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Brant RA, Edwards CE, Reid JL, Bassüner B, Delfeld B, Dell N, Mangan SA, de la Paz Bernasconi Torres V, Albrecht MA. Restoration age affects microbial-herbaceous plant interactions in an oak woodland. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11360. [PMID: 38706936 PMCID: PMC11066493 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In degraded ecosystems, soil microbial communities (SMCs) may influence the outcomes of ecological restoration. Restoration practices can affect SMCs, though it is unclear how variation in the onset of restoration activities in woodlands affects SMCs, how those SMCs influence the performance of hard-to-establish woodland forbs, and how different woodland forbs shape SMCs. In this study, we quantified soil properties and species abundances in an oak woodland restoration chronosequence (young, intermediate, and old restorations). We measured the growth of three woodland forb species when inoculated with live whole-soil from young, intermediate, or old restorations. We used DNA metabarcoding to characterize SMCs of each inoculum treatment and the soil after conditioning by each plant species. Our goals were to (1) understand how time since the onset of restoration affected soil abiotic properties, plant communities, and SMCs in a restoration chronosequence, (2) test growth responses of three forb species to whole-soil inoculum from restoration sites, and (3) characterize changes in SMCs before and after conditioning by each forb species. Younger restored woodlands had greater fire-sensitive tree species and lower concentrations of soil phosphorous than intermediate or older restored woodlands. Bacterial and fungal soil communities varied significantly among sites. Forbs exhibited the greatest growth in soil from the young restoration. Each forb species developed a unique soil microbial community. Our results highlight how restoration practices affect SMCs, which can in turn affect the growth of hard-to-establish forb species. Our results also highlight that the choice of forb species can alter SMCs, which could have long-term potential consequences for restoration success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Leighton Reid
- Missouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Present address:
School of Plant and Environmental SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | | | | | - Noah Dell
- Missouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Department of Biological SciencesArkansas State UniversityJonesboroArkansasUSA
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Zheng J, Li S, Wang H, Dai X, Meng S, Jiang L, Ma N, Yan H, Fu X, Kou L. Home‐field advantage meets priming effect in root decomposition: Implications for belowground carbon dynamics. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zheng
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shenggong Li
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shengwang Meng
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Lei Jiang
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ning Ma
- National Ecosystem Science Data Center Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Han Yan
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liang Kou
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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3
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Remke MJ, Johnson NC, Bowker MA. Sympatric soil biota mitigate a warmer-drier climate for Bouteloua gracilis. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:6280-6292. [PMID: 36038989 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering temperature and precipitation, resulting in widespread plant mortality and shifts in plant distributions. Plants growing in soil types with low water holding capacity may experience intensified effects of reduced water availability as a result of climate change. Furthermore, complex biotic interactions between plants and soil organisms may mitigate or exacerbate the effects of climate change. This 3-year field experiment observed the performance of Bouteloua gracilis ecotypes that were transplanted across an environmental gradient with either sympatric soil from the seed source location or allopatric soil from the location that plants were transplanted into. We also inoculated plants with either sympatric or allopatric soil biotic communities to test: (1) how changes in climate alone influence plant growth, (2) how soil types interact with climate to influence plant growth, and (3) the role of soil biota in mitigating plant migration to novel environments. As expected, plants moved to cooler-wetter sites exhibited enhanced growth; however, plants moved to warmer-drier sites responded variably depending on the provenance of their soil and inoculum. Soil and inoculum provenance had little influence on the performance of plants moved to cooler-wetter sites, but at warmer-drier sites they were important predictors of plant biomass, seed set, and specific leaf area. Specifically, transplants inoculated with their sympatric soil biota and grown in their sympatric soil were as large as or larger than reference plants grown at the seed source locations; however, individuals inoculated with allopatric soil biota were smaller than reference site individuals at warmer, drier sites. These findings demonstrate complicated plant responses to various aspects of environmental novelty where communities of soil organisms may help ameliorate stress. The belowground microbiome of plants should be considered to predict the responses of vegetation more accurately to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Remke
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy C Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew A Bowker
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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4
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Gao C, van Bodegom PM, Bezemer TM, Veldhuis MP, Mancinelli R, Soudzilovskaia NA. Soil Biota Adversely Affect the Resistance and Recovery of Plant Communities Subjected to Drought. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractClimate change predictions indicate that summer droughts will become more severe and frequent. Yet, the impact of soil communities on the response of plant communities to drought remains unclear. Here, we report the results of a novel field experiment, in which we manipulated soil communities by adding soil inocula originating from different successional stages of coastal dune ecosystems to a plant community established from seeds on bare dune sand. We tested if and how the added soil biota from later-successional ecosystems influenced the sensitivity (resistance and recovery) of plant communities to drought. In contrast to our expectations, soil biota from later-successional soil inocula did not improve the resistance and recovery of plant communities subjected to drought. Instead, inoculation with soil biota from later successional stages reduced the post-drought recovery of plant communities, suggesting that competition for limited nutrients between plant community and soil biota may exacerbate the post-drought recovery of plant communities. Moreover, soil pathogens present in later-successional soil inocula may have impeded plant growth after drought. Soil inocula had differential impacts on the drought sensitivity of specific plant functional groups and individual species. However, the sensitivity of individual species and functional groups to drought was idiosyncratic and did not explain the overall composition of the plant community. Based on the field experimental evidence, our results highlight the adverse role soil biota can play on plant community responses to environmental stresses. These outcomes indicate that impacts of soil biota on the stability of plant communities subjected to drought are highly context-dependent and suggest that in some cases the soil biota activity can even destabilize plant community biomass responses to drought.
