence of inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, despite potential glial susceptibility to S1P signaling via S1P3, which is not targeted by BAF312, NFκB translocation and downregulation of glutamate transporters in response to S1P were inhibited at similar levels by BAF312 and FTY720, another S1P signaling modulator targeting also S1P3. Accordingly, specific inhibition of S1P1 via NIBR-0213 blocked S1P-evoked NFκB translocation, demonstrating that modulation of S1P1 is sufficient to dampen signaling via other S1P receptors. Considering that NFκB-dependent responses are regulated by Nrf2, we measured activation of this critical transcription factor for anti-oxidant reactions, and observed that BAF312 rapidly induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2, but this effect was attenuated in the presence of an inflammatory milieu. Finally, in vitro experiments with spinal neurons exposed to astrocyte-conditioned media showed that modulation of S1P or cytokine signaling in astrocytes via BAF312 prevented neurons from astrocyte-induced degeneration. Overall, these experiments on human astrocytes suggest that during neuroinflammation targeting of S1P1 via BAF312 may modulate key astrocyte functions and thereby attain neuroprotection indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Colombo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bassani
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anthea De Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruffini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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21
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Yang T, Dai Y, Chen G, Cui S. Dissecting the Dual Role of the Glial Scar and Scar-Forming Astrocytes in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:78. [PMID: 32317938 PMCID: PMC7147295 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an unsolved problem. As a major component of the SCI lesion, the glial scar is primarily composed of scar-forming astrocytes and plays a crucial role in spinal cord regeneration. In recent years, it has become increasingly accepted that the glial scar plays a dual role in SCI recovery. However, the underlying mechanisms of this dual role are complex and need further clarification. This dual role also makes it difficult to manipulate the glial scar for therapeutic purposes. Here, we briefly discuss glial scar formation and some representative components associated with scar-forming astrocytes. Then, we analyze the dual role of the glial scar in a dynamic perspective with special attention to scar-forming astrocytes to explore the underlying mechanisms of this dual role. Finally, taking the dual role of the glial scar into account, we provide several pieces of advice on novel therapeutic strategies targeting the glial scar and scar-forming astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - YuJuan Dai
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Tissue and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - ShuSen Cui
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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22
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Zeman RJ, Wen X, Moorthy CR, Etlinger JD. Therapeutic target for external beam x-irradiation in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2020; 32:649-656. [PMID: 31899880 DOI: 10.3171/2019.11.spine19305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-irradiation has been shown to be beneficial to recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the optimal therapeutic target has not been defined. Experiments were designed to determine the optimal target volume within the injured spinal cord for improving functional recovery and sparing tissue with stereotactic x-irradiation. METHODS SCI was produced in rats at the T10 level. A 20-Gy dose of radiation was delivered with a single, 4-mm-diameter, circular radiation beam centered either on the injury epicenter or 4 or 8 mm caudal or rostral to the injury epicenter. Locomotor function was determined for 6 weeks with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale and tissue sparing by histological analysis of transverse sections along the spinal cords. RESULTS X-irradiation of spinal cord segments at 4 mm, but not 8 mm, caudal or rostral to the contusion epicenter resulted in increases in locomotor recovery. Consistently, significant tissue sparing also occurred with x-irradiation centered at those sites, although irradiation centered 4 mm rostral to the epicenter led to tissue sparing along the greatest length of the spinal cord. Interestingly, regression analysis of these variables demonstrated that the quantitative relationship between the amount of tissue spared and the improvement in locomotion recovery was greatest in a region several millimeters rostral to the injury epicenter. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that x-irradiation in a region rostral to the injury epicenter is optimal for recovery from SCI. This minimal target should be attractive for therapeutic application since it allows a greatly reduced target volume so that uninjured tissue is not needlessly irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chitti R Moorthy
- 2Radiation Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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23
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Wang YY, Shen D, Zhao LJ, Zeng N, Hu TH. Sting is a critical regulator of spinal cord injury by regulating microglial inflammation via interacting with TBK1 in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:741-748. [PMID: 31400857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition that results in progressive tissue loss, secondary to vascular dysfunction and inflammation. Lack of effective pharmacotherapies for SCI is mainly attributable to an incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. Stimulator of interferon gene (Sting), also known as Transmembrane protein 173 (TMEM173), activates the type I interferon-regulated innate immune response, playing crucial role in modulating inflammation. However, the mechanism underlying Sting activation in SCI is still unclear. Here, we reported that Sting functioned as a positive regulator of SCI. Sting expression was increased in the injured spinal cord samples of SCI mice, along with significantly up-regulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Suppressing Sting expression in lipopolysaccharide-incubated mouse microglia markedly reduced the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways, as illustrated by the decreased phosphorylation of IKKβ, IκBα, NF-κB/p65, p38, ERK1/2 and JNK. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglial cells was also reversed by Sting knockdown. In contrast, LPS-induced inflammation was further accelerated in microglial cells with Sting over-expression through potentiating NF-κB and MAPKs signaling. Mechanistically, Sting directly interacted with the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), thus promoting its phosphorylation and the activation of down-streaming NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Notably, the effects of Sting on SCI progression were verified in mice. Consistently, Sting knockout alleviated inflammatory response and facilitated recovery after SPI in mice through blocking TBK1 activation and subsequent NF-κB and MAPKs phosphorylation. In summary, our findings may provide a novel strategy for prevention and treatment of SCI by targeting Sting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yi Wang
- Second Department of Orthopaed, Ningbo Fenghua District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Dong Shen
- Second Department of Orthopaed, Ningbo Fenghua District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Liu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ningbo Sixth Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Nian Zeng
- Second Department of Orthopaed, Ningbo Fenghua District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Teng-Hui Hu
- Second Department of Orthopaed, Ningbo Fenghua District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315040, China
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24
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Abstract
Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor with key functions in a wide array of biological systems. While the role of NF-κB in processes, such as host immunity and oncogenesis has been more clearly defined, an understanding of the basic functions of NF-κB in the nervous system has lagged behind. The vast cell-type heterogeneity within the central nervous system (CNS) and the interplay between cell-type specific roles of NF-κB contributes to the complexity of understanding NF-κB functions in the brain. In this review, we will focus on the emerging understanding of cell-autonomous regulation of NF-κB signaling as well as the non-cell-autonomous functional impacts of NF-κB activation in the mammalian nervous system. We will focus on recent work which is unlocking the pleiotropic roles of NF-κB in neurons and glial cells (including astrocytes and microglia). Normal physiology as well as disorders of the CNS in which NF-κB signaling has been implicated will be discussed with reference to the lens of cell-type specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Dresselhaus
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mollie K Meffert
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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25
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Abstract
Astrocytes, one of the largest glial cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), play a key function in several events of brain development and function, such as synapse formation and function, control of neurotransmitters release and uptake, production of trophic factors and control of neuronal survival. Initially described as a homogenous population, several evidences have pointed that astrocytes are highly heterogeneous, both morphologically and functionally, within the same region, and across different brain regions. Recent findings suggest that the heterogeneity in the expression profile of proteins involved in astrocyte function may predict the selective vulnerability of brain regions to specific diseases, as well as to the age-related cognitive decline. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, either in aging as well as in brain disease are scarce. Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and aging, is reported to have a dubious impact on glial activation, as these cells release pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, anti-oxidants, free radicals, and neurotrophic factors. Despite the emerging evidences supporting that reactive astrocytes have a duality in their phenotype, neurotoxic or neuroprotective properties, depending on the age and stimuli, the underlying mechanisms of their activation, cellular interplays and the impact of regional astrocyte heterogeneity are still a matter of discussion. In this review article, we will summarize recent findings on astrocyte heterogeneity and phenotypes, as well as their likely impact for the brain function during aging and neural diseases. We will focus on the molecules and mechanisms triggered by astrocyte to control synapse formation in different brain regions. Finally, we will discuss new evidences on how the modulation of astrocyte phenotype and function could impact the synaptic deficits and glial dysfunction present in aging and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Matias
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Morgado
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Jean Harry G, Childers GM, Mcpherson CA. An introduction to innate immunity in the central nervous system. Role of Inflammation in Environmental Neurotoxicity 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Martin-Jiménez C, Gaitán-Vaca DM, Areiza N, Echeverria V, Ashraf GM, González J, Sahebkar A, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Astrocytes Mediate Protective Actions of Estrogenic Compounds after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 108:142-160. [PMID: 30391959 DOI: 10.1159/000495078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem. It may result in severe neurological disabilities and in a variety of cellular metabolic alterations for which available therapeutic strategies are limited. In the last decade, the use of estrogenic compounds, which activate protective mechanisms in astrocytes, has been explored as a potential experimental therapeutic approach. Previous works have suggested estradiol (E2) as a neuroprotective hormone that acts in the brain by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs). Several steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogenic compounds can imitate the effects of estradiol on ERs. These include hormonal estrogens, phytoestrogens and synthetic estrogens, such as selective ER modulators or tibolone. Current evidence of the role of astrocytes in mediating protective actions of estrogenic compounds after TBI is reviewed in this paper. We conclude that the use of estrogenic compounds to modulate astrocytic properties is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Martin-Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Milena Gaitán-Vaca