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5
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Duell EB, O'Hare A, Wilson GW. Inoculation with native soil improves seedling survival and reduces non‐native reinvasion in a grassland restoration. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Duell
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA 74075
| | - Anna O'Hare
- Burns and McDonnell Chicago Illinois USA 60642
| | - Gail W.T. Wilson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA 74075
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6
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Dacal M, García‐Palacios P, Asensio S, Wang J, Singh BK, Maestre FT. Climate change legacies contrastingly affect the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities and multifunctionality to extreme drought. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dacal
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio ‘Ramon Margalef’ Universidad de Alicante San Vicente del Raspeig Spain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología Física y Química Inorgánica Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles Spain
| | - Pablo García‐Palacios
- Departamento de Biología y Geología Física y Química Inorgánica Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Móstoles Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
| | - Sergio Asensio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio ‘Ramon Margalef’ Universidad de Alicante San Vicente del Raspeig Spain
| | - Juntao Wang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Global Centre for Land‐Based Innovation Western Sydney University Penrith South DC NSW Australia
| | - Brajesh K. Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Global Centre for Land‐Based Innovation Western Sydney University Penrith South DC NSW Australia
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio ‘Ramon Margalef’ Universidad de Alicante San Vicente del Raspeig Spain
- Departamento de Ecología Universidad de Alicante San Vicente del Raspeig Spain
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7
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Nuske SJ, Fajardo A, Nuñez MA, Pauchard A, Wardle DA, Nilsson MC, Kardol P, Smith JE, Peltzer DA, Moyano J, Gundale MJ. Soil biotic and abiotic effects on seedling growth exhibit context-dependent interactions: evidence from a multi-country experiment on Pinus contorta invasion. New Phytol 2021; 232:303-317. [PMID: 33966267 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The success of invasive plants is influenced by many interacting factors, but evaluating multiple possible mechanisms of invasion success and elucidating the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers is challenging, and therefore rarely achieved. We used live, sterile or inoculated soil from different soil origins (native range and introduced range plantation; and invaded plots spanning three different countries) in a fully factorial design to simultaneously examine the influence of soil origin and soil abiotic and biotic factors on the growth of invasive Pinus contorta. Our results displayed significant context dependency in that certain soil abiotic conditions in the introduced ranges (soil nitrogen, phosphorus or carbon content) influenced responses to inoculation treatments. Our findings do not support the enemy release hypothesis or the enhanced mutualism hypothesis, as biota from native and plantation ranges promoted growth similarly. Instead, our results support the missed mutualism hypothesis, as biota from invasive ranges were the least beneficial for seedling growth. Our study provides a novel perspective on how variation in soil abiotic factors can influence plant-soil feedbacks for an invasive tree across broad biogeographical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Nuske
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Martin A Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Aníbal Pauchard
- Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, College of Science, Nanyong Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Jane E Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Duane A Peltzer
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA-UNComa, CONICET, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
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8
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Allen WJ, Sapsford SJ, Dickie IA. Soil sample pooling generates no consistent inference bias: a meta-analysis of 71 plant-soil feedback experiments. New Phytol 2021; 231:1308-1315. [PMID: 33982798 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is current debate on how soil sample pooling affects the measurement of plant-soil feedbacks. Several studies have suggested that pooling soil samples among experimental units reduces variance and can bias estimates of plant-soil feedbacks. However, it is unclear whether pooling has resulted in systematic mismeasurement of plant-soil feedbacks in the literature. Using data from 71 experiments, we tested whether pairwise plant-soil feedback direction, magnitude and variance differed among soil pooling treatments. We also tested whether pooling has altered our understanding of abiotic and biotic drivers that influence pairwise plant-soil feedbacks. Pooling of soil samples among experimental units was used in 42% of examined experiments. Contrary to predictions, pooling did not affect mean pairwise plant-soil feedback effect size or within-experiment variance. Accounting for soil sample pooling also did not significantly alter our understanding of the drivers of pairwise plant-soil feedbacks. We conclude that there is no evidence that soil sample pooling systematically biases estimates of plant-soil feedback direction, magnitude, variance or drivers across many studies. Given the debate of whether to pool soil samples, researchers should be aware of potential criticisms and carefully consider how experimental design and soil pooling methods influence interpretation of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick J Allen