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Areiza
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Concepción, Chile
- Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida, USA
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia,
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28
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain and perform several essential functions in supporting neuronal metabolism and actively participating in neural circuit and behavioral function. They also have essential roles as innate immune cells in responding to local neuropathology, and the manner in which they respond to brain injury and degeneration is the subject of increasing attention in neuroscience. Although activated astrocytes have long been thought of as a relatively homogenous population, which alter their phenotype in a relatively stereotyped way upon central nervous system injury, the last decade has revealed substantial heterogeneity in the basal state and significant heterogeneity of phenotype during reactive astrocytosis. Thus, phenotypic diversity occurs at two distinct levels: that determined by regionality and development and that determined by temporally dynamic changes to the environment of astrocytes during pathology. These inflammatory and pathological states shape the phenotype of these cells, with different consequences for destruction or recovery of the local tissue, and thus elucidating these phenotypic changes has significant therapeutic implications. In this review, we will focus on the phenotypic heterogeneity of astrocytes in health and disease and their propensity to change that phenotype upon subsequent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aisling Dunne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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29
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Kigerl KA, Lai W, Wallace LM, Yang H, Popovich PG. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is increased in injured mouse spinal cord and can elicit neurotoxic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 72:22-33. [PMID: 29175543 PMCID: PMC6681463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a ubiquitous but poorly understood consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). The mechanisms controlling this response are unclear but culminate in the sequential activation of resident and recruited immune cells. Collectively, these cells can exert divergent effects on cell survival and tissue repair. HMGB1 is a ubiquitously expressed DNA binding protein and also a potent inflammatory stimulus. Necrotic cells release HGMB1, but HMGB1 also is actively secreted by inflammatory macrophages. A goal of this study was to quantify spatio-temporal patterns of cellular HMGB1 expression in a controlled mouse model of experimental SCI then determine the effects of HMGB1 on post-SCI neuroinflammation and recovery of function. We documented SCI-induced changes in nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution of HMGB1 in various cell types after SCI. The data reveal a time-dependent increase in HMGB1 mRNA and protein with protein reaching maximal levels 24-72 h post-injury then declining toward baseline 14-28 days post-SCI. Although most cells expressed nuclear HMGB1, reduced nuclear labeling with increased cytoplasmic expression was found in a subset of CNS macrophages suggesting that those cells begin to secrete HMGB1 at the injury site. In vitro data indicate that extracelluar HMGB1 helps promote the development of macrophages with a neurotoxic phenotype. The ability of HMGB1 to elicit neurotoxic macrophage functions was confirmed in vivo; 72 h after injecting 500 ng of recombinant HMGB1 into intact spinal cord ventral horn, inflammatory CNS macrophages co-localized with focal areas of neuronal killing. However, attempts to confer neuroprotection after SCI by blocking HMGB1 with a neutralizing antibody were unsuccessful. Collectively, these data implicate HMGB1 as a novel regulator of post-SCI inflammation and suggest that inhibition of HMGB1 could be a novel therapeutic target after SCI. Future studies will need to identify better methods to deliver optimal concentrations of HMGB1 antagonists to the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Kigerl
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wenmin Lai
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Wallace
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Phillip G. Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA,corresponding author: Phillip G. Popovich, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, 786 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, (614) 688-8576,
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30
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Zhou L, Ouyang L, Lin S, Chen S, Liu Y, Zhou W, Wang X. Protective role of β-carotene against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) including brain and spinal cord remains a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Delineating the mechanisms underlying the secondary and persistent injury versus the primary and transient injury has been drawing extensive attention for study during the past few decades. The sterile neuroinflammation during the secondary phase of injury has been frequently identified substrate underlying CNS injury, but as of now, no conclusive studies have determined whether this is a beneficial or detrimental role in the context of repair. Recent pioneering studies have demonstrated the key roles for the innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and CNS repair. Some promising immunotherapeutic strategies have been recently developed for the treatment of CNS injury. This review updates the recent progress on elucidating the roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of CNS injury, the development and characterization of potential immunotherapeutics, as well as outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R. Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author.
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32
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Ellman DG, Novrup HG, Jørgensen LH, Lund MC, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Madsen PM, Vienhues JH, Dursun S, Bethea JR, Lykke-Hartmann K, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Neuronal Ablation of IKK2 Decreases Lesion Size and Improves Functional Outcome after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. JSM Neurosurg Spine 2017; 5:1090. [PMID: 30035210 PMCID: PMC6051723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a key modulator of inflammation and secondary injury responses in neurodegenerative disease, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Inhibition of astroglial NF-κB reduces inflammation, enhances oligodendrogenesis and improves functional recovery after SCI, however the contribution of neuronal NF-κB to secondary inflammatory responses following SCI has yet to be investigated. We demonstrate that conditional ablation of IKK2 in Synapsin 1-expressing neurons in mice (Syn1creIKK2fl/fl) reduces activation of the classical NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in impaired motor function and altered memory retention under naïve conditions. Following induction of a moderate SCI phosphorylated NF-κB levels decreased in the spinal cord of Syn1creIKK2fl/fl mice compared to controls, resulting in improvement in functional recovery. Histologically, Syn1creIKK2fl/fl mice exhibited reduced lesion volume but comparable microglial/leukocyte responses after SCI. In parallel, interleukin (IL)-1β expression was significantly decreased within the lesioned spinal cord, whereas IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 were unchanged compared to control mice. We conclude that conditional ablation of IKK2 in neurons, resulting in reduced neuronal NF-B signaling, and lead to protective effects after SCI and propose the neuronal classical NF-κB pathway as a potential target for the development of new therapeutic, neuroprotective strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pernille Marie Madsen
- Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Safinaz Dursun
- Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - John R. Bethea
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, USA
| | | | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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33
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Gao W, Tong D, Li Q, Huang P, Zhang F. Dexamethasone promotes regeneration of crushed inferior alveolar nerve by inhibiting NF-κB activation in adult rats. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 80:101-109. [PMID: 28412609 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is closely related to inflammation, has become a topic of interest for research. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of dexamethasone (Dex), an inhibitor of NF-κB, on inferior alveolar nerve injury in adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crushed inferior alveolar model is established in Wistar rats and they are randomly divided into three groups according to treatment: pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), dexamethasone (Dex), and saline (physiological saline). After treatment, the rats are respectively sacrificed at 3, 7, and 14d, and inferior alveolar nerves are extracted for histochemical and western blot analysis. RESULT Compared with the PDTC and saline groups, nerve fibers in the Dex group are regularly arranged with few vacuoles, which is similar to normal inferior alveolar nerves. Immunofluorescent results show significantly decreased NF-κB expression in the Dex group. Western bolt shows higher expression of GAP-43 and lower expression of NF-κB. CONCLUSION Taken together, all results show that dexamethasone significantly improved the regeneration of crushed inferior alveolar nerves by inhibiting NF-κB activation in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhua-West Road 44-1, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongdong Tong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhua-West Road 44-1, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhua-West Road 44-1, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Ping Huang
- QILU Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua-West Road 44-2, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Fenghe Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhua-West Road 44-1, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Yuan J, Liu W, Zhu H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Li L, Chu W, Wen Z, Feng H, Lin J. Curcumin inhibits glial scar formation by suppressing astrocyte-induced inflammation and fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res 2016; 1655:90-103. [PMID: 27865778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to glial scar formation by astrocytes, which severely hinders neural regeneration. Curcumin (cur) can inhibit glial scar formation, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, the current study investigated the phenotypic transformation of astrocytes following cur and siRNA intervention during the processes of inflammation and fibrosis and determined details of the relationship between cur treatment and the glial scar components GFAP and CSPG. We found that cur and NF-κb p65 siRNA could inhibit astrocyte activation through suppressing NF-κb signaling pathway, which led to down-regulate the expression of chemokines MCP-1, RANTES and CXCL10 released by astrocytes and decreased macrophage and T-cell infiltration, thus reducing the inflammation in the glial scar. In addition, silencing SOX-9 may reduce the deposition of extracellular matrix CSPG; whereas its over-expression could increase the CSPG expression. Cur suppressedSOX-9-inducedCSPG deposition, reduced α-SMA (an important symbol of fibrosis) expression in astrocytes, altered astrocyte phenotype, and inhibited glial scar formation by regulating fibrosis. This study confirmed that cur could regulate both the NF-κb and SOX9 signaling pathways and reduce the expression of intracellular and extracellular glial scar components through dual-target regulating both inflammation and fibrosis after SCI in the rat. This study provides an important hypothesis centered on the dual inhibition of intracellular and extracellular glial scar components as a treatment strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yaxing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zexian Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jiangkai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Menzel L, Kleber L, Friedrich C, Hummel R, Dangel L, Winter J, Schmitz K, Tegeder I, Schäfer MKE. Progranulin protects against exaggerated axonal injury and astrogliosis following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2016; 65:278-292. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Lisa Kleber