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sarah J Sapsford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ian A Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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9
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Domínguez-Begines J, Ávila JM, García LV, Gómez-Aparicio L. Disentangling the role of oomycete soil pathogens as drivers of plant-soil feedbacks. Ecology 2021; 102:e03430. [PMID: 34105778 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among plant species and their soil biota drive plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) that play a major role in the dynamics and diversity of plant communities. Among the different components of the soil community, pathogens are considered to be the main drivers of negative PSFs. Despite this, the number of studies that have experimentally quantified the contribution of soil pathogens to PSFs remains considerably low. Here we conducted a greenhouse experiment with oomycete-specific fungicide to quantify the contribution of soil pathogens, and particularly oomycete pathogens, to individual and pairwise PSFs in forest communities. We used as a case study Mediterranean mixed forests dominated by Quercus suber and invaded by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The fungicide treatment was crossed with a competition treatment to explore how conspecific neighbors might modify pathogen effects. To place the results of the experiment in a wider context, we also conducted a systematic review of published papers that explicitly used fungicide to explore the role of pathogens in PSF experiments. Our experimental results showed that oomycete pathogens were the main drivers of individual PSFs in the study forests. Oomycete effects varied among tree species according to their susceptibility to P. cinnamomi, driving negative PSFs in the highly susceptible Q. suber but not in the coexistent Olea europaea. Oomycete-driven PSFs were not modified by intraspecific competition. Oomycete pathogens were also major contributors to negative pairwise PSFs assumed to promote species coexistence. Results from the systematic review supported the novelty of our experimental results, since only three studies had previously used oomycete-specific fungicide in a PSF context and none in systems invaded by exotic oomycetes. Overall, our results provide novel evidence of oomycete pathogens (including the exotic P. cinnamomi) as fundamental drivers of negative individual and pairwise PSFs with implications for species coexistence in invaded communities. Although in the short-term invasive pathogens might contribute to species coexistence by causing self-limitation in dominant species, strong inter-specific variation in self-limitation might undermine coexistence in the long-term. Because of the increasing number of exotic oomycetes worldwide, further attention should be given to oomycetes as drivers of PSFs in plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Domínguez-Begines
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - José M Ávila
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Luis V García
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Lorena Gómez-Aparicio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
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10
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Ibáñez TS, Wardle DA, Gundale MJ, Nilsson MC. Effects of Soil Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Tree Seedling Regeneration Following a Boreal Forest Wildfire. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWildfire disturbance is important for tree regeneration in boreal ecosystems. A considerable amount of literature has been published on how wildfires affect boreal forest regeneration. However, we lack understanding about how soil-mediated effects of fire disturbance on seedlings occur via soil abiotic properties versus soil biota. We collected soil from stands with three different severities of burning (high, low and unburned) and conducted two greenhouse experiments to explore how seedlings of tree species (Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies) performed in live soils and in sterilized soil inoculated by live soil from each of the three burning severities. Seedlings grown in live soil grew best in unburned soil. When sterilized soils were reinoculated with live soil, seedlings of P. abies and P. sylvestris grew better in soil from low burn severity stands than soil from either high severity or unburned stands, demonstrating that fire disturbance may favor post-fire regeneration of conifers in part due to the presence of soil biota that persists when fire severity is low or recovers quickly post-fire. Betula pendula did not respond to soil biota and was instead driven by changes in abiotic soil properties following fire. Our study provides strong evidence that high fire severity creates soil conditions that are adverse for seedling regeneration, but that low burn severity promotes soil biota that stimulates growth and potential regeneration of conifers. It also shows that species-specific responses to abiotic and biotic soil characteristics are altered by variation in fire severity. This has important implications for tree regeneration because it points to the role of plant–soil–microbial feedbacks in promoting successful establishment, and potentially successional trajectories and species dominance in boreal forests in the future as fire regimes become increasingly severe through climate change.