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Carina Friedrich
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Larissa Dangel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Jennifer Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe-University Hospital; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe-University Hospital; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
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Noristani HN, Sabourin JC, Boukhaddaoui H, Chan-Seng E, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Spinal cord injury induces astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:68. [PMID: 27716282 PMCID: PMC5052929 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurons have intrinsic capability to regenerate after lesion, though not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent neurological impairments partly due to formation of a glial scar that is composed of astrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes play both beneficial and detrimental roles on axonal re-growth, however, their precise role after SCI is currently under debate. METHODS We analyzed molecular changes in astrocytes at multiple stages after two SCI severities using cell-specific transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS We demonstrate that astrocyte response after injury depends on both time after injury and lesion severity. We then establish that injury induces an autologous astroglial transdifferentiation where over 10 % of astrocytes express classical neuronal progenitor markers including βIII-tubulin and doublecortin with typical immature neuronal morphology. Lineage tracing confirmed that the origin of these astrocytes is resident mature, rather than newly formed astrocytes. Astrocyte-derived neuronal progenitors subsequently express GABAergic, but not glutamatergic-specific markers. Furthermore, we have identified the neural stem cell marker fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (Fgfr4) as a potential autologous modulator of astrocytic transdifferentiation following SCI. Finally, we establish that astroglial transdifferentiation into neuronal progenitors starts as early as 72 h and continues to a lower degrees up to 6 weeks post-lesion. CONCLUSION We thus demonstrate for the first time autologous injury-induced astroglial conversion towards neuronal lineage that may represent a therapeutic strategy to replace neuronal loss and improve functional outcomes after central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Najib Noristani
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095, France.,INSERM U1198, Place Eugène Bataillon CC105, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.,EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France.,INSERM U1051, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Charles Sabourin
- Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Emilie Chan-Seng
- Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, F-34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Nicolas Gerber
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095, France.,INSERM U1198, Place Eugène Bataillon CC105, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.,EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France.,Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34095, France. .,INSERM U1198, Place Eugène Bataillon CC105, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. .,EPHE, Paris, F-75014, France. .,INSERM U1051, F-34095, Montpellier, France. .,Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country, E-48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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Abstract
Astrocytes regulate neuroinflammatory responses after stroke and in other neurological diseases. Although not all astrocytic responses reduce inflammation, their predominant function is to protect the brain by driving the system back to homeostasis after injury. They receive multidimensional signals within the central nervous system and between the brain and the systemic circulation. Processing this information allows astrocytes to regulate synapse formation and maintenance, cerebral blood flow, and blood-brain barrier integrity. Similarly, in response to stroke and other central nervous system disorders, astrocytes detect and integrate signals of neuronal damage and inflammation to regulate the neuroinflammatory response. Two direct regulatory mechanisms in the astrocyte arsenal are the ability to form both physical and molecular barriers that seal the injury site and localize the neuroinflammatory response. Astrocytes also indirectly regulate the inflammatory response by affecting neuronal health during the acute injury and axonal regrowth. This ability to regulate the location and degree of neuroinflammation after injury, combined with the long time course of neuroinflammation, makes astrocytic signaling pathways promising targets for therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Cekanaviciute
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Yu S, Yao S, Wen Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Xu Q. Angiogenic microspheres promote neural regeneration and motor function recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33428. [PMID: 27641997 DOI: 10.1038/srep33428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined sustained co-delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) encapsulated in angiogenic microspheres. These spheres were delivered to sites of spinal cord contusion injury in rats, and their ability to induce vessel formation, neural regeneration and improve hindlimb motor function was assessed. At 2–8 weeks after spinal cord injury, ELISA-determined levels of VEGF, angiopoietin-1, and bFGF were significantly higher in spinal cord tissues in rats that received angiogenic microspheres than in those that received empty microspheres. Sites of injury in animals that received angiogenic microspheres also contained greater numbers of isolectin B4-binding vessels and cells positive for nestin or β III-tubulin (P < 0.01), significantly more NF-positive and serotonergic fibers, and more MBP-positive mature oligodendrocytes. Animals receiving angiogenic microspheres also suffered significantly less loss of white matter volume. At 10 weeks after injury, open field tests showed that animals that received angiogenic microspheres scored significantly higher on the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale than control animals (P < 0.01). Our results suggest that biodegradable, biocompatible PLGA microspheres can release angiogenic factors in a sustained fashion into sites of spinal cord injury and markedly stimulate angiogenesis and neurogenesis, accelerating recovery of neurologic function.
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You W, Zuo G, Shen H, Tian X, Li H, Zhu H, Yin J, Zhang T, Wang Z. Potential dual role of nuclear factor-kappa B in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced early brain injury in rabbits. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:975-984. [PMID: 27554683 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) has multiple physiological and pathological functions. The role of NF-κB can be protective or destructive. We aim to investigate the biphasic activation of NF-κB in brain after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS Eighty male New Zealand rabbits are assigned to control, SAH, vehicle, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) groups. TREATMENT PDTC (3 mg/kg, dissolved in saline) was injected into cisterna magna. METHODS Immunofluorescence and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments were performed to assess the activation of NF-κB. The levels of inflammatory and apoptosis mediators were detected by ELISA and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nissl and immunofluorescent stain was performed to evaluate neuron injury. RESULTS NF-κB activity in the brain cortex showed two peaks after SAH. Inflammatory mediators exhibited similar time course. PDTC could significantly inhibit the NF-κB activity and inflammatory mediators. Suppressing the early NF-κB activity significantly decreased neuron injury, while inhibiting the late one could statistically increase neuron injury. CONCLUSIONS The biphasic NF-κB activation in the brain cortex after SAH played a decisive role on neuronal fate through the inflammatory signaling pathway. The early NF-κB activity contributed to neuron damage after SAH. Nevertheless, the late activated NF-κB may serve as a protector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchun You
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang, 215400, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xiaodi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haiping Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital, Changshu, 215500, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taixing Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taixing, 225400, China.
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China
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Huo J, Zhu X, Ma R, Dong H, Su B. GAPDH/Siah1 cascade is involved in traumatic spinal cord injury and could be attenuated by sivelestat sodium. Neuroscience 2016; 330:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Colombo E, Farina C. Astrocytes: Key Regulators of Neuroinflammation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:608-620. [PMID: 27443914 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are crucial regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in the injured central nervous system. Depending on timing and context, astrocyte activity may exacerbate inflammatory reactions and tissue damage, or promote immunosuppression and tissue repair. Recent literature has unveiled key factors and intracellular signaling pathways that govern astrocyte behavior during neuroinflammation. Here we have re-visited in vivo studies on astrocyte signaling in neuroinflammatory models focusing on evidences obtained from the analysis of transgenic mice where distinct genes involved in ligand binding, transcriptional regulation and cell communication have been manipulated in astrocytes. The integration of in vivo observations with in vitro data clarifies precise signaling steps, highlights the crosstalk among pathways and identifies shared effector mechanisms in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Colombo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Quintá HR, Wilson C, Blidner AG, González-Billault C, Pasquini LA, Rabinovich GA, Pasquini JM. Ligand-mediated Galectin-1 endocytosis prevents intraneural H2O2 production promoting F-actin dynamics reactivation and axonal re-growth. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:165-78. [PMID: 27296316 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Axonal growth cone collapse following spinal cord injury (SCI) is promoted by semaphorin3A (Sema3A) signaling via PlexinA4 surface receptor. This interaction triggers intracellular signaling events leading to increased hydrogen peroxide levels which in turn promote filamentous actin (F-actin) destabilization and subsequent inhibition of axonal re-growth. In the current study, we demonstrated that treatment with galectin-1 (Gal-1), in its dimeric form, promotes a decrease in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and F-actin repolimerization in the growth cone and in the filopodium of neuron surfaces. This effect was dependent on the carbohydrate recognition activity of Gal-1, as it was prevented using a Gal-1 mutant lacking carbohydrate-binding activity. Furthermore, Gal-1 promoted its own active ligand-mediated endocytosis together with the PlexinA4 receptor, through mechanisms involving complex branched N-glycans. In summary, our results suggest that Gal-1, mainly in its dimeric form, promotes re-activation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics via internalization of the PlexinA4/Gal-1 complex. This mechanism could explain, at least in part, critical events in axonal regeneration including the full axonal re-growth process, de novo formation of synapse clustering, axonal re-myelination and functional recovery of coordinated locomotor activities in an in vivo acute and chronic SCI model. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axonal regeneration is a response of injured nerve cells critical for nerve repair in human spinal cord injury. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling nerve repair by Galectin-1, may be critical for therapeutic intervention. Our results show that Galectin-1; in its dimeric form, interferes with hydrogen peroxide production triggered by Semaphorin3A. The high levels of this reactive oxygen species (ROS) seem to be the main factor preventing axonal regeneration due to promotion of actin depolymerization at the axonal growth cone. Thus, Galectin-1 administration emerges as a novel therapeutic modality for promoting nerve repair and preventing axonal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor R Quintá
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Físico Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Carlos Wilson
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dymanics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile. Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, USA
| | - Ada G Blidner
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dymanics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile. Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, USA
| | - Laura A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Físico Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Buenos Aires C1428, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428, Argentina
| | - Juana M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Físico Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina.