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11
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Wilschut RA, Magnée KJH, Geisen S, van der Putten WH, Kostenko O. Plant population and soil origin effects on rhizosphere nematode community composition of a range-expanding plant species and a native congener. Oecologia 2020; 194:237-250. [PMID: 33009940 PMCID: PMC7561541 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Climate change causes species range expansions to higher latitudes and altitudes. It is expected that, due to differences in dispersal abilities between plants and soil biota, range-expanding plant species will become associated with a partly new belowground community in their expanded range. Theory on biological invasions predicts that outside their native range, range-expanding plant species may be released from specialist natural enemies, leading to the evolution of enhanced defence against generalist enemies. Here we tested the hypothesis that expanded range populations of the range-expanding plant species Centaurea stoebe accumulate fewer root-feeding nematodes than populations from the original range. Moreover, we examined whether Centaurea stoebe accumulates fewer root-feeding nematodes in expanded range soil than in original range soil. We grew plants from three expanded range and three original range populations of C. stoebe in soil from the original and from the new range. We compared nematode communities of C. stoebe with those of C. jacea, a congeneric species native to both ranges. Our results show that expanded range populations of C. stoebe did not accumulate fewer root-feeding nematodes than populations from the original range, but that C. stoebe, unlike C. jacea, accumulated fewest root-feeding nematodes in expanded range soil. Moreover, when we examined other nematode feeding groups, we found intra-specific plant population effects on all these groups. We conclude that range-expanding plant populations from the expanded range were not better defended against root-feeding nematodes than populations from the original range, but that C. stoebe might experience partial belowground enemy release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A Wilschut
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, The Netherlands.
| | - Kim J H Magnée
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - O Kostenko
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Remke MJ, Hoang T, Kolb T, Gehring C, Johnson NC, Bowker MA. Familiar soil conditions help
Pinus ponderosa
seedlings cope with warming and drying climate. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Remke
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University PO Box 15018, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
- Mountain Studies Institute 679 East 2nd Avenue, Durango Colorado 81301 U.S.A
| | - Tonny Hoang
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California—Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Thomas Kolb
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University PO Box 15018, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University PO Box 5640, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Nancy C. Johnson
- School of Earth and Sustainability Northern Arizona University PO Box 5694, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Matthew A. Bowker
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University PO Box 15018, 200 East Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
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13
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Peacher MD, Meiners SJ. Inoculum handling alters the strength and direction of plant-microbe interactions. Ecology 2020; 101:e02994. [PMID: 31997305 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pooling of soil samples in plant-microbe interaction studies is commonly employed, but the impact of sample handling has rarely been explored experimentally. Concerns have been raised that sample pooling may reduce biological variation leading to inflated type I errors or may alter the magnitude of microbial effects observed, invalidating the results achieved. To assess the impact of inocula pooling on plant-microbe interactions, we examined the reciprocal influence of unpooled and pooled soil microbial inocula on growth of Solidago altissima and Schizachyrium scoparium, with and without inoculum sterilization. Soil pooling had no effect on the variance among replicates in either plant species. However, pooling dramatically altered the magnitude and direction of microbial impacts on plant performance. Pooling of Solidago altissima soil increased the antagonistic effects on growth of both target species. In contrast, pooling of Schizachyrium scoparium soil shifted impacts on Solidago altissima from effectively neutral to slightly positive. Pooling in this system altered both the strength and direction of plant-microbe interactions relative to unpooled soils. Therefore soil mixing should be avoided when the research goal is to determine naturally occurring interaction strengths, even within a single habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison D Peacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, 61920, USA
| | - Scott J Meiners
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, 61920, USA
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14
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Abstract