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Wang C, Liu C, Gao K, Zhao H, Zhou Z, Shen Z, Guo Y, Li Z, Yao T, Mei X. Metformin preconditioning provide neuroprotection through enhancement of autophagy and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:534-40. [PMID: 27246734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious nervous system disorders characterised by high morbidity and disability. Inflammatory and autophagy responses play an important role in the development of SCI. Metformin, a first-line drug for type-2 diabetes, features autophagy promotion as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in the nervous system. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotection effects of metformin preconditioning on rats after SCI. Results of Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores, HE staining and Nissl staining showed that the function and quantity of motor neurons were protected by metformin after SCI. Western blot revealed that the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3B-II was enhanced, and the phosphorylation levels of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein and p70S6K were reduced by metformin after SCI. Metformin significantly reduced the expression of NF-κB. Moreover, Western blot and immunofluorescence results indicated that caspase 3 activation was reduced, whereas bcl-2 level was significantly increased by metformin. Hence, metformin attenuated SCI by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation and enhancing the autophagy via the mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathway.
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Liu J, Du L. PERK pathway is involved in oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation-induced NF-kB activation via ROS generation in spinal cord astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bastien D, Bellver Landete V, Lessard M, Vallières N, Champagne M, Takashima A, Tremblay MÈ, Doyon Y, Lacroix S. IL-1α Gene Deletion Protects Oligodendrocytes after Spinal Cord Injury through Upregulation of the Survival Factor Tox3. J Neurosci 2015; 35:10715-30. [PMID: 26224856 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0498-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes the release of danger signals by stressed and dying cells, a process that leads to neuroinflammation. Evidence suggests that inflammation plays a role in both the damage and repair of injured neural tissue. We show that microglia at sites of SCI rapidly express the alarmin interleukin (IL)-1α, and that infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages subsequently produce IL-1β. Infiltration of these cells is dramatically reduced in both IL-1α(-/-) and IL-1β(-/-) mice, but only IL-1α(-/-) mice showed rapid (at day 1) and persistent improvements in locomotion associated with reduced lesion volume. Similarly, intrathecal administration of the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra restored locomotor function post-SCI. Transcriptome analysis of SCI tissue at day 1 identified the survival factor Tox3 as being differentially regulated exclusively in IL-1α(-/-) mice compared with IL-1β(-/-) and wild-type mice. Accordingly, IL-1α(-/-) mice have markedly increased Tox3 levels in their oligodendrocytes, beginning at postnatal day 10 (P10) and persisting through adulthood. At P10, the spinal cord of IL-1α(-/-) mice showed a transient increase in mature oligodendrocyte numbers, coinciding with increased IL-1α expression in wild-type animals. In adult mice, IL-1α deletion is accompanied by increased oligodendrocyte survival after SCI. TOX3 overexpression in human oligodendrocytes reduced cellular death under conditions mimicking SCI. These results suggest that IL-1α-mediated Tox3 suppression during the early phase of CNS insult plays a crucial role in secondary degeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms underlying bystander degeneration of neurons and oligodendrocytes after CNS injury are ill defined. We show that microglia at sites of spinal cord injury (SCI) rapidly produce the danger signal interleukin (IL)-1α, which triggers neuroinflammation and locomotor defects. We uncovered that IL-1α(-/-) mice have markedly increased levels of the survival factor Tox3 in their oligodendrocytes, which correlates with the protection of this cell population, and reduced lesion volume, resulting in unprecedented speed, level, and persistence of functional recovery after SCI. Our data suggest that central inhibition of IL-1α or Tox3 overexpression during the acute phase of a CNS insult may be an effective means for preventing the loss of neurological function in SCI, or other acute injuries such as ischemia and traumatic brain injuries.
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Yu XX, Bondada V, Rogers C, Meyer CA, Yu CG. Targeting ERK1/2-calpain 1-NF-κB signal transduction in secondary tissue damage and astrogliosis after spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:427-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Vakilzadeh G, Khodagholi F, Ghadiri T, Ghaemi A, Noorbakhsh F, Sharifzadeh M, Gorji A. The Effect of Melatonin on Behavioral, Molecular, and Histopathological Changes in Cuprizone Model of Demyelination. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4675-84. [PMID: 26310973 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The protective effects of melatonin (MLT) on various neurodegenerative diseases, including MS, have been suggested. In the present study, we examined the effect of MLT on demyelination, apoptosis, inflammation, and behavioral dysfunctions in the cuprizone toxic model of demyelination. C57BL/6J mice were fed a chaw containing 0.2 % cuprizone for 5 weeks and received two doses of MLT (50 and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for the last 7 days of cuprizone diet. Administration of MLT improved motor behavior deficits induced by cuprizone diet. MLT dose-dependently decreased the mean number of apoptotic cells via decreasing caspase-3 and Bax as well as increasing Bcl-2 levels. In addition, MLT significantly enhanced nuclear factor-κB activation and decreased heme oxygenase-1 level. However, MLT had no effect on interleukin-6 and myelin protein production. Our data revealed that MLT improved neurological deficits and enhanced cell survival but was not able to initiate myelin production in the cuprizone model of demyelination. These findings may be important for the design of potential MLT therapy in demyelinating disorders, such as MS.
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Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the maintenance of the health and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, it is not surprising that these multifunctional cells have been implicated in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. The involvement of astrocytes in the neuropathology of these diseases is likely a consequence of both the loss of normal homeostatic functions and gain of toxic functions. Intracellular aggregates in astrocytes are a common feature of various neurodegenerative diseases, and these aggregates perturb normal astrocytic functions in ways that can be harmful to neuronal viability. Here, we review the role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on their dysfunction in Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemali Phatnani
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032
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49
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Abstract
A need exists for the effective treatment of individuals suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms occurring in SCI have resulted in an expansion of new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes both preclinical and clinical findings investigating the mechanisms and cognate pharmacologic therapeutics targeted to modulate hypoxia, ischemia, excitotoxicity, inflammation, apoptosis, epigenetic alterations, myelin regeneration and scar remodeling. Successful modulation of these targets has been demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies with agents such as Oxycyte, Minocycline, Riluzole, Premarin, Cethrin, and ATI-355. The translation of these agents into clinical studies highlights the progress the field has made in the past decade. SCI proves to be a complex condition; the numerous pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at varying time points suggests that a single agent approach to the treatment of SCI may not be optimal. As the field continues to mature, the hope is that the knowledge gained from these studies will be applied to the development of an effective multi-pronged treatment strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Cox
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas ST. MSC606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA,
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50
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Burda JE, Bernstein AM, Sofroniew MV. Astrocyte roles in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 3:305-315. [PMID: 25828533 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes sense changes in neural activity and extracellular space composition. In response, they exert homeostatic mechanisms critical for maintaining neural circuit function, such as buffering neurotransmitters, modulating extracellular osmolarity and calibrating neurovascular coupling. In addition to upholding normal brain activities, astrocytes respond to diverse forms of brain injury with heterogeneous and progressive changes of gene expression, morphology, proliferative capacity and function that are collectively referred to as reactive astrogliosis. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) sets in motion complex events in which noxious mechanical forces cause tissue damage and disrupt central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, which in turn trigger diverse multi-cellular responses that evolve over time and can lead either to neural repair or secondary cellular injury. In response to TBI, astrocytes in different cellular microenvironments tune their reactivity to varying degrees of axonal injury, vascular disruption, ischemia and inflammation. Here we review different forms of TBI-induced astrocyte reactivity and the functional consequences of these responses for TBI pathobiology. Evidence regarding astrocyte contribution to post-traumatic tissue repair and synaptic remodeling is examined, and the potential for targeting specific aspects of astrogliosis to ameliorate TBI sequelae is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Burda
- Department of Neurobiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
| | - Alexander M Bernstein
- Department of Neurobiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA.
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