Understanding if and how plant-soil biota feedbacks (PSFs) shape plant communities has become a major research priority. In this paper, we draw on a recent, high-profile PSF study to illustrate that certain widely used experimental methods cannot reliably determine if PSFs occur. One problem involves gathering soil samples adjacent to multiple conditioning plants, mixing the samples and then growing phytometers in the mixtures to test for PSFs. This mixed soil approach does not establish that the conditioning plant being present caused the soil biota to be present, the first step of a PSF. Also, soil mixing approximates replacing raw data with averages prior to analysis, a move certain to generate falsely precise statistical estimates. False precision also results from sample sizes being artificially inflated when phytometers are misinterpreted as experimental units. Plant biomass ratios become another source of false precision when individual plant values contribute to multiple ratio observations. Any one of these common missteps can cause still living null hypotheses to be pronounced dead, and risks of this increase with numbers of missteps. If soil organisms truly structure plant communities, then null hypotheses indicating otherwise will not survive proper testing. We discuss conceptual, experimental and analytical refinements to facilitate accurate testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rinella
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, 243 Fort Keogh Road, Miles City, Montana, 59301, USA
| | - Kurt O Reinhart
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, 243 Fort Keogh Road, Miles City, Montana, 59301, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Rinella
- Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 243 Fort Keogh Road Miles City Montana 59301 USA
| | - Kurt O. Reinhart
- Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 243 Fort Keogh Road Miles City Montana 59301 USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston Texas
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17
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Teste FP, Kardol P, Turner BL, Wardle DA, Zemunik G, Renton M, Laliberté E. Toward more robust plant–soil feedback research: Comment. Ecology 2019; 100:e02590. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François P. Teste
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales IMASL‐CONICET & Universidad Nacional de San Luis Avenida Ejercito de los Andes 950 (5700) San Luis Argentina
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐901 83 Sweden
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå SE‐901 83 Sweden
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Graham Zemunik
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley (Perth) Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Centre sur la Biodiversité Département de Sciences Biologiques Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Université de Montréal 4101 Sherbrooke Est Montréal Quebec H1X 2B2 Canada
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18
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Gundale MJ, Wardle DA, Kardol P, Nilsson MC. Comparison of plant-soil feedback experimental approaches for testing soil biotic interactions among ecosystems. New Phytol 2019; 221:577-587. [PMID: 30067296 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of interactions and feedbacks between plants and soils is a rapidly expanding research area, and a primary tool used in this field is to perform glasshouse experiments where soil biota are manipulated. Recently, there has been vigorous debate regarding the correctness of methods for carrying out these types of experiment, and specifically whether it is legitimate to mix soils from different sites or plots (mixed soil sampling, MSS) or not (independent soil sampling, ISS) to create either soil inoculum treatments or subjects. We performed the first empirical comparison of MSS vs ISS approaches by comparing growth of two boreal tree species (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris) in soils originating from 10 sites near the boreal forest limit in northern Sweden, and 10 sites in the subarctic region where boreal forests may potentially expand as a result of climate change. We found no consistent differences in the conclusions that we reached whether we used MSS or ISS approaches. We propose that researchers should not choose a soil handling method based on arguments that one method is inherently more correct than the other, but rather that method choice should be based on correct alignment with specific research questions and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David A Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901-83, Umeå, Sweden
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19
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Kadowaki K, Yamamoto S, Sato H, Tanabe AS, Hidaka A, Toju H. Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the direction and strength of plant-soil feedbacks differently between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal communities. Commun Biol 2018; 1:196. [PMID: 30480098 PMCID: PMC6244237 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants influence their soil environment, which affects the next generation of seedlings that can be established. While research has shown that such plant-soil feedbacks occur in the presence of mycorrhizal fungi, it remains unclear when and how mycorrhizal fungi mediate the direction and strength of feedbacks in tree communities. Here we show that arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungal guilds mediate plant-soil feedbacks differently to influence large-scale patterns such as tree species coexistence and succession. When seedlings are grown under the same mycorrhizal type forest, arbuscular mycorrhizal plant species exhibit negative or neutral feedbacks and ectomycorrhizal plant species do neutral or positive feedbacks. In contrast, positive and neutral feedbacks dominate when seedlings are grown in associations within the same versus different mycorrhizal types. Thus, ectomycorrhizal communities show more positive feedbacks than arbuscular mycorrhizal communities, potentially explaining why most temperate forests are ectomycorrhizal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohmei Kadowaki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan.
- Research and Educational Unit for Studies on Connectivity of Hills, Humans and Oceans, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Amane Hidaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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20
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Hahn PG, Bullington L, Larkin B, LaFlamme K, Maron JL, Lekberg Y. Effects of Short- and Long-Term Variation in Resource Conditions on Soil Fungal Communities and Plant Responses to Soil Biota. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1605. [PMID: 30459793 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.5926378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Soil biota can strongly influence plant performance with effects ranging from negative to positive. However, shifts in resource availability can influence plant responses, with soil pathogens having stronger negative effects in high-resource environments and soil mutualists, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), having stronger positive effects in low-resource environments. Yet the relative importance of long-term vs. short-term variation in resources on soil biota and plant responses is not well-known. To assess this, we grew the perennial herb Asclepias speciosa in a greenhouse experiment that crossed a watering treatment (wet vs. dry treatment) with a manipulation of soil biota (live vs. sterilized soil) collected from two geographic regions (Washington and Minnesota) that vary greatly in annual precipitation. Because soil biota can influence many plant functional traits, we measured biomass as well as resource acquisition (e.g., root:shoot, specific leaf area) and defense (e.g., trichome and latex production) traits. Due to their important role as mutualists and pathogens, we also characterized soil fungal communities in the field and greenhouse and used curated databases to assess fungal composition and potential function. We found that the experimental watering treatment had a greater effect than soil biota origin on plant responses; most plant traits were negatively affected by live soils under wet conditions, whereas responses were neutral or positive in live dry soil. These consistent differences in plant responses occurred despite clear differences in soil fungal community composition between inoculate origin and watering treatments, which indicates high functional redundancy among soil fungi. All plants grown in live soil were highly colonized by AMF and root colonization was higher in wet than dry soil; root colonization by other fungi was low in all treatments. The most parsimonious explanation for negative plant responses in wet soil is that AMF became parasitic under conditions that alleviated resource limitation. Thus, plant responses appeared driven by shifts within rather than between fungal guilds, which highlights the importance of coupling growth responses with characterizations of soil biota to fully understand underlying mechanisms. Collectively these results highlight how short-term changes in environmental conditions can mediate complex interactions between plants and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Hahn
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | | | | | | | - John L Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, United States
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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21
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Hahn PG, Bullington L, Larkin B, LaFlamme K, Maron JL, Lekberg Y. Effects of Short- and Long-Term Variation in Resource Conditions on Soil Fungal Communities and Plant Responses to Soil Biota. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1605. [PMID: 30459793 PMCID: PMC6233719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil biota can strongly influence plant performance with effects ranging from negative to positive. However, shifts in resource availability can influence plant responses, with soil pathogens having stronger negative effects in high-resource environments and soil mutualists, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), having stronger positive effects in low-resource environments. Yet the relative importance of long-term vs. short-term variation in resources on soil biota and plant responses is not well-known. To assess this, we grew the perennial herb Asclepias speciosa in a greenhouse experiment that crossed a watering treatment (wet vs. dry treatment) with a manipulation of soil biota (live vs. sterilized soil) collected from two geographic regions (Washington and Minnesota) that vary greatly in annual precipitation. Because soil biota can influence many plant functional traits, we measured biomass as well as resource acquisition (e.g., root:shoot, specific leaf area) and defense (e.g., trichome and latex production) traits. Due to their important role as mutualists and pathogens, we also characterized soil fungal communities in the field and greenhouse and used curated databases to assess fungal composition and potential function. We found that the experimental watering treatment had a greater effect than soil biota origin on plant responses; most plant traits were negatively affected by live soils under wet conditions, whereas responses were neutral or positive in live dry soil. These consistent differences in plant responses occurred despite clear differences in soil fungal community composition between inoculate origin and watering treatments, which indicates high functional redundancy among soil fungi. All plants grown in live soil were highly colonized by AMF and root colonization was higher in wet than dry soil; root colonization by other fungi was low in all treatments. The most parsimonious explanation for negative plant responses in wet soil is that AMF became parasitic under conditions that alleviated resource limitation. Thus, plant responses appeared driven by shifts within rather than between fungal guilds, which highlights the importance of coupling growth responses with characterizations of soil biota to fully understand underlying mechanisms. Collectively these results highlight how short-term changes in environmental conditions can mediate complex interactions between plants and soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G. Hahn
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | | | | | | | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, United States
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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